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62:
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1934:
was a free man from New Castle and Mercer County, Pennsylvania. A witness from
Virginia stated that Jackson had said he was previously enslaved by May's father and belonged to another slaveholder when he was sold to Scott. The case went to trial in October 1853 with depositions by three people who knew the Jacksons in Pennsylvania and stated that they were free. The depositions were taken of Judge Reynolds, James S. Cossett, and Henry Pearson. The case was dismissed and Jackson was transferred to John W. Deshazer. Jackson escaped and was found in
1975:
M. Scott," who sold him to John W. Deshazor, "who now holds him in slavery unlawfully." Noting that "he is prosecuting a suit for his freedom in the county of
Botetourt in this state," the petitioner "prays your Honor to award an Injunction to the said John W. Deshazor from conveying him away and to require the said Deshazor to give bond and security for the forthcoming of your Orator to await the determination of the suit aforesaid."
1998:
1974:
Francis
Jackson, "a coloured man ... represents that he is free and has been so from his birth, that he was decoyed into this state some twelve or eighteen months ago by one ... May from the state of Pennsylvania." Jackson reveals that "he was sold by the said May as a slave, and bought by one samuel
1950:
claiming that
Jackson's employment brought him to Richmond, Virginia, where he was kidnapped and sold into slavery. Benjamin Ferris took on his case and obtained affidavits from Pennsylvania, including Jackson's neighbors and Judge Reynolds who knew Jackson but they were not accepted for the case. An
2043:
Mendenhall had filed a legal suit for $ 1,500 (equivalent to $ 52,823 in 2023) in damages for having been unlawfully enslaved. The trial began on August 23, 1858. After hearing the evidence of the depositions, the witness statement by George C. Morgan, and statements by others, the jury quickly
2017:
Jackson was taken south, just over the
Virginia state line into North Carolina. He was sold as a slave to a planter there. While in jail for escaping, Jackson had the occasion to talk with George Cameron Mendenhall—a Quaker, a slaveholder, and an attorney. Jackson explained what had happened to him
1955:
Perhaps one of the most basic procedural deprivations that blacks, enslaved and free, suffered was their preclusion from testifying against whites and, during certain periods, from testifying against other blacks, mulattoes, and
Indians. With one stroke of the pen, the slave was denied the right to
1805:
During the time that he was enslaved, abolitionists from
Pennsylvania tried to track him down and provide legal evidence and depositions that he was free. Their attempts were thwarted for years. Legal certificates of freedom were ignored and he was moved, making it harder for him to be found. After
1933:
After
Jackson was arrested in Botetourt County, he filed his first lawsuit against Scott, stating that he was illegally enslaved. It was filed on October 14, 1851, at the Superior Court of Law and Chancery in Campbell County. W.A. Glass, an attorney from the city, sought and received proof that he
1929:
Jackson was found to have been in
Richmond at the Jones's Negro Jail by August 1851. He was visited by William John Clark, a slaveholder, who said in a letter to Judge Reynolds that he did not want to see anyone who was rightfully free being enslaved and for fifteen years had aided people who were
1904:
of Mercer County and Judge John
Reynolds of New Castle attempted to bring Jackson back to Pennsylvania by providing proof that he was free. Jackson was in the Campbell County Courthouse before June 1851 when George C. Morgan attempted to provide papers that showed that Jackson was free. When he
2037:. Mendenhall started legal proceedings to prove Jackson was born free. He also got him out of jail and bought him new clothes. Mendenhall took Jackson to his home, but Swann got word of the arrangements, found him, and took him back to his plantation. Swann was a farmer with 17 slaves in 1860.
1969:
Ferris found acceptable witnesses from Pennsylvania who attested that Jackson and his parents were free. Deshazer had one witness, Lewis E. Williams, who recounted the sales to Scott and then Deshazer. Before the case was settled, Jackson escaped. The judge discontinued Jackson's case without
1560:
1896:
After the horses were delivered to Baltimore or Virginia, Jackson was put up for sale at a Richmond, Virginia slave auction by May. He was sold to Samuel Scott. It was said that the transaction took place without Jackson's knowledge.
