283:, unwed mothers who had been disowned both by their families and by their babies' fathers. Although middle-class Dubliners dismissively viewed these women as 'whores', the impoverished but devoutly Catholic residents of the Monto tenements referred to local prostitutes as "unfortunate girls", and understood that they had often turned to prostitution as a last resort. According to Kearns, "By all accounts, the girls were typically young, attractive, and known for their generosity, especially to slum children". As part of his work, Duff established the Sancta Maria hostel, a safe house for former prostitutes whom the Legion had reached out to and persuaded to run away from their "kip keepers". Following the
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soup kitchens as he considered they were giving aid in the form of food and free accommodation at hostels, in return for not attending
Catholic services. Duff set up rival Catholic soup kitchens and, with his friend, Sergeant Major Joe Gabbett, who had already been working at discouraging Catholics
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formed the same purpose, the Regina Coeli hostel reflected Duff's view that unwed mothers should be taught how to be able to provide for and raise their children. This defied the unwritten rules of an era which held that the children of unwed mothers deserved to be saved from growing up with the
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for sustenance, and abject poverty, alcoholism, and prostitution were rife in parts of Dublin. Duff joined and soon rose through the ranks to become
President of the Saint Patrick's Conference at Saint Nicholas of Myra Parish. Duff, having concern for people he saw as materially and spiritually
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sought to censor Duff because of the Legion's involvement with the rehabilitation of former prostitutes. McQuaid also did not approve of Duff's interdenominational and inter-religious activities; in the 1930s and 1940s, Duff created the
Mercier Society, a study group designed to bring together
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For the rest of his life, with the help of many others, Duff guided the Legion's worldwide extension. Today, the Legion of Mary has an estimated four million active members and 10 million auxiliary members in close to 200 countries in almost every diocese in the
Catholic Church.
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On 7 September 1921 Duff was a part of a meeting alongside Fr
Michael Toher and fifteen women which became the nucleus of what would become the Legion of Mary. The Legion of Mary was created to organise lay Catholics to perform voluntary work. Duff modelled the organisation on
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on 7 June 1889, at 97 Phibsboro Road, the eldest of seven children of John Duff (died 23 December 1918) and his wife, Susan
Letitia (née Freehill, died 27 February 1950). The wealthy family lived in the city at St Patrick's Road,
247:. Some of the first causes the Legion pursued was to become involved with homelessness and prostitution in Dublin city. In 1922, Duff defied the wishes of the Archbishop of Dublin and the widespread
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In July 1940, an overseas club for
African and Asian students studying in Dublin was also created. At that time Ireland was a popular destination for students from Asia and Africa because of its
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Catholics and
Protestants, as well as the Pillar of Fire, a group designed to promote dialogue between Irish Catholics with Ireland's Jewish community. In communication with banned Irish writers
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388:. Duff personally funded the purchase of a building for the club using funds from an inheritance. The club lasted until 1976 and would facilitate many notable students, including
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Mother and baby home controversy overshadows work of Frank Duff: Legion of Mary founder a tireless worker in aiding single mothers to raise own children
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In 1927 Duff established the
Morning Star hostel for homeless men, followed shortly by the Regina Coeli hostel for homeless women in 1930. Unlike the
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before him, Duff began an outreach to the prostitutes living in often brutal and inhuman conditions in the "kip houses" of "the
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as a lay observer. When Duff was introduced to the assembly by
Archbishop Heenan of Liverpool he received a standing ovation.
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as a means to introduce the Legion of Mary to visiting foreign bishops, leading to even further international growth.
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of Westminster, the Legion was able to expand rapidly and internationally. In 1928 the Legion established its first
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and was exposed to the real poverty of Dublin. Many who lived in tenement squalor were forced to attend
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from patronizing Protestant soup kitchens. They succeeded in closing down two of them over the years.
