767:
342:
759:
62:
514:
1509:
1537:
1497:
1554:
583:
and recognised his nephew's rule. This agreement lasted until 25 March 848, when the
Aquitainian barons recognised Charles as their king. Thereafter Charles's armies had the upper hand, and by 849 had secured most of Aquitaine. In May, Charles had himself crowned "King of the Franks and Aquitainians"
663:. His reign was the only time after the death of Louis the Pious that all of Francia would be re-united under one ruler. In his capacity as king of West Francia, he seems to have granted the royal title and perhaps regalia to the semi-independent ruler of Brittany,
966:
Succession conflict in
Normandy led to a new war in which Louis was betrayed by Hugh the Great and captured by Danish prince Harald who eventually released him to the custody of Hugh, who freed the king only after receiving town of
983:
inherited all the lands of his father in 954. By this time they were so small that the
Carolingian practice of dividing lands among the sons was not followed and his brother Charles received nothing. In 966 Lothair married
805:
The power of the kings continued to decline, together with their inability to resist the
Vikings and to oppose the rise of regional nobles who were no longer appointed by the king but became hereditary local dukes. In 877
901:
as the new king. After Robert's death in 923 nobles elected Rudolf as king, and kept
Charles imprisoned until his death in 929. After the rule of king Charles the Simple, local dukes began issuing their own currency.
1011:
had both died prematurely, traditionally marking the end of the French branch of
Carolingian dynasty as well as the end of West Francia as a kingdom. Hugh Capet would be the first ruler of a new royal house, the
575:, although the succession had not been recognised by the emperor. Charles the Bald was at war with Pippin II from the start of his reign in 840, and the Treaty of Verdun ignored the claimant and assigned
488:
houses were alternately chosen as monarchs. By this time the power of the king became weaker and more nominal, as the regional dukes and nobles became more powerful in their semi-independent regions. The
682:
may have had himself recognised as king, but he only lived another two years. Although
Aquitaine did not become a separate kingdom, it was largely outside the control of the West Frankish kings.
606:
describing appropriate liturgies for a royal consecration. By the time of the Synod of
Quierzy (858), Hincmar was claiming that Charles was anointed to the entire West Frankish kingdom. With the
1624:
862:
from
Charles. The territory over which the king exercised actual control shrank considerably, and was reduced to lands between Normandy and river Loire. The royal court usually stayed in
1619:
921:. Dukes of Normandy refused to recognise Rudolf until 933. The King also had to move with his army against the southern nobles to receive their homage and loyalty, however, the
1599:
1594:
963:
After further victories by
Herbert II, Louis was rescued only with the help of the large nobles and Otto I. In 942 Louis gave up Lotharingia to Otto I.
61:
996:
retaliated by attacking Paris, but was defeated by the combined forces of king Lothar and nobles and peace was signed in 980, ending the brief
1525:
1385:
1218:
1131:
480:
West Frankish kings were elected by the secular and ecclesiastic magnates, and for the half-century between 888 and 936 candidates from the
1614:
718:
became increasingly powerful as count of Anjou, Touraine and Maine. Robert's brother Hugh, abbot of Saint-Denis, was given control over
688:
was then elected by nobles as the new king of West Francia, and was crowned the next month. At this point, West Francia was composed of
542:
describes Charles arriving at Verdun, "where the distribution of portions" took place. After describing the portions of his brothers,
1253:
997:
497:
after 987. Historians generally define this as the gradual transition toward the Kingdom of France. By the 13th century, the term
851:
929:
518:
1007:, who began forming new alliances of nobles and eventually was elected as king in 987 after Lothair and his son and successor
317:
1589:
240:
774:
Outside the old Frankish territories and in the south local nobles were semi-independent after 887 as duchies were created:
1414:
1487:
1375:
668:
1584:
1208:
1195:
It is from this treaty of Verdun, A.D. 843, that historians date what may properly be called the kingdom of France.