2029:
to return Jackson to New Castle. Having learned that North Carolina's governor agreed to Jackson's release, George C. Morgan traveled south. He had a letter of introduction for Mendenhall, a neighbor of Jackson's slaveholder.
2124:
According to his petition filed in October 1851, he may have been kidnapped between April and October 1850. A source says that he believed he was being hired to drive the horses to the state of Ohio between April and October
1826:, Francis Jackson was the son of Elijah and Sarah, also known as Sally. At the time of his birth, both of his parents were free African Americans. Sarah was freed in 1813 when she was 28 years of age in accordance with the
1790:
case when he was ruled to be free in 1855, but he was held as a slave until 1858. Jackson lived a continual cycle of being sold to new slaveholders, running away, getting caught, and then being returned to his latest owner.
2008:
Over several years, Jackson had a continuous cycle where he would escape, get captured and jailed, and then returned to a slaveholder. He had ten to twelve slaveholders in Virginia, South Carolina, and North Carolina.
1941:
Since he was kidnapped, Jackson learned that the justice and legal system worked efficiently for slaveholders, and people who were wrongly enslaved had a very hard time being heard and proven free. The lawsuit
1926:. Behind the scenes, there were attempts to keep Jackson in slavery. One official "treacherously" ignored the certificates of his freedom sent to Fincastle and Jackson was moved to unknown locations.
1802:, visited him in jail in North Carolina after he ran away from a nearby plantation. Believing Jackson's chain of events, Mendenhall filed legal proceedings that ultimately freed him in August 1858.
1786:, and was sold into slavery in early 1851. Besides escaping a number of times over seven years, there were three legal cases fought in Virginia and North Carolina. It seemed to be settled with the
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When Morgan made it to Swann's plantation, he saw Jackson and was able to point him out by a limp he had when he walked. Jackson identified Morgan as a tailor from New Castle.
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Morgan and Jackson then returned to Pennsylvania on a train, passing through Philadelphia, in September 1858. They returned to New Castle, where his parents still lived.
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since he lived in Pennsylvania. Mendenhall believed him and wrote letters to people that Jackson knew in Mercer County and told them of Jackson's whereabouts.
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Jackson took every chance he could to escape, particularly in the first nine months of servitude. In one incident, he was caught and taken to the
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states that he was sold through an arrangement with Mr. Jones, a slaveholder. He escaped, but was found in a neighboring county and was arrested.
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wrongfully enslaved. Although the slaveholder was willing and able to offer assistance, Jackson was moved to a county jail a hundred miles away.
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prejudice, meaning that if Jackson was later found to be enslaved, the case could be tried based on the evidence provided in this case.
1873:. Fearing that he would be taken through Virginia, a slave state, Jackson did not consent until May promised that he would remain free.
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Solomon Northup's Kindred: The Kidnapping of Free Citizens before the Civil War: The Kidnapping of Free Citizens before the Civil War
2863:
Solomon Northup's Kindred: The Kidnapping of Free Citizens before the Civil War: The Kidnapping of Free Citizens before the Civil War
2423:
Solomon Northup's Kindred: The Kidnapping of Free Citizens before the Civil War: The Kidnapping of Free Citizens before the Civil War
2833:"The Law Only As an Enemy: The Legitimization of Racial Powerlessness through the Colonial and Antebellum Criminal Laws of Virginia"
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After it was determined how to find Jackson, people in Pennsylvania planned for his release and started a fund for expenses. The
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reached the courthouse, he was told that Jackson was not there; he had been sold to someone further south. In 1851 and 1852, the
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Repository: Circuit Court Building, Rustburg, Virginia, Records of the Circuit Superior Court of Chancery, Box 1855.
