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31:
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arguing that he had spent too much money building schools and offering unnecessary classes and extracurricular activities, and calling for him to be replaced by a younger superintendent. The board decided to hire no new teachers for the 1921–1922 year and laid off some current ones for the first time, and Cooper refused to participate in recommending further budget cuts.
408:, by a vote of 6 to 4 along sectarian lines, with the minority asserting that Cooper's lack of a formal degree disqualified him and that the other candidate, Joshua H. Paul, lost only because of his Mormon faith. Cooper was able to soothe the tension and the following year, on June 13, 1900, he was unanimously re-appointed for a full term.
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disliked the formalized flag exercises the law called for, saying that to implement it literally would be "perfunctory and tasteless." He argued that teachers be allowed to present more symbolic exercises that taught the meaning of the principles the flag stood for, which caused conflict with organizations including the
488:
Cooper's progressive approach to education led to some tension within the community, particularly as its more conservative elements gained influence throughout World War I. A state law passed in 1915 required the performance of flag exercises at all public gatherings, including public schools. Cooper
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and the scope of their curriculum. He envisioned them as centers for both the students and the community, and expanded class offerings beyond a core curriculum to include art and music, physical education, gardening, and manual training programs for students at risk of dropping out. He championed the
386:
in 1893 and used his position to argue for more rigorous training of teachers in the state. He observed that "it is a well-known fact, not flattering to be sure, that a first grade certificate in Iowa is about equal in grade to the second-class certificate in
Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana, Minnesota,
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In early 1918, Cooper attempted to defend the teaching of German in schools, saying, "aversion to and detestation of things German may carry us to unreasonable and reactionary limits", but relented in the face of public pressure and removed it from the curriculum that April. The following year, the
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to promote the view that the authorities had no right to mandate vaccination. The school board voted to allow the unvaccinated children into school in defiance of the health board, lawsuits ensued, and Cooper was put in the position of needing to decide which orders his employees should obey. After
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Beginning in 1916, Cooper had pushed for more administrative power for his office, but the school board instead reorganized the system in 1919 to make him just one of six department heads. A group called the Tax
Reduction Council (or TRC) began attacking Cooper both professionally and personally,
479:
must include reaching the home of foreign people using a language other than
English, in our community, and one influential means of reaching such homes is by way of the mothers and through the cooperation of the children attending American schools from those homes". He also fought against a plan
344:
Cooper worked as a superintendent of public schools in two cities in Iowa, in Salt Lake City, Utah, and in
Seattle, Washington. In each of the three states, he also served as president of the state's teachers' association and on the state board of education. He was a devotee of the progressive
418:
outbreak later that year prompted the health board to mandate that unvaccinated children be kept home from school, leading to another rift between the Mormon and non-Mormon blocs of the school board. Although only a small minority of church leaders were opposed to vaccination, one of them,
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administrator who introduced updated instruction methods and raised teacher pay in order to recruit teachers from across the nation. His program of building schools that were tightly integrated into their neighborhoods helped shape
Seattle into a city known for its distinctive, cohesive
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and non-Mormons on the school board and in the community, with newspapers carrying on editorial debates over whether Mormon candidates would even be considered due a perceived bias on the non-Mormon-majority board. On April 11, 1899, the board offered the job to Cooper, a
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the board denied his request to address them about his concerns, he objected he "never again" wanted to be on a board where he was not allowed to speak and was told he "might not have the opportunity". When
Seattle's offer was repeated again in early 1901, he accepted.
438:
Cooper took over as superintendent of
Seattle Public Schools in 1901 following the resignation of Frank J. Barnard. For much of his time in Seattle, his progressive approach to education meshed well with the attitude of the school board and public, but following
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district of
Seattle was renamed from the Youngstown School in honor of Cooper in 1939. The school itself moved to a new building in 1999; the original building, built during Cooper's tenure and now the home of the Youngstown Cultural Arts Center, is on the
303:
in order to earn money for further education, with the aim of becoming a lawyer. He accepted a teaching position at age seventeen, and a year later became the principal of a two-room school, a position which he held for a year.
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degree. He instituted a school medical program which grew to include a medical and dental clinic and baby-care classes, and added special education classes for students with learning or physical disabilities. Enrollment in
398:
Salt Lake City superintendent of schools Jesse F. Millspaugh had resigned his position in Salt Lake City early in his two-year term in
December 1898. The debate over who should replace him reinflamed past tension between
480:
floated by the school board to have a permanently segregated building for teaching of foreign students, arguing that they should instead be integrated into the regular classes as soon as their
English skills warranted.
