1499:
elles à los hermanos de dos amigos mios: llamase el uno
Benigno Sanchez de Castro; el otro Manuel Martin Melgar, y àmbos no tenian aùn pelo de barba ni la estatura necesaria para ser soldados. Hijos los dos de famílias acomodadas, acostumbrados à la vida sosegada de su casa y sin haber jamás carecido de nada, estaban cuando les encontres que era en invierno, vestidos con una sencilla blusa de pafio gris como uniforme, rotos, sùcios y con senales évidentes de baber andado mucho. — Qué haceis aqui, les pregunté, que sois? — Somos, me contestaron, cadetes del 2. de Castilla, y hacemos lo que cualquier soldado. — Y podeis con el fusil? les dije viendo los allens que tenian al lado casi tan grandes como elles. — Al principio, me contesto Melgar, que era el ménos robuste, nos costaba trabajo llevarlos, pero ahora andamos perfectamente con el fusil, la mochila y 80 cartuchos, y hacemos largas marchas sin cansarnos", Francisco Hernando,
580:, lambasting their Carlist supporters as "carlo-luteranos" and mocking their slogan as "Dios, Patria, Alemania". In 1916 he considered setting up a pro-French daily in Madrid and possibly appeared in Spain himself. He might have misled de Cerralbo as to actual position of the claimant. In 1917-1918 he was increasingly ostracized among the Carlists. When in early 1919 Don Jaime managed to leave Austria and arrived in Paris, his first step was consulting Melgar before he released a manifesto – allegedly written by Melgar – which announced forthcoming personal measures against those deemed disloyal. De Mella and his followers intended to show up in the French capital and present their case but were denied visas, a Machiavellian intrigue also attributed to Melgar. The Mellistas, who already considered Don Jaime "a toy of Melgar", gave up and decided to break away, setting up their own party; Cerralbo resigned.
606:
529:
Mella backfired and in 1912 the
Mellistas were reinstated in the Carlist Spanish executive; at that time de Cerralbo, increasingly under the influence of de Mella, was already approached by Melgar with well camouflaged hostility. Around the same time Melgar was also engaged in unclear maneuvers which by some scholars are interpreted as vaguely testing a possibility of enforcing Don Jaime's abdication in favor of his uncle, which would probably leave the party in hands of Cerralbo and Melgar. He went on confronting the Mellistas; posing as Cerralbo's friend he provoked his 1913 resignation. In the same document Cerralbo suggested that Melgar replaces him as royal representative in Spain, but the question proved pointless as the resignation was not accepted by the king.
517:
734:, they were published by his son in Madrid in 1940. The 220-page book covered only the years when Melgar served as political secretary of Carlos VII; lively narrated it is singularly uninformative as to details of his work, though it projects all personal preferences and dislikes of the author. Aversion towards theoretical and ideological debates combined with abundant gossip and picturesque anecdotes make it excellent read; some historians warn that it must not be approached as literally accurate and even suspect manipulation, others generally consider it a fairly reliable source. Another book published by Melgar Trampus in 1932,
513:
de facto rather than formal basis, it was periodical and occasional rather than systematic and until 1919 it was performed remotely, though when Don Jaime settled in Paris, the two resumed close direct personal links. Another key difference was that unlike his father, Jaime III used to go into long periods of inactivity, which permitted Melgar to exercise more personal influence on party politics. On the other hand, similarly to the first spell of Melgar's activity also the second one was marked by intrigues and personal schemes.
597:
not invited to take part in Magna Junta de
Biarritz, a grand Carlist assembly entrusted with working out the Carlist course into the future. Starting 1920 he is no longer mentioned as acting in-between the claimant and the party leadership, though some sources claim that until the mid-1920s he served as secretary and counselor to his king, in 1923 replaced by own son. Since 1914 Melgar suffered from limited financial resources; according to one source he spent his last years in poverty.
403:
2514:, with whom he shared the same great-grandfather, was married to Alfonso XII and was queen-regent of Alfonso XIII; Franz Joseph a number of times hinted to Carlos VII that he expected no more activity undermining the rule of his relative, the most frank remark in his letter assenting to the 1894 marriage with Berthe de Rohan, an Austro-Hungarian subject. Melgar in his memoirs described the rule of Franz Joseph as "long and disastrous reign" which ruined the country, Melgar 1940, p. 95
723:
135:
584:
487:
437:
538:
360:
265:
183:
31:
738:, most likely is co-work of the father and the son; it appeared under ambiguous name of "Francisco Melgar", attributable to both. In historiography Melgar is most appreciated for his massive private archive, which in absence of destroyed private papers of Carlos VII provides excellent insight into the Carlist history of the era.
631:. In the press and almanacs of the era he sporadically published poems, grandiose in style and revolving around religious topics, though he also translated works of religious French authors like Enrique Lasserre. In the 1870s he was known as "poeta y periodista Melgar", like in case of the 1873 reference of Alejandro Pidal.
420:; while Don Carlos and his family occupied the upper floor, Melgar lived on the lower level. Except that Melgar maintained duly respectful position towards his king, the two remained on cordial terms; when travelling, they even shared the same servant. Don Carlos appreciated Melgar's service and in 1888 conferred upon him
2124:
In his later years Melgar described her as "fenómeno patológico y padecía, según supe después, de una extraña enferme dad que los médicos califican de "paranoia acutisima" y consiste en una irresistible tendencia a mentir sin objeto y sin necesidad las más de las veces, sólo por no decir la verdad", Melgar 1940, p. 179
278:. In 1869 he was among founders of La Armonia, a cultural society promoting Catholic orthodoxy as the backbone of public education. The same year he co-founded Juventud Católica and become treasurer of its Junta Superior, apart from engaging in other confessional bodies. He mixed with neocatólicos, tended to side with
424:, recognized by the Madrid government in 1956. Though in the late 1890s the relationship deteriorated, it remained friendly until the very end; Carlos VII used to address his subject as "Melgarito". The job was fully paid; apart from having his daily expenses covered, Melgar was receiving a monthly salary.
2058:
when laid out, his views have the charm of being rather simple, e.g. he characterised the credo of
Canovas as "Rey, Dios, Patria"; also his vision of Carlism was rather simple, based on religion, monarchy and dynastical loyalty, with no mention about traditional heritage, fueros, organic society etc,
1103:
one scholar claims that Melgar was misogynic, as in his memoirs he bemoaned, apart from his own wife, also the wife of Ramón
Nocedal and Berthe de Rohan, Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 99–100. This claim should be approached with caution, as his memoirs contain also a very warm and friendly portrait of
960:
he was first married to Josefa Rodríguez, then to María del Carmen
Rodriguez and finally to Josefa Hernandez. According to one source, Francisco was born to Manuel Martín Melgar and Josefa Hernandez (not María Rodriguez), which appears to be either a mistake or a very odd case, Fernández García 2004,
2492:
Andrés Martín 2000, p. 106; most
Carlists tended to sympathise with the Central Powers, either because they viewed the German and Austrian political models as closer to their vision, or because they sided against Britain, considered the primordial enemy; for detailed discussion see José Luis Orella,
1927:
Carlos VII undertook 2 major trips in the 1880s: in 1884-5 to Africa (Egypt) and Asia (India, Ceylon, Goa) - Melgar 1940, p. 124, in 1887 to
America (Haiti, Barbados, Jamaica, Panama, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Uruguay, Argentina) - Melgar 1940, pp. 136-147; in the 1890s following marriage with Berthe de
1813:
when dwelling on his 20-year-long stay in Venice Melgar always refers to himself only, except one reference to brief and temporal stay of his mother, Melgar 1940, p. 223. Carlos VII settled in Venice without his wife; doña
Margarita de Borbón-Parma upon leaving Paris in 1880 decided to settle in her
496:
Having promised on departure that during his king's lifetime he would neither settle in Spain nor re-enter politics, Melgar returned to Paris and resumed his never entirely abandoned career of a press correspondent; he also maintained private links with some
Carlist politicians. His fortunes changed
457:
in Spain. Melgar is hardly presented as a theorist; he is rather portrayed as an intriguer, a person who thrived plotting Machiavellian personal schemes; apart from minor personal decisions, some suggest he might have unfairly contributed to the 1888 Integrist secession and note that he was involved
2123:
whom he assessed as suffering from paranoia, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 307. Initially Melgar was in favor of the marriage, convinced that the king should re-marry, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 302, and was even present during the private wedding ceremony in Prague, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 304.