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His maternal grandmother Peggy was an enslaved woman who was freed due to early American anti-slavery legislation,
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Rumors of Jackson's kidnapping reached New Castle soon after he left the state and had not returned when expected.
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He may have been sold so many times because slaveholders did not like to hold on to people who were born free.
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1830:. Any children born after she attained her freedom were free as well. Elijah and Sarah were married in 1815.
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courthouse, but it was found in Jackson's trial in 1858 that he was sold on an auction block in Richmond.
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2507:"The Kidnapping and Recovery of Frank Jackson; Two Underground Stations in New Castle, Lawrence County"
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official from Campbell County said that he would only accept affidavits from people who were white.
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recruiting poster. A group of about 20 black recruits and a white officer stand before a flying
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In the meantime, Jackson was in jail, having run away from Frederick W. Swann's plantation in
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He was sold to as many as 12 slaveholders in Virginia, South Carolina, and ultimately in
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in 1860 with his wife Susan. He supported his family as a laborer. He enlisted in the
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be heard, to call witnesses on his behalf, and to confront the witnesses against him.
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Jackson was the oldest of Sally and Elijah's four or five children. He lived in the
2611:
Digital Library on American Slavery, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro
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His year of birth may have been about 1815, 1816 or 1817, 1819 or 1820, or 1828.
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2370:"List of Petitioners in Petition 21685105 – Race and Slavery Petitions Project"
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1915:
newspapers tracked his case and published information about his whereabouts.
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of 1780 in Pennsylvania. It was this legislation that freed Sarah at age 28.
1866:
1782:. He was born free, but enticed into helping to drive horses to Virginia, a
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428:
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1865:
and horse trader, asked Jackson in early 1851 to help him drive horses to
2134:
One source states that Jackson went to the site of a major slave market,
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1837:
area for years. He was raised by a farmer and an "ardent abolitionist",
2138:, with new acquaintances, and it was also said that he was sold at the
1862:
1810:
area and was married by 1860. Despite an infirmity, he enlisted in the
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236:
53:
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There were a number of Frank and Francis Jacksons who enlisted in the
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2557:
The Fugitive Slave Law and Its Victims. Revised and Enlarged Edition
2054:
1996:
1880:
433:
419:
394:
2359:. Beginning and end of Chapter 3 Slave Plaintiffs and the Courts.
300:
130:
2577:
Roots of Secession: Slavery and Politics in Antebellum Virginia
2526:"Slaves were harbored here at stops along Underground Railroad"
2286:"Kidnapped into Slavery: The Freedom Suit of Francis Jackson"
2001:
Slave kidnapping post, 1851, Boston after the passage of the
2831:
Higginbotham Jr., A. Leon; Jacobs, Anne F. (April 1, 1992).
1853:(north of New Castle) by the time that he was kidnapped.
2513:. March 5, 1897 – via Transcript by Ohio Memory.
2949:"Search Frank Jackson, United States Colored Troops"
2683:
History of Lawrence County Pennsylvania, 1770 – 1877
1845:, north of New Castle. Young was a conductor on the
1431:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
2215:
2213:
2074:, Jackson returned to New Castle. Jackson lived in
2560:. American Anti-Slavery Society. 1861. p. 18.
1989:case was finalized and Jackson was declared free.
2345:Appealing for Liberty: Freedom Suits in the South
2223:Appealing for Liberty: Freedom Suits in the South
2174:Deshazer's surname was also stated as Deshhazen.
3008:People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
1546:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
1972:
1953:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
1938:and was taken to the jail in Campbell County.
2580:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 301.
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2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
1752:
8:
2855:
2853:
2165:Jackson was in Campbell County in June 1852.
2072:The History of Lawrence County, Pennsylvania
1774:(born between 1815 and 1820), also known as
1551:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2113:An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery
1828:An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery
2501:
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36:
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30:For other people with the same name, see
2897:"A Free Slave Liberated – Frank Jackson"
2694:
2692:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2226:. Oxford University Press. p. 345.
