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year, news of the fate of women under the Nazi regime made it evident to Plamínkova that equality in public life under the Nazi's was impossible. While her party had taken the new name "Czechoslovak
National Socialist Party" in 1926, it did not ever have any affiliation with the German National Socialists. The party did not seek collective socialism, but rather a just system of socio-economic and political equality. The party was one of the main opponents to the
348:
with their parents. The proposals applied to all jobs, both public and private and also called for curtailing benefits of couples. Plamínková and the ŽNR launched a flurry of protests at government ministers in 1933 hoping to stop the legislation. The law passed despite the protest, under the justification that in such difficult times it was impossible to support families having two jobs when there were so many people who had none at all.
400:, as the only allowed party, attempted to convince Plamínková and the ŽNR to support their aims, but she refused preferring to have the organization work quietly to restore rights without aligning with any political stance. Misrepresenting the silence as veiled opposition to change and suppression by Plamínková, Karel Werner, a journalist and German-sympathizer, with
404:(the Midday News) wrote an article attacking Plamínková and the ŽNR. Plamínková was furious, believing that the article would result in the demise of the women's organization. She scheduled a series of lectures hoping to promote Czech nationalism which focused on women writers, the Czech language and culture. The last lecture, on religion, was never held.
210:. Moving back to Prague in 1895, she completed her teaching internship in 1900 and was certified to teach drawing, mathematics, physics, and writing. She joined the Association of Czech Teachers and spoke out against the Austro-Hungarian law which forbade teachers marriage and required that they remain celibate.
388:
was signed. Plamínková's response was to write an open letter to Hitler criticizing his regime and the rollback of liberties. Attending the
Thirteenth Congress of the IWSA in Copenhagen in 1939 friends urged her to remain abroad, fearing for her safety. She refused, believing that she could best work
347:
caused worldwide economic turmoil, the Czech government came up with austerity proposals which Plamínková saw as a threat to equality. Not only were working women targeted for dismissal, but couples, whether married or living together, were threatened with pay reductions, as were single people living
42:
351:
Though chairperson of the Senate in 1936, Plamínková was unable to push through changes to the family code. In 1937, Plamínková called out both her own party and the legislature for failing to recognize women as citizens, instead treating them legally as only daughters, mothers and wives. The same
213:
In 1901, Plamínková founded the Women's Club in Prague and four years later formed the
Committee for Women's Suffrage. Plamínková became the driving force behind the Czech push for enfranchisement and worked to raise the public consciousness about the need for voting rights. In their rallies, the
356:. In speaking out about the regime, she became a target of surveillance and in 1938, a failed attempt by Růžena Bednáříková-Turnwaldová to remove Plamínkova from the leadership of the ŽNR occurred. Bednáříková-Turnwaldová was a writer, editor and managing director of the Czech National Council (
316:
into an effective entitlement, since rather than getting paid the three-month benefit, women were threatened with dismissal. Another focus was a change to the code which designated the man as head of the household, putting women in the same position as children and giving them no say in their
312:(ICW), quickly becoming an influential lobbying group. The ŽNR first focused on changing the family and marriage law hoping to attain legal equality in laws governing marriage and divorce. One of Plamínková's main goals was turning the existing
230:, was elected and though the governor invalidated the result, the election won Plamínková and the Czech feminists international recognition. During this same time, Plamínková traveled throughout Europe and served as a news correspondent in the
149:
feminist and suffrage activist. Trained as a teacher, she became involved in feminism because teachers were forbidden to marry. She transitioned into journalism, writing articles about inequality. Elected to the Prague City
Council and the
364:) (NRČ), an organization which originally formed to integrate minorities’ cultural interests with the various political parties. Between 1939 and 1945, their focus was on the involvement of Czech women in the nation’s history.
