433:, Arana was in a position of substantial authority within the army. Sandoval was able to persuade Arana to join the coup in its final stages. On 19 October, Arana and Ărbenz launched a coup against the government of Ponce Vaides. They were joined the next day by other factions of the army and the civilian population. Initially, the battle went against the revolutionaries, but after an appeal for support their ranks were swelled by unionists and students, and they eventually subdued the police and army factions loyal to Ponce Vaides. On 20 October, the next day, Ponce Vaides surrendered unconditionally. Both Arana and Ărbenz fought with distinction in the coup. Arana, Ărbenz and
1154:
518:
The months before this election saw intense wrangling, as Arana supporters tried to gain control over the election process. Specifically, they wanted the election to be supervised by regional commanders loyal to Arana, rather than centrally dispatched observers. Arana called an emergency meeting of the CSD just before the scheduled election, at which no agreement was reached; but a few days later, Arana's supporters suddenly gave in to the demands of Ărbenz's supporters.
509:(FPL) supported him, but was soundly defeated at the FPL party convention in 1949. As a result, the faction split off to support Arana. The leftist parties decided to back Ărbenz instead, as they believed that only a military officer could defeat Arana. In 1947, Arana had demanded that certain labor leaders be expelled from the country; Ărbenz vocally disagreed with Arana, and the latter's intervention limited the number of deportees.
535:
assassins, but suggested that they were members of the conservative opposition. He declared five days of national mourning in Arana's honor. Prior to making this speech, ArĂ©valo shared the text with his ministers. Ărbenz and a few others had disagreed with its thrust, and suggested that the entire truth be told; however, they were overruled by the majority of the ministers. Historian
482:
this process. The reforms alarmed
Guatemala's landowning elite, who looked for a political candidate who would support their cause. Thus, a number of wealthy Guatemalans began to cultivate Arana's support against the labor reforms of Arévalo. Arana began to publicly complain about the labor reforms, without actually taking any actions against Arévalo. In the
517:
In order to run for election, the constitution required that Arana resign his military position by May 1950, and that his successor be chosen by
Congress from a list submitted by the Consejo Superior de la Defensa (CSD) ("Superior Defense Council"). Elections for the CSD were scheduled for July 1949.
481:
Although
Guatemala was not completely democratized by the Guatemalan Revolution (illiterate women, for example, were still denied the vote) it nonetheless brought about substantial labor reforms. The parties that supported Arévalo's government were led by young middle class individuals, who supported
521:
On 16 July 1949, Arana delivered an ultimatum to ArĂ©valo, demanding the expulsion of all of Ărbenz' supporters from the cabinet and the military; he threatened a coup if his demands were not met. ArĂ©valo informed Ărbenz and other progressive leaders of the ultimatum, who all agreed that Arana should
526:
agreed to give Arana asylum there. Two days later, ArĂ©valo and Arana had another meeting, at which ArĂ©valo later said that Arana was highly threatening and abusive. On the way back, Arana's convoy was intercepted by a small force led by Ărbenz. A shootout ensued, killing three men, including Arana.
448:
in
December 1944, he asked them to declare the election results invalid. Ărbenz and Toriello insisted that ArĂ©valo be allowed to take power, which Arana reluctantly agreed to, on the condition that Arana's position as the commander of the military be unchallenged. ArĂ©valo had no choice but to agree
465:
After Arana assumed his new and powerful position, an
American embassy official stated in a dispatch that Arana was the type of personality that might assume dictatorial power. On 16 December 1945, Arévalo was seriously injured in a car accident and incapacitated for a period. The leaders of the
374:
heritage, and the latter trait was visually more prominent. He did not have a formal education, but he was relatively well read, and was described by his contemporaries as canny and intelligent, and as a charismatic and convivial person. He was described as a poor public speaker, but as a very
539:
stated that if Arana had attempted a coup without delivering an ultimatum, he would likely have succeeded. However, his overconfidence in his hold over the military, as well as his lingering desire to take power in a legitimate manner, led to his effort being sabotaged before it truly began.
