526:; (2) if the basis of the classification involves factors that are related to the mechanistic details of the stability and behaviour of minerals, then the physical, chemical and paragenetic characteristics of minerals should arise as natural consequences of their crystal structures and the interaction of those structures with the environment in which they occur. The structure hierarchy hypothesis may be justified by considering a hypothetical structure-building process whereby higher bond-valence polyhedra polymerize to form the structural unit. This hypothetical structure-building process resembles our ideas of crystallization from an aqueous solution, whereby complexes in aqueous and hydrothermal solutions condense to form crystal structures, or fragments of linked polyhedra in a magma condense to form a crystal. Although our knowledge of these processes is rather vague from a mechanistic perspective, the foundations of the structure hypothesis give us a framework within which to think about the processes of crystallization and dissolution Structure hierarchies have been developed for several mineral families, e.g. borates, uranyl oxides and oxysalts, phosphate, sulfate, arsenate and oxide-centered Cu, Pb and Hg minerals
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form the majority of mineral species, but are less quantitatively abundant; however, they form the majority of the environmentally relevant minerals. The criteria that control the chemical composition and stability of these minerals at the atomic level may be derived from the valence-sum rule and valence-matching principle and much of this complexity can be quantitatively predicted reasonably well, and species in aqueous solution also follow the valence-sum rule, and that their Lewis basicities scale with pH of the solution at maximum concentration of the species in solution
Complex species in aqueous solution actually form the building blocks of the crystallizing minerals, and hence the structures retain a record of the pH of the solutions from which they crystallized.
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for other faculty members when they went on sabbatical leave. After seven years of this rather precarious existence, he secured a
University Research Fellowship in 1980, the first year of that program. The Federal Government recognized that there were few academic jobs available in the 1970s and introduced the URF program whereby a recipient received a salary and a modest research grant to act as a faculty member (lecture and do research) for 5 years. If at the end of this time, the URF was hired as a faculty member by the university, the salary was paid in part by the Federal Government over the next 5 years. In 1983, Frank Hawthorne received a Major Equipment Grant from the
255:, to do a Ph.D. under the supervision of the crystallographer H. Douglas Grundy. Doug Grundy have him an amphibole to "look at", and this look developed into his Ph.D. thesis on the crystal chemistry of the amphiboles. McMaster University has a Materials Research Institute that was situated in the Senior Science Building together with the Departments of Geology, Chemistry and Physics. Everyone took coffee and lunch together in an atmosphere that was scientifically intoxicating for graduate students; all the disciplines mixed together and discussed science every day. The institute gave Hawthorne the opportunity for both hands-on use of single-crystal
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combination of SREF (Site-occupancy REFinement), SIMS (Secondary-Ion Mass
Spectrometry) and HLE (Hydrogen-Line Extraction) showed this not to be the case. Of particular importance are the role of Li, Ti and H in amphiboles, Li and H in staurolite and Li in tourmaline This work has resulted in much improved understanding of the crystal chemistry of these minerals, and the possibility for more realistic activity models for their thermodynamic treatment.
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chain, sheet and framework structures. Minerals forming in the core, mantle and deep crust do not incorporate so much hydrogen, and hydrogen is also far less polar at high pressures due to symmetrization of donor and acceptor bonds, and minerals generally crystallize as frameworks. Minerals forming in the shallow crust or at the Earth's surface have cluster, chain, sheet and framework structures in response to the constituent hydrogen.
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Theory (i.e., NOT a mean-field approach) can be used to predict patterns of SRO Infrared spectroscopy (IR) in the fundamental OH-stretching region is sensitive to both LRO and SRO of species bonded to OH, and one can combine
Rietveld structure refinement and IR spectroscopy to derive patterns of SRO. Thus H can act as a local probe of SRO in many complex rock-forming minerals.
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connectivity. Using the moments approach, it may be shown that anion-coordination changes in chemical reactions quantitatively correlate with the reduced enthalpy of formation of the reactants from the product phases for some simple mineral reactions and that changes in bond topology correlate with reduced enthalpy of formation for some simple hydrated phases
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schemes to problems in the Earth and
Environmental Sciences. Most minerals are complex (sensu lato) objects from both structural and chemical perspectives. On the one hand, this makes a quantitative theoretical understanding of the factors controlling structure, chemical composition and occurrence difficult to impossible by established theoretical methods in
227:) where he focused on Mathematics, Physics and Geography, played rugby, hockey, cricket, and did athletics (track and field). He was captured by Physical Geography and at the age of 15, decided to become a geologist. He played rugby for Thames Valley (later Maidenhead) Rugby Club and cricket for the village of
453:) to enumerate all edge sets (linkages between polyhedra) that are distinct, thereby counting all distinct local arrangements of coordination polyhedra. This approach allows all topologically possible local arrangements to be enumerated for specific sets of coordination polyhedra. Infinite arrangements with
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and defines the chemical pathways by which these minerals respond to varying temperature and pressure. The theoretical developments that underpin this behaviour indicate that they should apply to all other anisodesmic minerals (2) Minerals in which bond topology is not conserved in chemical reactions
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Systematic work on the crystal chemistry of rock-forming minerals have led to the discovery many hitherto unrecognized types of chemical substitution, e.g. The main interest with regard to rare accessory minerals is the opportunity to examine novel crystal structures in relation to the hierarchical
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In 1987, Hawthorne began collaboration with
Roberta Oberti, Luciano Ungaretti and Giuseppe Rossi in Pavia using large-scale crystal-structure refinement and electron-microprobe analysis of amphiboles to solve many crystal-chemical problems, e.g. This work has had a major impact on the understanding
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Light lithophile elements (LLEs) can be important variable components in several groups of rock-forming minerals that were thought either to be free of LLEs, or to contain stoichiometrically fixed amounts of these components. Systematic examination of these types of crystal-chemical issues using a
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and elastic compression must be accompanied by element substitutions that maintain commensurability between different components of the structure. Hence one can define from an atomistic perspective the qualitative changes caused by variation in temperature and pressure. Extensive experimental work
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has been an observational science: Mineralogists describe new minerals, measure the stability fields of known minerals with respect to intensive thermodynamic variables, solve and refine crystal structures, and attempt to develop empirical schemes of organization of this knowledge, and apply these
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which relieved him of some of his undergraduate teaching and allowed him to attract another crystallographer, Dr. Elena
Sokolova, to the department, first as a Research Associate and later as a Research Professor. Dr. Sokolova has had a major influence on his ideas concerning crystal structure and
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minerals with Černý and
Ferguson, returning several times a year to the Materials Research Institute at McMaster University to collect single-crystal X-ray data (at no cost). At the end of his post-doctoral fellowship, he became a Research Associate, operating the electron microprobe and lecturing
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The tourmaline minerals rival the amphiboles in complexity, and were relatively neglected until twenty-five years ago. Hawthorne and his students began crystal-chemical work on these minerals and rapidly identified a new subgroup of tourmaline minerals, showed that tourmaline has more complicated
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Hydrogen was long considered a fairly unimportant component in minerals, particularly when present as "water of hydration". This view has now changed: the polar nature of hydrogen controls the dimensions of polymerization of strongly bonded oxyanions in crystal structures, giving rise to cluster,
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Long-Range Order (LRO) describes the tendency for atoms to order at a specific location in a structure, averaged over the whole crystal. Short-Range Order (SRO) is the tendency for atoms to locally cluster in arrangements that are discordant with random distribution. A local form of Bond-Valence
416:, Bond-Valence Theory, and the moments approach to the electronic-energy density-of-states to interpret topological aspects of crystal structure, and allows consideration of many issues of crystal structure, mineral composition, and mineral behavior that are not addressed by established methods.