596:
was to be replaced in the summer of 1919, Don Jaime asked Melgar to become his representative in Spain, but the 70-year-old refused, probably conscious that in the party feelings against him were running high. As demands to get rid of Melgar reached the claimant he realized this as well; Melgar was
528:
Carlist politics of the 1910s developed mostly as a conflict between the key party theorist, Juan Vázquez de Mella, and the claimant. Already in the 1890s highly skeptical of de Mella, since 1910 Melgar was waging a secret guerilla war against him. A carefully crafted plot intended to compromise de
512:
From that moment Melgar resumed duties of political secretary and partially advisor to the Carlist king, to some degree again acting in-between the monarch and Carlist politicians in Spain. However, format of the service was somewhat different compared to the 1880-1900 period. It was carried out on
432:
in 1888 Melgar became key link in the party command chain, described as Carlos VII – Melgar – Cerralbo. Exact scale of his impact on party politics is not clear. Though Carlos VII sought his advice on many issues, it is unlikely that Melgar exercised major influence on the charismatic Carlist king;
3193:
he is very often listed – usually in footnotes as a source rather than as a protagonist – in works dealing with the Carlist history of late 19th and early 20th century, e.g. in the work on Basque Carlism over 20 times, see Real Cuesta 1985, in the work on Catalan Carlism around 50 times, see Canal
2473:
the issue is not entirely clear. One author claims boldly that Cerralbo "proponia delegar todas sus responsibilidades en Melgar", Andrés Martín 2000, p. 78, while another suggest that Cerralbo was merely "proponiendo al conde de Melgar para que le sustituya en las reuniones con Llorens", Fernández
1498:
there is a somewhat confusing but very picturesque account which probably refers to Francisco joining the Carlist troops: "Pasaba yo una tarde por delante del 2. de Castilla cuando de un grupo de voluntarios vinieron dos muy jôvenes à saludarme. Trabajo me costo reconocerlos pero luego me halle en
174:
he broke with the court following political disagreements. He dedicated himself to law career and acted as representative of local Madrid Catholic establishments, retaining the honorary title of secretario primero del gobierno. Over time Manuel Melgar assumed an increasingly conservative stand; in
347:
troops in 1875. He later joined 2. Gipuzkoan Battalion. His older brother was mortally wounded in action, but it is not clear whether Francisco took part in combat; according to some sources he fought in last battles of the war. He then survived mutiny of the unit and in February 1876 crossed the
2406:
the plot consisted of provoking de Mella into statements openly challenging Don Jaime's legitimacy to govern, Andrés Martín 1997, pp. 68-70, 104-105, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 440. Initially Mella did not consider such an escalation, but eventually he fell into this trap, Juan Ramón de Andrés
389:
and Moret, who first invited him to assume the job of director of Biblioteca Nacional and than suggested he becomes first secretary of the Spanish embassy in Paris. When Carlos VII returned from his international voyages and settled in Paris late 1877, the two resumed contact. As the claimant's
190:
Manuel Melgar was married three times; his second wife was María del Carmen Rodriguez Carmona. It is not clear how many children the couple had: different sources suggest there might have been three of five siblings. Francisco was born as the second oldest son, all raised in fervently Catholic
1553:
Carlist soldiers of the 2. Gipuzkoan battalion mutined on their way to the French border and returned to surrender and get financial reward promised by the Madrid government, killing on their way the Carlist Gipuzkoan military commander who tried to stop them, Melgar 1940, pp.
469:. Relations between the king and his secretary worsened in unclear circumstances during Carlist military buildup of 1898–1900. Though Melgar was probably aware of belligerent preparations taking place beyond party structures he did not push for insurgency. Its uncontrolled
448:
When discussing Melgar's term as political secretary historians usually present him as a "cerralbista", supporter of non-belligerent, moderate, aperturista policy of his old-time friend de Cerralbo. This stand was demonstrated in the 1880s, during growing conflict with the
1731:
the Carlist king settled in Passy (a district in 1860 incorporated within the city limits), in a hotel located at Rue de la Pompe 49 (the building currently non-existent, demolished when constructing Rue de Siam), Melgar 1940, p. 38; detailed discussion in Jordi Canal,
715:. Written with partisan zeal and propagating all sorts of calumnies against the Central Powers, they turned many Carlists against Melgar, though it is not clear how many Spaniards they won for the cause of the Allies. They were certainly noted abroad; the British
2803:
addressed the claimant with a letter. They declared utter loyalty to the cause and to Don Jaime; nevertheless, in ultimative tone they demanded that "funesta y perjudicial" influence of Melgar and his men be reduced, with specific references to management of
2396:
in 1910 Melgar and Mella briefly stayed for few months in Frohsdorf and developed sincere mutual hatred; Melgar, vehemently loyal to the Carlist dynasty, suspected de Mella of playing down the dynastical threads of Carlist ideario, Andrés Martín 2000, p.
591:
Following the breakup Melgar focused on purging the party newspaper from the Mellistas; as he remained a lone player and did not build his own political background, the term "Melgaristas" was scarcely in circulation. When the new provisional party leader
2227:
was initially considered Melgar's replacement as don Carlos' secretary, but the plan did not work out. In 1900-1909 the post was held by a number of very different individuals: general Sacanel, general Medina, Eusebio Zubizarreta, Francisco Albalat,
556:, developing particular enmity towards the Austrian kaiser and the Central Powers. Some scholars suggest that already upon the outbreak of hostilities in the summer of 1914 Melgar's advice cost Don Jaime dearly. Personally sympathizing with the
509:, where during a few months of stay their relationship was refreshed and enlivened; apparently Melgar helped Don Jaime to sort out paperwork, partially inherited from his late father and partially related to his own ascendance to the throne.
2189:
according to Melgar, general Moore presented him as sold to the Madrid government, Melgar 1940, p. 219. Bertha de Rohan presented him as conspiring to enforce abidcation of Carlos VII in favour of his son, Melgar 1940, p. 222 Canal 1998, p.
222:
Family life of Francisco Melgar remains rather obscure; neither he in his memoirs nor any of the scholars offers any meaningful insight into his personal matters. Next to nothing is known about his wife, Jeanne Trampus, born probably in
564:
in Frohsdorf. This was probably not intended by Melgar, though as a result the claimant remained hardly contactable during the next 4 years of warfare, in turn leaving Melgar almost free to deal with the party executive back in Spain.
2717:, Madrid 1965, p. 494. A historian who at the time was pro-French protagonist of the conflict ridicules the charge and claims that Melgar was in no position to influence the French authorities as to their visa policy, Melchor Ferrer,
433:
students underline rather his genuine devotion to the monarch. It is because of the autonomy he enjoyed that some refer to him as one of key Carlist leaders of the late 19th century, member of the inner-circle ruling the movement.
