379:. The first meeting took place on 16 October 1921 at the Lisbon office of the lawyer João Jaime Faria Afonso. It was headed by a "veterans commission" composed of Francisco Aragão, Lieutenant Colonel João Maria Ferreira do Amaral, First Lieutenant Horácio Faria Pereira and Lieutenant Joaquim de Figueiredo Ministro. The League was formed to address the unjust treatment of veterans of the Great War, especially those who had suffered injuries. After fulfilling their duty and oath to give their blood for the homeland, the League believed veterans had been abandoned by the contemporaneous government, causing serious damage to the patriotism, discipline and morals of the Portuguese people.
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In
December 1932, Aragão returned to Portugal with a group of political exiles and deportees, expecting an amnesty but he was arrested in July 1933 and placed under house arrest. Despite the limitations on his movements, Aragão was able to reconnect with opponents of the regime and in September 1933,
417:
from 18 December 1923 to 26 February 1924. After completing his duties in the
Government, Aragão returned to aviation as deputy to the Aeronautics Directorate and inspector of new weaponry. In December 1925, he was appointed to a commission reorganizing the colonial military that was presided over by
260:
government. After some clashes, intense surveillance and follow-up work, Aragão took part in a battle fought at
Naulila on 19 December 1914. He distinguished himself by defending his position as long as he could, fighting to exhaustion at the front of the dragons. He was taken prisoner by the Germans
549:
in Spain. A Committee of
Friends of Portugal, in which Cunha Aragão took part, was formed in Madrid. Along with others, Aragão give radio talks addressed to Portugal to be broadcast by Unión Radio Madrid but these were never broadcast due to opposition from the Portuguese government. Aragão left for
474:
In 1929, he was appointed secretary of the newly-established
National Air Council. It was a consultative body created by Decree No. 16424 of 26 January 1929 that had a broad remit to advise on matters of transport, national defence, postal services, colonial and commercial relations, and diplomatic
359:, Mozambique. His objective was to create an observation squad to help the Portuguese forces in the fight against incursions from German East Africa (present-day Tanzania). This mission proved impractical because of difficulties with operating the planes, and a chronic lack of pilots and mechanics.
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As the military dictatorship grew increasingly anti-democratic, Aragão began to define his opposition more clearly. He first openly criticized the
Colonial Act and formed closer ties with military officers who repudiated Cunha Leal's imprisonment and exile to the Azores in May 1930. These officers
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and was no longer politically active. For many years he was manager of Fábrica de
Pirolitos FAV Lda. or "Fábrica da Rocha", a soft-drinks factory owned by his wife's family, and managed the company's interests in the União das Fábricas Açorianas de Alcool on Terceira Island. As early as 1953, at
233:
post. It was commanded by Dr. Hans
Schultze-Jena, judge and administrator of Outjo district, who had entered Angola without informing the Portuguese authorities and without contact with any border post. Sereno had orders to disarm German forces; he led part of the German group back to Naulila the
354:
With
Portugal's entry into the First World War, the student pilots were transferred to France and continued their training at Juvisy Military Aviation School and then at Chartres Pilot School. Aragão received his pilot's licence from the school on 6 November 1916. After passing through Portugal,
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Francisco Aragão was received in Lisbon as the Hero of
Naulila and received many honours. He was one of the most effective defenders of Portugal's participation in the First World War, becoming a symbol for republicans and democrats who supported entering the war. In a public session held at the
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At this time there was no military aviation in Portugal and the progress of World War I made its inception more urgent. On 14 August 1915, the army announced a competition to recruit 10 army and navy officers to be trained as pilots, who would be sent to foreign schools, there being no piloting
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Despite his involvement with revolutionary groups and his loyalty to the former republican government, Aragão had enormous prestige with the military. In December 1927, in an apparent attempt to appease the armed forces, the dictatorship awarded Aragão the rank of Commander of the
305:, he received a sword engraved with the caption; "To Lieutenant of Cavalry Francisco Xavier da Cunha Aragão, Commander of the 1st Dragon Squadron—Planalto da Huíla. Homage of admiration for brilliant service in the defence zone of Eval and in the combat of Naulila on 18.12.1914".
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stating; "I understand that I must not be a supporter of the current government. I consider the victory of the men who revolted in Porto to be pernicious for the Republic and for the Army, and my duties of loyalty oblige me to carry out the orders given to me."