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cation-ordering patterns than was hitherto thought, and a new classification scheme for the tourmaline-supergroup minerals was approved by the
International Mineralogical Association. There has since been a major increase in tourmaline studies, turning it into a petrogenetically useful mineral.
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is an ordered set of elements where the ordering reflects a natural hierarchical relation between the elements. The structure hierarchy hypothesis states that structures may be ordered hierarchically according to the polymerization of coordination polyhedra of higher bond valence. Structure
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This leads to the following conclusions: (1) zero-order moments define chemical composition; (2) second-order moments define coordination numbers; (3) fourth- and sixth-order moments define local connectivity of coordination polyhedra; and (4) higher moments define medium- and long-range
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Sokolova, E.; Cámara, F.; Abdu, Y.A.; Hawthorne, F.C.; Horváth, L.; Pfenninger-Horváth, E. (2 January 2018). "Bobshannonite, Na2KBa(Mn,Na)8(Nb,Ti)4(Si2O7)4O4(OH)4(O,F)2, a new titanium-silicate mineral from Mt. Saint-Hilaire, Québec, Canada: Description and crystal structure".
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Using the moments approach (see above), chemical reactions in minerals may be divided into two types: (1) Continuous reactions in which bond topology is conserved; and (2) discontinuous reactions in which bond topology is not conserved. (1) For continuous reactions,
199:, bond-valence theory and the moments approach to the electronic energy density of solids he has developed bond topology as a rigorous approach to understanding the atomic arrangements, chemical compositions and paragenesis of complex oxide and oxysalt minerals.
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3465:; Della Ventura, Giancarlo; Boiocchi, Massimo; Zanetti, Alberto; Hawthorne, Frank C. (2017). "The crystal chemistry of oxo-mangani-leakeite and mangano-mangani-ungarettiite from the Hoskins mine and their impossible solid-solution: An XRD and FTIR study".
322:), Luciano Ungaretti and Giuseppi Rossi on the crystal chemistry of amphiboles, and he has spent ~4 years in Italy working with them on crystal chemistry and with Giancarlo Della Ventura in Rome on short-range order in amphiboles. In 1985, he went to the
2022:; Tait, K.T. (2013). "Veblenite, K2_2Na(Fe2+5 Fe3+4 Mn2+7_)Nb3Ti(Si2O7)2 (Si8O22)2O6(OH)10(H2O)3, a new mineral from Seal Lake, Newfoundland and Labrador: mineral description, crystal structure, and a new veblenite (Si8O22) ribbon".
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who introduced him to the moments approach to the electronic energy density of solids. This was pivotal for
Hawthorne's ideas on structure as it connected the topology of chemical bonds with the energy of the constituent crystals.
2910:"The OH-F substitution in Ti-rich potassium-richterites: Rietveld structure refinement and FTIR and micro-Raman spectroscopic studies of synthetic amphiboles in the system K2O-Na2O-CaO-MgO-SiO2-TiO2-H2O-HF"
1834:; Ashley, Paul M. (1 February 1995). "A new anhydrous amphibole from the Hoskins mine, Grenfell, New South Wales, Australia: Description and crystal structure of ungarettiite, NaNa2(Mn2+2Mn3+3)Si8O22O2".
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Della Ventura, Giancarlo; Parodi, Gian Carlo; Mottana, Annibale; Chaussidon, Marc (1993). "Peprossiite-(Ce), a new mineral from Campagnano (Italy): the first anhydrous rare-earth-element borate".
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hierarchies have two functions: (1) they serve to organize our knowledge of minerals (crystal structures) in a coherent manner, and in this way relate to the original structure classifications of
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1577:; Nash, Barbara P.; Hawthorne, Frank C.; Marty, Joe (3 September 2019). "Davidbrownite-(NH4), (NH4,K)5(V5+O)2(C2O4)4·3H2O, a new phosphate-oxalate mineral from the Rowley mine, Arizona, USA".