534:
In a speech on 21 July, Arévalo made a speech describing Arana's death. He suggested that Arana had flirted with conspiring against the president with people hostile to Arévalo, but had eventually refused to overthrow the government, and been assassinated for his refusal. He did not name the
413:
to appoint him interim president. Ponce pledged to hold free elections soon, while continuing Ubico's policy of suppressing the protests. This resulted in growing support for an armed revolution among some sections of the populace. By this time, the
527:
Arana's supporters in the military rose up in revolt, but they were leaderless, and by the next day the rebels asked for negotiations. The coup attempt left approximately 150 dead and 200 wounded. Many of Arana's supporters, including
478:, scheduled for November 1950. This undertaking was given in writing. However, it was kept a secret; the American embassy only learned of it in 1947. Arévalo himself recovered swiftly, but was forced to support the agreement.
457:. He could only be removed by Congress, and even then only if he was found to have broken the law. When ArĂ©valo was inaugurated as President, Arana stepped into this new position, and Ărbenz was sworn in as defense minister.
353:
to take office in 1945. He served as the Chief of the Armed Forces in the new government until 1949. On 18 July 1949 he was killed in a shootout with supporters of the Arévalo government after he threatened to launch a coup.
470:(PAR), the party that supported the government, were afraid that Arana would take the opportunity to launch a coup. A handful of its leaders approached Arana and made a deal with him, which later came to be known as the
1528:
1508:
1036:
1553:
497:," to which Fortuny responded "We are not against you. We appreciate the role that you played in the revolt against Ponce. It's just that you have no sympathy for
1548:
1533:
52:
349:. He led the three-man junta that oversaw the transition to a democratic government, although he was personally reluctant to allow the elected President
1543:
1029:
1518:
474:(Pact of the Ravine). Arana agreed to refrain from seizing power with the military; in return, the PAR agreed to support Arana's candidacy in the
489:
After the electoral failure, Arana continued to try, through threats and persuasion, to get elected representatives to support him. He talked to
440:
Arana did not wish to turn over power to a civilian administration. He tried to persuade Ărbenz and
Toriello to postpone the election, and after
483:
1397:
987:
930:
909:
475:
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1022:
506:
295:
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became members of a new three-person ruling junta, with Arana, who as a Major was the ranking army officer, becoming its senior member.
1513:
1326:
493:, a leftist leader in the PAR. Fortuny later said that Arana asked him "Why don't you and your friends like me? I'm not a man of the
380:
1320:
453:, created in 1945, created a new position of "Commander of the Armed Forces," a position which was more powerful than that of the
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1338:
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454:
175:
94:
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367:
1523:
1350:
1217:
522:
be exiled. A secret meeting of the permanent committee of the congress met and voted to dismiss Arana. Cuban
President
1206:
366:, Guatemala. His parents, Ăngel MarĂa Arana and Margarita Castro, were from a lower-middle-class family. He had both
329:; 3 December 1905 â 18 July 1949) was a Guatemalan military leader and one of the three members of the revolutionary
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66:
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128:
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1444:
1233:
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1103:
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486:, he supported a number of anti-Arévalo candidates; however, none of them were elected to Congress.
51:
1465:
1449:
1092:
494:
1184:
1173:
1007:
El asesinato del coronel
Francisco Javier Arana en el Puente de la Gloria, el 18 de julio de 1949
964:
1424:
1119:
983:
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905:
540:
Gleijeses also stated that Ărbenz probably had orders to capture, rather than to kill, Arana.
371:
1429:
1315:
1299:
956:
430:
422:
325:
99:
421:
Arana became a member of this plot only in its later stages; the plot was initially led by
536:
498:
426:
409:
which would lead the provisional government. A few days later, Ponce Vaides persuaded the
1439:
1434:
982:(in Spanish). AsociaciĂłn de Amigos del PaĂs, FundaciĂłn para la Cultura y el Desarrollo.
1403:
1260:
1212:
1189:
434:
418:
was disillusioned with the junta, and progressives within it had begun to plot a coup.
144:
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363:
234:
20:
251:
1005:
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described his politics as nationalist, as well as being slightly pro-American.
