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was like a true father to me... I vividly remember him lamenting that in Korea the rich have not an iota of sympathy for the poor as he witnessed the widening gap between the rich and poor during the economic growth of the 1960s. He advised me to choose economics as my major in college. He encouraged me to spend my life working to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor.
527:. In a 2003 memorial lecture to Schofield, speaker Tony Hayes argued that Schofield's discovery that orally-introduced substances could cause clotting was a seminal discovery of the 20th century in the veterinary field. Hayes claimed that warfarin was later given to Schofield in 1958, after he experienced a heart attack, and that he possibly benefitted from his own research.
259:. He was the youngest of four siblings. His mother died when he was young, and his father remarried. The economic situation of Schofield's family has been described as lower middle-class. Schofield hoped to move to Canada, which he saw as a land of opportunity, and saved money by working as a farm laborer in order to move there after graduating from high school.
486:
this account". His appeal was debated for several years; the church feared that his political activism would damage their relationship with Japan, and was also experiencing financial difficulties. Legault and
Prescott argue that Schofield himself ultimately declined to return to Korea, in consideration of his wife's health.
626:. In 1970, he received the Distinguished Member title from the American College of Veterinary Pathologists, the organization's highest title, in a ceremony in Seoul. In 2003, it was reported that the OVC hosted a Schofield Lecture series, and that their top undergraduate award for pathology was called the Schofield prize.
433:
Schofield compiled his findings into reports, including "The
Massacre of Chai-Amm-ni" and "Report of the Su-chon Atrocities", and submitted them for publication in the international press. He also published articles in Korea during this time. An article was published in the colonial government–backed
207:
protests, now considered a seminal event in Korean history. Schofield photographed and documented the protests, and spread news of their violent suppression to the international press. His work is now considered historically significant, with his photos now displayed in textbooks and museums in South
467:
In
December, Governor-General Saitō described Schofield as an "arch agitator" and "a most dangerous man, assiduously carrying on the independence agitation in Korea". The British consulate agreed with Japan's assessment, and issued Schofield a warning to cease his activism, which Schofield rebuffed.
420:
occurred. During this event, Japanese soldiers lured 20 to 30 Korean
Christians into a church, opened fire on them, then burned the church down to destroy the bodies. Schofield learned of the massacre on 17 April, and departed to visit its location the following day. In spite of his disabled arm and
346:
efforts: forced cultural assimilation. Japan controlled institutions of education and culture, and assumed control over the economy. Koreans experienced systemic discrimination on the basis of their race. Japanese authorities were allowed to detain suspects without charge, and were known to mistreat
575:
established a military dictatorship over South Korea, Schofield initially expressed optimism that the regime could combat corruption in the country. He later published a number of articles that criticized the regime's actions. Schofield also advocated for various other reforms, including efforts to
458:
and other prominent
Japanese politicians, advocated for further autonomy for Korea, and asked them to take action to stop the violent suppression of the protests. He gave a public lecture to hundreds of foreign missionaries, in which he openly criticized Japan. As Japan enacted several reforms that
350:
Schofield has been described as a skillful and intelligent orator and researcher, and also as opinionated, outspoken, and intimidating. During his lectures, he reportedly occasionally made comments such as "no nation in the world can retain their colonies forever". He reportedly gained the trust of
646:
Back then, my family's circumstances were such that we worried about feeding ourselves... Not only did Doctor
Schofield generously provide for my tuition and expenses, he was my spiritual pillar who greatly affected the molding of my character… Having lost my father when I was young, Dr. Schofield
481:
The colonial government reportedly began attempting to pressure
Schofield into leaving Korea. His wife's health was used as a pretext for his recall to Canada; while the recall was conducted by the Presbyterian Church in Canada, it has been described as an "apparent muzzling" effort to prevent him
485:
Schofield appealed his recall until 1923. In 1921, he wrote to the
Presbyterian Church in Canada: "As to my getting into politics in Korea when I return, there is little danger. However should the Japanese do something very bad… then I might also do something bad, but there need be little fear on
561:
Schofield became a vocal critic of Rhee's administration. He wrote articles that criticized Rhee's interference in democratic processes and restrictions on freedom of speech. He argued that open discussion was important for improvement, and evoked his experience in the March First
Movement. This
395:
After the beginning of the protests, Schofield walked around and secretly took photos. His photos are now considered historically significant; they were republished in international newspapers, referred to by foreign governments when conducting investigations into the protests, and now appear in
476:
It is to Japan’s interests to be magnanimous with Korea, for if Korea has to pay as heavily for all her reforms as she is paying for the present ones Korea will always be the deadly enemy of Japan, and a serious menace whether ‘assimilated’ or independent…. England some day will have to satisfy
629:
Schofield reportedly had the reputation of being selfless to such an extent that it impacted his own quality of life. He donated a significant amount of his own money and belongings to others; he reportedly lived in a small rented house during his time at OVC, and often lacked funds to travel.
