232:
663:
347:
714:
500:
38:
801:
312:, persuaded Sprague to resign his naval commission to work for Edison. Sprague, who began at a salary of $ 2,500, was neither happy with his salary nor his assignments. Sprague wanted to focus on motors, while motors bored Edison, who was consumed in making his incandescent lighting work. Edison sent Sprague to run the construction departments where Edison had built central power stations for his lighting systems in
338:, a method of braking that uses the drive motor to return power to the main supply system. His motor was the first to maintain constant speed under varying load. It was immediately popular and was endorsed by Edison as the only practical electric motor available. His regenerative braking system was important in the development of the electric train and the electric elevator.
1186:
system of electric railway work then proposed and every facility being granted for its thorough inspection, the occasion proved one of the great interests." Surprisingly, the project progressed very rapidly, without hesitation or false starts. Each company line was rebuilt, electrified, then placed into service. The last horse was finally retired sometime in 1897.
590:, Sprague served on the Naval Consulting Board. Then, in the 1920s, he devised a method for safely running two independent elevators, local and express, in a single shaft, to conserve floor space. He sold this system, along with systems for activating elevator car safety systems when acceleration or speed became too great, to the
1687:
772:(1953–1987). At its peak, Sprague Electric employed 12,000 people worldwide with plants in Scotland, France, Italy, and Japan, in addition to multiple locations in the United States, to become a leading manufacturer of capacitors and other electronic components. Sprague Electric was eventually acquired by
1185:
Electrical engineers all across the country were aware of what was going on in Boston, including AlEE members. The AlEE Handbook of 1900 reported that the 1890 General
Meeting held in Boston included a tour of the West End 's facilities. The Secretary at that time wrote: "This was the most extensive
729:
All through his life and up to his last day, Frank
Sprague had a prodigious capacity for work ... And once having made up his mind on a new invention or a new line of work, he was tireless and always striving for improvement. He had a brilliantly alert mind and was impatient of any half-way
182:). He became known as the "father of electric traction". Demonstrating an aptitude for science and mathematics, Sprague secured an appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy in 1874 and, after graduation in 1878 and 2 years at sea, resigned to pursue his career in electrical engineering.
418:
in Boston had witnessed the simultaneous startup of multiple streetcars on a single power source and had signed up for conversion. By
January 1889, Boston had its first electric streetcars – which would be the first in the Americas to go underground, some eight years later, as the
662:
218:. He got the highest score (twelve others took the exam), and to go to the school he needed to borrow money. A local contractor and a bank loaned him four thousand dollars, and he travelled to Maryland. There, he graduated seventh (out of thirty-six) in the class of 1878.
477:. He saw that increasing the capacity of elevator shafts would not only save passengers' time but would also increase the earnings of tall buildings, with height limited by the total floor space taken up in the shaftways by slow hydraulic-powered elevators.
602:
Sprague's developments in electric traction let cities grow larger, while his development of the elevator permitted greater concentration in their commercial sections and increased the profitability of commercial buildings. Sprague's inventions made modern
742:, where it remains today accessible to the public via the rare books division. Other papers, including six volumes of congratulatory letters and photographs presented to Sprague on the occasion of his 75th birthday, are held at the Chapin Library,
382:
and better gear designs, and proved that regenerative braking was practical. After testing his trolley system in late 1887 and early 1888, Sprague installed the first successful large electric street railway system – the
1776:
575:, where he designed a system of automatic train control to ensure compliance with trackside signals. He founded the Sprague Safety Control & Signal Corporation to develop and build this system. Along with
177:
development by increasing the size cities could reasonably attain (through better transportation) and by allowing greater concentration of business in commercial sections (through use of electric elevators in
757:, not far from Sprague's boyhood home in Milford. The museum is the oldest operating trolley museum in the United States and has one of the largest collections of trolley artifacts in the United States.
836:, where a permanent exhibit, "Frank J. Sprague: Inventor, Scientist, Engineer", tells the story of the role of the "father of electric traction" and the role of electricity in the growth of cities.
473:
While electrifying the streetcars of
Richmond, the increased passenger capacity and speed gave Sprague the notion that similar results could be achieved in vertical transportation — electric
450:
in many cities. By 1889 110 electric railways incorporating
Sprague's equipment had been begun or planned on several continents. In 1890, Edison, who manufactured most of Sprague's equipment,
194:, in 1857 to David Cummings Sprague and Frances Julia King Sprague, a school teacher His mother died when he was ten, and was sent by his father to live with an aunt in New York. He attended
1306:
Five-horsepower
Lundell electric motor with "Sprague Electric Co. USA Lundell motor, pat. dates: Aug 30, 1892, Sept. 26, 1893, Aug 3 1897. No. 180 96 H Edge and Edge Sydney" on bronze plates
1769:
721:
Sprague was twice married, first to a Mary
Keatinge, and thereafter to Harriet Chapman Jones. Frank and Mary had one son, Frank Desmond. Frank and Harriet had two sons and a daughter:
454:, and Sprague turned his attention to electric elevators. However, he continued to be interested in the use of electricity for urban transportation and proposed a major expansion of
738:
in
Virginia. His wife Harriet was interred with him after her death in 1969. After Sprague's death, Harriet turned over a substantial amount of material from his collection to the
1762:
730:
compromise. His interest in his work never ceased; only a few hours before the end, he asked to have a newly designed model of his latest invention brought to his bedside.
