125:, as a fine art, would not have perceptibly altered the manners and morals of the masses." He added "To be fired with enthusiasm, to cruise about the seas in 'great spirits' replying to the enemy's remarks with hot broadsides, to face death manfully for the honour of Liverpool, must have done good to many a bankrupt soul". He writes that Ingram in his private letters to Captain Haslam does not discuss the atrocities that his crew were almost certainly committing. Instead he discusses perfunctory obligations that must be carried out to ensure he receives the maximum financial return.
153:. When captured it had been on a trip from Martinico to Bordeaux carrying a cargo of 105 bales of cotton, 28 hogsheads of tobacco, 600 hogsheads of clayed sugar, 38 hogsheads of Muscovado sugar, 14 tierces and 23 barrels of sugar, 164 hogsheads, 49 tierces and 115 barrels of coffee, 6 tierces, 235 bags and 1 barrel of cocoa, 2000 lbs. of cassia fistula and 22 guns. The
145:, it weighed 200 tons and had been travelling between Bordeaux and St. Sebastian. Its cargo was sold at the St. George's Coffee-house. It consisted of 141 casks of sugar, 82 bales of hemp, 7 hogsheads of claret, 1 hogshead of Virginia tobacco, paint, copper pans, marble slabs, looking glass frames, 12 new chairs, 41 new guns and 8 new carriages. On 22 October, the
181:. It was common for slavers to finance their trade through credit as well as profits from earlier voyages. Ingram went into banking himself by using profits from the slave trade. He became a banking partner of Staniforth, Bold and Daltera and together they are recorded as having leased property on Poole Street, Liverpool in 1792.
108:
writes that the war caused a proliferation of privateers from
Liverpool because the risk of losing a slave ship was too great for many slave traders. The merchants themselves would have preferred the slave trade continued unaffected. Ingram was the co-owner of a privateer ship called the
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Francis Ingram was responsible for at least 108 slave voyages. He bought around 34,000 enslaved people, of these around 5,000 died in transit. He had a career lasting 39 years, a time span exceeded by only three other
Liverpool slave traders.
121:, saying that the switch of the ship merchants from the slave trade to privateering was hardly an improvement for Liverpool. He writes; "the standard of morality was so low in Liverpool, that even the introduction of piracy itself into the
193:. The first meeting of the company took place in Liverpool, on 14 July 1777. Its purpose was to lobby the UK government and attempt to prevent the regulation of the slave trade. The Committee took place every Monday morning in
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was captured by
Captain Haslam laden with wine, flour, sugar, but it was shipwrecked on 12 September 1780. Around 140 casks of claret and 74 barrels of flour were recovered from the shipwreck. On 14 September 1780,
221:. There are two other slave traders, also called William Ingram, who are likely to be related to Francis Ingram, one his elder brother and the other his second son. In 1787 Ingram purchased
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went on its first trip to capture enemy vessels in
September 1779, it had a crew of 106. Gomer Williams describes the privateering as little more than legalised
84:. The island was the biggest market for the Liverpool slave trade and it developed an advanced merchant support trade that reduced fees and transaction costs.
29:
Ingram was responsible for at least 108 slave voyages, carrying around 34,000 enslaved people, of whom around 5,000 died on his ships. He was a member of the
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77:, in the 1780s fewer than 200 enslaved people were bought each year from the township, but by the 1790s this number had increased to more than 3,000.
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and his letters to the captain of the ship, Captain Haslam, have been preserved and document his communications.
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began and the UK slave trade was disrupted. In response
Francis Ingram became a
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463:"2 Deeds concerning the acquisition of premises in Poole Lane, Liverpool"
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began and the UK slave trade was disrupted. In response he became a
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having been at sea for around a month brought into the
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69:Ingram pioneered the British slave trade at
22:(1739–1815) was an English slave trader and
555:"The Liverpool-African voyage c. 1790–1807"
593:. UK: University of North Carolina Press.
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41:. He was part owner of a ship called
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502:Buildings of England: Worcestershire
613:History of the Liverpool Privateers
567:Liverpool and Transatlantic Slavery
177:In the 1780s Ingram had loans from
104:. A contemporary account from Rev.
45:that captured a number of vessels.
631:18th-century English slave traders
569:. UK: Liverpool University Press.
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616:. UK: Liverpool University Press.
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217:His father, William Ingram was a
197:. The others members included
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191:African Company of Merchants
185:African Company of Merchants
31:African Company of Merchants
296:"Profiting from slavery..."
189:Ingram was a member of the
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565:Richardson, David (2007).
610:Williams, Gomer (1897).
590:Capitalism & Slavery
465:. The National Archives
507:Yale University Press
294:Verguson, Christine.
241:and became a lawyer.
239:Cambridge University
16:English slave trader
195:Liverpool Town Hall
53:Ingram was born in
646:English privateers
576:978-1-84631-066-9
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134:Le Vaillant
61:Slave trade
625:Categories
522:10 October
245:References
227:Ribbesford
167:Le Moineau
163:St. Joseph
155:Enterprise
147:Enterprise
139:Enterprise
130:Enterprise
115:Enterprise
111:Enterprise
71:Porto-Novo
49:Early life
43:Enterprise
299:bbc.co.uk
141:captured
98:privateer
88:Privateer
39:privateer
24:privateer
587:(1944).
469:9 August
304:9 August
219:maltster
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231:Bewdley
229:, near
173:Banking
143:Courier
82:Jamaica
73:in the
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161:, the
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558:(PDF)
438:Drake
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