385:
On 28 February, Schofield became one of the only foreign missionary to be informed of their plans in advance. One of his students, Yi Gap-seong (이갑성), gave him copies of the declaration and asked him to distribute them amongst his colleagues at the medical school and to foreign governments.
482:
from damaging their relationship with Japan. Upon the conclusion of
Schofield's contract in March 1920, he was made to leave Korea. During his return trip via Japan and after his return, he continued submitting articles for publication to the Korean, Japanese, and international press.
440:
that favorably described conditions in Seodaemun Prison as like those in a health resort. Schofield penned an anonymous response article that was published in the paper, in which he mocked the previous article and described in detail the methods of torture employed at the prison.
38:
504:
In 1921, Schofield was made Director of Veterinary Hygiene and Research at OVC. He continued to teach and research there for 35 years. During this time, Schofield continued to advocate for the Korean independence movement, and also donated to Korean orphanages and churches.
451:. Schofield challenged them directly at the meeting. He also penned response articles to their statements, in which he mocked their efforts to cover up or downplay the protests, and described the violence that Japanese authorities had perpetrated.
377:
Around early 1919, a series of events in Korea caused significant societal discontent against colonial rule. From 25 to 27 February, a series of secret meetings were held in Seoul by Korean independence activists, during which they produced a
542:
His wife died in 1957. Previously, his friends in Korea had urged him to return to the peninsula, but he had declined these for various reasons. In August 1958, he accepted an invitation to return to Korea from South Korean president
347:
prisoners. Christian organizations operated by foreign missionaries served as alternate sources of social organization and culture for Korean people. Japan made efforts to place restrictions on the operation of these organizations.
495:
during and after his trip. In a 1931 letter, he wrote that he had come to identify himself as a Korean, and felt that Korea was his homeland. He gave a number of recommendations to the Korean people to improve their situation.
386:
Schofield, who owned a camera, was also asked to photograph the protests. Schofield reportedly warned Yi against conducting the protests. Yi reportedly replied "You are an Englishmen, so think like an imperialist [
424:
He photographed the burnt ruins of the church, as well as of various villages and buildings destroyed by the Japanese. He conducted interviews with various witnesses, and confronted Japanese authorities at the scene.
614:
described him as "an eternal Korean". He has been described as an instrumental figure in the March First Movement, and dubbed "the 34th man", in reference to the 33 signers of the Korean Declaration of Independence.
227:
and advocated for a number of reforms in Korea. He was reportedly charitable, and donated much of his money to orphanages and scholarships. Among his beneficiaries and mentees was later Prime Minister of South Korea
530:
In 1948, he became the only Canadian founding member of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists. Schofield also researched on various biological issues related to livestock, bacteriology, and virology.
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protests against Rhee, which Schofield described as "the triumph of righteousness, courage and freedom over tyranny, corruption, brutality" and likened to the spirit of the March First Movement. After the
1304:
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He also reportedly personally intervened in a number of arrests. He would claim the arrested person was his "maid" or "houseboy", and demand they be released lest the British Consulate become involved.
636:, Prime Minister of South Korea from 2009 to 2010, later recalled that Schofield paid for his tuition expenses and served as a mentor to him. Chung wrote of this in a biography of Schofield entitled
382:
and planned mass peaceful protests against Japan for 1 March. These protests went on to persist for months afterwards, and are now considered in South Korea to be a landmark event in Korean history.
658:, as well as a statue dedicated to Schofield in that garden that was completed in 2011. South Korea donated $ 800,000 for the construction of the garden. Part of the garden is in a Korean style.
562:
caused the administration to attempt to pressure Schofield into leaving Korea. On one occasion, he was prevented from lecturing at SNU. The administration's pressures on him ended after the 1960
235:
Schofield has since become beloved in South Korea. He has been described as "an eternal Korean", and received a number of awards from the country. As of 2021, he is the only foreigner buried in
1274:
278:. His thesis was entitled "The bacteriological analysis of milk being sold in Toronto". In 1912, he joined the faculty of his alma mater. In 1913, he married Alice, a piano student.