2365:
Don Jaime lived in Frohsdorf and Melgar lived and Paris; personal contact was maintained in course of brief visits, e.g. Melgar was in Frohsdord in 1913, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 474, while Don Jaime visited Paris from time to
1346:"academia científico-literaria, compuesta exclusivamente de jóvenes católicos resueltos a defender la unidad reliriosa en España, cualesquiera quesean las opiniones meramente políticas que cada uno profese", José Andres Gallego,
473:
caught Carlist leaders by surprise. The claimant, outraged and suspicious, decided to purge the party executive, with both Cerralbo and Melgar falling victims. According to himself, he was sacked as a result of joint intrigue of
427:
The key Melgar's task was to run massive correspondence of the claimant. He also accompanied the king in voyages across Europe and the world, and participated in political gatherings. Granted significant autonomy, after the
893:
Jurisprudencia civil: colección completa de las sentencias dictadas por el Tribunal Supremo en recursos de nulidad, casación civil é injusticia notoria y en materia de competencias desde la organización de aquéllos, Madrid
1488:
in 1874 the security was closing on him; feeling he would soon be located, Melgar took the train to Santander and by sea arrived in Saint-Jean-De-Luz, from where he crossed to the Carlist-controlled zone, Melgar 1940, p.
1637:"estuvo preso, fué perseguido y desterrado con su mujer y sus hijos, en ocasión y con circunstancias angustiosísimas; y en el destierro ha muerto sufriendo las consecuencias de tantas y tan duras persecuciones",
227:
and married in Paris in 1906. According to Melgar she was mentally ill and developed maniac behavior; She deceased before her husband; their daughter, Carmen Melgar Trampus (1907-1990), became a nun. Their son,
1507:. It might appear that the passage refers to Manuel, who indeed served in the Castillan battalion; however, at that time he was in his late 30s; physical description fits rather Francisco, then in his early 20s
551:
Melgar emerged as leader of minoritarian aliadófilo faction within Carlism; apart from having been a longtime French resident, he also witnessed dynastically motivated ice-cold relations between Carlos VII and
2664:
Melgar presented don Jaime as a hypocrite, expecting to provoke Cerralbo into unguarded action; he might have edited messages from don Jaime so that they seemed pretty tolerant of clearly pro-German stand of
1534:
Manuel Martín Melgar served in Batallón 2. de Castilla, fought at Somorrostro, rose to teniente and was mortally wounded at Mercadillo, passing away in the Valmaseda hospital few days later, Artagan 1912, p.
2035:
already in 1881 Melgar was engaged in a plot to remove Nocedal, Canal 1998, p. 47, for later years see Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 55. He held bad opinion about Ramón Nocedal also later, see Melgar 1940, p.
2845:
when sacking him as a secretary, Carlos VII assigned him a generous pension equal to his salary, but the money ceased to arrive in Paris due to outbreak of the First World War, Fernández Escudero 2012, p.
154:(1806-1883), already as a young man grew to low-range administrative positions at the court; in 1827 he was nominated fiscal in Real Academia de Teologia and in 1831 he became Bibliotecario de Cámara of
282:
in controversies with the Carlist claimant Carlos VII and by some scholars is considered a neo himself, but in his later years Melgar spoke about the Neo-Catholics with disregard if not sheer contempt.
501:. The new king since his early childhood was used to constant Melgar's presence. Also during his adolescence the relations between the two were very good; the prince appreciated that when in love with
385:. Resuming journalist career he became the press correspondent; apart from foreign periodicals, under pen-names he contributed also to the Spanish ones. According to himself, he declined the offer by
1963:; Melgar claimed they were dangerously leaning towards Nocedal and suggested they were called for some time to Venice to get things straight; the advice indeed followed later on, Melgar 1940, p. 151
126:
and one of the late 19th century party leaders. He is also noted as author of memoirs, which together with his massive personal archive are invaluable source on Carlist history of the era.
619:
Brought up in the family of a librarian, already during his juvenile years Melgar demonstrated a knack for letters. In the late 1860s he won laurels in poetry: selected by authors like
2180:
according to one scholar he simply fell prey to internal strife within Carlism, Canal 1998, p. 301; another one claims he was fired "misteriosamente", Andrés Martín 2000, p. 37
1071:
in one of his private letters Melgar made an obscure and mysterious confession that "por ese bien me resuelvo al horrendo sacrificio de casarme", Juan Ramón Andrés Martín,
605:
505:, Melgar supported the marriage plans, eventually cancelled by opposition of his father and especially stepmother. In 1910 Melgar was invited to Don Jaime's residence in
286:
In the late 1860s Melgar, from his youth demonstrating impressive ease of writing, commenced co-operation with a number of Madrid right-wing periodicals and befriended
179:, together with them nearing the Carlists later on. In 1870 he became vice-president of the Madrid Junta Provincial Católico-Monarquica, a Carlist-dominated grouping.
256:. His son, Jaime Melgar Botassi, worked as translator. Currently the condado rests with Francisco's great-grandson, Francisco Melgar y Gómez de Olea Botassi y Naveda.
3194:
1998, in the work on the Mellist breakup around 150 times, see Andrés Martín 2000, and in the work on marqués de Cerralbo over 600 times, see Fernández Escudero 2012
1088:
apart from the US, currently her name is recorded mostly in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, close to Venice where Melgar lived in 1880-1900, compare
195:
and pursued a double curriculum, studying both at Facultad de Filosofia y Letras and at Facultad de Derecho. During his academic years he was exposed mostly to
3343:
2753:
502:
2808:. The signatories hinted that otherwise, they would be forced to "reduciéndonos a rendir culto a nuestros principios en la intimidad de nuestros hogares",
2986:"y cuando Ramón fundó El Siglo Futuro, me llevó a mí como su primer redactor (...) terminada la guerra fui su corresponsal en París", Melgar 1940, p. 148
2387:
31.01.23; apparently the co-operation did not work out and in the mid-1920s the young Melgar was already reported as active in Madrid, Canal 2000, p. 285
1796:
Artagan 1912, p. 58, Canal 1998, p. 88; previous secretaries included Navarro Villosalda (acted briefly as he soon broke his leg - Carlos Mata Induráin,
654:. Most items identified seem to be minor editorial pieces, though it is not clear if and what pen-names Melgar might have used, especially when running
478:
and Berthe de Rohan. Some scholars suggest that Carlos VII considered him traitor, but Melgar underlined cordial farewell he received in November 1900.
3306:
3117:
the British paper thought it amazing because "the Carlists are violently pro-German"; the pamphlet was published in massive circulation of 200,000, -
1672:
970:
along her paternal line she was also related to Aragon, daughter of Manuel from Zaragoza and María Carmen from Valencia, Fernández García 2004, p. 134
2049:, Canal 1998, p. 135, Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 134-138, and was engaged in building party structures, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 140 and onwards
2018:
3 (1996), p. 245; until the early 20th century there were only minor controversies between Melgar and Cerralbo, compare Agustín Fernández Escudero,
2813:
560:
but officially pursuing a neutral path, when asked by the Austrians for vague declaration of loyalty Don Jaime remained adamant, which led to his
412:
In 1880 the French authorities expulsed Carlos VII. Asked by the claimant to become his official secretary, Melgar agreed. The two men settled in
2523:
it is not entirely clear what the Austrians asked don Jaime for; according to one version they expected that he declares himself in favor of the
2293:
e.g. he maintained extensive correspondence with Polo y Peyrolon and in 1902 was visited in Paris by de Cerralbo, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 450
1787:, p. 191 or "secretario particular" - Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 325; Melgar himself uses the term of "secretario político", Melgar 1940, p. 215
719:
acknowledged them as "amazing pamphlets". Today they are considered "classic example of the surrender of objectivity" and virulent propaganda.