691:
358:, in 1923, two generations after Frank J. Sprague successfully demonstrated his new system on the hills in 1888. The intersection shown is at 8th & Broad Streets.
812: with: further information on scholarly and public remembrance, including biographies, documentaries, appearance in public spaces and art, etc. You can help by
2790:
2775:
2770:
231:
326:
In 1884, he decided his interests in the exploitation of electricity lay elsewhere, and he left Edison to found the
Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company.
488:
in 1894. The company developed floor control, automatic elevators, acceleration control of car safeties, and a number of freight elevators. The
Sprague-Pratt
2780:
2760:
1923:
687:
280:, the flagship of the European Squadron, he installed the first electric call-bell system on a United States Navy ship. Sprague took leave to attend the
1497:
2795:
492:
ran faster and with larger loads than hydraulic or steam elevators, and 584 elevators had been installed worldwide. Sprague sold his company to the
461:
Sprague's system of electric supply was a great advantage in relation to the first bipolar U-tube overhead lines, in everyday use since 1883 on the
1256:
902:
671:
281:
925:
2755:
2825:
2765:
1634:
1610:
1580:
1561:
978:
520:. In the multiple-unit system, each car of the train carries electric traction motors. By means of relays energized by train-line wires, the
2815:
2810:
2805:
2785:
1465:
462:
1270:
1152:
1125:
1014:
323:
Sprague did important work for Edison, including correcting Edison's system of mains and feeders for central station distribution.
1031:
694:), for "meritorious achievement in electrical science, engineering and arts as exemplified in his contributions thereto" in 1910.
384:
351:
334:
By 1886, Sprague's company had introduced two important inventions: a constant-speed, non-sparking motor with fixed brushes, and
2800:
832:
In 1999, grandsons, John L. Sprague and Peter Sprague cut the ribbon and started an 1884 Sprague motor at a new exhibit at the
1916:
396:
166:
395:
of over 10%, and were an excellent proving ground for acceptance of his new technology in other cities, in contrast to the
675:
1711:
1294:
647:
591:
536:
1703:, East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J. Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.
1418:
2750:
2025:
840:
735:
713:
513:
391:, which began passenger operation on February 2, 1888. Long a transportation obstacle, the hills of Richmond included
346:
211:
85:
1733:
375:
203:
199:
532:, so every car in the train can generate revenue. Where locomotives are used, one person can control all of them.
1909:
833:
750:
666:
Presentation of the first Franklin Medal in Philadelphia in 1915; Sprague stands immediately behind Thomas Edison
564:
517:
485:
424:
2392:
2237:
2745:
2188:
2164:
1262:
765:
643:
235:
Notes on seamanship, with drawings of sailboat parts, and electrical equipment, by Frank J. Sprague, 1878-1880
2820:
2374:
1995:
1871:
1519:
1168:
754:
739:
528:) commands all of the traction motors in the train to act together. For lighter trains there is no need for
415:
400:
317:
2660:
2451:
2332:
2231:
2138:
2067:
970:
784:
777:
411:
305:
146:
95:
1470:
2642:
2547:
2469:
2290:
2284:
2243:
2207:
2201:
2144:
1989:
1977:
1829:
702:
679:
568:
552:
525:
493:
420:
313:
266:
105:
2672:
481:
161:(July 25, 1857 – October 25, 1934) was an American inventor who contributed to the development of the
2740:
2735:
2439:
2278:
2213:
2182:
2170:
2157:
2120:
2108:
2007:
1853:
1817:
1598:
1326:
1109:
1002:
274:
255:
191:
61:
2511:
2475:
1721:
Shore Line Trolley Museum - new permanent exhibit: "Frank J. Sprague: Inventor, Scientist, Engineer"
1626:
The Race Underground: Boston, New York, and the Incredible Rivalry That Built America's First Subway
962:
The Race Underground: Boston, New York, and the Incredible Rivalry that Built America's First Subway
2714:
2684:
2654:
2636:
2630:
2565:
2386:
2272:
2150:
2132:
2001:
1971:
1865:
1811:
1117:
853:
427:
composed a verse about the new trolley pole technology, and the sparking contact shoe at its apex:
248:
215:
37:
2523:
2404:
2398:
499:
2553:
2368:
2326:
2260:
2096:
2049:
1536:
1089:
966:
572:
548:
455:
388:
355:
335:
285:
244:
1475:
540:
2481:
2445:
2114:
2102:
2073:
2037:
1883:
1847:
1785:
1666:
1649:
1630:
1606:
1586:
1576:
1557:
1286:
1266:
1148:
1121:
1010:
974:
866:
761:
722:
683:
576:
544:
521:
195:
112:
20:
2624:
2600:
2362:
2350:
2176:
2019:
1932:
1823:
1692:
1528:
1439:
1419:"Frank J. Sprague seventy-fifth birthday albums Frank J. Sprague, (Frank Julian), 1857-1934"
1081:
1006:
743:
289:
126:
1700:
1517:
Brittain, J.E. (1997). "Frank J. Sprague and the electrification of urban transportation".