1556:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1421:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1401:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
2998:People from Mercer County, Pennsylvania
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2569:
2567:
2407:
2405:
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2607:"Petition 21685105 – Francis Jackson"
1980:Abstract of petition, Francis Jackson
1443:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1120:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
7:
3003:People from New Castle, Pennsylvania
2524:Hall, Jennifer (February 16, 1998).
1987:Francis Jackson vs. John W. Deshazer
1944:Francis Jackson vs. John W. Deshazer
1788:Francis Jackson vs. John W. Deshazer
1778:, was an African-American victim of
1635:Slave marriages in the United States
1239:Human trafficking in the Middle East
2685:. L. H. Everts Company. p. 33.
2677:Durant, S.W.; Durant, P.A. (1877).
2341:"3 Slave Plaintiffs and the Courts"
974:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
2901:Vermont Watchman and State Journal
2044:found that Jackson was born free.
1628:last survivors of American slavery
25:
2983:African Americans in Pennsylvania
2465:"Freeman in Jail – Frank Jackson"
2339:Schweninger, Loren (2018-09-03).
2220:Schweninger, Loren (2018-09-03).
1806:he was freed, he returned to the
589:Field slaves in the United States
456:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
466:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
461:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
290:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
60:
2574:Link, William A. (2004-01-21).
1416:Committee of Experts on Slavery
967:East, Southeast, and South Asia
2086:and was honorably discharged.
1822:Born between 1815 and 1820 in
1814:and was honorably discharged.
1115:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
2284:Long, McKenzie (2021-04-07).
1851:West Greenville, Pennsylvania
2973:19th-century American slaves
2426:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 89–91.
2194:United States Colored Troops
2076:Allegheny City, Pennsylvania
2060:United States Colored Troops
2035:Moore County, North Carolina
1812:United States Colored Troops
1796:Moore County, North Carolina
1406:Temporary Slavery Commission
1067:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
27:Slave who worked in Virginia
2921:Fiske, David (2016-01-18).
2860:Fiske, David (2016-01-18).
2420:Fiske, David (2016-01-18).
2347:. Oxford University Press.
1824:Mercer County, Pennsylvania
1426:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
471:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
18:Francis Jackson (kidnapped)
3029:
2023:Governor of North Carolina
2003:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
1920:Botetourt County, Virginia
1611:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1448:Anti-Slavery International
1213:North Africa and West Asia
29:
2993:Kidnapped American people
2927:. ABC-CLIO. p. 150.
2866:. ABC-CLIO. p. 149.
2840:North Carolina Law Review
2140:Campbell County, Virginia
1985:Around October 1855, the
1948:Campbell County, Virginia
1800:George Cameron Mendenhall
1707:Emancipation Proclamation
1379:Opposition and resistance
1137:Sex trafficking in Europe
1125:Blackbirding in Polynesia
688:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2753:"The last number of the
1962:A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.
1835:New Castle, Pennsylvania
1808:New Castle, Pennsylvania
1487:Compensated emancipation
698:Indian Ocean slave trade
2903:. 1858-09-24. p. 2
2813:. 1852-06-25. p. 3
2788:. 1852-06-12. p. 3
2763:. 1851-07-03. p. 2
2734:. 1851-06-28. p. 3
2706:. 1852-04-10. p. 1
2679:"History of New Castle"
2642:. 1858-09-07. p. 2
2471:. 1851-07-11. p. 2
1886:Lefevre James Cranstone
1780:kidnapping into slavery
1411:1926 Slavery Convention
1167:Germany in World War II
784:North and South America
306:Contract of manumission
2761:Green-Mountain Freeman
2640:The Charlotte Democrat
2532:. Sharon, Pennsylvania
2067:
2005:
1983:
1967:
1912:The Anti-Slavery Bugle
1893:
892:British Virgin Islands
444:Circassian slave trade
410:Safavid imperial harem
405:Ottoman Imperial Harem
2953:National Park Service
2700:"Some of our readers"
2636:"Moore Supreme Court"
2511:New Castle Daily News
2292:. Library of Virginia
2196:during the Civil War.