254:. It also eliminated class, gender, and religious barriers, and gave women political, social and cultural parity with men. As Western Allies made the Washington Declaration a condition of declaring peace, women gained
335:
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1655:
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246:, had the opposite result, in that they forced exiles to seek help from Western Allies to push for an independent Czechoslovakia. The "Washington Declaration" establishing the
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269:. Elected to serve on the Prague City Council, she resigned her teaching post. She was also appointed as the Czechoslovakian delegate for the General Assembly of the
290:
480:
1640:
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economic life or guardianship concerns. She used her writing abilities to further feminist goals, publishing in Orbis, a publishing house founded in 1923.
222:
law did not actually prohibit women at the provincial level and convinced several political parties to field female candidates; her committee put forward
1700:
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282:
218:. In 1907, men were granted the right by the Austrian government for imperial elections, but women were denied. Plamínková realized that the local
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340:, a post she would hold until 1939. By 1930, she was also serving as a vice president of the IWSA and had been re-elected to the Senate.
381:
96:
227:
285:, 54% of the voters were women, as opposed to 46% men; 12% of the provincial posts were filled by women; 13 of the 302 members of the
194:
and she was the youngest of three daughters. After completing her basic education, she attended the Prague State
Teachers' Institute.
296:
By 1923, Plamínková realized that the legislature was not interested in making corrections to the civil code which would bring forth
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1147:
416:
353:
226:. Though none won, it was repeated in subsequent elections and served as a symbol of Czech nationalism. In 1912, the first woman,
1695:
1635:
1278:
Biographical
Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms in Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe: 19th and 20th Centuries
489:, established in 1990 to honor Czechs who have made significant contributions to human rights was awarded to Plamínková in 1992.
151:
1465:
261:
The changes were immediate. The law requiring teachers to remain unmarried and celibate was abolished in 1919. A member of the
159:
466:
Posthumously, Plamínková was honored by a tribute at the first postwar
Congress of the IWSA in 1946. In 1950, she was awarded
154:, she served as Senate Chair when Czechoslovakia broke away from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. She was a vice president of the
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women supported the right for universal suffrage, for men as well as women, who were denied the right to vote by
108:
1675:
1514:
1218:. Historical Dictionaries of Europe. Vol. 72 (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
424:
92:
1572:
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1506:
1481:
1204:
1103:
1007:
1552:
190:
to Františka (née
Krubnerová) and František Plamínek. Her family was of Jewish heritage. Her father was a
41:
1547:
1580:
1184:
174:
1340:
Cleavages, Parties, and Voters: Studies from
Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Romania
1079:
1052:
1630:
1625:
1519:
408:
397:
313:
436:
1413:
1179:
325:
In 1925, Plamínková was elected as a vice president of the ICW. The same year, she contested the
219:
70:
1486:
1321:
Studie Mirka Očadlíka Žena v české hudbě v kontextu sborníku Česká žena v dějinách národa (1940)
537:
535:
223:
1236:
Elusive
Equality: Gender, Citizenship, and the Limits of Democracy in Czechoslovakia, 1918–1950
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385:
344:
231:
1396:
Reinfeld, Barbara (1997). "Františka Plamínková (1875–1942), Czech feminist and patriot".
396:
While all other political parties in opposition to the Nazi's were officially banned, the
187:
74:
242:
Attempts by Austria-Hungary at restricting liberty and quashing Czech nationalism during
1565:
1532:
1499:
1359:
1197:
1096:
357:
1619:
1417:
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Plaque on the house in Prague where Plamínková lived and worked between 1914 and 1939
1319:
492:
In February 2016, Google commemorated the 141st anniversary of her birthday with a "
162:
and attended many international feminist congresses. Plamínková was arrested by the
17:
1084:
178:
Memorial plaque to Senator Františka Plamínková in the garden of Wallenstein Palace
1137:
1449:
1302:
243:
207:
1409:
1160:
History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Types and stereotypes
191:
1378:
Battle for the Castle : The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe, 1914–1948
1118:
1596:
255:
203:
1362:(in Czech). Lidice, Czech Republic: Obec historie Kobyliska. p. 20
390:
163:
1298:"Forced displacement of Czech population under Nazis in 1938 and 1943"
1468:(in Czech). Prague, Czech Republic: Prague City Hall. 2 February 1875
1003:
892:
890:
888:
274:
183:
146:
66:
510:
508:
250:
abolished nobility, redistributed noble lands and provided for the
420:
371:
173:
1324:(Bachelor) (in Czech). Prague, Czech Republic: Univerzita Karlova
1275:
Haan, Francisca de; Daskalova, Krasimira; Loutfi, Anna (2006).