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Duff did have some supporters amongst the Catholic hierarchy though; with the backing of Cardinal
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718:"We wrote them off as Holy Joes, but Frank Duff's Legion of Mary was really ahead of its time"
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He retired from the Civil Service in 1934 to devote all of his time to the Legion of Mary.
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without exception, and that through Christian faith, all have the means necessary.
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Cooney, John. "Review: Biography: 'Frank Duff, A Life Story' by Finola Kennedy"
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Duff died at 91 on 7 November 1980 in Dublin and was interred in that city's
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Frank Duff – A Living Autobiography by Monsignor Charles T. Moss
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351:, Duff suggested he was far more censored than even they were.
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In 1908, he entered the Civil Service and was assigned to the
104:
of the Roman Catholic Church. Duff had previously founded the
291:, Duff also persuaded the first Catholic Commissioner of the
703:, independent.ie, 23 July 2011, accessed 19 September 2014.
96:
and author known for bringing attention to the role of the
459:"Walking with Mary (The spirit of the Legion of Mary)"
478:
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by being put up for adoption as quickly as possible.
847:"Frank Duff's Search for the Neglected and Rejected"
829:"Sainthood Cause Delayed for Legion of Mary Founder"
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89:(7 June 1889 – 7 November 1980), was an Irish
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948:Center for the Promotion of Legion of Mary Saints
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193:In 1918, a friend gifted Duff a copy of the book
16:Founder of the Legion of Mary and Servant of God
804:John Charles McQuaid: Ruler of Catholic Ireland
666:
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539:Radio documentary, 26 June 2011, on Duff's life
978:
8:
182:In 1916, Duff published his first pamphlet,
415:Duff made the promotion of devotion to the
384:cultural orientation based on centuries of
370:. Duff was able to use the occasion of the
3158:Participants in the Second Vatican Council
985:
971:
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303:, to launch a crack down and, even though
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20:
210:He briefly acted as private secretary to
199:by the seventeenth-century French cleric
958:Official website for the Legion of Mary
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305:Prostitution in the Republic of Ireland
186:where he expressed the conviction that
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277:Dublin Tenement Life: An Oral History
222:. In 1924, he was transferred to the
7:
3163:People educated at Blackrock College
541:, rte.ie; accessed 18 November 2021.
930:Frank Duff – A Living Autobiography
928:Moss, Monsignor Charles T. (1983).
1885:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
1003:Dicastery for the Causes of Saints
851:Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review
326:While Duff enjoyed the support of
238:St Therese's Club, Mountjoy Square
14:
431:. In July 1996, the cause of his
419:part of the Legion's apostolate.
3105:
3093:
2972:María de las Maravillas de Jesús
2829:Seven Maccabees and their mother
2015:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
716:Kenny, Mary (8 September 2021).
590:"Francis Michael ('Frank') Duff"
512:
500:
488:
461:. Glasgow: Glasgow, J.S. Burns.
845:Kennedy, Finola (Winter 2002).
801:Cooney, John (1 January 1999).
622:, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011;
133:Birthplace at 97 Phibsboro Road
218:and commander-in-chief of the
1:
3143:Burials at Glasnevin Cemetery
2937:Faustina and Liberata of Como
2125:Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia
2070:Teresa Benedicta of the Cross
994:Saints of the Catholic Church
807:. Syracuse University Press.
164:Society of St Vincent de Paul
877:"Duff tribunal established"
435:was introduced by Cardinal
408:invited Duff to attend the
368:Catholic Church in Scotland
188:all are called to be saints
3194:
3100:Catholic Church portal
2060:Saints of the Cristero War
833:National Catholic Register
293:Dublin Metropolitan Police
257:Catholic Church in Ireland
171:deprived, had the idea to
3168:People from Dublin (city)
3088:
2095:Three Martyrs of Chimbote
1865:Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala
1040:Mother of God (Theotokos)
1000:
372:1932 Eucharistic Congress
285:Irish War of Independence
162:. In 1913, he joined the
36:
3173:Roman Catholic activists
2241:Joseph (father of Jesus)
1627:Athanasius of Alexandria
1409:Athanasius of Alexandria
1293:Theophanes the Confessor
1273:Paul I of Constantinople
1268:Paphnutius the Confessor
1213:Athanasius the Confessor
907:Frank Duff: A Life Story
905:Kennedy, Finola (2007).