1289:
477:
Ireland in most of her demands. It would have been a much wiser policy to have granted Ireland her demands earlier, and in so doing have retained the friendship of Ireland.
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558:(SNU). While teaching there, he supported two orphanages and a vocational school, and paid to cover tuition expenses of students. He also led a youth bible study class.
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Korean museums and textbooks. Schofield also witnessed patients at the hospital arriving with injuries from the protests, and documented these sights. He visited
1284:
203:, and Schofield became known for openly criticizing Japan's repressive policies. In 1919, he became one of the only foreigners informed in advance of the
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Korea. In 1920, he was pressured to leave Korea and returned to Canada. There, he continued donating to Korea and advocating for its independence.
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On 15 April, amidst an intense Japanese raid on the vicinity of Suwon and Anseong that left hundreds of homes burnt down and dozens dead, the
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619:
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1254:
669:, in which Schofield and other Canadian missionaries were honored. Schofield's grandson Dean Schofield was present at a ceremony there.
215:(OVC), where he would lecture and research until his retirement in 1955. He was then invited to return to South Korea by its president
587:
379:
606:
The blessed Doctor Schofield, a Canadian who devoted his life for the sake of our self-reliant independence, rests peacefully here.
1249:
1079:
583:, and his health declined. He was hospitalized, but continued writing and submitted articles for publication in newspapers.
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eased restrictions on Korea, Schofield published criticisms that described the reforms as superficial appeasement efforts.
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That summer, Schofield and missionary Bishop Welch were confronted in a meeting with Japanese politicians, including the
879:
547:. He was reportedly surprised and disheartened at the conditions in Korea, which was then recovering from the 1950–1953
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270:. During his schooling, Schofield experienced not only financial difficulties, but also suffered from the disease
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upon his arrival, and by his second year was reportedly able to give lectures in the language. He adopted a
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Schofield visited Korea again in summer of 1926. He submitted a number of articles to the Korean newspaper
274:, which left one each of his legs and arms paralyzed. In 1911, he graduated from there with a doctorate in
468:
Schofield also publicly condemned British colonialism, and compared Korea's plight to that of Ireland and
454:
In August, Schofield traveled to Japan on behalf of the missionaries in Korea. He met with Prime Minister
20:
223:. He continued being politically active; he publicly criticized the military dictatorships of Rhee and
551:. Rhee ran a repressive military dictatorship, and there were numerous orphans and unemployed people.
266:, Canada. He again worked as a farm laborer while there. In Fall of that year, he was admitted to the
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The main hall of the Canadian Embassy in Korea's chancery is reportedly dedicated to Schofield.
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medal, as well as the Key to the City of Seoul. On 1 March 1968, he received the South Korean
1040:
968:"[Korea Encounters] Frank Schofield, 'a most dangerous man' and an 'eternal Korean'"
822:
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397:
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1147:
1106:"Overlooked No More: Yu Gwan-sun, a Korean Independence Activist Who Defied Japanese Rule"
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161:(15 March 1889 – 16 April 1970) was a British-born Canadian veterinarian, missionary, and
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239:. He is also remembered for his contributions to veterinary and biological research.
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58:
1029:""The arch agitator:" Dr. Frank W. Schofield and the Korean independence movement"
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In November 1916, Schofield and his wife arrived in Korea as missionaries of the
655:
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In 1916, Schofield moved to Korea as a Presbyterian missionary and lecturer at
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315:, Seok Ho-pil. The name's pronunciation resembles that of his surname. The
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leg, he rode a bicycle for parts of the journey through the countryside.
400:, which was notorious for maltreating its prisoners, and reportedly met
774:[Independence activist of the month: Frank William Schofield].
534:
In 1955, Schofield retired from OVC due to problems with his eyesight.
263:
252:
62:
598:
Schofield was the first and, as of 2021, only foreigner to buried in
590:, at the age of 81. On 16 April, a public funeral was held for him.
579:
Whilst traveling abroad in 1969, Schofield experienced issues with
364:
328:
316:
271:
183:
80:
16:
Canadian veterinarian and Korean independence activist (1889–1970)
404:, who is now remembered as a martyr and symbol of the movement.
392:], but we trust you". Schofield relented to helping them.
388:
576:
address corruption and reform Christian churches in Korea.
687:캐나다인으로 우리 겨레의 자주 독립을 위하여 생애를 바치신 거룩한 스코필드 박사 여기에 고요히 잠드시다.