988:, stepdaughter of his maternal uncle Otto I. Despite this, in August 978 Lothair attacked the old imperial capital
881:
invaded repeatedly. In the absence of strong royal power, invaders were engaged and defeated by local nobles, like
1604:
1121:
882:
823:
580:
470:
1609:
1184:
621:
dates to 882, and so the only contemporary narrative source for the next eighteen years in West Francia is the
766:
505:("kingdom of France"), although the demonym of "Franks" continued to be attested as late as the 18th century.
897:
paid in 924 and 926. Both nobles became increasingly opposed to Charles, and in 922 deposed him and elected
675:
revolted and assumed the title as King of the East Franks. Charles retired and soon died on 13 January 888.
956:
who after the deaths of their husbands managed Carolingian and Robertine rule together with their brother
819:
679:
572:
528:
In August 843, after three years of civil war following the death of Louis the Pious on 20 June 840, the
1579:
640:
568:
1560:
564:
of East Francia describe Charles as holding the western part after the kingdom was "divided in three".
1448:
Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the end of the Carolingian Empire
1041:
1035:
922:
738:, son of Robert I, was elevated to the title "duke of the Franks" by king Louis IV. In 987 his son
723:
685:
672:
579:
to Charles. Accordingly, in June 845, after several military defeats, Charles signed the Treaty of
446:
268:
493:, after becoming counts of Paris and dukes of France, became kings themselves and established the
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227:
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138:
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67:
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118:
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914:
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449:, but it did not extend as far east. It did not include such future French holdings as
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393:
190:
89:
45:
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Lothar managed to increase his power, but this was reversed with the coming of age of
1573:
1501:
1059:
985:
660:
593:
288:
1543:
762:
The control of Carolingian kings had shrunk greatly by the 10th century (in yellow).
17:
1403:
842:
switched allegiance to the king of West Francia, Charles the Simple. After 911 the
648:
555:
435:
571:
in December 838, his son had been recognised by the Aquitainian nobility as King
1047:
839:
614:
was added to West Francia. In 875 Charles the Bald was crowned Emperor of Rome.
611:
481:
385:
201:
103:
1472:
1310:("Charles wanted Aquitaine, which belonged by right to a part of his kingdom").
1004:
739:
709:
627:. The next set of original annals from the West Frankish kingdom are those of
585:
490:
368:
99:
1456:. "Kingship, Law and Liturgy in the Political Thought of Hincmar of Rheims".
1308:
Karolus Aquitaniam, quasi ad partem regni sui iure pertinentem, affectans ...
1190:
Popular History of France: From the Earliest Period to the Death of Louis XIV
27:
State in Western Europe from 843 to 987; predecessor to the Kingdom of France
719:
576:
543:
485:
107:
1228:
1438:
894:
890:
874:
855:
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596:
in West Francia. The idea of anointing Charles may be owed to Archbishop
474:
993:
878:
859:
558:), he notes that "the rest as far as Spain they ceded to Charles". The
376:
360:
322:
125:
952:
and Duke Hugh the Great were married to sisters of East Frankish king
692:
in the west and in the east by Francia proper, the region between the
989:
953:
937:
863:
847:
810:, brother-in-law of Charles the Bald, crowned himself as the king of
364:
671:
in 885–86 greatly reduced his prestige. In November 887 his nephew,
854:
became increasingly powerful after the Odo's death in 898, gaining
592:
officiated at the coronation, which included the first instance of
473:
in the east and southeast for example. It also did not include the
1423:
Geoffrey Koziol. "Charles the Simple, Robert of Neustria, and the
886:
765:
757:
697:
693:
643:, on 12 December 884, the West Frankish nobles elected his uncle,
512:
372:
940:
of East Francia. His rebellion continued until his death in 943.
1440:
The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050
1120:
McKitterick, Rosamond; Reuter, Timothy; Abulafia, David (1995).
968:
867:
79:
818:
was king of Provence from 890 and Emperor between 901 and 905.
928:
After 925 Rudolf was involved in a war against the rebellious
517:
Map of the division of Francia enacted at Verdun in 843. From
1519:
746:
began. At this point they controlled very little beyond the
1293:
in tres partes diviso ... Karolus vero occidentalem tenuit.