783:Kevin C. Kearns (1994),
766:Kevin C. Kearns (1994),
673:Frank Duff: A Life Story
671:Kennedy, Finola (2007).
619:Frank Duff: A Life Story
556:www.blackrockcollege.com
2173:Gregory the Illuminator
2143:Augustine of Canterbury
1692:Dionysius of Alexandria
1607:Alexander of Alexandria
214:, then-Chairman of the
1612:Alexander of Jerusalem
1218:Chariton the Confessor
1180:in the Catholic Church
552:"Famous Past Students"
410:Second Vatican Council
239:
216:Provisional Government
134:
108:in his native city of
102:Second Vatican Council
3148:Irish Servants of God
3043:Fourteen Holy Helpers
3007:Trasilla and Emiliana
2158:Evermode of Ratzeburg
2040:Perpetua and Felicity
2010:Martyrs of Sandomierz
1880:Dismas the Good Thief
1807:Theophilus of Antioch
1777:Maximus the Confessor
1712:Epiphanius of Salamis
1652:Clement of Alexandria
1366:Doctors of the Church
1258:Maximus the Confessor
1045:Immaculate Conception
953:Profile of Frank Duff
774:. Pages 51-57, 61-92.
417:Sacred Heart of Jesus
237:
224:Department of Finance
196:True Devotion to Mary
160:Irish Land Commission
132:
2947:Hiltrude of Liessies
2892:Catherine of Bologna
2887:Bernadette Soubirous
2080:17 Thomasian Martyrs
1890:Four Crowned Martyrs
1812:Victorinus of Pettau
1792:Papias of Hierapolis
1762:Jerome of Stridonium
1727:Gregory of Nazianzus
1697:Dionysius of Corinth
1519:Lawrence of Brindisi
1474:Bernard of Clairvaux
1449:Anselm of Canterbury
1404:Gregory of Nazianzus
1331:Priscilla and Aquila
1228:Edward the Confessor
785:Dublin Tenement Life
768:Dublin Tenement Life
457:Duff, Frank (1956).
366:(branch) within the
340:John Charles McQuaid
263:". Similarly to St.
87:Francis Michael Duff
52:Francis Michael Duff
2997:Teresa of the Andes
2877:Angela of the Cross
2839:Zechariah (prophet)
1985:Martyrs of La Rioja
1980:21 Martyrs of Libya
1870:Christina of Persia
1850:Charles de Foucauld
1787:Quadratus of Athens
1747:Ignatius of Antioch
1717:Fulgentius of Ruspe
1667:Cyril of Alexandria
1662:Cyprian of Carthage
1647:Cappadocian Fathers
1544:Hildegard of Bingen
1414:Cyril of Alexandria
1288:Sergius of Radonezh
1050:Perpetual virginity
336:Edward Joseph Byrne
3038:Four Holy Marshals
3033:Calendar of saints
3002:Teresa of Calcutta
2982:Patricia of Naples
2907:Catherine of Siena
2188:Patrick of Ireland
2110:Vietnamese Martyrs
2000:Martyrs of Otranto
1955:Martyrs of Cajonos
1950:Martyrs of Algeria
1945:Martyrs of Albania
1905:The Holy Innocents
1875:Devasahayam Pillai
1860:Carthusian Martyrs
1802:Polycarp of Smyrna
1757:Isidore of Seville
1742:Hippolytus of Rome
1737:Hilary of Poitiers
1672:Cyril of Jerusalem
1637:Caesarius of Arles
1632:Augustine of Hippo
1534:Thérèse of Lisieux
1529:Catherine of Siena
1479:Hilary of Poitiers
1454:Isidore of Seville
1429:Bede the Venerable
1419:Cyril of Jerusalem
1384:Augustine of Hippo
1298:Pio of Pietrelcina
1263:Michael of Synnada
881:www.irishtimes.com
835:, 8 February 1998.