362:
Later, Aragão was a field assistant to the governor-general of Mozambique and served in cavalry operations. In February 1918, he left Mozambique for the Azores to organize an aerodrome there at the request of the United Kingdom. It was to be established in
541:, Ribeiro de Carvalho and others. Opponents of the dictatorship were seeking to form a united front. In December of that year, Aragão took part in a meeting in Madrid aimed at analyzing the consequences of the failed mid-November revolt attempt.
493:-led government praised Aragão for his "intelligent manner, great dedication and unsurpassed activity" as secretary of the National Air Council and in particular for his report on the importance of the Azores for the progress of aeronautics.
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Due to his repeated challenges to the regime and despite his enormous prestige, in 1933, Aragão was dismissed from the army and forced back into exile. In 1935, opposition to the Estado Novo was rekindled after the victory of the
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and flew over several cities, dropping leaflets calling for a revolt against the dictatorship. As a lieutenant colonel of the Air Force and head of the Aviation Service, his actions had a great impact and led to his resignation.
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school in Portugal. Francisco Xavier da Cunha Aragão was selected along with Cifka Duarte, João Barata Salgueiro Valente and Carlos Esteves Beja; they were sent to California to attend a basic piloting course at the
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to avenge the German outrage. His statements in Madeira were reported in the Lisbon press, provoking a backlash from pacifist circles and those aligned with Germany. Among the most-violent reactions was that of
154:, Aragão moved to Military Aeronautics, having been a pioneers of military aviation in Portugal. From 1923 to 1924, he was chief of staff to António Ribeiro de Carvalho. Aragão conspired against the
438:. Initially, he waited to see what direction the new regime would take but after an attempted revolt in February 1927, in which he did not participate, Aragão was considered a political ally of
446:, and was invited to join the group of revolutionaries. Aragão assumed an equivocal position, apparently hesitating to decide which position to take, and published a text in the newspaper
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was attacked, as were several other border posts in the region. As a result, the 47-strong detachment of dragoons commanded by Francisco Aragão was integrated into the forces commanded by
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After the Madeira Revolt, Aragão was dismissed from all his duties and forced to flee to Spain. He settled in France, where he joined a group of Portuguese republican exiles known as the
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317:. He was married to Georgina Pereira de Vasconcelos, heir of the industrialist Frederico Augusto de Vasconcelos, whose family had vast properties in the region. Aragão lived on
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on 29 November 1930, an Officer of the Military Order of the Tower and Sword, of Valor, Loyalty and Merit by decree of 31 March 1923, and Knight, Officer and Commander of the
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German settlers met the deaths with indignation and quickly organized punitive expeditions against Portuguese posts along the border. The Cuangar post on the banks of the
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created a commission to study the possibility of building an airport in the Azores, of which Aragão was appointed a member. This commission, which was chaired by General
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next morning. A sudden confrontation followed, leading to the death of two native orderlies, Dr. Schultze-Jena and the two German officers who accompanied him.
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agreements, among others. It coordinated the first studies aimed at creating civil aviation services in Portugal, when that sector was still in its infancy.
367:, where the United States had built facilities to house seaplanes as part of Ponta Delgada Naval Base. The project to build an aerodrome ultimately failed.
217:, where an incident that became known in Portuguese historiography as the "Naulila disaster" and in German historiography as the "Naulila murder" (German:
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began in Europe, he and other exiled conspirators were forced to return to Portugal in the mid-1940s. While entering Portugal, Aragão was arrested by the
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422:, Aragão was appointed sub-director of Aeronautics for the Portuguese Army, serving until the coup of 28 May 1926 that ended the democratic regime.
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from 1931 onwards; he was dismissed from the armed forces and forced into exile in France. He returned to Portugal in 1940 and settling in the
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Having been linked to the republican left from an early age, Francisco Aragão quickly gravitated to a group of military men who opposed the
727:
297:, who criticized Aragão's the position. In a text titled "Letter to a Stupid Hero", Pessoa addresses Francisco Aragão as "Your Heroicity".
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and presumed dead but was released in 1915 when South African troops took possession of German Southwest Africa. Aragão was sent to
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Aragão was head of the cabinet of António Germano Guedes Ribeiro de Carvalho, who served as Minister of War under Prime Minister
202:. Francisco Xavier da Cunha Aragão married Georgina Pereira de Vasconcelos, also a native of Angra do Heroísmo, on May 19, 1919.