231:. From late 1962 onward, he was exposed to early English rock-and-roll at pubs and clubs on the periphery of London and became a lifelong enthusiast of this form of music. In 1964, he entered
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408:, the more information it contains about its origin and properties. The principal thrust of Hawthorne's work has been to establish the theoretical underpinnings of more rigorous approach to
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to study Pure Geology, play rugby, hockey and cricket, and drink the occasional pint of beer. He became interested in hard-rock geology and his B.Sc. thesis work, 3 months on the island of
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where he connected with mineral collectors and dealers who were to become the principal source of crystals for his experimental work. In 1983, he was invited to give a lecture at the
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also introduced him to the Crystallography-Mineralogy community in Russia. He obtained funding from the Federal Government of Canada to develop a large laboratory: several X-ray
1916:; Nayak, V.K. (2005). "Dellaventuraite, NaNa2(MgMn3+2Ti4+Li)Si8O22O2, a new anhydrous amphibole from the Kajlidongri Manganese Mine, Jhabua District, Madhya Pradesh, India".
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291:, Canada. This was another important step in his development as it exposed him to a wide variety of minerals from granitic pegmatites, particularly through the influence of
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Lussier, Aaron J.; Lopez, Rachel A.K.; Burns, Peter C. (January 2016). "A revised and expanded structure hierarchy of natural and synthetic hexavalent uranium compounds".
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Frank Hawthorne graduated with a Ph.D. in 1973 and went on to a post-doctoral position with Professor Robert B. Ferguson in the Department of Geological Sciences at the
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Lussier, Aaron J.; Hawthorne, Frank C. (January 2021). "Structure topology and graphical representation of decorated and undecorated chains of edge-sharing octahedra".
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Cooper, M.A.; Dunning, G.E.; Hawthorne, F.C.; Ma, C.; Kampf, A.R.; Spratt, J.; Stanley, C.J.; Christy, A.G. (2021). "Mikecoxite, IMA 2021-060. CNMNC Newsletter 64".
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of Canada for a Single-Crystal Diffractometer and began to build his laboratory and have graduate students. At this time, Hawthorne established connections with the
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412:. The patterns of linkage of chemical bonds in space contain significant energetic information that may be used for this purpose. Bond Topology combines aspects of
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3270:; Harlow, George E.; Maresch, Walter V.; Martin, Robert F.; Schumacher, John C.; Welch, Mark D. (1 November 2012). "Nomenclature of the amphibole super-group".
271:, and for making the acquaintance of prominent scientists. In particular, he met the physicist I. David Brown and the chemist R.D. Shannon (on sabbatical from
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1202:"Bond topology of chain, ribbon and tube silicates. Part I. Graph-theory generation of infinite one-dimensional arrangements of ( T O 4 ) n − tetrahedra"
211:, England, on 8 January 1946, to Audrey Patricia (née Miles) and Frank Hawthorne, and went to Begbrook Primary School (now Begbrook Primary Academy) and
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Hawthorne, Frank C.; Schindler, Michael (2013). "Crystallization and Dissolution in Aqueous Solution: A Bond-valence Approach". In Brown, Ian David;
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of amphibole structure, chemical composition and occurrence and resulted in a more comprehensive classification and nomenclature for these minerals
2194:"Bond topology of chain, ribbon and tube silicates. Part I. Graph- theory generation of infinite one-dimensional arrangements of (TO4)n– tetrahedra"
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2803:; Mentré, Olivier; Siidra, Oleg I.; Colmont, Marie; Filatov, Stanislav K. (12 September 2013). "Anion-centered tetrahedra in inorganic compounds".
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1789:(2000). "A new anhydrous amphibole from the Eifel region, Germany: Description and crystal structure of obertiite, NaNa2(Mg3Fe3+Ti4+)Si8O22O2".
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2623:; Burns, Peter C.; Hawthorne, Frank C. (1999). "Borate minerals II. A hierarchy of structures based on the borate fundamental building block".
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3437:"Leakeite, NaNa2(Mg2Fe3+2Li)Si8O22 (OH)2, a new alkali amphibole from the Kajlidongri manganese mine, Jhabua district, Madhya Pradesh, India"
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Hawthorne, Frank C.; Sokolova, Elena (16 July 2012). "The role of H2O in controlling bond topology: The Mg(SO4)(H2O)n (n = 0-6) structures".
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4130:"Presentation of the 2013 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America to Frank C. Hawthorne | American Mineralogist"
4032:"Constance Backhouse, Sherrill Grace, Frank Hawthorne, Peter St George-Hyslop and Michael Sefton to receive $ 100,000 Killam Prizes"
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Hawthorne, Frank C.; Schindler, Michael (1 February 2008). "Understanding the weakly bonded constituents in oxysalt minerals".
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Pautov, L.A.; Agakhanov, A.A.; Bekenova, G.K. (2006). "Sokolovaite CsLi2AlSi4O10F2 - a new mineral species of the mica group".
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969:"The crystal chemistry of hexavalent uranium: polyhedron geometries, bond-valence parameters, and polymerization of polyhedra"
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organization of structural arrangements in general. Often by serendipity, this work has led to some very interesting findings
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as a source of crystals for minerals of unknown structure, and accompanied staff (Dr. Fred J. Wicks and Terri Ottaway) to the
3063:; Caucia, Franca; Callegari, Athos (1993). "The crystal chemistry of staurolite. III. Local order and chemical composition".
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SN (where N is the number of unique off-diagonal elements of the adjacency matrix), and one may use counting theorems (e.g.,
3237:; Della Ventura, Giancarlo; Mottana, Annibale, eds. (2007). "Amphiboles: Crystal Chemistry, Occurrence and Health Issues".
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1457:"A bond-topological approach to theoretical mineralogy: crystal structure, chemical composition and chemical reactions"
1047:"A bond-topological approach to theoretical mineralogy: crystal structure, chemical composition and chemical reactions"
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To the right, there are two links. They will download PDFs to your device. This award is listed on the Fellowship PDF.
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3736:"The Hawley Medal for 1994 to Frank Hawthorne, Luciano Ungaretti, Roberta Oberti, Franca Caucia and Athos Callegari"
2375:"Short-range atomic arrangements in minerals. I: The minerals of the amphibole, tourmaline and pyroxene supergroups"
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3024:"The role of Ti in hydrogen-deficient amphiboles: Sodic-calcic and sodic amphiboles from Coyote Peak, California"
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Majzlan, Juraj; Drahota, Petr; Filippi, Michal (2014). "Parageneses and crystal chemistry of arsenic minerals".
