301:. In 1682 France bombarded Algiers for the first time. The outcome of the operation is difficult to assess. Around 500 Algerians were killed, and fifty buildings demolished. The French fleet succeeded in inflicting serious damage on the port and city of Algiers, without suffering any major losses itself, and it forced the Dey to sue for peace. However Duquesne's mission had been to secure Dey's complete submission, which time and the weather had not permitted. When Louis XIV learned on 11 October that the mission had not achieved its aim, he made his displeasure clear. He nevertheless realised the overwhelming effect that relatively few bombs - some 280 - had had on the city. During the French bombardments which followed, in 1683, 1684 and 1688, Duquesne and then Tourville, would force the Dey to free all the Christians he held in slavery, but they did not succeed in ending the corsair war waged by the
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499:, at the request of the King of France, sent a new pasha to Algiers. But the Dey felt so strong that he did not allow a delegate from Istanbul to land in Algiers. This show of force prompted the janissaries who were fearing for their influence to depose him and force him to flee. They choose Hadj-Chaban as his successor. The new Dey sent a plenipotentiary to Versailles;
236:. France tried to settle the question of the Bastion, and the Spaniards of Oran tried to occupy Tlemcen and the English fleet threatened Algiers. But Algiers did not yield to these intimidations: any concession was refused to the French, the Spaniards were pushed pack to Oran in 1675, and the raïs dispersed the English ships which in 1678 threatened the city of Algiers.
385:
Despite the fierce resistance of the
Algerians, the city was engulfed by an enormous fire which consumed palaces, mosques, and many other buildings across the city; the wounded could not find any refuge; and ammunition ran low. Algiers would have been reduced to ruins had not Duquesne himself run out
474:
D'Estrées' squadron arrived at
Algiers on 26 June. The bombardment lasted several days, and succeeded in inflicting serious damage on the city. Hadj Mezzomorto killed more than forty Christians by cannon and the French responded by executing Muslim hostages on board. Algerian artillery defences had
333:
The bombardment began on the night of 26–27 June, and two hundred and twenty two bombs, launched in less than twenty four hours, started fires in
Algiers and prompted general disorder as well as killing around 300 Algerians. Hassan Dey intended to resist nonetheless, but the population urged him to
510:
in Europe against the Sun King. The latter was then reduced to putting an end to the disputes which then opposed him to Pope
Alexander VIII as well as to the Dey of Algiers. Relations with France, which were restored in 1688, improved, especially after the Dey had sent the ambassador
439:
The agreement was not respected: French corsairs, encouraged by
Marseille merchants, again attacked Algerian ships. The Dey retaliated by arresting French nationals and even the consul, without however denouncing the treaty in 1686. The King of France supported the Marseillais.
363:. Continuing the war against France, the bombardments resumed, killing many victims. Mezzomorto threatened, if the firing did not cease, to put the Christian captives at the mouths of the cannons, still the bombardments continued. So he carried out his threats.
397:
The pride of the
Algerian pirates was crushed, and as the French fleet returned to France, Algiers sent an embassy under Djiafar-Aga-Effendi to ask forgiveness of Louis XIV, for the injuries and cruelty that the corsairs had inflicted on France.
334:
sue for peace. Duquesne agreed to a truce on condition that all
Christian slaves were delivered to him. When the truce expired, Hassan Dey asked for, and received, an extension. Duquesne meanwhile set out his terms for agreeing a peace:
308:
The Jews of
Marseilles were suspected of passing warnings to their co-religionists in Algiers about the impending French assault, and this led to their being temporarily expelled from the city.
401:
The new Dey, Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha agreed to free another 546 captives, but refused to sign a peace agreement with
Duquesne, who was then 79 years of age, so Louis XIV sent another envoy,
382:, to the mouth of a cannon. On 28 July pieces of his shattered limbs fell on the decks of the French vessels, along with those of other French prisoners blown to pieces.
370:, then seized command and denounced the cowardice of the Dey, for agreeing to treat with the French. He had him put to death and was acclaimed as his successor by the
405:, to treat with him. A hundred-year peace was agreed, including After almost a month of negotiations, a treaty of "Tourville" was signed in April 1684, it included:
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1301:
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1197:. Paris: RECUEILLIE DANS LES DÉPÔTS D’ARCHIVES DES AFFAIRES ÉTRANGÈRES, DE LA MARINE, DES COLONIES ET DE LA CHAMBRE DE COMMERCE DE MARSEILLE. pp. XXI.
163:
154:
145:
116:
1189:
389:
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Engraving representing
Tourville (left) in a meeting with his leader, Admiral Duquesne (right) during the second bombardment of Algiers in 1683.
1191:
CORRESPONDANCE DES DEYS D'ALGER AVEC LA COUR DE FRANCE 1579 — 1833(CORRESPONDENCE OF THE DEYS OF ALGIERS WITH THE COURT OF FRANCE 1579 — 1833)
218:
sought to have the French flag respected in the Mediterranean, to preserve the economic advantages already obtained, and to play the role of "
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483:, and so the Algerians sank several French ships. Faced with determined resistance, the French fleet was obliged to retire after 16 days.