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by the end of his naval career. At the time of Francisco's birth, he was a field assistant to his wife's father Governor-General
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245:. The combined unit included metropolitan troops of the Portuguese expeditionary force that the previous month had landed in
459:, which he accepted. Aragão continued in government service. By an ordinance of 26 July 1928, the administration of General
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The patriotic enthusiasm surrounding the events of Naulila led to several places being named after Aragão; these include
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Francisco was the brother of Commodore António da Cunha Aragão of the Portuguese Navy, who became famous in India.
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Aragão signed the "Appeal to the Nation" published in March 1923 by personalities linked to the magazine
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Aragão's direction, the factory was modernized with new equipment that remained in use until the
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Decreto n.º 16 424, de 26 de Janeiro de 1929, que institui em Portugal o Conselho Nacional do Ar
972:
Decreto n.º 16 424, de 26 de Janeiro de 1929, que institui em Portugal o Conselho Nacional do Ar
837:
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Aragão's detachment was the first to engage with the punitive expedition sent to Naulila by the
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Sobre o estabelecimento da Base Naval de Ponta Delgada e o papel da aviação na sua estrutura,
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Valdemar Mota, "A Família Frederico de Vasconcelos na Economia Açoriana e no Museu de Angra",
551:
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47:
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António José Telo, "A base dos Açores na fase final da guerra – aspectos operacionais" in
590:, and occasionally wrote for other publications. He is the author of the following works:
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In June 1929, Aragão was sent as head of the Portuguese delegation to the meeting of the
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863:
http://arepublicano.blogspot.pt/2014/04/francisco-xavier-da-cunha-aragao-parte_15.html
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in Paris. The delegation also included José Lobo de Ávila Lima, full professor at the
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and Sarmento Pimentel, Aragão was part of the group that handed over the document to
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238:
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718:, vol. I, pp. 306-307. Dislivro Histórica, Lisboa, 2007 (ISBN 978-972-8876-98-2).
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were already advocating revolution as a way to change the dictatorial regime.
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between November 1917 and January 1918, Aragão was stationed at a base in
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and conventional airplanes. The group formed the beginnings of the future
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617:. In addition to multiple military medals, he was made an Officer of the
521:. Aragão's relationship with them was difficult and in 1932, he informed
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Despite his increasing distance from the regime, on 30 January 1931, the
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229:, encountered a small German force about 12 km (7.5 miles)from the
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124:
691:
http://grandeguerra.bnportugal.pt/pdf/1916/jan/1916-01-01_PP-14-V.pdf
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General Massano de Amorim. In early 1926, in the final months of the
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221:), occurred. On 18 October 1914, a platoon commanded by Lieutenant
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O Reviralho. Revoltas Contra a Ditadura e o Estado Novo, 1926-1940
916:
Biografias: António Germano Guedes Ribeiro de Carvalho (1889-1967)
178:. He was the son of Militão Constantino Aragão, an officer in the
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Da Monarquia Constitucional à República 1834-1910. Uma cronologia
284:, Aragão made statements to the press in which he repudiated the
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After a period of imprisonment, Aragão was released and sent to
1121:. Resultado da busca de "Francisco Xavier da Cunha Aragão"..
1085:. Resultado da busca de "Francisco Xavier da Cunha Aragão"..
892:
Almanaque Republicano: Francisco Xavier da Cunha Aragão (II)
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he was leaving the group together with Ribeiro de Carvalho.
504:. On 11 April 1931, with no authorization, he took off from
265:, from where he embarked for Portugal, stopping at ports in
826:
http://albindenis.free.fr/Site_escadrille/Ecoles_Juvisy.htm
410:, Quirino de Jesus and Afonso Augusto Bourbon e Menezes.
1075:"Cidadãos Nacionais Agraciados com Ordens Estrangeiras"
771:
Dicionário de Fernando Pessoa e do Modernismo Português
678:
1111:"Cidadãos Nacionais Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas"
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http://www.momentosdehistoria.com/MH_04_03_Coragem.htm
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Black Troops: the overseas forces in national defence
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562:(PVDE) on 27 May 1940, along with Jaime Cortesão,
693:Tenente Francisco de Aragão: O heroe de Naulilla.
669:. Europress, Póvoa de Santo Adrião, 2003, p. 221.
213:Francisco Aragão sered on the southern border of
853:, 3.º vol, pp. 196-199. Comocolor, Lisboa, 1984.
500:The final break occurred when Aragão joined the
375:Francisco Aragão was one of the founders of the
962:, II série, n.º 256, de 31 de Dezembro de 1927.
814:Boletim do Instituto Histórico da Ilha Terceira
773:, pp. 140-141. Editorial Caminho, Lisboa, 2008.
