180:, Hernández performed autopsies in the Hospital Real de San José de los Naturales in collaboration with surgeon Alonso López de Hinojosos and physician Juan de la Fuente. Hernandez described the gruesome symptoms with clinical accuracy. These included high fever, severe headache, vertigo, black tongue, dark urine, dysentery, severe abdominal and thoracic pain, large nodules behind the ears that often invaded the neck and face, acute neurologic disorders, and profuse bleeding from the nose, eyes, and mouth, with death frequently occurring in 3 to 4 days.
193:, where a large part of his original manuscript was lost in a fire almost a century later. Because Hernández's work included numerous descriptions of unknown plants and names that appeared incomprehensible, King Philip II appointed Nardo Antonio Recchi, Archiater physician of Napoles, to prepare a compilation of the texts for publication. Recchi grouped all descriptions of plants into eight groups according to their common morphology and differentiated those plants that were believed to be useful to cure what was then known in Spain as
384:. The native population collapse in 16th century Mexico was a demographic catastrophe with one of the highest death rates in history. Recently developed tree-ring evidence has allowed the levels of precipitation to be reconstructed for north central Mexico, adding to the growing body of epidemiologic evidence and indicating that the 1545 and 1576 epidemics of cocoliztli (Nahuatl for "pest") were indigenous hemorrhagic fevers transmitted by rodent hosts and aggravated by extreme drought conditions.
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From March 1574 until his return to Spain in 1577, Hernandez lived in Mexico, where he carried out medical tests using the plants he had gathered, put together a large botanical collection, and studied local medicinal practices and archeological sites.The result was an impressive work, composed of 24
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Quatro libros de la
Naturaleza, y virtudes de las plantas y animales que están reunidos en el uso de Medicina en la Nueva España, y el Método, y corrección, y preparación, que para administrallas se requiere con lo que el Doctor Francisco Hernández escribió en lengua
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Hernández returned to Spain in 1577 carrying with him a large number of seeds and live plants. He prepared a brief introduction that was printed, but died before he could see his complete work published. All the material had been preserved at the
80:. For three years he toured Mexico and Central America together with a geographer, painters, botanists and native doctors, collecting and classifying botanical specimens. He also studied the culture and medical achievements of the native
75:
physician for the New World and commended by the King to embark on a scientific expedition to study the region's medicinal plants. Hernandez set sail for the New World in August 1571, taking along his son, and landed in
February 1572 in
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Francisci
Hernandi, medici atque historici Philippi II, hispan et indiar. Regis, et totius novi orbis archiatri. Opera, cum edita, tum medita, ad autobiographi fidem et jusu regio.
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Among some of the most important achievements of the expedition were the discovery and subsequent introduction in Europe of a number of new plants that did not exist in the
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Nova plantarum, animalium et mineralium mexicanorum historia a
Francisco Hernández in indis primum compilata, de inde a Nardo Antonio Reccho in volumen digesta
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Catálogo bibliográfico, biográfico y crítico de autores y escritos referentes a vegetales de México y sus aplicaciones, desde la conquista hasta el presente
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books on plants, one about the fauna, one on minerals, and ten volumes of paintings and illustrations that were brought to Spain to be published.
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that had infected millions in Europe. However, after Recchi died his work remained unpublished and was ultimately purchased by
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calculated that the total cost of the expedition represented about 60,000 ducats, an enormous sum at the time.
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Thomas M. Whitmore (July 2006). "Many Died, But Many Lived: Mann's
Revelations About an American Tragedy".
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Acuna-Soto, Rodolfo; David W. Stahle; Malcolm K. Cleaveland; Matthew D. Therrell (October–December 2002).
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May/June 2001, vol.137, no.3 (accessed 16 November 2005 available on the World Wide Web). ISSN 0016-3813
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Fundació Catalunya-Amèrica Sant Jeroni de la Murtra revista RE (Edición castellano),
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Searching for the
Secrets of Nature: The Life and Works of Dr. Francisco Hernández
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Federico Cesi published a heavily redacted a compendium of Recchi's
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His works were also translated to
English in 2000 under the title
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that contains information about the life and works of Hernández.
431:. Mexico: Oficina Tip. de la Secretaría de Fomento. p. 797.
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Among the plants the expedition encountered and described were
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The
Mexican Treasury: The Writings of Dr. Francisco Hernández
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The
Mexican Treasury: The Writings of Dr. Francisco Hernández
28:) is considered to be the first scientific expedition to the
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Chabran, Rafael; Chamberlin, Cynthia; Varey, Simon (2000).
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The compilation was finally published in Mexico in 1615 as
40:, who was highly regarded in Spain because of his works on
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The finding of the material greatly helped convince King
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Médicos y medicina en la Nueva España del Siglo XVI
351:"Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico"
166:During the 1576 outbreak of the epidemic known as
178:colonial-period population decline of the Aztecs
125:(known by the locals as Mahuatl Quauhtlepatli),
26:Comisión de Francisco Hernández a Nueva España
36:, a naturalist and physician of the Court of
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261:, based on additional material found in the
557:Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery
469:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
191:Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo del Escorial
263:Colegio Imperial de los Jesuitas de Madrid
236:Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus
225:Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus
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275:Royal Botanical Expedition to New Spain
265:was published in 1790 under the name
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552:Spanish colonization of the Americas
103:(known by the locals as Cacahuatl),
137:properties used in rituals such as
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257:Another compilation by physician
234:version in Rome on 1628, titled
71:In 1570 Hernández was appointed
238:, with notes and additions by
18:Francisco Hernández expedition
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34:Francisco Hernández de Toledo
463:"Hernandez, Francisco"
446:. Stanford University Press.
316:Accessed November 16, 2005.
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497:North American expeditions
301:Alfredo de Micheli-Serra.
133:, and several plants with
334:Acosta, José de (1596).
307:Gaceta Médica de México.
213:by the Dominican priest
176:for "pest", during the
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427:León, Nicolás (1895).
279:Martín Sessé y Lacasta
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336:De natura orbis novae
259:Casimiro Gómez Ortega
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271:Charles III of Spain
203:Accademia dei Lincei
199:Federico Angelo Cesi
195:"The French Disease"
122:Strychnos nux-vomica
392:Geographical Review
110:Guaiacum officinale
63:, and many others.
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527:1575 in New Spain
522:1574 in New Spain
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358:Revista Biomédica
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481:Categories
394:(Review).
321:References
169:cocoliztli
97:pineapples
67:Expedition
53:pineapples
412:162976724
370:0188-493X
338:. Mylius.
73:Archiater
49:Old World
32:, led by
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78:Veracruz
472:. 1900.
382:Summary
296:Sources
277:led by
174:Nahuatl
22:Spanish
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211:latina
148:Datura
145:, and
143:maguey
139:peyote
408:S2CID
354:(PDF)
232:Latin
101:cocoa
57:cocoa
377:2012
366:ISSN
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