536:, received western Francia. The contemporary West Frankish
1123:
The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, C.900-c.1024
445:
West Francia extended further north and south than modern
655:, as their king. He was probably crowned "King in Gaul" (
893:. The Norman threat was eventually ended, with the last
834:
After the death of East Francia's last Carolingian king
1213:(in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. p. 158.
532:
was signed by his three sons and heirs. The youngest,
1485:
1145:
1143:
770:
Royal lands (in blue) by the end of the 10th century
885:and Robert of Neustria, who defeated Viking leader
356:
284:
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75:
32:
1480:Province and Empire: Brittany and the Carolingians
1625:States and territories disestablished in the 980s
1115:
1113:
1111:
1620:States and territories established in the 840s
1482:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
1450:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
1415:"The Coinages of Pippin I and II of Aquitaine"
730:ruled between 922 and 923 and was followed by
8:
1462:Politics and Ritual in Early Medieval Europe
1193:. Longmans, Green, and Company. p. 21.
1377:The Cambridge Illustrated History of France
1056:(885–888), king of East Francia and Emperor
631:, who began his account with the year 919.
397:
37:
1443:. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1965.
1277:cetera usque ad Hispaniam Carolo cesserunt
1248:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. viii.
975:The last Carolingians: Lothair and Louis V
426:. It was created from the division of the
60:
29:
130:West Frankish • West Frank
1600:10th-century disestablishments in Europe
1408:The Capetians: Kings of France, 987–1328
418:and extends from the year 843, from the
1532:
1492:
1107:
726:was elected king in 888. Odo's brother
639:After the death of Charles's grandson,
414:) constitutes the initial stage of the
84:
846:extended westwards and added lands of
465:was already a part of West Francia),
263:
249:
236:
223:
210:
206:
168:
155:
151:
143:
66:West Francia within Europe after the
7:
1595:9th-century establishments in Europe
1410:. London: Hambledon Continuum, 2007.
1016:, who would rule France through the
960:, archbishop of Cologne, as regent.
714:After the 860s, Lotharingian noble
1464:(London: Hambledon, 1986), 133–72.
1210:Politique et histoire au Moyen Age
932:, who received support from kings
925:managed to avoid this completely.
722:by Charles the Bald. Robert's son
25:
1420:, 6th series, 31 (1989), 194–222.
600:, who composed no less than four
1552:
1535:
1507:
1495:
1460:92 (1977), 241–79. Reprinted in
340:
315:
930:Herbert II, Count of Vermandois
422:, to 987, the beginning of the
1380:. Cambridge University Press.
1126:. Cambridge University Press.
412:regnum Francorum occidentalium
241:Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte
1:
1475:Paris: Alphonse Picard, 1903.
1469:Histoire des Comtes de Poitou
913:was supported by his brother
438:eventually evolving into the
1615:Former monarchies of Europe
1374:Jones, Colin (1999-05-28).
1273:ubi distributis portionibus
873:Norsemen began settling in
610:in 870 the western part of
1641:
1165:World History Encyclopedia
707:
404:Kingdom of the West Franks
34:Kingdom of the West Franks
1458:English Historical Review
1245:Renaissance France at War
1185:Sewell, Elizabeth Missing
1161:"Kingdom of West Francia"
742:was elected king and the
294:
280:
207:
181:
152:
59:
54:
1207:Guenée, Bernard (1981).
635:Reign of Charles the Fat
567:Since the death of King
509:Formation and boundaries
477:peninsula in the west.
1319:Coupland 1989, 200–202.
617:The last record in the
430:following the death of
386:medieval historiography
86:Official languages
1242:Potter, David (2008).
1066:Charles III the Simple
1036:Louis II the Stammerer
852:Baldwin II of Flanders
820:Rudolph II of Burgundy
814:and Provence. His son
771:
763:
667:. His handling of the
573:Pippin II of Aquitaine
525:
411:
398:
38:
1590:987 disestablishments
1524:at Knowledge (XXG)'s
1429:Early Medieval Europe
917:and son of Robert I,
769:
761:
669:Viking siege of Paris
569:Pippin I of Aquitaine
516:
96:Common languages
1431:14:4 (2006), 355–90.