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Della Ventura, Giancarlo; Robert, Jean-Louis; Bény, Jean-Michel; Raudsepp, Mati; Hawthorne, Frank C. (1993).
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3349:"Reassignment of cation site-occupancies in tourmaline: Al/Mg disorder in the crystal structure of dravite"
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3797:"Dr. Frank Hawthorne Profile Page | Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources"
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Huminicki, Danielle M.C.; Hawthorne, Frank C. (2002). "The crystal chemistry of the phosphate minerals".
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3387:; Uher, Pavel; Pezzotta, Federico (1 May 2011). "Nomenclature of the tourmaline super-group minerals".
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1995, awarded the Schlumberger Medal of the Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Hawthorne, Frank C. (18 May 1995). "Light lithophile elements in metamorphic rock-forming minerals".
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Hawthorne, Frank C.; Della Ventura, Giancarlo (1 October 2007). "Short-range order in amphiboles".
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3507:"The structure topology of sidpietersite, Pb2+4(S6+O3S2-) O2(OH)2, a novel thiosulphate structure"
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2016, special issue of the Canadian Mineralogist published to honour the career of Frank Hawthorne
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Hawthorne, Frank C. (April 2015). "Toward theoretical mineralogy: a bond-topological approach".
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on the topology of four-connected three-dimensional nets. There he met the theoretical chemist
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groups in mikecoxite Hawthorne has been involved in the discovery of 180 new mineral species.
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Brown, I.D.; Shannon, R.D. (1973). "Empirical bond-strength–bond-length curves from oxides".
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3313:"Foitite, [], a new alkali-deficient tourmaline: Description and crystal structure"
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3624:"Proceedings of the twenty-ninth annual meeting of the Mineralogical Association of Canada"
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3198:"Sodium at the A site in clinoamphiboles: the effects of composition on patterns of order"
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Hawthorne, Frank C. (1992). "The role of OH and H2O in oxide and oxysalt minerals".
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2016, elected Honorary Fellow of the Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia
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Note that the Past-Presidents' Medal has since been renamed the Peacock Medal.
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Originally the Schlumberger Medal, it was renamed the Neumann Medal in 2022.
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Hawthorne, Frank C. (1983). "Graphical enumeration of polyhedral clusters".
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3570:"Frankhawthorneite, a unique HCP framework structure of a cupric tellurate"
2826:
2663:
2431:
2311:
2229:
2184:
1245:
712:
as the most highly cited Geoscientist in the world for the decade 1996–2007
4217:
4063:
3678:
2778:
2741:
2700:
2553:
2348:
1849:
1029:
679:
1999, awarded the Peacock Medal of the Mineralogical Association of Canada
4011:
3402:
3285:
2249:(1987). "Some structural problems examined using the method of moments".
2123:
Hawthorne, Frank C. (August 2014). "The Structure Hierarchy Hypothesis".
1931:
1804:
1766:
1534:
1422:
1176:
930:"Borate minerals. I. Polyhedral clusters and fundamental building blocks"
676:
1998, awarded the Hawley Medal of the Mineralogical Association of Canada
651:
1994, awarded the Hawley Medal of the Mineralogical Association of Canada
610:
1984, awarded the Hawley Medal of the Mineralogical Association of Canada
288:
4204:"Professor Emeritus Frank C. Hawthorne elected to the Academia Europaea"
3760:
3551:
2588:
1639:
1592:
991:
952:
437:
of coordination polyhedra and their connectivities. The elements of the
2726:; Burns, Peter C. (2000). "The crystal chemistry of sulfate minerals".
2264:
2046:
466:
393:
252:
208:
81:
3779:
2818:
3383:
Henry, Darrell J.; Novák, Milan; Hawthorne, Frank C.; Ertl, Andreas;
2519:
1423:"The method of moments and the energy levels of molecules and solids"
1200:
Day, Maxwell Christopher; Hawthorne, Frank Christopher (1 May 2022).
693:
as the most highly cited Mineralogist/Crystallographer for 1990–2000
4084:"Dr. Barbara Lee Dutrow Wins the 2021 Carnegie Mineralogical Award"
3347:
Hawthorne, Frank C.; MacDonald, Daniel J.; Burns, Peter C. (1993).
2192:
Day, Maxwell Christopher; Hawthorne, Frank Christopher (May 2022).
3164:; Hawthorne, Frank C.; Ungaretti, Luciano; Cannillo, Elio (1995).
3092:"Structural mechanisms for light-element variations in tourmaline"
1548:
1364:
The Chemical Bond in Inorganic Chemistry: The Bond Valence Model
1295:. London: Mineralogical Society of Great Britain & Ireland.
871:
Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations of Crystallography
236:
195:
and is currently distinguished professor emeritus. By combining
3166:"[6]Al disorder in amphiboles from mantle peridotites"
667:
1997, Rh Institute Foundation Award for Excellence in Research
159:
3133:"The mechanism of [6]Li incorporation in amphiboles"
1266:
Amphiboles: crystal chemistry, occurrence, and health issues
1151:"Toward theoretical mineralogy: A bond-topological approach"
3844:"The Past-Presidents' Medal for 1999 to Frank C. Hawthorne"
1731:"Wicksite, a new mineral from northeastern Yukon Territory"
2879:"Short-range order in amphiboles: a bond-valence approach"
1264:; Giancarlo Della Ventura; Annibale Mottana, eds. (2007).
1207:
Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances
727:
2008, awarded the Killam Prize in Natural Sciences by the
2990:"Li: An important component in igneous alkali amphiboles"
1729:
Sturman, B.D.; Peacor, D.R.; Dunn, P.J. (1 August 1981).