1039:
202:
Plamínková began teaching in 1894 at the elementary school in
541:
182:
Františka Faustina Plamínková was born on 5 February 1875 in
1239:. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press.
1114:
Rethinking Violence: States and Non-state Actors in Conflict
393:
in 1939 and later released, though kept under surveillance.
1599:(in Czech). Prague: Československé řády a vyznamenání. 2016
1337:
Lawson, Kay; Römmele, Andrea; Karasimeonov, Georgi (1999).
419:. Some reports indicated that Plamínková was hanged by the
1360:"Třicetpět Dnů Poprav Na Kobyliské Střelnici V Praze VIII"
908:
827:
825:
463:) to Plamínková, a female chorus she had set to her text.
1163:. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing.
804:
680:
678:
1281:. Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press.
974:
617:
615:
389:
for the Czech people from home. She was arrested by the
281:
in June 1920, Plamínková was able to report that in the
922:
920:
559:
557:
555:
553:
206:
and then taught for the last six months of the year in
1343:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.
1381:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, USA.
578:
576:
574:
572:
1661:
Members of the Senate of Czechoslovakia (1935–1939)
1656:
Members of the Senate of Czechoslovakia (1929–1935)
1651:
Members of the Senate of Czechoslovakia (1925–1929)
1142:(Vyd. 1. ed.). Prague, Czech Republic: Libri.
896:
514:
130:
122:
114:
104:
81:
48:
32:
1609:Františka Plamínková, in memoriam III. třída, 1992
1404:(1). New York: Taylor & Francis Group: 13–33.
1686:Recipients of the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
938:
27:Czech feminist and suffrage activist (1875–1942)
126:teacher, businesswoman, suffragette, politician
1556:. San Bernardino, California. 28 December 1936
407:Plamínková was re-arrested in 1942 after the
368:Third Reich resistance, deportation and death
238:Politician in the First Czechoslovak Republic
8:
1157:Cornis-Pope, Marcel; Neubauer, John (2010).
1139:Kdo byl kdo v našich dějinách ve 20. století
526:
279:Geneva conference of international feminists
816:
792:
448:
441:
1681:People executed at Kobylisy shooting range
1111:Chenoweth, Erica; Lawrence, Adria (2010).
669:
470:the Golden Star, the highest rank, of the
198:Teaching and early women's rights activism
40:
29:
1706:Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany
989:
563:
1398:The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity
1215:Historical Dictionary of the Czech State
1178:Plamínková, Františka (29 August 1920).
1136:Churaň, Milan (1998). Čadil, Jan (ed.).
1027:
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950:
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843:
831:
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696:
684:
657:
633:
621:
606:
1646:Czech National Social Party politicians
1053:"Františka Plamínková's 141st Birthday"
805:Lawson, Römmele & Karasimeonov 1999
504:
160:International Woman's Suffrage Alliance
145:(5 February 1875 – 30 June 1942) was a
1548:"Jewish Women Plan World-Wide Program"
720:
708:
645:
594:
582:
427:confirm she was shot on 30 June 1942.
306:International Woman Suffrage Alliance
7:
1040:Czech Medals and Orders Society 2016
283:first parliamentary election of 1920
1296:Horáková, Pavla (13 October 2003).
97:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
1641:People from the Kingdom of Bohemia
1583:(in Czech). Prague: Langhans. 2006
1523:. Lincoln, Nebraska. 18 March 1939
1435:(in Czech). Prague, Czech Republic
1212:Fawn, Rick; Hochman, Jiří (2010).