2058:
2027:Pennsylvania's leader
2000:
1884:
1131:Europe and North Asia
1091:Australia and Oceania
791:Pre-Columbian America
363:Slave raid of Suðuroy
295:Slavery in al-Andalus
217:Black Sea slave trade
146:21st-century jihadism
1847:Underground Railroad
1586:Indentured servitude
1514:Underground Railroad
1314:United Arab Emirates
703:Zanzibar slave trade
670:By country or region
483:Atlantic slave trade
385:Ma malakat aymanukum
269:Venetian slave trade
3013:Union Army soldiers
2978:19th-century births
1849:. Jackson lived in
1672:Slave Route Project
803:Americas indigenous
693:Red Sea slave trade
683:Contemporary Africa
546:Topics and practice
316:Crimean slave trade
311:Bukhara slave trade
264:Genoese slave trade
141:Contemporary Africa
121:Forced prostitution
2786:Anti-Slavery Bugle
2757:... Frank Jackson"
2732:Anti-Slavery Bugle
2704:Anti-Slavery Bugle
2613:. December 7, 2007
2290:The UncommonWealth
2084:American Civil War
2068:
2064:United States flag
2006:
1964:and Anne F. Jacobs
1894:
1453:Blockade of Africa
760:Somali slave trade
676:Sub-Saharan Africa
368:Turkish Abductions
326:Khivan slave trade
321:Khazar slave trade
274:Balkan slave trade
232:Prague slave trade
2955:. April 24, 2021.
2934:978-1-4408-3665-7
2873:978-1-4408-3665-7
2755:Free Presbyterian
2587:978-0-8078-6320-6
2433:978-1-4408-3665-7
2354:978-0-19-066430-5
2233:978-0-19-066430-5
1993:Intervening years
1907:Free Presbyterian
1769:
1768:
1719:Freedmen's Bureau
1541:Third Servile War
1536:International law
1103:Human trafficking
865:Human trafficking
540:Thirteen colonies
358:Sack of Baltimore
126:Human trafficking
16:(Redirected from
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2297:
2281:
2238:
2237:
2217:
2197:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2149:
2143:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2100:
1981:
1965:
1892:, Virginia, 1862
1761:
1754:
1747:
1731:Emancipation Day
1564:
1531:Slave Trade Acts
222:Byzantine Empire
64:
37:
21:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3017:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2906:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2881:
2874:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2816:
2814:
2807:"Frank Jackson"
2805:
2804:
2800:
2791:
2789:
2782:"Frank Jackson"
2780:
2779:
2775:
2766:
2764:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2737:
2735:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2709:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2676:
2675:
2654:
2645:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2605:
2604:
2595:
2588:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2554:
2553:
2544:
2535:
2533:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2505:
2504:
2483:
2474:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2441:
2434:
2419:
2418:
2387:
2378:
2376:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2338:
2337:
2304:
2295:
2293:
2283:
2282:
2241:
2234:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2146:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2053:
2015:
1995:
1982:
1979:
1966:
1960:
1902:William Stewart
1879:
1861:Charles May, a
1859:
1820:
1798:. An attorney,
1772:Francis Jackson
1765:
1736:
1735:
1640:Slave narrative
1596:Fugitive slaves
1576:
1568:
1567:
1558:
1526:Slave rebellion
1381:
1371:
1370:
1329:
1319:
1318:
1141:United Kingdom
1077:Yankee princess
671:
663:
662:
390:Avret Pazarları
336:Avret Pazarları
205:Medieval Europe
171:
161:
160:
99:Forced marriage
74:
35:
32:Francis Jackson
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3026:
3024:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2940:
2933:
2913:
2879:
2872:
2849:
2823:
2798:
2773:
2744:
2716:
2688:
2652:
2624:
2593:
2586:
2563:
2542:
2516:
2481:
2439:
2432:
2385:
2361:
2353:
2302:
2239:
2232:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2185:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2144:
2127:
2117:
2104:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2066:and Union tent
2052:
2049:
2014:
2013:North Carolina
2011:
1994:
1991:
1977:
1958:
1878:
1875:
1858:
1855:
1819:
1816:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1618:List of slaves
1615:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1336:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1162:Dutch Republic
1159:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
986:
981:
976:
970:
969:
963:
962:
957:
950:
949:
948:
943:
933:
928:
923:
922:
921:
911:
906:
905:
904:
899:
894:
889:
879:
874:
869:
868:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
812:
811:
810:
800:
799:
798:
787:
786:
780:
779:
774:
769:
764:
763:
762:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
706:
705:
695:
690:
685:
679:
678:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
661:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
634:
633:
629:
628:
623:
621:Child soldiers
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
597:
596:
586:
581:
576:
571:
570:
569:
564:
559:
548:
547:
543:
542:
537:
532:
530:Spanish Empire
527:
522:
517:
512:
510:Middle Passage
507:
502:
497:
492:
486:
485:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
447:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
372:
371:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
340:
339:
338:
331:Ottoman Empire
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
292:
286:
285:
279:
278:
277:
276:
266:
261:
256:
255:
254:
249:
244:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
208:
207:
201:
200:
195:
190:
185:
179:
178:
172:
167:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:
153:
151:Sexual slavery
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
117:
116:
111:
109:Child marriage
106:
96:
91:
86:
84:Child soldiers
81:
75:
70:
69:
66:
65:
57:
56:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3025:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2917:
2914:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2824:
2812:
2811:The Liberator
2808:
2802:
2799:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2748:
2745:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2470:
2469:The Liberator
2466:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2153:The Liberator
2148:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2070:According to
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2025:was asked by
2024:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1976:
1971:
1963:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1946:was filed in
1945:
1939:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1890:Slave Auction
1887:
1883:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:Frank Jackson
1773:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1662:Slave catcher
1660:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1591:Forced labour
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1436:Abolitionists
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:comfort women
1036:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1021:Chukri System
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
968:
965:
964:
961:
958:
955:
951:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
920:
917:
916:
915:
912:
910:
909:Latin America
907:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
884:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
866:
863:
861:
860:interregional
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
845:prison labour
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
816:
815:United States
813:
809:
806:
805:
804:
801:
797:
794:
793:
792:
789:
788:
785:
782:
781:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
761:
758:
757:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
704:
701:
700:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
677:
674:
673:
667:
666:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
631:
630:
627:
626:White slavery
624:
622:
619:
617:
616:Slave raiding
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
595:
592:
591:
590:
587:
585:
584:Corvée labour
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
553:
550:
549:
545:
544:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
484:
481:
480:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
400:Abbasid harem
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
376:
373:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
344:
343:Barbary Coast
341:
337:
334:
333:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
284:
281:
280:
275:
272:
271:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
239:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
165:
164:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
73:
68:
67:
63:
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50:Forced labour
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2988:Free Negroes
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2728:"Kidnapping"
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1771:
1770:
1667:Slave patrol
1504:Freedom suit
1480:Sierra Leone
1470:Colonization
1386:Abolitionism
1366:Baháʼí Faith
1339:Christianity
1289:Saudi Arabia
1145:Penal Labour
1110:Blackbirding
1016:Debt bondage
1004:penal system
830:Contemporary
820:Field slaves
808:U.S. Natives
767:South Africa
638:Galley slave
611:Slave market
601:House slaves
574:Blackbirding
552:Conscription
476:21st century
439:Umm al-walad
283:Muslim world
252:Emancipation
156:Wage slavery
136:Penal labour
114:Wife selling
104:Bride buying
89:Conscription
79:Child Labour
72:Contemporary
2082:during the
2051:Later years
1784:slave state
1682:court cases
1559: [
1509:Slave Power
1497:Manumission
1344:Catholicism
1219:Afghanistan
960:Puerto Rico
872:The Bahamas
850:Slave codes
653:Shanghaiing
643:Impressment
535:Slave Coast
415:Qajar harem
375:Concubinage
348:slave trade
2967:Categories
2907:2021-04-24
2817:2021-04-24
2792:2021-04-24
2767:2021-04-24
2738:2021-04-24
2710:2021-04-24
2646:2021-04-24
2617:2021-04-23
2536:2021-04-24
2530:The Herald
2475:2021-04-23
2379:2021-04-23
2296:2021-04-23
2204:References
2136:Alexandria
2080:Union Army
1936:New London
1857:Kidnapping
1843:Indian Run
1839:John Young
1818:Early life
1697:J.Q. Adams
1687:Washington
1657:Slave name
1606:convention
1581:Common law
954:Encomienda
750:Seychelles
735:Mauritania
658:Slave ship
525:Panyarring
520:New France
169:Historical
2846:(4): 993.