1910:
also in case of claimant's family affairs, e.g. when attending 1882 first communion of Don Jaime in England, see Bernardo Rodríguez Caparrini,
3388:
2669:, Andrés Martín 2000, p. 114; at the same time, he pronounced about "ilegal dictadura del Marqués de Cerralbo", Andrés Martín 2000, pp. 132-3
2338:
see e.g. 1912, when Don Jaime turned to Melgar for advice as to what policy he should adopt towards de Mella, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 439
1901:
except private family correspondence Carlos VII wrote letters personally only in specific cases, usually to demonstrate his personal respect
470:
3383:
3353:
2059:
compare Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 181. Similarly, the Integrist breakup is explained in simple, personal terms, Melgar 1940, pp. 148-154
1956:
620:
516:
191:
ambience. None of the sources consulted provides information where he received his childhood and early teen education. In 1864 he entered
1841:
though not really intimate; Melgar – at least according to himself - refused to enter quasi-familiar relations, see Melgar 1940, pp. 57-8
155:
2527:, according to another a declaration that he would merely refrain from anti-Central activity when in Austria, Andrés Martín 2000, p. 94
465:
Melgar's position started to change in 1894; he found himself in acute personal conflict with the newly wed second wife of Carlos VII,
252:
as legitimate Carlist heir and entered his Consejo Privado. Author of a few books on Carlism, in the 1960s he wrote as a columnist to
3247:
3229:
3142:
2935:
2618:
2536:
e.g. he provoked his pro-Central enemies into demeaning comments about black French soldiers from Africa, Andrés Martín 1997, p. 107
2090:
1998:
1784:
1745:
1719:
1395:
1368:
he was member of Claustro de Profesores de los Estudios Católicos en Madrid in facultad de derecho as auxiliar, Urigüen 1986, p. 568
1313:
1181:
789:
274:
Inheriting late conservative outlook of his father, Melgar engaged in a number of initiatives confronting secular tide of the 1868
2068:
e.g. dismissal of prince de Valori, until 1892 the official Carlos VII's representative in France, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 276
3378:
3348:
167:
2796:
1766:
Melgar 1940, p. 38. According to other sources Carlos VII was expulsed in 1881 and settled in Venice in 1882, Canal 2010, p. 112
2380:
1261:
1221:
454:
1434:
Aparisi's brother's son, Francisco, was married first to Melgar's maternal aunt, and than to his own sister, Melgar 1940, p. 9
208:
3215:
2159:
2111:
2020:
El XVII Marqués de Cerralbo (1845-1922). Iglesia y carlismo, distintas formas de ver el XIII Centenario de la Unidad Católica
1334:
377:
Melgar's father due to his support lent to the Carlists was expropriated and chased by the security; he settled on exile in
322:
hit-squads dubbed "partido de la porra", he went into hiding. In 1873 he took part in gathering of Carlist press leaders in
2102:
Melgar was critical of de Mella already in the early 1890s, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 130, Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín,
1504:
3373:
3368:
3358:
441:
216:
576:
propaganda. His pamphlets, designed either for Spanish or foreign audience, advanced all sort of arguments against the
3363:
2653:
2464:
Melgar managed to convince Cerralbo that de Mella was pushing him towards the unpredictable, Andrés Martín 2000, p. 78
1581:
1253:
1126:
275:
196:
2302:
e.g. Melgar was among those coming to Britain to attend Don Jaime's first communion, Rodríguez Caparrini 2014, p. 417
229:
3323:
2792:
2788:
2511:
1960:
2545:
according to some scholars Melgar was not only pro-French but also pro-Russian, Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 485-6
2224:
1777:
La razón de la fuerza: orden público, subversión y violencia política en la España de la Restauración (1875-1917)
553:
291:
2171:
he realized marginal chances of success and poor organization of the conspiracy, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 272
343:. Managed, edited if not mostly written by Melgar, it kept appearing until few days before the city fell to the
295:
2012:
La revitalización política del carlismo a fines del siglo XIX: los viajes de propaganda del Marqués de Cerralbo
394:, was getting increasingly unpopular among the Carlists, Melgar started to act as his provisional replacement.
303:
200:
2800:
2215:
Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 401-408; officially he resigned due to health reasons - Andrés Martín 2000, p. 37
1946:
Canal 1998, p. 88; it was Melgar who in 1876 introduced Cerralbo to Carlos VII, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 26
1011:
916:
in 1865 he was active as secretary of Sacramental de San Isidro, San Pedro, San Andrés y Ánimas Benditas, see
459:
2375:
some sources claim he was for 6 years secretary of Don jaime, which probably refers to the 1919-1926 period,
204:
421:
752:
450:
391:
363:
319:
287:
151:
123:
2199:
757:
628:
541:
521:
498:
233:
159:
70:
2784:
1572:
Melgar 1940, p. 33. It is not clear whether he has ever returned to his home country. A single source (
593:
866:
703:
Melgar's works which stirred most controversy are his pro-Entente pamphlets from 1916 to 1917, mostly
3398:
3393:
2960:
2229:
1161:
820:
672:
624:
613:
417:
406:
3222:
El carlisme català dins l'Espanya de la Restauració: un assaig de modernització politica (1888–1900)
3074:
3028:
2975:
2915:
2907:
2892:
2884:
2859:
2281:
1712:
El carlisme català dins l'Espanya de la Restauració: un assaig de modernització politica (1888–1900)
1699:
1657:
1642:
1626:
1611:
1596:
1206:
1198:
936:
921:
805:
236:, engaged in Madrid Carlist structures of the 1920s; in the 1930s he was the Paris correspondent of
1983:
Las "muertes" y las "resurrecciones" del carlismo. Reflexiones sobre la escisión integrista de 1888
475:
386:
192:
2995:
Artagan 1912, p. 58; detailed discussion of the periodical in Horacio M. Sánchez de Loria Parodi,
1172:
leading the Madrid branch of unofficial Carlist "La Protesta" movement in the 1920s, Jordi Canal,
326:, where Melgar met the claimant for the first time. Having returned to Madrid he went on editing
696:
402:
333:
Carlos VII entrusted Melgar with setting up an official Carlist bulletin, which materialized in
171:
2347:
e.g. transmitting orders of Don Jaime in 1913 and 1914, Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 454-5, 473
2144:
La violencia carlista tras el tiempo de las carlistadas: nuevas formas para un viejo movimiento
3338:
3243:
3225:
3211:
3138:
2931:
2614:
2596:(1916 Paris, virulently dedicated "au grand Mella le petit Melgar", 80 pages, fully available
2155:
2107:
2086:
1994:
1780:
1741:
1715:
1391:
1330:
1309:
1293:
1177:
905:
897:
881:
851:
785:
506:
490:
429:
381:, but Francisco did not join him. Also wanted by the Madrid government, he decided to live in
378:
315:
163:
1872:
2483:
and anyway Melgar did not seem prepared to take the task, Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 470-1
557:
279:
212:
134:
848:
Revue rétrospective, ou, Archives secrètes du dernier gouvernement : recueil non périodique
722:
690:
1937:
e.g. in 1896 Melgar participated in the Loredan gathering, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 325
1544:
himself he claims to have taken part in a "battle of Mandigorotz" , Melgar 1940, pp. 29-30
1277:
548:
497:
in 1909, when Carlos VII died and the Carlist claim to the throne was assumed by his son,
466:
3285:
2147:
1912:
Alumnos españoles en el interado jesuita de Beaumont (Old Windsor, Inglaterra), 1888-1886
782:
Parroquias madrileñas de San Martín y San Pedro el Real: algunos personajes de su archivo
2774:
Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 516-7, Andrés Martín 2000, p. 184, Ferrer 1960, pp. 124-130
2524:
1525:
Melgar 1940, p. 30; according to Artagan 1912, pp. 57-8 it was Batallón 4. de Guipúzcoa
658:. In the late 1870s as "Franco de Sena" he kept supplying correspondence from Paris to
577:
339:
299:
249:
52:
583:
537:
3332:
1775:
some scholars refer to his role as "secretario personal" - Eduardo González Calleja,
680:. In the 1880s and 1890s as "Marcos Laguna" or "Monsieur le Comte" he contributed to
371:
334:
486:
176:
3294:
2597:
561:
436:
367:
3238:, Fernando Martínez López, Jordi Canal i Morell, Encarnación Lemus López (eds.),
2409:
El caso Feliú y el dominio de Mella en el partido carlista en el período 1909–1912
1736:, Fernando Martínez López, Jordi Canal i Morell, Encarnación Lemus López (eds.),
1073:
El caso Feliú y el dominio de Mella en el Partido Carlista en el período 1910-1912
3182:
3122:
2589:
835:
219:, the future marqués de Cerralbo. He graduated in 1868 in both law and letters.