345:, he allied with a progressive faction of the army to topple Ubico's successor
1014:
960:
397:
In June 1944, a series of popular protests forced the resignation of dictator
1162:
942:"The Death of Francisco Arana: A Turning Point in the Guatemalan Revolution"
334:
901:
The Time of
Freedom: Campesino Workers in Guatemala's October Revolution
305:
24:
505:
and the PAR were both openly hostile to Arana. A small faction of the
337:
from 20 October 1944 to 15 March 1945 during the early part of the
531:, were exiled. The details of the incident were not made public.
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854:
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persuasive man in intimate conversations. In 1946, during the
362:
Francisco Javier Arana Castro was born on 3 December 1905 in
904:. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press.
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792:
690:
688:
639:
637:
612:
610:
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922:
The CIA in
Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention
341:. A major in the Guatemalan army under the dictator
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173:
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127:
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105:
93:
83:
65:
42:
1529:Guatemalan people of indigenous peoples descent
393:Guatemalan Revolution § October revolution
31: and the second or maternal family name is
1030:
979:Diccionario histĂłrico biogrĂĄfico de Guatemala
8:
1509:Anti-Communist Unification Party politicians
1037:
1023:
1015:
50:
39:
882:
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858:
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827:
810:
798:
783:
771:
756:
739:
727:
706:
694:
679:
655:
601:
574:
324:
129:Head of State and Government of Guatemala
667:
628:
326:[fÉŸanËsiskoxaËÎČjeÉŸaËÉŸanaËkastÉŸo]
188:20 October 1944 â 15 March 1945
141:20 October 1944 â 15 March 1945
643:
616:
586:
548:
143:Serving with Jacobo Ărbenz and
16:Guatemalan military leader (1905â1949)
1004:Juan de Dios Aguilar de LeĂłn (1995).
79:15 March 1945 â 18 July 1949
7:
1554:1940s coups d'Ă©tat and coup attempts
1549:20th-century presidents of Guatemala
1534:Guatemalan people of Spanish descent
555:
1054:Federal Republic of Central America
429:. However, as the commander of the
1081:direct central rule, 1826–27
1064:direct central rule, 1823–24
274:ruling Guatemala from 1944 to 1945
14:
949:Journal of Latin American Studies
1544:People from Guatemala Department
1152:
1519:Deaths by firearm in Guatemala
1:
925:. University of Texas Press.
919:Immerman, Richard H. (1982).
318:Francisco Javier Arana Castro
23:, the first or paternal
1559:Military coups in Guatemala
1046:Heads of state of Guatemala
976:Lima, Flavio Rojas (2004).
484:1948 congressional election
1575:
476:next presidential election
468:Revolutionary Action Party
390:
270:Leading the revolutionary
18:
1514:Conservatism in Guatemala
1473:
1150:
961:10.1017/S0022216X00020940
940:Gleijeses, Piero (1990).
503:National Renovation Party
461:Chief of the Armed Forces
451:Constitution of Guatemala
405:leader of a three-person
311:
212:
181:
134:
72:
67:Chief of the Armed Forces
61:
49:
507:Popular Liberation Front
449:to this, and so the new
379:, a staff member at the
296:Presidential Honor Guard
1059:Supreme Chiefs of State
898:Forster, Cindy (2001).
358:Early and personal life
322:Latin American Spanish:
44:Francisco Javier Arana
1539:Guatemalan Revolution
1163:Republic of Guatemala
529:Carlos Castillo Armas
403:Federico Ponce Vaides
391:Further information:
381:United States embassy
377:Guatemalan Revolution
347:Federico Ponce Vaides
339:Guatemalan Revolution
158:Federico Ponce Vaides
524:Carlos PrĂo SocarrĂĄs
112:Position established
1524:Guatemalan colonels
885:, pp. 540â548.
873:, pp. 540â547.
861:, pp. 547â548.
842:, pp. 543â547.
830:, pp. 541â543.
813:, pp. 540â541.
786:, pp. 536â538.
774:, pp. 536â537.
759:, pp. 534â535.
742:, pp. 533â534.
730:, pp. 531â532.
709:, pp. 530â531.
604:, pp. 528â530.
491:José Manuel Fortuny
176:Minister of Defense
1057:(1823–1839);
1010:(in Spanish). s.n.