665:
and the Canadian Embassy in Korea hosted an exhibition at
610:
He has been widely praised in South Korea. Prime Minister
1300:
Recipients of the Order of Merit for National Foundation
1173:"Dr. Schofield statue unveiled in zoo's memorial garden"
219:, and was made a professor at the veterinary college of
1305:
Recipients of the Order of Cultural Merit (South Korea)
1143:"5 Canadians honored for March 1 Independence Movement"
661:
For the 100th anniversary of the March First Movement,
654:
There is a Dr. Frank Schofield Memorial Garden in the
811:"Dr. Frank W. Schofield: Veterinarian Extraordinaire"
554:
He was made a professor of the Veterinary College of
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poisoning, which contributed to the discovery of the
247:
Frank William Schofield was born on 15 March 1889 in
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19:
For the U.S. Navy admiral and governor of Guam, see
1027:Legault, Barbara; Prescott, John F. (August 2009).
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1275:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
290:. Schofield had been invited to go by the head of
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369:One of Schofield's photos, depicting crowds at
8:
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1290:Academic staff of Seoul National University
429:Publicizing information about the protests
319:characters in his name each have meaning;
304:, and became an instructor at the school.
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25:
1280:Foreign supporters of Korean independence
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880:"Department History: Dr. Frank Schofield"
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780:Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs
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624:Order of Merit for National Foundation
618:In 1960, he received the South Korean
211:Schofield returned to his alma mater,
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966:VanVolkenburg, Matt (20 April 2021).
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340:Korea was under Japanese occupation
335:refers to assisting those in need.
1285:Burials at Seoul National Cemetery
588:Seoul National University Hospital
380:Korean Declaration of Independence
201:Korea was then under Japanese rule
14:
1245:Protestant missionaries in Korea
1240:Canadian Protestant missionaries
262:In 1907, he moved by himself to
1104:Kang, Inyoung (29 March 2018).
1033:The Canadian Veterinary Journal
815:The Canadian Veterinary Journal
412:Documenting the Jeamni massacre
351:Korean independence activists.
1080:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
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307:Schofield worked to learn the
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1:
1270:Canadian expatriates in Korea
1141:Yi, Whan-woo (4 March 2019).
663:Seoul Metropolitan Government
586:On 12 April 1970, he died at
342:. Colonial policies included
288:Presbyterian Church in Canada
1260:University of Toronto alumni
639:I Wish to be Buried in Korea
163:Korean independence activist
93:Korean independence activism
1295:March First Movement people
1255:English emigrants to Canada
508:Schofield published on the
434:English-language newspaper
1321:
888:Ontario Veterinary College
446:Japanese colonial governor
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268:Ontario Veterinary College
213:Ontario Veterinary College
165:. He is also known by his
132:Ontario Veterinary College
18:
1085:Academy of Korean Studies
809:Wilkinson, C. W. (2008).
772:"이달의 독립운동가: 프랭크 윌리엄 스코필드"
556:Seoul National University
221:Seoul National University
152:
136:Seoul National University
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292:Severance Medical School
243:Early life and education
197:Severance Medical School
102:Alice Schofield (spouse)
620:Order of Cultural Merit
602:. His tombstone reads:
600:Seoul National Cemetery
237:Seoul National Cemetery
159:Frank William Schofield
1250:Canadian veterinarians
649:
608:
479:
374:
21:Frank Herman Schofield
368:
1265:Missionary educators
1199:"Schofield Memorial"
898:on 25 September 2009
892:University of Guelph
776:e-gonghun.mpva.go.kr
355:March First Movement
205:March First Movement
148:, new-castle disease
1110:The New York Times
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361:March 1st Movement
30:Frank W. Schofield
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1179:. 8 October 2010
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894:. Archived from
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564:April Revolution
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371:Seoul City Hall
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1075:"3·1운동 (三一運動)"
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1039:(8): 865–872.
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821:(3): 290–291.
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581:cardiac asthma
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373:. (March 1919)
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1230:1889 births
1177:Toronto.com
902:12 November
656:Toronto Zoo
569:May 16 coup
402:Yu Gwan-sun
313:Korean name
186::
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170:Seok Ho-pil
167:Korean name
146:Paragonimus
1224:Categories
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697:References
549:Korean War
500:Later life
359:See also:
297:세브란스의학전문학교
122:Missionary
114:Profession
51:1889-03-15
1118:0362-4331
516:of moldy
514:pathology
463:Expulsion
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