326:, in which it was almost completely destroyed.
1190:Recipients of the Order of the Tower and Sword
1023:. Perspectivas & Realidades, Lisboa, 1979.
714:António de Ornelas Mendes & Jorge Forjaz,
865:Francisco Xavier da Cunha Aragão (parte III).
743:: Francisco Xavier da Cunha Aragão (parte II)
288:dictatorship and urged Portugal to enter the
249:, colonial troops from Angola and a corps of
170:Francisco Xavier da Cunha Aragão was born in
8:
1010:, II série, n.º 28, 4 de Fevereiro de 1931.
398:'s Lisbon Directive Commission, along with
20:
950:, p. 38. Editorial Estampa, Lisboa, 1998.
627:Commander of the Military Order of Christ
471:and Frigate Captain Afonso de Cerqueira.
1033:Documentos sobre a acção de Cunha Aragão
998:, II série, n.º 132, 11 de Junho de 1929
426:Revolutionary activities and resignation
810:http://www.ihit.pt/new/boletins/fav.pdf
769:Fernando Cabral Martins (coordenador),
653:
480:International Air Navigation Commission
135:(15 March 1891–26 February 1973) was a
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1088:
1047:"Ficha histórica:Homens livres (1923)"
1113:. Presidência da República Portuguesa
1077:. Presidência da República Portuguesa
904:Liga dos Combatentes da Grande Guerra
681:Francisco Aragão - herói de Naulila].
613:Francisco Aragão reached the rank of
560:State Surveillance and Defence Police
377:League of Combatants of the Great War
225:, who was patrolling the border with
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798:Boletim do Arquivo Histórico Militar
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578:Aragão contributed to the magazines
880:Os Açores e o Controlo do Atlântico
597:, Lisbon, Ed. author, 1926. - 166p.
486:, to support him in legal matters.
851:História da Força Aérea Portuguesa
14:
386:. Along with Ezequiel de Campos,
1045:Rita Correia (6 February 2018).
828:Écoles de Juvisy: port aviation.
800:, vol. 18, p. 139. Lisboa, 1948.
330:Joining the Military Aeronautics
133:Francisco Xavier da Cunha Aragão
97:
77:
25:Francisco Xavier da Cunha Aragão
934:. Editorial Inova, Porto, 1974.
604:, no. 16-17 (1928), p. 243-244.
1054:Hemeroteca Municipal de Lisboa
550:Paris at the beginning of the
1:
1153:: Retrato de Francisco Aragão
728:Namibiana: Hans Schultze-Jena
564:Maria Judith Zuzarte Cortesão
716:Genealogias da Ilha Terceira
665:Fernando de Castro Brandão,
337:Signal Corps Aviation School
324:earthquake of 1 January 1980
1019:João Soares (coordenador),
469:Carlos Viegas Gago Coutinho
174:(Nova Goa), then a part of
16:Portuguese military officer
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1131:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1095:: CS1 maint: postscript (
625:on December 27, 1927, and
253:known as "landin troops".
190:, and rose to the rank of
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785:Carta a um herói estúpido
535:José Domingues dos Santos
465:João José Sinel de Cordes
309:Deportation to the Azores
484:Faculty of Law of Lisbon
371:The League of Combatants
258:German Southwest African
198:, a fellow Azorean from
196:Francisco Maria da Cunha
143:who reached the rank of
757:Prisioneiros de guerra.
461:José Vicente de Freitas
280:During his stopover in
928:João Sarmento Pimentel
623:Military Order of Avis
600:"Airlines in Angola",
457:Military Order of Avis
392:António Maria da Silva
849:Edgar P. C. Cardoso,
741:Almanaque Republicano
432:National Dictatorship
223:Manuel Álvares Sereno
1158:7 March 2016 at the
1021:A Revolta da Madeira
882:, Lisboa, ASA, 1993.
703:Momentos da História
679:http://purl.pt/26613
349:Portuguese Air Force
303:Coliseu dos Recreios
932:Memórias do Capitão
634:Rua Tenente Aragão
615:lieutenant colonel
539:Sarmento de Beires
523:Bernardino Machado
408:Ferreira do Amaral
404:Filomeno da Câmara
402:, Jaime Cortesão,
343:, to learn to fly
145:lieutenant colonel
115:Lieutenant Colonel
1008:Diário do Governo
996:Diário do Governo
960:Diário do Governo
838:École de Chartres
783:Fernando Pessoa:
629:on 31 May 1928.
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1169:Categories
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271:Cape Verde
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166:Early life
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