2606:
2559:
2505:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2380:
2356:
2320:
2061:
2055:
1737:
1715:
725:(also an inventor), Julian K. and Frances A. Remembering his father, Robert wrote in 1935:
615:
484:
he developed the Sprague-Pratt Electric Elevator, the first of which was installed in the
2666:
2648:
2588:
2582:
2541:
2535:
2344:
2338:
2219:
2126:
2079:
2043:
1889:
1042:
698:
639:
622:
563:
From 1896 to 1900 Sprague served on the Commission for Terminal Electrification of the
379:
162:
119:
1231:
800:
362:
Sprague's inventions included several improvements to designs for systems of electric
2729:
2612:
2594:
2499:
2463:
2457:
2308:
2266:
2031:
1983:
1859:
1841:
1799:
1142:
1093:
773:
618:
608:
404:
392:
367:
309:
262:
240:
1725:
1540:
2678:
2529:
2517:
2493:
2314:
2296:
2225:
1877:
1835:
1550:
Engineering Invention: Frank J. Sprague and the U.S. Electrical Industry, 1880-1900
1371:
1366:
1344:
1339:
371:
174:
1749:
1742:
1624:
960:
783:
Frank and Harriet's grandson Peter Sprague, an entrepreneur, would become CEO of
2302:
1965:
587:
2487:
2195:
1947:
1682:
1532:
1258:
A Century of Subways: Celebrating 100 Years of New York's Underground Railways
734:
Sprague died on October 25, 1934. He was buried with full U.S. Navy honors at
604:
580:
547:. This success was quickly followed by substantial multiple-unit contracts in
529:
207:
179:
1708:
1590:
480:
In 1892, Sprague founded the Sprague Electric Elevator Company. Working with
202:, and excelled in mathematics. After graduating high school, Sprague went to
2702:
1720:
1620:
1553:
1072:
Robbins, Michael (26 October 2012). "The Early Years of Electric Traction".
516:
system of electric railway operation, which accelerated the development of
1730:
1198:
Sprague, Frank J. (October 1901). "The Rapid Transit Problem in London".
651:
632:
489:
474:
447:
210:, but somehow unexpectedly was taking the four day entrance exam for the
170:
1085:
869:, and described Sprague as "The Forgotten Hero of the American Subway".
292:, England, in 1882, where he was on the jury of awards for gas engines,
1670:
1653:
749:
In 1959, Harriet Sprague donated funds for the Sprague Building at the
1287:"Five-horsepower Lundell electric motor with Sprague Electric plates"
843:
adopted a stray cat, naming it after Sprague: Frank the Trolley Cat.
611:
systems possible, which today still function on the same principles.
451:
293:
270:
1754:
1405:
1041:. Sharon, Connecticut: The Sharon Historical Society. Archived from
1901:
1440:"Vishay Sprague | Vishay Brands | capacitors distributor"
897:
642:
in Australia. A five-horsepower Lundell electric motor used at the
16:
American inventor and pioneer in electrical engineering (1857-1934)
712:
661:
583:
system used by the railroads leading into Grand Central Terminal.