512:
Cooper submitted his resignation on March 17, 1922, effective August 1, though after the board passed further budget cuts, he took an early leave in June, and assistant superintendent Thomas R. Cole succeeded him.
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board rescinded its approval of a series of history textbooks that had been deemed too pro-German, and also fired a high school teacher, Charles Neiderhauser, for an alleged lack of patriotism.
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in Seattle increased from 872 to 10,885 over the course of Cooper's tenure, and the system as a whole grew from 21 buildings for 10,017 pupils to 98 buildings for 42,241.
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The Frank B. Cooper Scholarship Fund, for "needy and worthy students," was raised by representatives of Seattle public schools after his retirement in 1922.
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Cooper took personal responsibility for hiring teachers, and hired them from all over the country. By 1910, a quarter of the city's teachers had a
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He instituted a program of teaching English to the foreign-born parents of children in the school and felt that "any really effective scheme of
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318:, in Polo on August 24, 1880. The couple had two daughters, Phania and Ruth, and two sons, John and William. William was aboard the
522:
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The city of Seattle asked him in 1900 to become its superintendent, but he declined in order to serve out his term in Salt Lake City.
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359:'s Department of Superintendence in 1908, having previously been the department's secretary in 1901 and its vice-president in 1898.
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to succeed W. F. Geiger, taking office on June 17, 1921, and serving until he was succeeded by George B. Miller on May 1, 1923.
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use of teaching techniques that required students to research and discuss topics aloud rather than perform rote memorization.
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91:
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Martha died in Seattle on June 14, 1916, after a lengthy illness. Cooper remarried in 1920, to Margaret Curtis, formerly of
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379:(now known as the University of Iowa), after which he took the position of superintendent in Des Moines beginning in 1891.
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In March 1899 he traveled to Salt Lake City for an interview with the school board for the superintendent position there.
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Wherever I Go, I Will Always be a Loyal American: Schooling Seattle's Japanese Americans During World War II
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Nelson, Bryce E. (October 1983). "Frank B. Cooper: Seattle's Progressive School Superintendent, 1901–22".
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for one year, from 1878 to 1879, and decided to shift his career aspirations from law to education.
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that were trying to ensure that a more rigorous program of patriotism be taught in schools.
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1090:. Vol. 17, no. 8. Montana State Teachers' Association. April 1922. p. 355
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William Thomas Cooper and Barbara Theophania Wallace. He attended high school in
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Culture Clash and Accommodation: Public Schooling in Salt Lake City, 1890-1994
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864:"Elementary and Secondary Education in Iowa, 1890-1900: A Time of Awakening"
863:
244:
30:
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Report on Designation of the Cooper Elementary School as a Seattle landmark
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Twenty-Seventh Biennial Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction
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Seattle's Women Teachers of the Interwar Years: Shapers of a Livable City
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186:
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Twenty-Sixth Biennial Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction
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633:. Vol. 47. New York: American Historical Society. pp. 435–437
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804:. Vol. 10, no. 3. Washington, D.C. March 1921. p. 58
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History of Seattle from the earliest settlement to the present time
503:
933:. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. pp. 51–56. Archived from
896:"Board of Education Wrestling with the Superintendency Question"
123:
1228:(Technical report). City of Seattle. p. 5. Archived from
585:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.
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The original Frank B. Cooper Elementary School, built in 1917.
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In Seattle, Cooper oversaw an expansion in both the number of
371:, from 1883 to 1890. From 1890 to 1891, he was a professor of
1201:. Society for the Advancement of Education. 1922. p. 635
532:. He died there on November 23, 1930, after a brief illness.
737:"War Department List of Survivors of the Torpedoed Tuscania"
577:
Ohles, Frederik; Ohles, Shirley M.; Ramsay, John G. (1997).
985:
Bruce, William George; Bruce, William Conrad (March 1910).
769:"Frank Cooper, the man who shaped Seattle's neighborhoods"
1281:
Good Schools: The Seattle Public School System, 1901–1930
367:
Cooper served as the superintendent of public schools in
443:, he clashed with an increasingly conservative board.
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Bruce, William George; Bruce, William Conrad (1931).
690:. Vol. 3. Chicago: S.J. Clarke. pp. 446–447
1116:. State of Washington. November 1, 1922. p. 207
581:
Biographical Dictionary of Modern American Educators
1133:. State of Washington. November 1, 1924. p. 29
528:After retiring, Cooper bought a ten-acre estate in
263:neighborhoods. He also served as superintendent in
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993:. Vol. 40, no. 3. Milwaukee. p. 18
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243:(September 17, 1855 – November 23, 1930) was an
1059:Lincoln High School: Landmark Nomination Report
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258:from 1901 until 1922, where he was known as a
1305:. University of Washington Press. p. 5.