757:, Tue Dec 28 2021.
429:Glasnevin Cemetery
338:and his successor
273:red-light district
240:
135:
43:Frank Duff in 1934
3120:
3119:
3112:Saints portal
3063:Miles Christianus
3048:Martyr of charity
3017:Josephine Bakhita
3012:Ubaldesca Taccini
2957:Kateri Tekakwitha
2932:Faustina Kowalska
2922:Eulalia of Mérida
2902:Catherine Labouré
2897:Brigid of Kildare
2724:Baruch ben Neriah
2168:François de Laval
2153:Damien of Molokai
2120:Victor and Corona
2115:Valentine of Rome
2005:Martyrs of Prague
1970:Martyrs of Gorkum
1930:Martyrs of Lübeck
1817:Vincent of Lérins
1797:Peter Chrysologus
1752:Irenaeus of Lyons
1722:Gregory the Great
1707:Ephrem the Syrian
1504:Robert Bellarmine
1499:John of the Cross
1484:Alphonsus Liguori
1459:Peter Chrysologus
1434:Ephrem the Syrian
1399:Basil of Caesarea
1374:Gregory the Great
1356:Seventy disciples
1248:Lazarus Zographos
1233:Francis of Assisi
1103:James of Alphaeus
1060:Marian apparition
920:978-1-4411-6747-7
911:Burns & Oates
814:978-0-8156-0642-0
751:by Paddy Murray,
723:Irish Independent
686:978-1-4411-6747-7
677:Burns & Oates
656:, 1983, pp. 20-22
639:The biography of
450:Can We Be Saints?
309:human trafficking
205:John Henry Newman
201:Louis de Montfort
184:Can we be Saints?
148:Blackrock College
84:
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2977:Narcisa de Jesús
2962:Lucy of Syracuse
2867:Agatha of Sicily
2779:John the Baptist
2025:Maximilian Kolbe
2020:Martyrs of Zenta
1995:Martyrs of Natal
1975:Martyrs of Japan
1965:Martyrs of China
1960:Martyrs of Drina
1895:Gerard of Csanád
1855:Canadian Martyrs
1840:Abda and Abdisho
1782:Melito of Sardis
1772:John of Damascus
1732:Gregory of Nyssa
1617:Ambrose of Milan
1549:Gregory of Narek
1514:Anthony of Padua
1489:Francis de Sales
1424:John of Damascus
1070:Joseph (husband)
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652:Maria Legionis,
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382:anti-colonialist
349:Peadar O'Donnell
319:stigma of their
316:Magdalen Asylums
249:Crypto-Calvinism
146:. Duff attended
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3178:Servants of God
3153:Irish activists
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3075:Seven Champions
3068:Church Militant
3058:Athleta Christi
3053:Military saints
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2917:Clare of Assisi
2853:
2789:Judas Barsabbas
2695:
2267:
2197:
2183:Nino of Georgia
2129:
2035:Pedro Calungsod
1990:Martyrs of Laos
1935:Luigi Versiglia
1826:
1767:John Chrysostom
1657:Clement of Rome
1598:
1591:
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1524:Teresa of Ávila
1509:Albertus Magnus
1394:John Chrysostom
1360:
1321:Mary of Bethany
1302:
1208:Anthony of Kiev
1189:
1157:
1108:James the Great
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899:Further reading
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614:Kennedy, Finola
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437:Desmond Connell
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301:W. R. E. Murphy
265:Vitalis of Gaza
232:
212:Michael Collins
156:
137:He was born in
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80:Dublin, Ireland
79:
75:
74:7 November 1980
62:
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3080:Virtuous pagan
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2844:Zechariah (NT)
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2178:Junípero Serra
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2163:Francis Xavier
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2105:Uganda Martyrs
2102:
2097:
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2077:
2075:Titus Brandsma
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2062:
2057:
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2050:Pietro Parenzo
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2017:
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1326:Mary Magdalene
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1012:Servant of God
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943:
942:External links
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934:Legion of Mary