2383:. In the 1920s it was Melgar's son briefly introduced to secretarial work, see
1306:
La Institución Libre de Enseñanza y su ambiente: Los orígenes de la Institución
730:
Melgar is best known as author of memoirs; written in the mid-1920s and titled
116:
Francisco de Asís Martín Melgar y Rodríguez Carmona, 1. Count of Melgar del Rey
3314:
2928:
Tradicionales y moderados ante la difusión de la filosofía krausista en España
1955:
e.g. when asked to provide his opinion on two most powerful regional leaders,
1461:
its original editor-in-chief, Valentín Gómez, was detained, Melgar 1940, p. 10
573:
1146:
1407:
except Candido Nocedal, whom he respected and admired, Melgar 1940, pp. 9-10
1089:
344:
245:
2081:, Madrid 1952, p. 12, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 63, Javier Real Cuesta,
359:
264:
182:
30:
1928:
Rohan he travelled in 1894-5 to Egypt and Palestine - Melgar 1940, p. 196
762:
569:
349:
330:
until it became impossible, in 1874 leaving by sea for the Carlist zone.
323:
306:
he was even distantly related. Formally member of the editorial board of
147:
2756:
declared that he was not a "melgarista", Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 521
3240:
París, ciudad de acogida: el exilio español durante los siglos XIX y XX
2691:, vol. XXIX, Sevilla 1960, pp. 102-105, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 504
2648:
he was mentioned as appearing on a pro-French 1917 rally in Barcelona,
1738:
París, ciudad de acogida: el exilio español durante los siglos XIX y XX
1388:
Clericalismo y anticlericalismo en España (1767-1930): Una introducción
747:
318:
Melgar became editor-in-chief of the paper; increasingly endangered by
224:
215:, though he forged friendship with conservatively minded students like
119:
107:
2495:
Consecuencias de la Gran Guerra Mundial en al abanico político español
1193:
mostly fashion, leisure and especially sports correspondence, compare
634:
In the early 1870s he focused on typical press work, contributing to
413:
353:
143:
48:
1823:
their children lived in Venice and Viareggio on the on-and-off basis
166:, in the 1840s passing to entourage of his vehemently liberal son,
122:
politician. He is known as political secretary of the Carlist king
3319:; contemporary Carlist propaganda, Melgar at 2:41 (right, sitting)
721:
604:
536:
515:
485:
401:
382:
358:
263:
146:. Francisco's paternal grandfather, Jorge Martín, left his native
133:
81:
66:
3262:
Siete cartas del conde de Melgar a Navarro Villoslada (1885-1886)
1798:
Siete cartas del conde de Melgar a Navarro Villoslada (1885-1886)
1327:
Orígenes y evolución de la derecha española: el neo-catolicismo
572:
Melgar resolved to provocations but mostly embarked on massive
2765:
Ferrer 1960, pp. 115, 119-120, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 514
2045:
e.g. he co-ordinated setting up a new orthodox Carlist daily,
1814:
residence in Viareggio and lived there until her death in 1893
1501:
Recuerdos de la Guerra Civil: La Compaña Carlista, 1872 à 1876
627:, he was awarded literary prize for his poem dedicated to the
232:, as a youngster serving as secretary to the Carlist claimant
1804:
213 (1998), p. 308) and Antonio Aparisi - Melgar 1940, p. 149
2678:
Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 491, Andrés Martín 2000, p. 101
2142:
e.g. the 1899 conspiracy of Salvador Soliva, Jordi Canal,
2611:
José María de Urquijo e Ybarra: opinión, religión y poder
1576:, though on its humour pages) claims he did in 1917, see
2997:
El Carlismo visto por el movimiento católico del ochenta
1077:
Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie V: Historia Contemporánea
150:
and settled in Madrid. His son and Francisco's father,
3255:
El marqués de Cerralbo (1845-1922): biografía politica
2356:"secretario de facto", Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 460
1989:
38 (2000), p. 118, Canal 1998, p. 83, Jacek Bartyzel,
1174:
El carlismo. Dos siglos de contrarrevolución en España
1029:
El marqués de Cerralbo (1845-1922): biografía politica
1001:
after Manuel, born 1832, Fernández García 2004, p. 134
3273:
Veinte años con Don Carlos. Memorias de su secretario
1042:
Veinte años con Don Carlos. Memorias de su secretario
3236:
Incómoda presencia: el exilio de don Carlos en París
3208:
El cisma mellista: historia de una ambición política
2104:
El cisma mellista: historia de una ambición política
1734:
Incómoda presencia: el exilio de don Carlos en París
1062:
Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 26, Melgar 1940, pp. 7-8
162:. He remained loyal to Infante Francisco during the
2320:
Palazzo Loredan was already sold by Berthe de Rohan
947:by some plainly named Carlist, see B. de Artagan ,
103:
95:
87:
77:
59:
37:
21:
3135:Neutral Europe Between War and Revolution, 1917-23
3095:Germany and Spain: The Views of a Spanish Catholic
2582:Germany and Spain: The Views of a Spanish Catholic
832:Colección Legislativa de España. Consejo de Estado
1710:Melgar 1940, p. 86-7, also Jordi Canal i Morell,
1688:Revista "La Hormiga de Oro". Análisis documental
1016:Album de Personajes Carlistas con sus Biografias
1010:"familia de arraigados sentimientos católicos",
2711:El origen del primer catolicismo social español
694:. Until death he remained the correspondent of
453:, and in the 1890s, during Carlist attempts to
356:, breaking his rifle upon leaving the country.
170:. In 1848 confirmed as royal secretary, during
118:(31 August 1849 – 3 March 1926), was a Spanish
2739:e.g. appointing Melchor Ferrer to director or
1692:Revista General de Información y Documentación
670:, covering the Spanish issues for the French
8:
2152:Violencia política en la España del siglo XX
3163:Real Cuesta 1985, p. 88, Ferrer 1959, p. 44
2232:and others, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 406
1018:, volume II, Barcelona 1888, vol. 2, p. 203
902:Sentencias del Tribunal supremo de justicia
3091:La reconquista: a través del alma francesa
3087:Visita de un católico español a Inglaterra
2609:Cristóbal Robles, Cristóbal Robles Muñoz,
2571:La reconquista: a través del alma francesa
2567:Visita de un católico español a Inglaterra
2206:, vol. XXVIII-I, Sevilla 1959, pp. 260-266
482:Unofficial secretary: service to Jaime III
398:Political secretary: service to Carlos VII
29:
18:
2926:quoted after José Manuel Vázquez-Romero,
2268:in the 1880s and 1890s he contributed to
1234:Pequeña historia de las guerras carlistas
1272:and was 3. count of Melgar del Rey, see
582:
435:
310:, in 1871 he became key staff member of
181:
1288:who is 4. count of Melgar del Rey, see
1238:El noble final de la escisión dinástica
904:vol. 2, Madrid 1873, p. 556, available
773:
2719:Breve historia del legitimismo español
2713:, Madrid 2012. p. 181, Román Oyarzun,
1416:Artagan 1912, p. 57, Melgar 1940, p. 9
2451:especially struggling for control of
2077:Jaime de Carlos Gómez-Rodulfo (ed.),
878:Diario de las sesiones de Cortes 1850
7:
2689:Historia del tradicionalismo español
2204:Historia del tradicionalismo español
1972:Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 84, 181
248:press; in the 1950s he acknowledged
1623:Diario Oficial de Avisos de Madrid
458:in beginnings of the conflict with
3050:Principe heróico y soldados leales
2133:Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 351-4
2079:Antologia de Ramón Nocedal y Romea
1654:Diario Oficial de Avisos de Madrid
817:Guía de litigantes y pretendientes
142:The Melgar family originated from
14:
3344:Politicians from Castile and León
2752:though not entirely unused, e.g.