380:In 1938 and 1939, Hitler's troops
25:
1490:. Decatur, Illinois. 9 April 1943
1425:Salátková, Denisa (2 July 2007).
1078:Campbell, Lilian (8 March 1930).
897:Haan, Daskalova & Loutfi 2006
417:Theresienstadt concentration camp
354:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
265:, Plamínková contested the first
1571:
1538:
1515:"Germans Tighten Sway at Prague"
1505:
1203:
1102:
1701:Theresienstadt Ghetto prisoners
1448:Uhrová, Eva (18 January 2015).
1180:"Czecho-Slovakia grants rights"
515:Cornis-Pope & Neubauer 2010
487:Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
382:occupied most of Czechoslovakia
197:
1597:"Řád Tomáše Garrigue Masaryka"
1260:. London, England: Routledge.
310:International Council of Women
304:(ŽNR), which aligned with the
252:separation of church and state
156:International Council of Women
1:
1553:The San Bernardino County Sun
1482:"Czech Business Woman Hanged"
1466:"1875, Plamínková, Františka"
1452:(in Czech). Prague: Femistory
1318:Hradecká, Anna Marie (2014).
939:Chenoweth & Lawrence 2010
543:The San Bernardino County Sun
321:Senate member and chairperson
289:were women; and 3 of the 150
53:Františka Faustina Plamínková
1358:Mesiereur, Jaroslav (1984).
1117:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
263:Czechoslovak Socialist Party
1085:Burlington Hawk-Eye Gazette
248:First Czechoslovak Republic
1732:
1520:The Nebraska State Journal
1233:Feinberg, Melissa (2006).
910:The Nebraska State Journal
1410:10.1080/00905999708408488
1080:"With the Women of Today"
109:Execution by firing squad
39:
1711:Czech resistance members
1487:The Decatur Daily Review
976:The Decatur Daily Review
435:In 1936, Czech composer
302:Women's National Council
1696:Politicians from Prague
1636:Journalists from Prague
1581:"Plamínková, Františka"
1375:Orzoff, Andrea (2009).
817:Fawn & Hochman 2010
793:Fawn & Hochman 2010
425:Kobylisy Shooting Range
267:local elections in 1919
228:Božena Viková-Kunětická
93:Kobylisy Shooting Range
1450:"Františka Plamínková"
1427:"Františka Plamínková"
1004:"Women in Czech music"
442:
377:
361:
329:winning a seat in the
327:parliamentary election
179:
166:in 1942 and executed.
1254:Hannam, June (2014).
1185:The Washington Herald
1008:The Kapralova Society
423:, but records of the
375:
177:
1691:Czech schoolteachers
398:National Partnership
314:paid maternity leave
293:elected were women.
143:Františka Plamínková
34:Františka Plamínková
18:Franciska Plamnikova
965:, pp. 182–183.
331:Czechoslovak Senate
287:Chamber of Deputies
105:Cause of death
1716:Jewish suffragists
1432:Hospodářské noviny
378:
362:Národní rada česká
300:. She founded the
180:
1671:Czech suffragists
1388:978-0-19-970995-3
1350:978-0-275-95589-2
1288:978-963-7326-39-4
1267:978-1-317-86108-9
1246:978-0-8229-7103-0
1225:978-0-8108-5648-6
1188:. Washington, D.C
1170:978-90-272-3458-2
1128:978-0-262-01420-5
1055:. 5 February 2016
636:, pp. 28–30.
609:, pp. 24–26.