1364:Richard 1903, 37–38.
1328:Nelson 1977, 137–38.
1149:Lewis 1965, 179–180.
734:from 923 until 936.
434:, with its neighbor
399:Francia occidentalis
110:(Old Low Franconian)
39:Francia occidentalis
18:Francia Occidentalis
1478:Julia M. H. Smith.
1042:Louis III of France
1030:Charles II the Bald
971:as a compensation.
883:Richard of Burgundy
824:Kingdom of Burgundy
686:Odo, Count of Paris
678:In Aquitaine, Duke
673:Arnulf of Carinthia
659:) on 20 May 885 at
544:Lothair the Emperor
459:Kingdom of Burgundy
447:metropolitan France
1585:843 establishments
1435:Archibald R. Lewis
1418:Revue numismatique
1346:MacLean 2003, 127.
1084:Louis IV of France
1072:Robert I of France
923:count of Barcelona
830:Charles the Simple
800:County of Flanders
772:
764:
704:Rise of Robertians
647:, already king in
619:Annales Bertiniani
539:Annales Bertiniani
526:
440:Kingdom of Germany
428:Carolingian Empire
228:Treaty of Meerssen
1427:of Saint-Denis".
1387:978-0-521-66992-4
1337:Koziol 2006, 357.
1220:978-2-859-44048-0
1133:978-0-521-36447-8
1096:Louis V of France
1090:Lothair of France
1078:Rudolph of France
1009:Louis V of France
998:Franco-German war
981:Lothair of France
716:Robert the Strong
624:Annales Vedastini
561:Annales Fuldenses
521:Universal History
501:had evolved into
416:Kingdom of France
382:
381:
352:
351:
348:
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336:Kingdom of France
328:
327:
176:Louis V of France
139:Absolute monarchy
119:Roman Catholicism
16:(Redirected from
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1605:Former countries
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1540:
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1491:
1467:Alfred Richard.
1413:Simon Coupland.
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1355:Smith 1992, 192.
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1156:
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1018:High Middle Ages
979:The 13-year old
934:Henry the Fowler
822:established the
808:Boso of Provence
744:Capetian dynasty
653:Kingdom of Italy
608:Treaty of Mersen
598:Hincmar of Reims
581:Benoît-sur-Loire
552:Louis the German
534:Charles the Bald
530:Treaty of Verdun
499:Regnum francorum
495:Capetian dynasty
424:Capetian dynasty
420:Treaty of Verdun
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344:
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332:
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319:
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254:Capetian dynasty
215:Treaty of Verdun
163:Charles the Bald
68:Treaty of Verdun
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1610:Former kingdoms
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1547:from Wiktionary
1541:
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1534:
1531:
1527:sister projects
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1454:Janet L. Nelson
1446:Simon MacLean.