2743:, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 512
863:Guía de forasteros en Madrid 1850
834:, Madrid 1884, p. 797, available
621:Aureliano Fernández-Guerra y Orbe
1991:Nic bez Boga, nic wbrew tradycji
850:, Paris 1848, p. 462, available
666:and the Santiago de Chile based
568:When confronting the pro-German
455:re-enter official political life
314:. Upon the 1872 outbreak of the
199:thought of his professors, like
2824:Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 473
2700:Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 502
2433:Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 450
2329:Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 425
2024:Studium: Revista de humanidades
1892:Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 486
1686:n 06.03.26, Raquel Arias Durá,
1348:La politica religiosa en España
1113:Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 448
988:named Ventura and Concepcción,
736:Don Jaime el principe caballero
230:Francisco Carlos Melgar Trampus
3172:Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 61
3154:Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 26
1918:66 (2014), pp. 417 and onwards
1859:Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 25
1104:Doña Margarita de Borbón-Parma
1053:Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 25
1:
3206:Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín,
2424:Andrés Martín 1997, pp. 107-9
1139:Melgar, Francisco (1903-1971)
979:Fernández García 2004, p. 134
244:, in the 1940s active in the
3389:19th-century Spanish lawyers
3268:213 (1998), pp. 307–324
3253:Agustín Fernández Escudero,
3121:, vol. 7, p. 428, available
2588:, vol. 7, p. 428, available
1694:24-1 (2014), p. 40, compare
1608:La Correspondencia de España
1386:Víctor Manuel Arbeloa Muru,
1027:Agustín Fernández Escudero,
587:Melgar with his family, 1912
292:Francisco Navarro Villoslada
175:the 1860s he approached the
3384:Spanish publishers (people)
3354:Spanish emigrants to France
2709:José Luis Orella Martínez,
2455:, Andrés Martín 2000, p. 76
2083:El Carlismo Vasco 1876-1900
610:El carlista de La Esperanza
533:Political climax and demise
3415:
2730:Andrés Martín 2000, p. 147
2639:Andrés Martín 2000, p. 127
2630:Andrés Martín 2000, p. 114
2512:Maria Christina of Austria
2442:Andrés Martín 1997, p. 110
1869:Boletín Oficial del Estado
1337:, 9788400061579, pp. 215-6
1290:Boletín Oficial del Estado
1274:Boletín Oficial del Estado
846:Jules Antoine Taschereau,
732:Veinte años con Don Carlos
158:, the youngest brother of
42:Francisco Melgar Rodríguez
23:Francisco Melgar Rodríguez
16:Spanish Carlist politician
2250:Andrés Martín 2000, p. 37
1350:, Madrid 1975, pp. 14, 45
896:, pp. 260-261, available
780:Matias Fernández García,
422:condado de Melgar del Rey
416:in the building known as
296:Antonio Juan de Vildósola
290:pundits of the era, like
260:Early Carlist engagements
28:
3137:, Charlottesville 1988,
3052:, Barcelona 1912, p. 120
2715:La historia del carlismo
2311:Melgar 1940, pp. 158-163
1696:La Illustración Católica
1503:, Paris 1877, available
1012:Francisco de Paula Oller
688:, later writing also to
660:La Illustración Católica
471:outbreak in October 1900
304:Antonio Aparisi Guijarro
186:Francisco Melgar Trampus
3379:Spanish Roman Catholics
3349:Spanish anti-communists
2972:La Ilustración Católica
2797:Tomás Domínguez Arévalo
2510:kaiser's second cousin
1304:Antonio Jiménez-Landi,
951:, Barcelona 1912, p. 57
819:1827, p. 18, available
3260:Carlos Mata Induráin,
3234:Jordi Canal i Morell,
3220:Jordi Canal i Morell,
3061:Arias Durá 2014, p. 40
2721:, Madrid 1958, p. 102,
2501:84 (2014), pp. 105-134
2413:Historia contemporánea
2284:, Artagan 1912, p. 120
2225:Manuel Polo y Peyrolón
2010:Jordi Canal i Morell,
1981:Jordi Canal i Morell,
1625:2016.01.81, available
1595:17.07.1873, available
1479:Melgar 1940, pp. 11-12
949:Políticos del carlismo
727:
668:El Estandarte Católico
636:El Pensamiento Español
616:
588:
544:
542:anti-German propaganda
525:
493:
445:
409:
392:Emilio Arjona y Laínez
374:
308:El Pensamiento Español
271:
187:
139:
3317:Por Dios y por España
3307:Melgar's obituary at
2801:Julian Elorza Aizpuru
2652:.24.03.17, available
2474:Escudero 2012, p. 470
2276:, Canal 1998, p. 77,
1757:Melgar 1940, pp. 12-3
1580:.24.03.17, available
1563:Melgar 1940, p. 30-31
725:
629:First Vatican Council
608:
586:
540:
519:
489:
460:Juan Vázquez de Mella
439:
405:
390:political secretary,
362:
267:
185:
137:
3073:05.03.26, available
3027:06.06.89, available
2974:21.03.79, available
2959:29.11.71, available
2914:06.09.69, available
2906:08.01.72, available
2891:09.02.72, available
2883:27.02.69, available
2858:13.03.26, available
2856:La Lectura Dominical
2812:07.02.20, available
2379:04.06.66, available
2280:06.06.89, available
1871:13.12.56, available
1698:21.03.79, available
1671:06.03.26, available
1656:19.01.77, available
1641:05.03.83, available
1610:17.07.75, available
1470:Urigüen 1986, p. 460
1425:Melgar 1940, pp. 8-9
1377:Urigüen 1986, p. 495
1359:Urigüen 1986, p. 365
1292:22.01.83, available
1276:05.05.73, available
1260:04.06.66, available
1252:09.12.66, available
1220:13.12.56, available
1205:18.03.33, available
1197:28.01.35, available
1160:31.01.23, available
1125:10.02.71, available
1031:, Madrid 2012, p. 25
935:01.07.70, available
920:14.09.66, available
880:, p. 272, available
865:, p. 246, available
804:05.03.83, available
625:Manuel Tamayo y Baus
601:Author and publisher
522:Jaime III and others
440:with Carlos VII and
152:Manuel Martín Melgar
3374:Lawyers from Madrid
3369:Spanish monarchists
3359:Spanish journalists
3003:7 (2014), pp. 42-44
2241:Melgar 1940, p. 221
1883:Melgar 1940, p. 208
1832:Melgar 1940, p. 160
1452:Artagan 1912, p. 57
1145:service, available
1044:, Madrid 1940, p. 8
503:Mathilde of Bavaria
276:Glorious Revolution
217:Enrique de Aguilera
193:Universidad Central
3364:Spanish memoirists
3271:Francisco Melgar,
3224:, Barcelona 1998,
2559:La mentira anónima
2274:El Estandarte Real
1850:Melgar 1940, p. 67
1714:, Barcelona 1998,
1516:Melgar 1940, p. 29
1308:, Barcelona 1996,
1236:(Madrid 1958) and
1040:Francisco Melgar,
728:
709:La mentira anónima
686:El Estandarte Real
617:
589:
545:
526:
494:
446:
410:
375:
272:
188:
156:Francisco de Paula
140:
99:politician, author
3266:Príncipe de Viana
3250:, pp. 85–112
3133:Hans A. Schmitt,
3039:Canal 1998, p. 77
2947:Melgar 1940, p. 9
2870:Melgar 1940, p. 8
2806:El Correo Español
2741:El Correo Espanol
2667:El Correo Español
2415:10 (1997), p. 109
2270:El Correo Españpl
2047:El Correo Español
2016:Studia Zamorensia
1993:, Radzymin 2015,
1957:Tirso de Olazabal
1802:Príncipe de Viana
1443:Melgar 1940, p. 8
1079:10 (1997), p. 108
691:La Hormiga de Oro
682:El Correo Español
652:La Ciudad de Dios
491:Schloss Frohsdorf
430:Integrist breakup
316:Third Carlist War
164:First Carlist War
113:
112:
3406:
3320:
3296:Amende honorable
3195:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3146:
3131:
3125:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3083:
3077:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3053:
3048:B. de Artagan ,
3046:
3040:
3037:
3031:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2978:
2969:
2963:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2939:
2924:
2918:
2901:
2895:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2862:
2853:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2816:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2757:
2750:
2744:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2722:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2687:Melchor Ferrer,
2685:
2679:
2676:
2670:
2662:
2656:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2607:
2601:
2594:Amende honorable
2579:
2573:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2528:
2521:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2456:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2373:
2367:
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2357:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2163:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2100:
2094:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2026:18 (2012) p. 132
2008:
2002:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1794:
1788:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1729:
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1651:
1645:
1635:
1629:
1620:
1614:
1605:
1599:
1590:
1584:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1344:
1338:
1325:Begoña Urigüen,
1323:
1317:
1302:
1296:
1286:
1280:
1270:
1264:
1247:
1241:
1230:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1191:
1185:
1170:
1164:
1155:
1149:
1135:
1129:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1086:
1080:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1038:
1032:
1025:
1019:
1008:
1002:
999:
993:
986:
980:
977:
971:
968:
962:
958:
952:
945:
939:
930:
924:
914:
908:
890:
884:
875:
869:
860:
854:
844:
838:
829:
823:
814:
808:
799:
793:
778:
726:Carlist standard
379:Sant-Jean-de-Luz
130:Family and youth
33:
19:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3329:
3328:
3315:
3288:biografiasvidas
3282:
3242:, Madrid 2010,
3210:, Madrid 2000,
3203:
3201:Further reading
3198:
3192:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3132:
3128:
3116:
3112:
3104:
3100:
3084:
3080:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3025:El Siglo Futuro
3023:
3019:
3011:
3007:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2970:
2966:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2930:, Madrid 1998,
2925:
2921:
2902:
2898:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2840:
2832:
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2782:
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2773:
2769:
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2760:
2751:
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2725:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2659:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2613:, Madrid 1997,
2608:
2604:
2580:
2576:
2563:La gran víctima
2553:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2505:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2459:
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2401:
2395:
2391:
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2360:
2355:
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2346:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2278:El Siglo Futuro
2267:
2263:
2259:Región 06.03.26
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2154:, Madrid 2000,
2141:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2106:, Madrid 2000,
2101:
2097:
2085:, Madrid 1985,
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2030:
2009:
2005:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1961:Luis de Llauder
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1795:
1791:
1779:, Madrid 1998,
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1740:, Madrid 2010,
1730:
1726:
1709:
1705:
1682:
1678:
1667:
1663:
1652:
1648:
1639:El Siglo Futuro
1636:
1632:
1621:
1617:
1606:
1602:
1591:
1587:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1548:
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1524:
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1515:
1511:
1497:
1493:
1487:
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1478:
1474:
1469:
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1456:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1390:, Madrid 2011,
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1341:
1329:, Madrid 1986,
1324:
1320:
1303:
1299:
1287:
1283:
1271:
1267:
1248:
1244:
1231:
1227:
1216:
1212:
1192:
1188:
1176:, Madrid 2000,
1171:
1167:
1156:
1152:
1136:
1132:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
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1098:
1087:
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1066:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1035:
1026:
1022:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
990:El Siglo Futuro
987:
983:
978:
974:
969:
965:
959:
955:
946:
942:
933:La Regeneración
931:
927:
915:
911:
891:
887:
876:
872:
861:
857:
845:
841:
830:
826:
815:
811:
802:El Siglo Futuro
800:
796:
784:, Madrid 2004,
779:
775:
771:
744:
713:La gran víctima
664:El Siglo Futuro
603:
549:First World War
535:
484:
467:Berthe de Rohan
418:Palazzo Loredan
407:Palazzo Loredan
400:
340:El Cuartel Real
300:Candido Nocedal
262:
172:década moderada
168:Infante Enrique
132:
104:Political party
73:
64:
55:
46:
44:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3412:
3410:
3402:
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3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3312:
3304:
3292:
3281:
3280:External links
3278:
3277:
3276:
3269:
3258:
3251:
3232:
3218:
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3199:
3197:
3196:
3186:
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2896:
2872:
2863:
2848:
2838:
2826:
2817:
2810:La Reconquista
2793:Joaquín Beunza
2783:in early 1920
2776:
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2758:
2745:
2732:
2723:
2702:
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2680:
2671:
2657:
2641:
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2574:
2547:
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2529:
2525:Central Powers
2516:
2503:
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2466:
2457:
2453:Correo Español
2444:
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2426:
2417:
2399:
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2200:Melchor Ferrer
2192:
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2116:
2095:
2070:
2061:
2051:
2038:
2028:
2003:
1974:
1965:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1920:
1916:Hispania Sacra
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1861:
1852:
1843:
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1825:
1816:
1806:
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1379:
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855:
839:
824:
809:
794:
772:
770:
767:
766:
765:
760:
755:
750:
743:
740:
656:La Reconquista
602:
599:
578:Central Powers
534:
531:
483:
480:
399:
396:
328:La Reconquista
312:La Reconquista
288:Traditionalist
269:La Reconquista
261:
258:
131:
128:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
97:
96:Known for
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
65:
61:
57:
56:
53:Spanish Empire
47:
45:31 August 1849
41:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3411:
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3336:
3334:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3275:, Madrid 1940
3274:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3257:, Madrid 2012
3256:
3252:
3249:
3248:9788492820122
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3230:9788476022436
3227:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3143:9780813911533
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3119:New Statesman
3114:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2957:La Convicción
2953:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2936:9788489708242
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2834:Mundo Gráfico
2830:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2785:Pascual Comin
2780:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2727:
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2712:
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2661:
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2655:
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2645:
2642:
2636:
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2624:
2620:
2619:9788400076689
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
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2586:New Statesman
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2564:
2560:
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2500:
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2461:
2458:
2454:
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2430:
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2393:
2390:
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2385:Mundo Gráfico
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2353:
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2256:
2253:
2247:
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2235:
2231:
2230:Julio Urquijo
2226:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2091:9788432305108
2088:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1999:9788360748732
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1877:
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1870:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1785:9788400077785