2843:
Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials
2507:
Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials
2419:
Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials
2299:
Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials
3721:"Past Award Winners | the Royal Society of Canada"
3693:"The Killam Program: A record of Canada Council's role"
1701:"The NSERC Program of University Research Fellowships"
1322:. Washington, D.C.: Mineralogical Society of America.
23:
Canadian mineralogist and crystallographer (born 1946)
3657:"Member Directory | the Royal Society of Canada"
1830:; Cannillo, Elio; Sardone, Nicola; Zanetti, Alberto;
2018:
Cámara, F.; Sokolova, E; Hawthorne, F.C.; Rowe, R.;
1006:(October 2007). "Classification of the Amphiboles".
2583:. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer. pp. 161–190.
571:
Crystal chemistry of tourmaline-supergroup minerals
544:
Short-range order-disorder in rock-forming minerals
425:
Bond topology as a theoretical basis for Mineralogy
155:
141:
127:
103:
89:
60:
30:
4293:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
797:2018, appointed Distinguished Professor Emeritus,
562:Crystal chemistry of amphibole-supergroup minerals
553:Light lithophile elements in rock-forming minerals
500:has shown that short-range order is ubiquitous in
179:(born 8 January 1946) is an English-born Canadian
3818:"The Hawley Medal for 1998 to Frank C. Hawthorne"
3022:; Zanetti, Alberto; Czamanske, Gerald K. (1998).
302:Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
2988:; Bottazzi, Piero; Czamanske, Gerald K. (1993).
809:2018, appointed Companion of the Order of Canada
3603:"Mineralogical Society of America Fellows List"
2504:(29 March 1930). "The structure of silicates".
1320:Spectroscopic methods in mineralogy and geology
670:1997, appointed Distinguished Professor of the
4040:(Press release). 29 April 2008. Archived from
3931:"Most-Cited Authors in Geosciences, 1991-2001"
866:"Graphical enumeration of polyhedral clusters"
3505:Cooper, Mark A.; Hawthorne, Frank C. (1999).
16:For the Louisiana Supreme Court justice, see
8:
4288:Academic staff of the University of Manitoba
3131:; Cannillo, Elio; Smelik, Eugene A. (1994).
1357:
1355:
3896:"Chairholders: Profile for Frank Hawthorne"
3307:MacDonald, Daniel J.; Hawthorne, Frank C.;
2546:Crystal chemistry of large-cation silicates
2060:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1553:Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research
4176:"A Tribute to Frank Christopher Hawthorne"
3872:Mikuska, Julie; Scott, Sara, eds. (2001).
535:The role of hydrogen in crystal structures
49:
27:
3127:Hawthorne, Frank C.; Ungaretti, Luciano;
3059:Hawthorne, Frank C.; Ungaretti, Luciano;
2984:Hawthorne, Frank C.; Ungaretti, Luciano;
2451:
2449:
2392:
2373:Hawthorne, Frank C. (23 September 2016).
2219:
2045:
1975:
1638:
1482:
1455:Hawthorne, Frank C. (27 September 2012).
1413:
1411:
1376:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198742951.001.0001
1235:
1072:
909:"The crystal chemistry of the amphiboles"
635:1991, awarded a Killam Fellowship by the
3950:
3948:
2368:
2366:
2118:
2116:
1908:Tait, Kimberly T.; Hawthorne, Frank C.;
1708:The Canadian Journal of Higher Education
1421:; Lee, Stephen; Sha, William C. (1984).
864:Hawthorne, Frank C. (1 September 1983).
757:2013, awarded the Roebling Medal of the
745:2010, awarded the Bancroft Medal of the
739:2009, awarded the Carnegie Medal by the
4069:International Mineralogical Association
3791:
3789:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1450:
1448:
1351:
787:2017, awarded the Fersman Medal by the
735:International Mineralogical Association
4268:Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
3240:Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry
2766:Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry
2729:Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry
2688:Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry
2467:Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry
2456:Hawthorne, Frakn C.; Burns, Peter C.;
2336:Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry
2053:
1781:Hawthorne, Frank C.; Cooper, Mark A.;
1009:Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry
928:; Hawthorne, Frank C. (January 1995).
844:Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry
1362:Brown, Ian David (1 September 2016).
839:"Crystal chemistry of the amphiboles"
820:American Crystallographic Association
805:American Crystallographic Association
775:2015, elected Honorary Fellow of the
295:, and he worked on a wide variety of
7:
4017:European Association of Geochemistry
2581:Structure and Bonding. Bond Valences
1573:Kampf, Anthony R.; Cooper, Mark A.;
1268:. Mineralogical Society of America.
1100:"The structure hierarchy hypothesis"
837:Hawthorne, Frank C. (January 1981).
723:European Association of Geochemistry
702:2006, elected Foreign Fellow of the
1293:Landmark papers: structure topology
803:2018, awarded Buerger Medal by the
733:2009, awarded the IMA Medal of the
741:Carnegie Museum of Natural History
696:2005, appointed an Officer of the
473:showed that the electronic energy
14:
4273:Companions of the Order of Canada
4248:Alumni of Imperial College London
1462:Physics and Chemistry of Minerals
1149:Hawthorne, F. C. (1 April 2015).
1052:Physics and Chemistry of Minerals
763:2015, elected Life Fellow of the
686:in Crystallography and Mineralogy
338:In 2001, he was awarded a Tier I
3675:Geological Association of Canada
3608:Mineralogical Society of America
2462:"The crystal chemistry of boron"
1318:Frank C. Hawthorne, ed. (1988).
907:Hawthorne, Frank C. (May 1983).
759:Mineralogical Society of America
663:Geological Association of Canada
631:Geological Association of Canada
615:Geological Association of Canada
606:Mineralogical Society of America
377:X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
215:, Bristol. In 1956, he moved to
3937:. December 2001. Archived from
365:Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
207:Frank C. Hawthorne was born in
4148:"Fellowship - Current Fellows"
2947:European Journal of Mineralogy
2548:. Moscow: Akademia Nauk SSSR.