243:
captured a number of French vessels, without declaration of war, and took the captains and crews to Algiers as slaves. On 18 October the
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325:
378:, announced to Duquesne that combat was resumed. The Algerians replied to the bombs hurled at their city by tying the French consul,
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Die Völkerrechtspersönlichkeit und die Völkerrechtspraxis der Barbareskenstaaten: (Algier, Tripolis, Tunis 1518-1830)
1079:
Die Völkerrechtspersönlichkeit und die Völkerrechtspraxis der Barbareskenstaaten: (Algier, Tripolis, Tunis 1518-1830)
1311:
402:
351:
344:
a solemn embassy to be sent to Louis XIV to ask his forgiveness for the hostile acts committed against his navy.
744:
506:
who was Louis XIV's most bitter personal enemy. Having become William III of England, immediately aroused a
468:
297:. Just one years into his rule he was already at war with one of the most powerful countries in Europe, the
229:
167:
503:
443:
1296:
219:
359:
Before a peace treaty could be signed though, Baba Hassan was deposed and killed by a Raïs called
772:
The Scourge of Christendom: Annals of British Relations with Algiers Prior to the French Conquest
424:
Assurance given to the Dey that his ambassador in Paris could ensure compliance with the treaty.
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25:
1162:
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722:
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1000:
The Crisis of French Sea Power, 1688–1697: From the Guerre d'Escadre to the Guerre de Course
948:
The Crisis of French Sea Power, 1688–1697: From the Guerre d'Escadre to the Guerre de Course
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158:
31:
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132:
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which had been violated by Algerian pirates. The squadron, comprising 31 ships and 10
379:
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256:
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and on 23 October, he announced the commencement to hostilities to the French consul,
1280:
286:
233:
511:
Mohammed-el-Amine to France. On 24 September 1689, a treaty was signed in Algiers.
570:
1257:
1213:
1025:
651:
553:
421:
Establishment of lists of products that are negotiable between the two countries,
285:
In 1677, following an explosion in Algiers and several attempts on his life, Dey
371:
294:
248:
179:
259:. At the same time, he also ordered twelve warships to sea. Learning of this,
341:
an indemnity equal to the value of all the goods seized from France by pirates
311:
The next year, Duquesne sailed again to bombard Algiers for the second time.
452:
260:
252:
215:
149:
697:
Captives and Corsairs: France and Slavery in the Early Modern Mediterranean
976:. Algiers: Société nationale d'édition et de diffusion. p. 417.
464:
375:
228:) against Islamic powers, while seeing to the maintaining the French
912:
Revue maritime et coloniale / Ministère de la marine et des colonies
788:
Revue maritime et coloniale / Ministère de la marine et des colonies
442:
388:
350:
324:
276:
555:
Barbary Legend; War, Trade, and Piracy in North Africa, 1415-1830
244:
839:
Clement Melchior Justin Maxime Fourcheux de Montrond (1860).
769:
Robert Lambert Playfair; Sir Robert Lambert Playfair (1884).
910:
France, Ministère de la marine et des colonies (1861–1896).
786:
France, Ministère de la marine et des colonies (1861–1896).
475:
been strengthened since the previous French expeditions in
355:
Dutch engraving showing the death of Consul le Vacher, 1698
1215:
L'Algérie sous les Turcs [Algeria under the Turks]
593:
La piraterie barbaresque en Méditerranée: XVI-XIXe siècle
572:
Histoire de la marine française: XVIIe siècle - Jean Bart
374:. Before long a red flag, raised from the heights of the
670:
Jefferson's War: America's First War on Terror 1801-1805
617:
Henri Jean François Edmond Pellisier de Reynaud (1844).
305:
against European merchant vessels in the Mediterranean.
263:
ordered his ministers to prepare a punitive expedition.
653:
Histoire de la marine française XVIIe siècle Jean Bart
487:
retaliated by attackin the French coast and shipping.
1003:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 74.
951:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 74.
447:
French fleet in combat against Algerian vessels, 1688
348:
These terms resolved the Dey to continue resistance.
1259:
The Barbary Corsairs: The End of a Legend, 1800-1820
815:
The Barbary Corsairs: The End of a Legend, 1800-1820
636:
Leaves from a Lady's Diary of Her Travels in Barbary
859:
Lords of the Sea: A History of the Barbary Corsairs
620:
Mémoires historiques et géographiques sur l'Algérie
202:was part of a wider campaign by France against the
329:Bombardment of Algiers in 1683 by the French fleet
1235:L'Algérie des Algériens de la préhistoire à 1954
386:of missiles. The bombardment ended on 29 July.
1071:
1069:
914:. Paris: Librairie de L. Hachette. p. 663.
790:. Paris: Librairie de L. Hachette. p. 663.
18:
1156:
1154:
1152:
656:(in French). Lyon Public Library. F. Bonnaire.