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857:(364): 381–389
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453:Reprinted 1998
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360:Francis Bourne
356:Joseph MacRory
345:Sean O'Faolain
231:
230:Legion of Mary
228:
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126:
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106:Legion of Mary
98:Catholic Laity
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81:
78:(aged 91)
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2085:Thomas Becket
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1910:Irish Martyrs
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789:Penguin Books
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386:Irish history
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2536:Marcellus I
2531:Marcellinus
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2361:Celestine V
2356:Celestine I
2351:Callixtus I
2341:Boniface IV
2331:Benedict II
2306:Alexander I
2281:Adeodatus I
2100:Ulma Family
2090:Thomas More
1940:Martyrology
1915:John Fisher
1564:Evangelists
1444:Bonaventure
1098:Bartholomew
1032:Virgin Mary
886:28 December
599:29 December
561:28 December
507:Catholicism
328:WT Cosgrave
100:during the
61:7 June 1889
3127:Categories
2686:Zephyrinus
2646:Stephen IV
2631:Sixtus III
2611:Simplicius
2556:Nicholas I
2481:John XXIII
2471:Innocent I
2441:Gregory II
2431:Gelasius I
2336:Boniface I
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641:Frank Duff
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423:Veneration
400:Later life
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297:Irish Army
176:Protestant
144:Drumcondra
125:Early life
57:1889-06-07
31:Frank Duff
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2551:Miltiades
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2436:Gregory I
2421:Felix III
2406:Evaristus
2401:Eutychian
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2381:Dionysius
2376:Damasus I
2371:Cornelius
2366:Clement I
2311:Anacletus
2055:Philomena
1702:Dionysius
1677:Damasus I
1622:Anatolius
1308:Disciples
1243:Homobonus
1203:Anatolius
1016:Venerable
861:18 August
729:18 August
495:Biography
404:In 1965,
295:, former
289:Civil War
253:Jansenism
120:Biography
66:, Ireland
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2764:Jeremiah
2744:Habakkuk
2701:Prophets
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2546:Martin I
2526:Lucius I
2491:Julius I
2456:Hilarius
2426:Felix IV
2396:Eusebius
2391:Eugene I
2321:Anicetus
2193:Remigius
2148:Boniface
1554:Irenaeus
1336:Silvanus
1283:Salonius
1128:Matthias
1093:Barnabas
1080:Apostles
475:See also
299:General
94:Catholic
2987:Rosalia
2912:Cecilia
2859:Virgins
2819:Obadiah
2794:Malachi
2739:Ezekiel
2691:Zosimus
2681:Zachary
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2596:Pontian
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2506:Leo III
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1346:Timothy
1341:Stephen
1316:Apollos
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1171:Gabriel
1123:Matthew
1020:Blessed
519:Ireland
481:Portals
114:Ireland
2834:Simeon
2824:Samuel
2759:Isaiah
2749:Haggai
2734:Elijah
2709:Agabus
2591:Pius X
2586:Pius V
2581:Pius I
2566:Paul I
2516:Leo IX
2511:Leo IV
2501:Leo II
2476:John I
2411:Fabian
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2754:Hosea
2729:David
2636:Soter
2576:Peter
2521:Linus
2496:Leo I
2346:Caius
2273:Popes
2246:David
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2226:Isaac
1642:Caius
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1138:Peter
1024:Saint
443:Works
269:Monto
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2541:Mark
2251:Noah
2216:Abel
2211:Adam
1587:John
1582:Luke
1577:Mark
1133:Paul
1118:Jude
1113:John
915:ISBN
888:2021
863:2022
809:ISBN
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681:ISBN
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601:2021
563:2021
463:ASIN
358:and
347:and
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71:Died
49:Born
2769:Job
91:lay
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