2380:European Journal of Mineralogy
1874:European Journal of Mineralogy
967:; Hawthorne, Frank C. (1997).
490:Chemical reactions in minerals
1:
3976:. August 2007. Archived from
3970:"Research From the Ground Up"
3568:; Roberts, Andrew C. (1995).
1291:F. C. Hawthorne, ed. (2006).
777:Russian Mineralogical Society
771:Geological Society of America
753:Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal
279:Career and informal education
3883:. p. 17. Archived from
3090:Hawthorne, Frank C. (1996).
2877:Hawthorne, Frank C. (1997).
2856:10.1524/zkri.1992.201.14.183
2147:10.1180/minmag.2014.078.4.13
2038:10.1180/minmag.2013.077.7.06
1958:"Joseph V. Smith, 1928-2007"
1699:Kavanagh, Robert J. (1987).
1631:10.1180/minmag.2015.079.7.06
1126:10.1180/minmag.2014.078.4.13
1045:Hawthorne, Frank C. (2012).
818:2021, elected Fellow of the
789:Fersman Mineralogical Museum
769:2015, elected Fellow of the
721:2007, elected Fellow of the
715:2007, elected Fellow of the
661:, the highest honour of the
619:1990, elected Fellow of the
613:1985, elected Fellow of the
604:1978, elected Fellow of the
4263:English emigrants to Canada
4102:The Royal Society of Canada
4064:"2009 - Frank C. HAWTHORNE"
4037:Canada Council for the Arts
3874:"12 Canada Research Chairs"
3842:Mitchell, Roger M. (1999).
3698:Canada Council for the Arts
3481:10.1180/minmag.2016.080.124
793:Russian Academy of Sciences
704:Russian Academy of Sciences
580:Description of new minerals
465:and extends this method to
310:Tucson Gem and Mineral Show
168:Frank Christopher Hawthorne
65:Frank Christopher Hawthorne
4314:
4278:McMaster University alumni
3671:"The W.W. Hutchison Medal"
3196:; Sardone, Nicola (1996).
2394:10.1127/EJM/2016/0028-2538
1716:10.47678/cjhe.v17i2.183015
445:that is a subgroup of the
369:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
326:for 2 months to work with
213:Bishop Road Primary School
15:
2212:10.1107/S2053273322001747
2099:10.1107/S0108767383001452
1977:10.1180/S0026461X00007453
1678:10.1107/S0567739473000689
1484:10.1007/s00269-012-0538-4
1220:10.1107/S2053273322001747
1098:Hawthorne, F. C. (2014).
1074:10.1007/s00269-012-0538-4
976:The Canadian Mineralogist
937:The Canadian Mineralogist
913:The Canadian Mineralogist
892:10.1107/S0108767383001452
477:can be derived using the
451:Pólya enumeration theorem
151:
120:
48:
3956:"Dr. Frank C. Hawthorne"
3816:Nicholls, James (1999).
4283:Scientists from Bristol
3734:Wicks, Fred J. (1998).
1368:Oxford University Press
765:Royal Society of Canada
747:Royal Society of Canada
682:2001, awarded a Tier I
647:Royal Society of Canada
621:Royal Society of Canada
373:Atomic Force Microscopy
233:Imperial College London
94:Imperial College London
4298:Logan Medal recipients
4258:Canadian mineralogists
4253:Canada Research Chairs
4012:"Geochemistry Fellows"
3992:"Geochemistry Fellows"
3881:University of Manitoba
3802:University of Manitoba
3539:Mineralogical Magazine
3468:Mineralogical Magazine
3431:; Ungaretti, Luciano;
2801:Krivovichev, Sergey V.
2724:Krivovichev, Sergey V.
2664:10.3749/canmin.1500078
2432:10.1524/zkri.2008.0003
2312:10.1524/zkri.2012.1473
2199:Acta Crystallographica
2185:10.3749/canmin.2000061
2126:Mineralogical Magazine
2078:Acta Crystallographica
2025:Mineralogical Magazine
1963:Mineralogical Magazine
1665:Acta Crystallographica
1618:Mineralogical Magazine
1580:Mineralogical Magazine
1105:Mineralogical Magazine
799:University of Manitoba
672:University of Manitoba
643:Willet G. Miller Medal
520:William Lawrence Bragg
457:may be represented by
455:translational symmetry
357:Mössbauer spectroscopy
285:University of Manitoba
269:Mössbauer spectroscopy
193:University of Manitoba
146:University of Manitoba
3901:Canada Research Chair
3851:Canadian Mineralogist
3825:Canadian Mineralogist
3743:Canadian Mineralogist
3631:Canadian Mineralogist
3577:Canadian Mineralogist
3511:Canadian Mineralogist
3442:American Mineralogist
3427:Hawthorne, Frank C.;
3390:American Mineralogist
3357:American Mineralogist
3321:American Mineralogist
3273:American Mineralogist
3266:Hawthorne, Frank C.;
3233:Hawthorne, Frank C.;
3205:Canadian Mineralogist
3192:Hawthorne, Frank C.;
3173:Canadian Mineralogist
3141:American Mineralogist
3099:Canadian Mineralogist
3065:Canadian Mineralogist
3031:Canadian Mineralogist
3018:Hawthorne, Frank C.;
2998:American Mineralogist
2918:American Mineralogist
2883:Canadian Mineralogist
2779:10.2138/rmg.2014.79.2
2742:10.2138/rmg.2000.40.1
2722:Hawthorne, Frank C.;
2701:10.2138/rmg.2002.48.5
2652:Canadian Mineralogist
2625:Canadian Mineralogist
2577:Poeppelmeier, Kenneth
2349:10.2138/rmg.2007.67.5
2252:Structure and Bonding
2173:Canadian Mineralogist
1919:American Mineralogist
1850:10.2138/am-1995-1-216
1837:American Mineralogist
1826:Hawthorne, Frank C.;
1792:American Mineralogist
1735:Canadian Mineralogist
1710:. XVII-2 (2): 59–77.