512:
Sprague's experience with electric elevators lead him to devise a
498:
345:
230:
446:
Within a year, electric power had started to replace more costly
363:
1905:
1758:
851:
In 2017, Sprague was the subject of an episode on season 29 of
1501:
1208:
The article was reprinted at the time as a booklet, now scarce
858:
794:
769:
539:(the first of several elevated railways locally known as the
1646:
Frank Julian Sprague, father of electric traction, 1857-1934
423:– and which had become so popular and noteworthy that poet
247:. During his ensuing naval service, he first served on the
173:. His contributions were especially important in promoting
1144:
Change at Park Street Under; The Story of Boston's Subways
867:
the beginnings of the Boston-area MBTA's streetcar network
1169:"Milestones:Power System of Boston's Rapid Transit, 1889"
625:, in service from 1908 to 1983, are still referred to as
261:. While in Asia, Sprague wrote stories he filed for the
813:
350:
Postcard of electric trolley-powered streetcars of the
19:"Frank Sprague" redirects here. For the guitarist, see
1603:
Frank Julian Sprague: Electrical Inventor and Engineer
646:
between 1900 and 1980 is now in the collection of the
1232:"How Electric Elevators Transformed the Modern City"
378:, devised a greatly improved mounting for streetcar
2574:
2413:
2252:
2088:
1939:
1792:
670:Sprague was awarded the gold medal In Paris at the
142:
101:
91:
81:
69:
47:
28:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
692:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
559:New York: Grand Central, elevators in skyscrapers
535:Sprague's first multiple unit order was from the
269:, in 1881, Sprague invented the inverted type of
579:, he designed the Wilgus-Sprague bottom contact
727:
42:Frank J. Sprague, "father of electric traction"
1917:
1770:
1573:The Men who Pioneered Electric Transportation
857:, a documentary series that was broadcast on
638:Sprague's engines were used as far afield as
8:
1743:The accomplishments and life of F.J. Sprague
626:
1498:"The Forgotten Hero of the American Subway"
1105:
1103:
1924:
1910:
1902:
1777:
1763:
1755:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
688:American Institute of Electrical Engineers
370:. He improved designs for a spring-loaded
25:
1464:Miller, Barbara S. (September 24, 2012).
1067:
1065:
1063:
701:in 1921 and was posthumously awarded the
1466:"Feline Frank top cat at trolley museum"
1175:. IEEE Boston Section. November 10, 2004
1136:
1134:
1661:Sprague, Harriet Chapman Jones (1947).
1392:
1217:
903:Engineering and Technology History Wiki
878:
672:International Exposition of Electricity
438:On every stick there's a witch astride—
282:International Exposition of Electricity
2791:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
2776:People from North Adams, Massachusetts
2771:American railroad mechanical engineers
1575:. West Orange, NJ: Xplorer Press Inc.
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
441:The string you see to her leg is tied.
435:A broomstick as plain as plain can be;
1665:. New York: William-Frederick Press.
1147:. Brattleboro, Vt.: S. Greene Press.
992:
990:
399:which climbed the steepest grades of
7:
1663:Frank J. Sprague and the Edison myth
1601:; Middleton III, William D. (2009).
1039:Seldom Told Tales of Sharon (Book 3)
717:Grave at Arlington National Cemetery
2781:Military personnel from Connecticut
1709:Another page about Frank J. Sprague
432:Since then on many a car you'll see
374:that had been developed in 1885 by
2761:United States Naval Academy alumni
1731:Vishay Electronics Company History
764:would go on to found and lead the
273:. After he was transferred to the
14:
768:as its president (1926–1953) and
2796:People from Milford, Connecticut
1685:
1644:Passer, Harold Clarence (1952).
1571:Greller, James Clifford (2014).
1074:The Journal of Transport History
799:
674:in 1889, the grand prize at the
385:Richmond Union Passenger Railway
352:Richmond Union Passenger Railway
36:
206:, to take an entrance exam for
1701:Frank J. Sprague Papers (#628)
999:California's Electric Railways
503:Sprague Electric Company, 1898
1:
2756:American electrical engineers
697:In addition, he received the
676:Louisiana Purchase Exposition
2826:Recipients of Franklin Medal
2766:IEEE Edison Medal recipients
1648:. Harvard University Press.
1605:. Indiana University Press.
1408:, Retrieved February 3, 2017
1295:National Museum of Australia
1230:Bryce, Robert (2020-03-10).
861:television stations. Titled
648:National Museum of Australia
537:South Side Elevated Railroad
508:Multiple unit train controls
463:Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram
366:collecting electricity from
227:United States Navy, inventor
2816:United States Navy officers
2811:John Fritz Medal recipients
1548:Dalzell, Frederick (2009).
841:Pennsylvania Trolley Museum
736:Arlington National Cemetery
212:United States Naval Academy
86:United States Naval Academy
2842:
2806:Engineers from Connecticut
2786:American railroad pioneers
308:, a business associate of
239:He was commissioned as an
204:Springfield, Massachusetts
200:North Adams, Massachusetts
18:
1726:IEEE Biography of Sprague
1533:10.1109/jproc.1997.611124
1404:New York Public Library,
1255:Cudahy, Brian J. (2003).
1141:Cudahy, Brian J. (1972).
997:Demoro, Harre W. (1986).
834:Shore Line Trolley Museum
751:Shore Line Trolley Museum
565:New York Central Railroad
486:Postal Telegraph Building
284:of 1881 in Paris and the
152:
135:
35:
2189:Clarence Floyd Hirshfeld
2165:William Frederick Durand
1629:. St. Martin's Griffin.