527:birth record 1875
476:Order for Liberty
472:Czechoslovak Army
413:Reinhard Heydrich
271:League of Nations
158:, as well as the
152:National Assembly
140:
139:
16:(Redirected from
1723:
1666:Jewish feminists
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437:Julie Reisserová
386:Munich Agreement
345:Great Depression
339:
298:women's equality
232:First Balkan War
88:
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60:
44:
30:
21:
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670:Plamínková 1920
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308:(IWSA) and the
240:
200:
188:Austria-Hungary
172:
131:Political party
100:
90:
86:
77:
75:Austria-Hungary
64:
63:5 February 1875
58:
56:
55:
54:
35:
28:
23:
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5:
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1612:
1593:
1577:
1566:Newspapers.com
1544:
1533:Newspapers.com
1511:
1500:Newspapers.com
1478:
1462:
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1422:
1393:
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1069:
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1066:
1044:
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1020:
994:
990:Mesiereur 1984
982:
967:
955:
953:, p. 182.
943:
931:
916:
901:
899:, p. 439.
884:
872:
860:
848:
846:, p. 170.
836:
834:, p. 160.
821:
809:
797:
785:
783:, p. 159.
773:
761:
759:, p. 122.
749:
747:, p. 121.
737:
725:
713:
701:
689:
674:
662:
650:
638:
626:
611:
599:
597:, p. xxi.
587:
568:
564:Salátková 2007
549:
531:
529:, p. 239.
519:
517:, p. 344.
503:
501:
498:
443:Slavnostní den
432:
429:
369:
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91:
89:(aged 67)
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52:
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37:
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26:
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14:
13:
10:
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6:
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3:
2:
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1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
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1664:
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1654:
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1610:
1598:
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1522:
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1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1489:
1488:
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1479:
1467:
1463:
1451:
1446:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1149:80-85983-44-3
1145:
1141:
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1130:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1030:, p. 13.
1029:
1028:Reinfeld 1997
1024:
1021:
1009:
1005:
1002:Karla Hartl.
998:
995:
992:, p. 20.
991:
986:
983:
980:, p. 15.
979:
977:
971:
968:
964:
963:Feinberg 2006
959:
956:
952:
951:Feinberg 2006
947:
944:
941:, p. 67.
940:
935:
932:
928:
927:Langhans 2006
923:
921:
917:
913:
911:
905:
902:
898:
893:
891:
889:
885:
881:
880:Horáková 2003
876:
873:
869:
868:Hradecká 2014
864:
861:
858:, p. 19.
857:
856:Hradecká 2014
852:
849:
845:
844:Feinberg 2006
840:
837:
833:
832:Feinberg 2006
828:
826:
822:
819:, p. 66.
818:
813:
810:
807:, p. 55.
806:
801:
798:
795:, p. 65.
794:
789:
786:
782:
781:Feinberg 2006
777:
774:
771:, p. 69.
770:
769:Feinberg 2006
765:
762:
758:
757:Feinberg 2006
753:
750:
746:
745:Feinberg 2006
741:
738:
734:
733:Campbell 1930
729:
726:
723:, p. 73.
722:
717:
714:
711:, p. 74.
710:
705:
702:
699:, p. 54.
698:
697:Feinberg 2006
693:
690:
687:, p. 53.
686:
685:Feinberg 2006
681:
679:
675:
672:, p. 25.
671:
666:
663:
660:, p. 28.
659:
658:Feinberg 2006
654:
651:
647:
642:
639:
635:
634:Feinberg 2006
630:
627:
624:, p. 27.