1514:American Mineralogist
1427:Croatica Chemica Acta
1156:American Mineralogist
1030:10.2138/rmg.2007.67.2
1002:Hawthorne, Frank C.;
812:2020, elected to the
684:Canada Research Chair
441:of this graph form a
363:and a micro-SIMS for
349:infrared spectroscopy
340:Canada Research Chair
324:University of Chicago
265:infrared spectroscopy
4098:"Past Award Winners"
3890:on 23 November 2022.
3403:10.2138/am.2011.3636
3328:(11–12): 1299–1303.
3286:10.2138/am.2012.4276
3280:(11–12): 2031–2048.
2960:10.1127/ejm/7/3/0607
2001:New Data on Minerals
1932:10.2138/am.2005.1659
1887:10.1127/ejm/5/1/0053
1805:10.2138/am-2000-0124
1535:10.2138/am-2015-5114
1260:Frank C. Hawthorne;
1177:10.2138/am-2015-5114
627:W.W. Hutchison Medal
469:. Work by the late
306:Royal Ontario Museum
3997:Geochemical Society
3782:on 4 February 2001.
3681:on 5 February 2007.
3622:Barr, S.M. (1984).
3552:10.1180/mgm.2021.93
3449:(9–10): 1112–1115.
3311:(1 December 1993).
2589:10.1007/430_2013_91
2139:2014MinM...78..957H
2091:1983AcCrA..39..724H
1593:10.1180/mgm.2019.56
1527:2015AmMin.100..696H
1475:2012PCM....39..841H
1169:2015AmMin.100..696H
1118:2014MinM...78..957H
1065:2012PCM....39..841H
1022:2007RvMG...67...55H
884:1983AcCrA..39..724H
717:Geochemical Society
509:Structure hierarchy
361:electron microprobe
314:University of Pavia
261:neutron diffraction
245:McMaster University
98:McMaster University
4162:"Honorary Fellows"
4104:. 21 October 2018.
3723:. 21 October 2018.
3385:Dutrow, Barbara L.
2265:10.1007/BFB0004458
2247:Burdett, Jeremy K.
1762:"Terri Ottaway CV"
1575:Rossman, George R.
751:2012, awarded the
657:1996, awarded the
641:1993, awarded the
625:1991, awarded the
601:is named after him
355:, bulk- and milli-
353:Raman spectroscopy
225:Desborough College
191:. He works at the
160:frankhawthorne.com
18:Frank W. Hawthorne
3980:on 11 March 2012.
3908:on 27 August 2011
3776:"The Logan Medal"
2819:10.1021/cr3004696
2514:(3152): 237–305.
2206:(Pt 3): 212–233.
1956:(February 2007).
1419:Burdett, Jeremy K
963:Burns, Peter C.;
924:Burns, Peter C.;
814:Academia Europaea
599:Frankhawthorneite
530:Experimental work
497:thermal expansion
483:density of states
479:method of moments
475:density of states
443:permutation group
259:, single-crystal
257:X-ray diffraction
165:
164:
122:Scientific career
116:
55:Hawthorne in 2007
4305:
4222:
4221:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4044:on 6 August 2011
4028:
4022:
4021:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3952:
3943:
3942:
3941:on 22 July 2012.
3927:
3921:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3904:. Archived from
3891:
3889:
3878:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3848:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3822:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3793:
3784:
3783:
3778:. Archived from
3772:
3766:
3764:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3740:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3677:. Archived from
3667:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3628:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3574:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3502:
3496:
3492:
3458:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3397:(5–6): 895–913.
3380:
3374:
3373:
3353:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3317:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3202:
3188:
3170:
3157:
3137:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3096:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3056:
3050:
3046:
3028:
3014:
2994:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2914:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2850:(1–4): 183–206.
2837:
2831:
2830:
2813:(8): 6459–6535.
2806:Chemical Reviews
2797:
2791:
2790:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2520:10.1038/125510A0
2498:
2492:
2491:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2188:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2051:
2049:
2032:(7): 2955–2974.
2015:
2009:
2008:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1954:Wyllie, Peter J.
1950:
1944:
1943:
1926:(2–3): 304–309.
1905:
1899:
1898:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1844:(1–21): 65–172.
1823:
1817:
1816:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1760:Ottaway, Terri.
1757:
1751:
1750:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1705:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1672:(A29): 266–282.
1659:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1625:(7): 1791–1811.
1611:
1605:
1604:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1508:
1497:
1496:
1486:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1433:(5): 1193–1216.
1415:
1406:
1405:
1366:(2nd ed.).
1359:
1341:
1314:
1287:
1249:
1239:
1196:
1145:
1094:
1076:
1041:
998:
997:on 4 March 2016.
996:
990:. Archived from
973:
965:Ewing, Rodney C.
959:
958:on 4 March 2016.
957:
951:. Archived from
934:
920:
903:
860:
831:Journal articles
708:2007, listed by
689:2001, listed by
439:adjacency matrix
420:Theoretical work
203:Formal education
185:crystallographer
178:
114:
78:
74:
72:
53:
43:
28:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4206:. 26 July 2021.
4202:
4201:
4197:
4190:"Buerger Award"
4188:
4187:
4183:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4134:GeoScienceWorld
4128:
4127:
4123:
4118:. 11 June 2018.
4114:
4113:
4109:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4045:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4010:
4009:
4005:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3954:
3953:
3946:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3911:
3909:
3894:
3887:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3820:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3795:
3794:
3787:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3761:"Neumann Medal"
3759:
3758:
3754:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3703:
3701:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3572:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3461:
3429:Oberti, Roberta
3426:
3422:
3418:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3268:Oberti, Roberta
3265:
3264:
3260:
3235:Oberti, Roberta
3232:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3200:
3194:Oberti, Roberta
3191:
3168:
3162:Oberti, Roberta
3160:
3135:
3129:Oberti, Roberta
3126:
3122:
3118:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3061:Oberti, Roberta
3058:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3026:
3020:Oberti, Roberta
3017:
2992:
2986:Oberti, Roberta
2983:
2979:
2975:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2599:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2275:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2191:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2133:(4): 957–1027.