472:Pacto del Barranco
401:. Ubico appointed
387:October revolution
1486:
1485:
989:978-99922-44-01-2
932:978-0-292-71083-2
911:978-0-8229-4162-0
646:, pp. 89â91.
619:, pp. 86â89.
442:Juan José Arévalo
351:Juan José Arévalo
315:
314:
169:Juan José Arévalo
123:Carlos Paz Tejada
88:Juan José Arévalo
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431:Guardia de Honor
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262:Military officer
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998:Further reading
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537:Piero Gleijeses
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501:." By 1949 the
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427:Aldana Sandoval
416:Guatemalan Army
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1398:MejĂa VĂctores
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1339:GonzĂĄlez LĂłpez
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955:(3): 527â552.
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883:Gleijeses 1990
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871:Gleijeses 1990
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859:Gleijeses 1990
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840:Gleijeses 1990
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828:Gleijeses 1990
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811:Gleijeses 1990
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801:, p. 540.
799:Gleijeses 1990
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772:Gleijeses 1990
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757:Gleijeses 1990
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740:Gleijeses 1990
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728:Gleijeses 1990
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707:Gleijeses 1990
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697:, p. 530.
695:Gleijeses 1990
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682:, p. 529.
680:Gleijeses 1990
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658:, p. 528.
656:Gleijeses 1990
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602:Gleijeses 1990
591:
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577:, p. 531.
575:Gleijeses 1990
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558:, p. 116.
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435:Jorge Toriello
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292:Branch/service
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1409:Serrano ElĂas
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1179:LĂłpez Requena
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1166:(since 1839);
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247:(1949-07-18)
245:18 July 1949
204:Succeeded by
198:David Corado
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165:Succeeded by
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119:Succeeded by
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21:Spanish name
1504:1949 deaths
1499:1905 births
1093:de Aycinena
399:Jorge Ubico
343:Jorge Ubico
333:that ruled
254:, Guatemala
237:, Guatemala
194:Preceded by
153:Preceded by
107:Preceded by
1493:Categories
1480:â military
1461:Giammattei
1392:RĂos Montt
1255:M. Estrada
1168:Presidents
1125:Valenzuela
1087:J. Estrada
544:References
372:Indigenous
284:Allegiance
259:Profession
228:1905-12-03
1476:* interim
1450:Maldonado
1239:Sinibaldi
1104:Barrundia
1075:Barrundia
969:145333696
556:Lima 2004
446:President
335:Guatemala
287:Guatemala
267:Known for
252:AmatitlĂĄn
184:In office
137:In office
84:President
75:In office
1430:Portillo
1380:Laugerud
1357:YdĂgoras
1333:Castillo
1304:Toriello
1266:Orellana
1245:Barillas
1218:Aycinena
1195:MartĂnez
411:Congress
95:Minister
19:In this
1466:Arévalo
1456:Morales
1420:de LeĂłn
1363:Peralta
1345:Mendoza
1293:Junta (
1261:Herrera
1234:Barrios
1213:Carrera
1207:Paredes
1201:Escobar
1190:Carrera
1137:Salazar
1114:MĂĄrquez
1098:Zenteno
892:Sources
368:Spanish
306:Colonel
174:Acting
25:surname
1435:Berger
1414:Espina
1404:Cerezo
1369:MĂ©ndez
1351:Flores
1327:MonzĂłn
1316:Ărbenz
1300:Ărbenz
1271:ChacĂłn
1185:Rivera
1174:Rivera
1143:Rivera
1131:Rivera
1120:GĂĄlvez
1109:Molina
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499:labour
33:Castro
1440:Colom
1386:Lucas
1374:Arana
1296:Arana
1282:Ubico
1276:Reina
1250:Reina
1224:Cerna
965:S2CID
945:(PDF)
513:Death
495:right
407:junta
331:junta
272:junta
29:Arana
1425:ArzĂș
1321:DĂaz
1069:DĂaz
984:ISBN
927:ISBN
906:ISBN
425:and
370:and
302:Rank
242:Died
222:Born
1302:â ,
1298:â ,
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957:doi
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35:.
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