623:
622:Feinberg 2006
618:
616:
612:
608:
607:Feinberg 2006
603:
600:
596:
591:
588:
584:
579:
577:
575:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
556:
554:
550:
546:
544:
538:
536:
532:
528:
523:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
499:
497:
495:
490:
488:
482:
477:
473:
469:
464:
458:"Festive Day"
446:
444:
438:
430:
428:
426:
422:
418:
415:and taken to
414:
410:
409:assassination
405:
403:
399:
394:
392:
387:
383:
374:
367:
365:
363:
359:
355:
349:
346:
341:
337:
332:
328:
320:
318:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
256:voting rights
253:
249:
245:
237:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:Habsburg rule
211:
209:
205:
195:
193:
189:
185:
176:
169:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
144:
136:
133:
129:
125:
123:Occupation(s)
121:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
98:
94:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
51:
47:
43:
38:
31:
19:
1608:
1601:. Retrieved
1585:. Retrieved
1564:– via
1558:. Retrieved
1551:
1531:– via
1525:. Retrieved
1518:
1498:– via
1492:. Retrieved
1485:
1470:. Retrieved
1454:. Retrieved
1437:. Retrieved
1430:
1401:
1397:
1377:
1364:. Retrieved
1339:
1326:. Retrieved
1320:
1307:. Retrieved
1301:
1277:
1256:
1235:
1214:
1196:– via
1190:. Retrieved
1183:
1159:
1138:
1113:
1095:– via
1089:. Retrieved
1083:
1071:Bibliography
1057:. Retrieved
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
997:
985:
975:
970:
958:
946:
934:
914:, p. 1.
909:
904:
875:
870:, p. 9.
863:
851:
839:
812:
800:
788:
776:
764:
752:
740:
735:, p. 7.
728:
716:
704:
692:
665:
653:
648:, p. P.
641:
629:
602:
590:
547:, p. 8.
542:
522:
491:
467:
465:
440:
434:
406:
402:Polední List
401:
395:
379:
350:
342:
324:
295:
260:
241:
224:Marie Tůmová
212:
201:
181:
142:
141:
99:(now Prague)
87:(1942-06-30)
85:30 June 1942
1631:1942 deaths
1626:1875 births
1303:Radio Praha
1192:28 February
721:Orzoff 2009
709:Orzoff 2009
646:Churaň 1998
595:Hannam 2014
583:Uhrová 2015
479: [
468:in memoriam
334: [
244:World War I
115:Nationality
1620:Categories
500:References
439:dedicated
59:1875-02-05
1418:153984280
1119:MIT Press
277:. At the
258:in 1918.
170:Biography
1257:Feminism
384:and the
291:Senators
220:Bohemian
208:Soběslav
1603:6 March
1587:5 March
1560:6 March
1527:5 March
1494:5 March
1472:4 March
1456:5 March
1439:5 March
1366:5 March
1328:7 March
1309:6 March
1091:6 March
1059:1 March
1013:8 March
452:
391:Gestapo
343:As the
192:cobbler
164:Gestapo
71:Bohemia
1416:
1385:
1347:
1285:
1264:
1243:
1222:
1167:
1146:
1125:
494:Doodle
485:. The
431:Honors
275:Geneva
184:Prague
67:Prague
1414:S2CID
483:]
421:Nazis
358:Czech
338:]
204:Tábor
147:Czech
118:Czech
1605:2016
1589:2016
1562:2016
1529:2016
1496:2016
1474:2016
1458:2016
1441:2016
1383:ISBN
1368:2016
1345:ISBN
1330:2016
1311:2016
1283:ISBN
1262:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1194:2016
1165:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1123:ISBN
1093:2016
1061:2016
1015:2016
978:1943
912:1939
545:1936
449:lit.
135:ČSNS
82:Died
49:Born
1406:doi
496:".
474:'s
411:of
273:in
1622::
1607:.
1550:.
1517:.
1484:.
1429:.
1412:.
1402:25
1400:.
1300:.
1182:.
1121:.
1082:.
1006:.
919:^
887:^
824:^
677:^
614:^
571:^
552:^
534:^
507:^
481:cs
360::
336:cs
234:.
186:,
95:,
73:,
69:,
1591:.
1568:.
1535:.
1502:.
1476:.
1460:.
1443:.
1420:.
1408::
1391:.
1370:.
1353:.
1332:.
1313:.
1291:.
1270:.
1249:.
1228:.
1200:.
1173:.
1152:.
1131:.
1099:.
1063:.
1042:.
1017:.
929:.
882:.
585:.
566:.
461:'
455:'
447:(
61:)
57:(
20:)
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