1924:Fincastle
1922:jail, in
1867:Baltimore
1692:Jefferson
1349:Mormonism
1284:Palestine
1098:Australia
1028:Indonesia
919:Lei Áurea
902:Code Noir
882:Caribbean
855:Treatment
594:Treatment
567:Devshirme
429:Odalisque
247:In Russia
188:Babylonia
176:Antiquity
1978:—
1959:—
1877:Virginia
1871:Maryland
1724:Iron bit
1714:40 acres
1677:breeding
1492:Freedman
1327:Religion
1187:Portugal
1072:Thailand
1062:Maldives
1057:Malaysia
1050:Kwalliso
994:Booi Aha
946:Restavek
926:Colombia
897:Trinidad
887:Barbados
777:Zanzibar
725:Ethiopia
606:Saqaliba
500:Database
451:Saqaliba
212:Ancillae
42:a series
40:Part of
1702:Lincoln
1575:Related
1475:Liberia
1361:Judaism
1299:Tunisia
1274:Morocco
1264:Lebanon
1229:Bahrain
1224:Algeria
1192:Romania
1157:Denmark
1150:Slavery
1084:Vietnam
755:Somalia
745:Nigeria
720:Comoros
648:Pirates
557:Ghilman
490:Bristol
380:history
353:pirates
242:History
131:Peonage
54:slavery
2931:
2870:
2584:
2430:
2351:
2230:
1863:drover
1623:owners
1259:Kuwait
1254:Jordan
1207:Sweden
1197:Russia
1182:Poland
1177:Norway
999:Laogai
984:Brunei
979:Bhutan
941:revolt
914:Brazil
877:Canada
840:partus
825:female
710:Angola
579:Coolie
562:Mamluk
515:Nantes
495:Brazil
424:Cariye
259:Thrall
227:Kholop
193:Greece
2836:(PDF)
2125:1850.
2090:Notes
1841:, of
1650:songs
1645:films
1563:]
1519:songs
1356:Islam
1334:Bible
1309:Yemen
1304:Qatar
1294:Syria
1269:Libya
1234:Egypt
1202:Spain
1172:Malta
1045:Korea
1033:Japan
1011:India
989:China
936:Haiti
796:Aztec
772:Sudan
740:Niger
632:Naval
505:Dutch
434:Qiyan
420:Jarya
395:Harem
237:Serfs
183:Egypt
2929:ISBN
2868:ISBN
2582:ISBN
2428:ISBN
2349:ISBN
2228:ISBN
1909:and
1601:laws
1463:U.S.
1458:U.K.
1396:U.S.
1391:U.K.
1279:Oman
1249:Iraq
1244:Iran
931:Cuba
835:maps
730:Mali
715:Chad
301:Baqt
198:Rome
94:Debt
52:and
2969::
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2852:^
2844:70
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