802:Journal of the National Education Association
8:
1376:School superintendents in Washington (state)
874:(3). State Historical Society of Iowa: 177.
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655:"Funeral Services for Mrs. Martha M. Cooper"
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314:He married Martha M. "Mattie" Hazeltine of
798:"Department of Superintendence, 1886-1921"
29:
18:
1056:The Johnson Partnership (November 2015).
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843:(4). University of Washington: 167–177.
743:. New York. February 10, 1918. p. 8
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1176:
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1155:. Vol. 82. Milwaukee. p. 119
955:Nelson, Geoffrey S. (March 30, 2015).
423:, used his position as editor of the
7:
957:"Mormons and Compulsory Vaccination"
631:American Biography: A New Cyclopedia
553:National Register of Historic Places
491:Daughters of the American Revolution
1124:. For successor name and date, see
1107:For predecessor name and date, see
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523:Washington State Board of Education
1341:People from Mount Morris, Illinois
1284:. University of Washington Press.
382:Cooper served as president of the
355:He served as the president of the
14:
1219:Gordon, Karen (August 27, 2002).
544:Frank B. Cooper Elementary School
1017:. Psychology Press. p. 64.
909:– via Library of Congress.
625:Cutter, William Richard (1931).
384:Iowa State Teachers' Association
16:American education administrator
1153:"American School Board Journal"
1065:(Technical report). Seattle, WA
923:Buchanan, Frederick S. (1996).
837:The Pacific Northwest Quarterly
1371:School superintendents in Utah
1336:School superintendents in Iowa
1299:Pieroth, Doris Hinson (2012).
1195:"Educational Notes & News"
925:"The Dawn of a New Revolution"
862:Johnson, Keach (Winter 1980).
357:National Education Association
65:1901 – August 1, 1922
1:
1278:Nelson, Bryce Eugene (1988).
1256:. National Park Service. 2003
991:American School Board Journal
718:. February 9, 1918. p. 8
325:when it was sunk by a German
36:
1072:– via City of Seattle.
521:Cooper was appointed to the
463:, and a half had a two-year
295:, Illinois, and worked as a
1141:. All retrieved 2018-10-14.
1088:The Inter-mountain Educator
902:. March 29, 1899. p. 8
141:Superintendent of Schools,
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394:Salt Lake City (1899–1901)
387:and other sister states."
329:in 1918, but he survived.
287:on September 17, 1855, to
709:"Seattle Boy on Tuscania"
682:Bagley, Clarence (1916).
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484:Conflict and resignation
447:Expansion and innovation
377:State University of Iowa
1366:Educators from Illinois
1175:Cite magazine requires
881:10.17077/0003-4827.8659
248:education administrator
241:Jere Frank Bower Cooper
987:"Death of Mr. Barnard"
509:
316:St. Johnsbury, Vermont
256:Seattle Public Schools
53:Seattle Public Schools
1361:Progressive education
1011:Pak, Yoon K. (2002).
627:"Cooper, Frank Bower"
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281:Mount Morris Township
275:Early life and family
183:Mount Morris Township
1199:School & Society
536:Legacy and memorials
229:school administrator
1254:"Registration Form"
659:Seattle Daily Times
434:Seattle (1901–1930)
299:on trains and as a
279:Cooper was born in
250:. He served as the
1356:History of Seattle
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421:Charles W. Penrose
347:education reformer
309:Cornell University
307:Cooper studied at
219:Cornell University
180:September 17, 1855
113:Superintendent of
90:Superintendent of
51:Superintendent of
1312:978-0-295-80275-6
1291:978-0-295-96668-7
1024:978-0-415-93235-6
989:. Among Bookmen.
767:(June 22, 2009).
716:Morning Oregonian
684:"Frank B. Cooper"
596:978-0-313-29133-3
461:bachelor's degree
406:Congregationalist
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196:November 23, 1930
35:Frank B. Cooper,
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1138:"Oath of Office"
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265:Des Moines, Iowa
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165:Personal details
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1084:"News Notes"
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961:MormonPress
441:World War I
334:Los Angeles
301:mule driver
260:progressive
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1330:Categories
1318:2018-10-14
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350:John Dewey
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225:Occupation
214:Alma mater
207:Washington
176:1855-09-17
120:Des Moines
156:1883–1890
152:In office
136:1891–1899
132:In office
108:1899–1901
104:In office
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1044:Pak 2002
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773:Crosscut
548:Delridge
416:smallpox
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322:Tuscania
320:SS
285:Illinois
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