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1026:
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958:Bruno the Great
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877:, and from 919
844:Duchy of Swabia
836:Louis the Child
832:
816:Louis the Blind
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645:Charles the Fat
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511:
432:Louis the Pious
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919:Hugh the Great
915:Hugh the Black
907:
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736:Hugh the Great
708:Main article:
705:
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590:Wenilo of Sens
548:Middle Francia
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503:Regnum Francia
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1061:
1060:Odo of France
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1024:List of kings
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
974:
972:
970:
964:
961:
959:
955:
951:
943:
941:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
905:
903:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
829:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
768:
760:
754:Rise of dukes
753:
751:
749:
748:Île-de-France
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
711:
703:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:rex in Gallia
654:
650:
646:
642:
634:
632:
630:
626:
625:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
604:
599:
595:
594:royal unction
591:
588:. Archbishop
587:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
563:
562:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:
535:
531:
523:
522:
515:
508:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
395:
391:
387:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
359:
357:Today part of
355:
339:
337:
334:
333:
330:
324:
321:
314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
293:
290:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:
259:
255:
245:
242:
232:
229:
219:
216:
203:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:
174:
164:
161:
147:
140:
137:
133:
129:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
88:
81:
78:
74:
69:
63:
58:
53:
47:
40:
31:
19:
1580:West Francia
1564:from Commons
1559:
1542:
1522:West Francia
1521:
1479:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1439:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1407:
1404:Jim Bradbury
1376:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1244:
1237:
1209:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1179:
1168:. Retrieved
1164:
1154:
1122:
1002:
978:
965:
962:
947:
927:
909:
872:
833:
804:
773:
713:
684:
677:
656:
649:East Francia
638:
622:
618:
616:
602:
566:
559:
556:East Francia
537:
527:
520:
502:
498:
479:
444:
436:East Francia
403:
390:West Francia
389:
383:
305:Succeeded by
304:
299:
267:
256:established
1544:Definitions
1514:Middle Ages
1048:Carloman II
911:King Rudolf
840:Lotharingia
641:Carloman II
612:Lotharingia
482:Carolingian
300:Preceded by
202:Middle Ages
186:Legislature
104:Old Occitan
1574:Categories
1398:References
1170:2023-12-16
1005:Hugh Capet
889:in 911 at
740:Hugh Capet
710:Robertians
519:Ridpath's
491:Robertians
369:Luxembourg
246:August 911
233:August 870
220:August 843
135:Government
126:Demonym(s)
100:Old French
1098:(986–987)
1092:(954–986)
1086:(936–954)
1080:(923–936)
1074:(922–923)
1068:(898–922)
1062:(888–898)
1050:(882–884)
1044:(879–882)
1038:(877–879)
1032:(843–877)
796:Champagne
780:Aquitaine
720:Austrasia
680:Ranulf II
577:Aquitaine
486:Robertian
402:) or the
276:June 1205
272:attested
115:Religion
108:Old Dutch
1306:a. 843:
1291:a. 843:
1271:a. 843:
1229:3068126M
1187:(1876).
950:Louis IV
944:Louis IV
899:Robert I
895:Danegeld
891:Chartres
875:Normandy
856:Boulogne
826:in 933.
812:Burgundy
798:and the
792:Normandy
784:Brittany
776:Burgundy
728:Robert I
696:and the
690:Neustria
651:and the
629:Flodoard
475:Brittany
471:Provence
451:Lorraine
285:Currency
260:June 987
1488:Portals
1425:vexilla
994:Otto II
879:Magyars
860:Ternois
788:Gascony
732:Rudolph
603:ordines
586:Orléans
377:Belgium
361:Andorra
323:Francia
266:•
252:•
239:•
226:•
213:•
165:(first)
76:Capital
70:in 843.
55:843–987
1502:France
1473:vol. 1
1384:
1252:
1227:
1217:
1130:
990:Aachen
954:Otto I
938:Otto I
906:Rudolf
864:Rheims
848:Alsace
665:Alan I
550:) and
524:(1895)
467:Alsace
455:County
453:, the
365:France
289:Denier
189:None (
148:
42:
1561:Media
1103:Notes
948:King
887:Rollo
698:Seine
694:Meuse
661:Grand
463:duchy
461:(the
408:Latin
373:Spain
46:Latin
1382:ISBN
1275:...
1250:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1128:ISBN
986:Emma
969:Laon
936:and
868:Laon
858:and
484:and
469:and
457:and
145:King
80:Laon
866:or
724:Odo
584:in
442:.
384:In
1576::
1471:,
1437:.
1406:.
1304:AF
1289:AF
1269:AB
1225:OL
1223:.
1163:.
1142:^
1110:^
1020:.
1000:.
992:.
870:.
850:.
838:,
802:.
794:,
790:,
786:,
782:,
778:,
750:.
700:.
410::
396::
388:,
1530::
1490::
1390:.
1279:.
1258:.
1231:.
1173:.
1136:.
554:(
546:(
406:(
392:(
193:)
48:)
44:(
20:)
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