2122:
2121:
2114:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2052:
2017:
2016:
2012:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1828:Oberti, Roberta
1825:
1824:
1820:
1787:Ottolini, Luisa
1780:
1779:
1775:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1741:(31): 377–380.
1728:
1727:
1723:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1510:
1509:
1500:
1469:(10): 841–874.
1454:
1453:
1446:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1386:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1330:
1317:
1303:
1290:
1276:
1259:
1256:
1199:
1148:
1112:(4): 957–1027.
1097:
1059:(10): 841–874.
1044:
1004:Oberti, Roberta
1001:
994:
971:
962:
955:
932:
923:
906:
863:
836:
833:
828:
698:Order of Canada
595:
588:
582:
573:
564:
555:
546:
537:
532:
513:A mathematical
511:
492:
447:symmetric group
427:
422:
407:
403:
387:Traditionally,
385:
383:Scientific work
345:diffractometers
328:Joseph V. Smith
281:
205:
170:
136:crystallography
110:
108:Order of Canada
96:
90:Alma mater
85:
79:
76:
70:
68:
67:
66:
56:
44:
35:
33:
32:Frank Hawthorne
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
4311:
4309:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4209:
4195:
4181:
4167:
4153:
4139:
4121:
4107:
4089:
4075:
4055:
4023:
4003:
3983:
3961:
3944:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3892:
3868:
3861:
3834:
3808:
3785:
3767:
3752:
3726:
3712:
3684:
3662:
3648:
3614:
3594:
3566:Grice, Joel D.
3557:
3528:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3475:(3): 707–722.
3463:Oberti, oberta
3459:
3433:Grice, Joel D.
3423:
3416:
3375:
3339:
3309:Grice, Joel D.
3299:
3258:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3189:
3158:
3123:
3116:
3082:
3071:(3): 597–616.
3051:
3048:
3047:
3015:
2980:
2973:
2954:(3): 607–622.
2936:
2900:
2869:
2832:
2792:
2755:
2714:
2695:(1): 123–253.
2677:
2658:(1): 177–283.
2642:
2621:Grice, Joel D.
2612:
2597:
2567:
2533:
2493:
2458:Grice, Joel D.
2445:
2408:
2387:(3): 513–536.
2362:
2343:(1): 173–222.
2325:
2306:(8): 594–603.
2288:
2273:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2189:
2167:
2160:
2112:
2085:(5): 724–736.
2067:
2010:
1991:
1970:(1): 113–119.
1945:
1914:Ottolini Luisa
1910:Grice, Joel D.
1900:
1863:
1832:Grice, Joel D.
1818:
1799:(1): 236–241.
1783:Grice, Joel D.
1773:
1752:
1721:
1691:
1654:
1606:
1587:(6): 869–877.
1565:
1540:
1521:(4): 696–713.
1498:
1444:
1407:
1384:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1328:
1315:
1301:
1288:
1274:
1262:Roberta Oberti
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1214:(3): 212–233.
1197:
1163:(4): 696–713.
1146:
1095:
1042:
999:
960:
926:Grice, Joel D.
921:
904:
878:(5): 724–736.
861:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
822:
816:
810:
807:
801:
795:
785:
782:
779:
773:
767:
761:
755:
749:
743:
737:
731:
729:Canada Council
725:
719:
713:
706:
700:
694:
687:
680:
677:
674:
668:
665:
655:
652:
649:
639:
637:Canada Council
633:
623:
617:
611:
608:
602:
594:
591:
586:
581:
578:
572:
569:
563:
560:
554:
551:
545:
542:
536:
533:
531:
528:
510:
507:
491:
488:
471:Jeremy Burdett
426:
423:
421:
418:
405:
401:
384:
381:
332:Jeremy Burdett
280:
277:
204:
201:
189:spectroscopist
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
129:
125:
124:
118:
117:
112:Roebling Medal
105:
101:
100:
91:
87:
86:
80:
75:8 January 1946
64:
62:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
34:
31:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4310:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4243:Living people
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4205:
4199:
4196:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4072:. 7 May 2012.
4071:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4007:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3974:Science Watch
3971:
3965:
3962:
3957:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3935:Science Watch
3932:
3926:
3923:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3532:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3517:: 1275–1282.
3516:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3498:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3350:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3037:: 1253–1265.
3036:
3032:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2940:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2911:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2773:(1): 17–184.
2772:
2768:
2767:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2598:9783642549687
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2474:(1): 41–116.
2473:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2426:(12): 41–68.
2425:
2421:
2420:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2274:3-540-17581-4
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1385:9780198742951
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1329:0-939950-22-7
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1302:0-903056-23-2
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1275:9780939950799
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
993:
989:
985:
982:: 1551–1570.
981:
977:
970:
966:
961:
954:
950:
946:
943:: 1131–1151.
942:
938:
931:
927:
922:
919:(2): 173–480.
918:
914:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:
867:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
845:
840:
835:
834:
830:
825:
821:
817:
815:
811:
808:
806:
802:
800:
796:
794:
790:
786:
783:
780:
778:
774:
772:
768:
766:
762:
760:
756:
754:
750:
748:
744:
742:
738:
736:
732:
730:
726:
724:
720:
718:
714:
711:
710:Science Watch
707:
705:
701:
699:
695:
692:
691:Science Watch
688:
685:
681:
678:
675:
673:
669:
666:
664:
660:
656:
653:
650:
648:
644:
640:
638:
634:
632:
628:
624:
622:
618:
616:
612:
609:
607:
603:
600:
597:
596:
592:
590:
579:
577:
570:
568:
561:
559:
552:
550:
543:
541:
534:
529:
527:
525:
524:Nikolai Belov
521:
516:
508:
506:
503:
498:
489:
487:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:finite graphs
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
424:
419:
417:
415:
411:
399:
395:
390:
382:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
336:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
294:
290:
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