415:Respect of the free passage for naval vessels,
1030:. Maison tunisienne de l'édition. p. 148
807:
805:
451:In 1688 a military expedition was ordered by
8:
1239:Algeria of the Algerians: Prehistory to 1954
842:Les marins les plus celebres. Par ---. 5. ed
775:. Smith, Elder & Company. pp. 142–.
738:
736:
734:
721:Eliakim Littell; Robert S. Littell (1854).
409:Freedom of trade between the two countries,
223:
24:
15:
700:. Stanford University Press. p. 89.
1161:Jörg Manfred Mössner (10 October 2013).
1076:Jörg Manfred Mössner (10 October 2013).
932:
749:Faits mémorables de l'histoire de France
539:
418:Free exercise of the Christian religion,
1241:] (in French). Paris-Méditerranée.
532:
495:By the end of 1688, the Ottoman Sultan
30:Bombardment of Algiers by the fleet of
918:
794:
281:French vessels bombing Algiers in 1682
1302:Wars involving the Regency of Algiers
886:L'orf?vrerie alg?rienne et tunisienne
856:Alan G. Jamieson (15 February 2013).
727:Littell, Son and Company. p. 65.
7:
1060:
1048:
667:Joseph Wheelan (21 September 2004).
558:. Clarendon Press. pp. 230–239.
1317:1680s in the French colonial empire
997:Geoffrey Symcox (6 December 2012).
745:"Bombardement d'Alger par Duquesne"
501:Stadtholder of the United Provinces
639:. H. Colburn. 1850. pp. 139–.
14:
1287:Algeria–France military relations
623:. Imprimerie royale. p. 274.
1135:. Scarecrow Press. p. 279.
1132:Historical Dictionary of Algeria
366:One of the Algerian commanders,
200:French-Algerian War of 1681–1688
184:
173:
162:
153:
144:
126:
115:
889:. Рипол Классик. pp. 35–.
862:. Reaktion Books. p. 134.
694:Gillian Weiss (11 March 2011).
596:. SERRE EDITEUR. pp. 60–.
521:Franco-Algerian war (1609–1628)
1:
1103:Babinger, Fr. (24 Apr 2012).
673:. PublicAffairs. p. 41.
435:Bombardment of Algiers (1688)
429:Bombardment of Algiers (1688)
321:Bombardment of Algiers (1683)
315:Bombardment of Algiers (1683)
273:Bombardment of Algiers (1682)
267:Bombardment of Algiers (1682)
251:, officially declared war on
87:Bombardment of Algiers (1688)
77:Bombardment of Algiers (1683)
67:Bombardment of Algiers (1682)
19:Franco-Algerian War 1681–1688
338:freeing all Christian slaves
1333:
1233:Kaddache, Mahfoud (2003).
1167:. De Gruyter. p. 15.
1129:Phillip C. Naylor (2006).
1082:. De Gruyter. p. 15.
972:Kaddache, Mahfoud (1982).
432:
403:Anne Hilarion de Tourville
318:
270:
590:Roland Courtinat (2003).
368:Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha
138:
109:
38:
23:
1027:L'Algérie sous les Turcs
945:Geoffrey Symcox (2012).
575:. F. Bonnaire. pp.
552:Fisher, Godfrey (1957).
459:in order to enforce the
1292:17th century in Algiers
1256:Panzac, Daniel (2005).
1212:Gaïd, Mouloud (2014) .
1188:EUGÈNE PLANTET (1889).
974:L'Algérie des Algériens
97:Algiers heavily damaged
94:conclusive peace treaty
1218:(in French). Mimouni.
1024:Gaïd, Mouloud (1975).
812:Daniel Panzac (2005).
448:
394:
356:
330:
282:
224:
139:Commanders and leaders
55:Algiers,French Riviera
1307:Wars involving France
845:. Lefort. p. 55.
818:. BRILL. p. 33.
446:
412:Liberation of slaves,
392:
354:
328:
293:, leaving Algiers to
280:
461:peace treaty of 1683
225:Rex Christianissimus
883:Paul Eudel (1902).
650:Eugène Sue (1836).
569:Eugène Sue (1836).
467:, was commanded by
361:Mezzo Morto Hüseyin
220:Most Christian King
457:Regency of Algiers
449:
395:
357:
331:
303:Regency of Algiers
283:
133:Regency of Algiers
1312:Conflicts in 1681
1269:978-90-04-12594-0
1248:978-2-84272-166-4
1225:978-9961-68-157-2
1174:978-3-11-169567-9
1142:978-0-8108-6480-1
1089:978-3-11-169567-9
1010:978-94-010-2072-5
983:978-9-961-96621-1
958:978-94-010-2072-5
896:978-5-87318-342-5
869:978-1-86189-946-0
707:978-0-8047-7784-1
680:978-0-7867-4020-8
603:978-2-906431-65-2
508:general coalition
504:William of Orange
469:Jean II d'Estrées
299:Kingdom of France
239:In October 1680,
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168:Jean II d'Estrées
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245:Dey of Algiers
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934:
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372:janissaries
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289:escaped to
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1281:Categories
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210:Background
1262:. BRILL.
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