1263:Fordham University Press
1200:The Engineering Magazine
1116:, pp. 63–73. Milwaukee:
1032:"Inventor Frank Sprague"
766:Sprague Electric Company
644:Cockatoo Island Dockyard
265:. While his ship was in
186:Early life and education
2375:Michael Lawrence Haider
2068:Charles P. E. Schneider
1520:Proceedings of the IEEE
1406:Frank J. Sprague papers
1114:The Time of the Trolley
865:, it partly chronicled
755:East Haven, Connecticut
740:New York Public Library
416:West End Street Railway
410:By the summer of 1888,
318:Brockton, Massachusetts
2801:Naval Consulting Board
2661:Gregory Stephanopoulos
2333:Crawford H. Greenewalt
2232:Lewis Warrington Chubb
2139:Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin
1527:(7, July): 1183–1184.
1444:www.ibselectronics.biz
785:National Semiconductor
778:Vishay Intertechnology
732:
718:
667:
658:Awards and recognition
627:
504:
444:
359:
236:
147:Electrical engineering
96:Electrical Engineering
2548:George N. Hatsopoulos
2470:Claude Elwood Shannon
2285:William Embry Wrather
2244:Charles Metcalf Allen
2208:Willis Rodney Whitney
2202:Everette Lee DeGolyer
2145:Daniel Cowan Jackling
1990:Charles Talbot Porter
1978:Alexander Graham Bell
1830:Alexander Graham Bell
1750:arlingtoncemetery.net
1599:Middleton, William D.
1478:on September 26, 2012
1110:Middleton, William D.
716:
703:John Fritz Gold Medal
680:Elliott Cresson Medal
665:
569:Grand Central Station
553:Boston, Massachusetts
502:
494:Otis Elevator Company
429:
425:Oliver Wendell Holmes
421:Tremont Street Subway
349:
314:Sunbury, Pennsylvania
267:Newport, Rhode Island
234:
106:Elliott Cresson Medal
2452:T. Louis Austin, Jr.
2279:Benjamin F. Fairless
2214:Charles F. Kettering
2183:Frank Baldwin Jewett
2171:Arthur Newell Talbot
2158:Frank Julian Sprague
2121:Herbert Clark Hoover
2109:Elmer Ambrose Sperry
2008:Robert Woolston Hunt
1854:William Le Roy Emmet
1818:William Stanley, Jr.
1329:, November 10, 1934
1003:Glendale, California
863:The Race Underground
592:Westinghouse Company
456:London's Underground
336:regenerative braking
192:Milford, Connecticut
190:Sprague was born in
159:Frank Julian Sprague
62:Milford, Connecticut
2685:Anne S. Kiremidjian
2655:Leslie E. Robertson
2637:Yvonne Claeys Brill
2631:Kristina M. Johnson
2566:George H. Heilmeier
2387:Patrick E. Haggerty
2273:Ervin George Bailey
2238:Theodore von Kármán
2151:John Ripley Freeman
2133:David Watson Taylor
2002:William Henry White
1972:George Westinghouse
1866:Cummings C. Chesney
1812:George Westinghouse
1118:Kalmbach Publishing
1086:10.7227/TJTH.21.1.6
1048:on 19 December 2013
971:St Martin's Griffin
959:Most, Doug (2014).
854:American Experience
376:Charles Van Depoele
342:Electric streetcars
300:Engineer for Edison
216:Annapolis, Maryland
2751:American inventors
2643:Gerald J. Posakony
2554:Arthur E. Humphrey
2369:Igor Ivan Sikorsky
2327:Stephen D. Bechtel
2291:Harry Alonzo Winne
2261:Walter H. Aldridge
2220:John Lucian Savage
2097:John Frank Stevens
2050:George W. Goethals
1984:Thomas Alva Edison
1872:Robert A. Millikan
1736:2016-03-04 at the
1714:2011-05-16 at the
1367:"FamilySearch.org"
1340:"FamilySearch.org"
967:New York, New York
926:"Frank J. Sprague"
906:. January 25, 2016
898:"Frank J. Sprague"
847:In popular culture
719:
668:
549:Brooklyn, New York
505:
469:Electric elevators
389:Richmond, Virginia
360:
356:Richmond, Virginia
330:Electrical pioneer
245:United States Navy
237:
171:electric elevators
130:(Posthumous, 1935)
2723:
2722:
2482:Daniel C. Drucker
2446:Nathan M. Newmark
2115:John Joseph Carty
2103:Edward Dean Adams
2074:Guglielmo Marconi
2048:1919 : Gen.