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1746:9788492820122
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1720:9788476022436
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1598:
1594:
1593:La Discussión
1589:
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1579:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1550:
1547:
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1538:
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1449:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1396:9788499205489
1393:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1314:9788489365964
1311:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1240:(Madrid 1964)
1239:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1182:9788420639475
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1158:Mundo Gráfico
1154:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1110:
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1100:
1097:
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1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1004:
998:
995:
991:
985:
982:
976:
973:
967:
964:
957:
954:
950:
944:
941:
938:
934:
929:
926:
923:
919:
913:
910:
907:
903:
899:
895:
889:
886:
883:
879:
874:
871:
868:
864:
859:
856:
853:
849:
843:
840:
837:
833:
828:
825:
822:
818:
813:
810:
807:
803:
798:
795:
791:
790:9788487943997
787:
783:
777:
774:
768:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
741:
739:
737:
733:
724:
720:
718:
717:New Statesman
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
698:
693:
692:
687:
683:
679:
675:
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
648:Altar y Trono
645:
644:La Convicción
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
615:
611:
607:
600:
598:
595:
594:Pascual Comín
585:
581:
579:
575:
571:
566:
563:
559:
555:
550:
543:
539:
532:
530:
523:
518:
514:
510:
508:
504:
500:
492:
488:
481:
479:
477:
476:general Moore
472:
468:
463:
461:
456:
452:
443:
438:
434:
431:
425:
423:
419:
415:
408:
404:
397:
395:
393:
388:
384:
380:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
355:
351:
346:
342:
341:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
281:
277:
270:
266:
259:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
184:
180:
178:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
136:
129:
127:
125:
121:
117:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
62:
58:
54:
50:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
3316:
3308:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3272:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3239:
3235:
3221:
3207:
3189:
3177:
3168:
3159:
3150:
3134:
3129:
3118:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3070:
3066:
3057:
3049:
3044:
3035:
3024:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3001:Fuego y Raya
3000:
2996:
2991:
2982:
2971:
2967:
2956:
2952:
2943:
2927:
2922:
2912:La Esperanza
2911:
2904:La Esperanza
2903:
2899:
2889:La Esperanza
2888:
2880:
2875:
2866:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2820:
2809:
2805:
2779:
2770:
2761:
2748:
2740:
2735:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2696:
2688:
2683:
2674:
2666:
2660:
2649:
2644:
2635:
2626:
2610:
2605:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2555:En desgravio
2554:
2550:
2541:
2532:
2519:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2479:
2469:
2460:
2452:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2371:
2361:
2352:
2343:
2334:
2325:
2316:
2307:
2298:
2289:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2220:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2185:
2176:
2167:
2151:
2148:Santos Juliá
2143:
2138:
2129:
2119:
2103:
2098:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2064:
2054:
2046:
2041:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1968:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1868:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1776:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1748:, pp. 85-112
1737:
1733:
1727:
1711:
1706:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1668:
1664:
1653:
1649:
1638:
1633:
1622:
1618:
1607:
1603:
1592:
1588:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1559:
1549:
1540:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1500:
1494:
1484:
1475:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1387:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1347:
1342:
1326:
1321:
1305:
1300:
1289:
1284:
1273:
1268:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1217:
1213:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1173:
1168:
1157:
1153:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1099:
1090:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1041:
1036:
1028:
1023:
1015:
1006:
997:
989:
984:
975:
966:
956:
948:
943:
932:
928:
918:La Esperanza
917:
912:
901:
892:
888:
877:
873:
862:
858:
847:
842:
831:
827:
816:
812:
801:
797:
781:
776:
735:
731:
729:
716:
712:
708:
705:En desgravio
704:
702:
695:
689:
685:
681:
677:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
640:La Esperanza
639:
635:
633:
618:
609:
590:
567:
562:house arrest
554:Franz Joseph
546:
527:
511:
495:
464:
447:
426:
411:
376:
338:
332:
327:
311:
307:
285:
273:
268:
253:
241:
237:
221:
189:
177:neocatólicos
160:Fernando VII
141:
138:Madrid, 1857
115:
114:
63:3 March 1926
3399:1926 deaths
3394:1849 births
2114:, pp. 29-30
1232:especially
547:During the
78:Nationality
3333:Categories
3286:Melgar at
3216:8487863825
2881:La Cruzada
2584:(London) -
2160:843060393X
2112:8487863825
1335:8400061578
1091:namespedia
753:Carlos VII
574:Gallophile
364:Carlos VII
320:Republican
124:Carlos VII
91:journalist
88:Occupation
3309:La Region
3071:La Nación
2879:see e.g.
1143:datos.bne
769:Footnotes
758:Jaime III
673:L'Univers
570:Mellistas
507:Frohsdorf
499:Jaime III
345:Alfonsist
246:Francoist
234:Don Jaime
3339:Carlists
3181:compare
3108:06.03.26
3015:06.03.26
2836:31.03.23
2789:Hormazas
2621:, p. 376
2407:Martín,
2001:, p. 309
1398:, p. 277
1316:, p. 197
1184:, p. 285
992:05.03.83
792:, p. 134
763:Mellismo
742:See also
697:La Epoca
678:L'Chiven
451:Nocedals
442:Cerralbo
350:Pyrenees
324:Bordeaux
250:Don Juan
209:Salmerón
201:Castelar
148:Zaragoza
3324:YouTube
3302:service
3300:Gallica
3290:service
3145:, p. 54
2938:, p. 95
2910:, also
2754:Llorens
2499:Aportes
2162:, p. 41
2150:(ed.),
2093:, p. 88
1722:, p. 27
1203:Estampa
1141:entry
1093:service
900:, also
748:Carlism
614:Bécquer
558:Entente
524:, 1910s
444:, 1890s
366:in his
302:; with
280:Nocedal
238:Estampa
225:Trieste
205:Montero
197:Liberal
120:Carlist
108:Carlist
82:Spanish
3246:
3228:
3214:
3141:
3106:Región
3013:Región
2934:
2617:
2158:
2110:
2089:
1997:
1783:
1744:
1718:
1669:Región
1394:
1333:
1312:
1180:
961:p. 134
788:
414:Venice
372:Tolosa
354:France
335:Tolosa
144:Aragon
71:France
49:Madrid
3085:also
1684:Regió
1554:29-30
520:with
387:Pidal
383:Paris
352:into
213:Moret
67:Paris
3244:ISBN
3226:ISBN
3212:ISBN
3183:here
3139:ISBN
3123:here
3075:here
3029:here
2976:here
2961:here
2932:ISBN
2916:here
2908:here
2893:here
2885:here
2860:here
2814:here
2799:and
2654:here
2615:ISBN
2598:here
2590:here
2381:here
2366:time
2282:here
2272:and
2156:ISBN
2108:ISBN
2087:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1987:Ayer
1959:and
1873:here
1781:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1716:ISBN
1700:here
1673:here
1658:here
1643:here
1627:here
1612:here
1597:here
1582:here
1505:here
1392:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1294:here
1278:here
1262:here
1254:here
1222:here
1207:here
1199:here
1178:ISBN
1162:here
1147:here
1137:see
1127:here
937:here
922:here
906:here
898:here
894:1871
882:here
867:here
852:here
836:here
821:here
806:here
786:ISBN
711:and
684:and
676:and
650:and
623:and
298:and
240:and
211:and
60:Died
38:Born
3322:on
3298:at
3264:,
2999:,
2887:or
2846:486
2650:ABC
2497:,
2411:,
2377:ABC
2146:,
2036:148
2022:,
2014:,
1985:,
1914:,
1800:,
1690:,
1578:ABC
1574:ABC
1258:ABC
1250:ABC
1218:ABC
1201:or
1123:ABC
1075:,
612:by
337:as
254:ABC
3335::
3093:,
3089:,
2795:,
2791:,
2787:,
2592:,
2569:,
2565:,
2561:,
2557:,
2397:49
2202:,
2190:88
1535:57
1489:28
1256:,
1195:As
1014:,
707:,
700:.
662:,
646:,
642:,
638:,
462:.
370:,
368:HQ
294:,
242:As
207:,
203:,
69:,
51:,
2600:)
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