2038:Henry Marion Howe
1899:
1898:
1848:Benjamin G. Lamme
1786:IEEE Edison Medal
1636:978-0-312-59132-8
1612:978-0-253-35383-2
1582:978-0-9853551-0-4
1563:978-0-262-04256-7
1471:Observer–Reporter
980:978-0-312-59132-8
830:
829:
776:in 1979 and then
762:Robert C. Sprague
723:Robert C. Sprague
682:in 1904, and the
628:les rames Sprague
577:William J. Wilgus
545:Chicago, Illinois
518:electric traction
306:Edward H. Johnson
196:Drury High School
167:electric railways
156:
155:
137:Scientific career
113:IEEE Edison Medal
21:Frank Lee Sprague
2833:
2673:Jon D. Magnusson
2625:Gavriel Salvendy
2601:Robert S. Langer
2363:Walker L. Cisler
2351:Frederick Kappel
2177:Paul Dyer Merica
2060:1921 : Sir
2020:John Edson Sweet
2000:1911 : Sir
1933:John Fritz Medal
1926:
1919:
1912:
1903:
1824:Charles F. Brush
1806:Frank J. Sprague
1779:
1772:
1765:
1756:
1695:
1693:Biography portal
1690:
1689:
1688:
1674:
1657:
1640:
1616:
1594:
1567:
1544:
1504:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1474:. Archived from
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1415:
1409:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1336:
1330:
1323:Electrical World
1320:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1138:
1129:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1069:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1047:
1036:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1007:Interurban Press
994:
985:
984:
956:
941:
940:
938:
936:
930:Encyclopedia.com
922:
916:
915:
913:
911:
894:
825:
822:
803:
795:
744:Williams College
630:
567:, including the
482:Charles R. Pratt
412:Henry M. Whitney
131:
127:John Fritz Medal
124:
117:
110:
76:
73:October 25, 1934
57:
55:
40:
30:Frank J. Sprague
26:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2746:Edison Pioneers
2726:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2607:John A. Swanson
2570:
2560:Ivan A. Getting
2506:Robert N. Noyce
2440:Robert G. Heitz
2434:George R. Brown
2428:Thomas O. Paine
2422:Manson Benedict
2409:
2393:William Webster
2381:Glenn B. Warren
2357:Warren K. Lewis
2321:Gwilym A. Price
2315:Mervin J. Kelly
2248:
2084:
2062:Robert Hadfield
1935:
1930:
1900:
1895:
1788:
1783:
1738:Wayback Machine
1716:Wayback Machine
1691:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1660:
1643:
1637:
1619:
1613:
1597:
1583:
1570:
1564:
1547:
1516:
1513:
1511:Further reading
1508:
1507:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1321:
1310:
1299:
1297:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1265:. p. 202.
1254:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1178:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1108:
1101:
1071:
1070:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1017:
996:
995:
988:
981:
958:
957:
944:
934:
932:
924:
923:
919:
909:
907:
896:
895:
880:
875:
849:
826:
820:
817:
810:needs expansion
804:
793:
711:
660:
616:Sprague-Thomson
600:
561:
510:
471:
344:
332:
302:
229:
224:
188:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
82:Alma mater
74:
65:
59:
53:
51:
43:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2839:
2837:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2821:Sprague family
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2728:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2667:Julia Weertman
2663:
2657:
2651:
2649:Andrew Viterbi
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2589:Paul C. W. Chu
2585:
2583:John W. Fisher
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2542:Lynn S. Beedle
2538:
2536:Hoyt C. Hottel
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2512:Gordon A. Cain
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2476:Kenneth A. Roe
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2345:Lucius D. Clay
2341:
2339:Hugh L. Dryden
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2127:Ralph Modjeski
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2080:Ambrose Swasey
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2056:Orville Wright
2052:
2046:
2044:J. Waldo Smith
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1890:Harris J. Ryan
1887:
1884:John W. Howell
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1696:
1680:
1679:External links
1677:
1676:
1675:
1658:
1641:
1635:
1617:
1611:
1595:
1581:
1568:
1562:
1545:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1489:
1456:
1431:
1410:
1397:
1393:Greller (2014)
1385:
1358:
1331:
1308:
1291:www.nma.gov.au
1278:
1271:
1247:
1222:
1218:Greller (2014)
1210:
1190:
1160:
1153:
1130:
1099:
1059:
1022:
1015:
1009:. p. 11.
986:
979:
942:
917:
877:
876:
874:
871:
848:
845:
828:
827:
807:
805:
798:
792:
789:
710:
707:
699:Franklin Medal
659:
656:
640:Sydney Harbour
599:
596:
560:
557:
509:
506:
470:
467:
452:bought him out
443:
442:
439:
436:
433:
368:overhead lines
343:
340:
331:
328:
301:
298:
288:Exhibition in
286:Crystal Palace
228:
225:
223:
220:
187:
184:
163:electric motor
154:
153:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
133:
132:
120:Franklin Medal
103:
99:
98:
93:
92:Known for
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
77:(aged 77)
71:
67:
66:
60:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2838:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2716:
2715:Asad M. Madni
2712:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2613:George Tamaro
2610:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2595:Daniel Goldin
2592:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2500:Ralph B. Peck
2497:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2465:
2464:David Packard
2461:
2459:
2458:Ian MacGregor
2455:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2309:John R. Suman
2306:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2267:Vannevar Bush
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2032:Elihu Thomson
2029:
2027:
2026:James Douglas
2023:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1860:Mihajlo Pupin
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1842:John J. Carty
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:Elihu Thomson
1798:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1482:September 25,
1477:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1272:9780823222957
1268:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1251:
1248:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1154:0-8289-0173-2
1150:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:0-89024-013-2
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1080:(1): 92–101.
1079:
1075:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1016:0-916374-74-2
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
991:
987:
982:
976:
972:
968:
964:
963:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
943:
931:
927:
921:
918:
905:
904:
899:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
879:
872:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:
846:
844:
842:
839:In 2012, the
837:
835:
824:
821:February 2017
815:
811:
808:This section
806:
802:
797:
796:
790:
788:
787:(1965–1995).
786:
781:
779:
775:
774:General Cable
771:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
731:
726:
724:
715:
709:Personal life
708:
706:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
678:in 1904, the
677:
673:
664:
657:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
629:
624:
620:
619:rolling stock
617:
612:
610:
609:rapid transit
606:
597:
595:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
573:New York City
570:
566:
558:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:multiple unit
507:
501:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
468:
466:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
440:
437:
434:
431:
430:
428:
426:
422:
417:
413:
408:
407:at the time.
406:
405:San Francisco
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
357:
353:
348:
341:
339:
337:
329:
327:
324:
321:
319:
315:
311:
310:Thomas Edison
307:
299:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:
272:
268:
264:
263:Boston Herald
260:
259:
253:
252:
246:
242:
233:
226:
221:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
185:
183:
181:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
151:
148:
145:
141:
138:
134:
128:
121:
114:
107:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
72:
68:
63:
58:July 25, 1857
50:
46:
39:
34:
27:
22:
2713:2023 :
2708:
2707:2022 :
2701:2021 :
2696:
2695:2020 :
2690:
2689:2019 :
2683:2018 :
2679:Frank Kreith
2677:2017 :
2671:2015 :
2665:2014 :
2659:2013 :
2653:2012 :
2647:2011 :
2641:2010 :
2635:2009 :
2629:2008 :
2623:2007 :
2618:
2617:2006 :
2611:2005 :
2605:2004 :
2599:2003 :
2593:2002 :
2587:2001 :
2581:2000 :
2564:1999 :
2558:1998 :
2552:1997 :
2546:1996 :
2540:1995 :
2534:1994 :
2530:Gordon Moore
2528:1993 :
2524:Serge Gratch
2522:1992 :
2518:Hunter Rouse
2516:1991 :
2510:1990 :
2504:1989 :
2498:1988 :
2494:Ralph Landau
2492:1987 :
2486:1986 :
2480:1985 :
2474:1984 :
2468:1983 :
2462:1982 :
2456:1981 :
2450:1980 :
2444:1979 :
2438:1978 :
2432:1977 :
2426:1976 :
2420:1975 :
2405:H. I. Romnes
2403:1974 :
2399:Lyman Wilber
2397:1973 :
2391:1972 :
2385:1971 :
2379:1970 :
2373:1969 :
2367:1968 :
2361:1967 :
2355:1966 :
2349:1965 :
2343:1964 :
2337:1963 :
2331:1962 :
2325:1961 :
2319:1960 :
2313:1959 :
2307:1958 :
2301:1957 :
2297:Philip Sporn
2295:1956 :
2289:1955 :
2283:1954 :
2277:1953 :
2271:1952 :
2265:1951 :
2259:1950 :
2242:1949 :
2236:1948 :
2230:1947 :
2226:Zay Jeffries
2224:1946 :
2218:1945 :
2212:1944 :
2206:1943 :
2200:1942 :
2194:1941 :
2191:(posthumous)
2187:1940 :
2181:1939 :
2175:1938 :
2169:1937 :
2163:1936 :
2160:(posthumous)
2156:1935 :
2153:(posthumous)
2149:1934 :
2143:1933 :
2137:1932 :
2131:1931 :
2125:1930 :
2119:1929 :
2113:1928 :
2107:1927 :
2101:1926 :
2095:1925 :
2078:1924 :
2072:1923 :
2066:1922 :
2054:1920 :
2042:1918 :
2036:1917 :
2030:1916 :
2024:1915 :
2018:1914 :
2013:
2012:1913 :
2006:1912 :
1996:Alfred Noble
1994:1910 :
1988:1909 :
1982:1908 :
1976:1907 :
1970:1906 :
1964:1905 :
1959:
1958:1904 :
1953:
1952:1903 :
1946:1902 :
1878:John W. Lieb
1836:Nikola Tesla
1805:
1662:
1645:
1625:
1602:
1572:
1549:
1524:
1518:
1492:
1480:. Retrieved
1476:the original
1469:
1459:
1447:. Retrieved
1443:
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1413:
1400:
1395:, p. 7.
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1372:FamilySearch
1370:
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1345:FamilySearch
1343:
1334:
1322:
1298:. Retrieved
1290:
1281:
1261:. New York:
1257:
1250:
1239:. Retrieved
1235:
1225:
1220:, p. 5.
1213:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1184:
1177:. Retrieved
1172:
1163:
1143:
1113:
1077:
1073:
1050:. Retrieved
1043:the original
1038:
1025:
998:
961:
933:. Retrieved
929:
920:
908:. Retrieved
901:
862:
852:
850:
838:
831:
818:
814:adding to it
809:
782:
760:Frank's son
759:
748:
733:
728:
720:
696:
684:Edison Medal
669:
637:
613:
601:
585:
562:
534:
511:
479:
472:
460:
445:
409:
372:trolley pole
361:
333:
325:
322:
303:
276:
257:
250:
238:
189:
158:
157:
136:
75:(1934-10-25)
2741:1934 deaths
2736:1857 births
2303:Ben Moreell
1966:Lord Kelvin
1496:Doug Most,
1030:Kirby, Ed.
910:January 31,
623:Paris MĂ©tro
614:The iconic
588:World War I
530:locomotives
296:and lamps.
254:, then the
180:skyscrapers
2730:Categories
2488:Simon Ramo
2196:Ralph Budd
1948:John Fritz
1671:B0006ARGTC
1654:B0007E04CS
1621:Most, Doug
1300:August 14,
1241:2020-08-23
873:References
635:") today.
631:("Sprague
605:light rail
581:third rail
397:cable cars
364:streetcars
208:West Point
54:1857-07-25
2703:Elon Musk
2414:1975–1999
2253:1950–1974
2089:1925–1949
1940:1902–1924
1793:1909–1925
1591:918986909
1554:MIT Press
1179:March 17,
1094:109210400
780:in 1992.
705:in 1935.
633:trainsets
496:in 1895.
475:elevators
458:in 1901.
448:horsecars
304:In 1883,
277:Lancaster
258:Minnesota
2709:No award
2697:No award
2691:No award
2619:No award
2014:No award
1960:No award
1954:No award
1734:Archived
1712:Archived
1623:(2014).
1541:44994978
1327:Obituary
1173:ethw.org
1112:(1966).
791:Tributes
652:Canberra
526:motorman
522:engineer
490:elevator
401:Nob Hill
290:Sydenham
251:Richmond
1449:25 June
1378:25 June
1351:25 June
935:25 June
686:of the
621:of the
586:During
414:of the
294:dynamos
243:in the
1892:(1925)
1886:(1924)
1880:(1923)
1874:(1922)
1868:(1921)
1862:(1920)
1856:(1919)
1850:(1918)
1844:(1917)
1838:(1916)
1832:(1914)
1826:(1913)
1820:(1912)
1814:(1911)
1808:(1910)
1802:(1909)
1669:
1652:
1633:
1609:
1589:
1579:
1560:
1539:
1424:May 2,
1269:
1151:
1124:
1092:
1013:
977:
598:Legacy
551:, and
393:grades
380:motors
316:, and
271:dynamo
241:ensign
222:Career
169:, and
143:Fields
123:(1921)
116:(1910)
109:(1903)
102:Awards
2575:2000–
1537:S2CID
1204:XXIII
1090:S2CID
1052:8 May
1046:(PDF)
1035:(PDF)
690:(now
543:) in
175:urban
1667:ASIN
1650:ASIN
1631:ISBN
1607:ISBN
1587:OCLC
1577:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1484:2012
1451:2023
1426:2018
1380:2023
1353:2023
1302:2015
1267:ISBN
1236:Time
1206:(1).
1181:2017
1149:ISBN
1122:ISBN
1054:2014
1011:ISBN
975:ISBN
937:2023
912:2017
607:and
524:(or
275:USS
256:USS
249:USS
70:Died
64:, US
48:Born
1529:doi
1502:PBS
1082:doi
859:PBS
816:.
770:CEO
753:at
650:in
571:in
541:"L"
403:in
387:in
354:in
214:in
198:in
2732::
1585:.
1556:.
1552:.
1535:.
1525:85
1523:.
1500:,
1468:.
1442:.
1369:.
1342:.
1325:,
1311:^
1293:.
1289:.
1234:.
1202:.
1183:.
1171:.
1133:^
1120:.
1102:^
1088:.
1078:21
1076:.
1062:^
1037:.
1005::
1001:.
989:^
973:.
969::
965:.
945:^
928:.
900:.
881:^
746:.
654:.
594:.
555:.
465:.
320:.
165:,
1925:e
1918:t
1911:v
1778:e
1771:t
1764:v
1673:.
1656:.
1639:.
1615:.
1593:.
1566:.
1543:.
1531::
1486:.
1453:.
1428:.
1382:.
1355:.
1304:.
1275:.
1244:.
1157:.
1128:.
1096:.
1084::
1056:.
1019:.
983:.
939:.
914:.
823:)
819:(
56:)
52:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
