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658:, of which there are photographs, were torn down. The bricks may have been reused in the construction of the adjacent townhouses. After serving a variety of other uses, the main building is now used for Freedom House Museum, with exhibits devoted to the slave trade. The second floor houses the offices of the Northern Virginia Urban League.
576:
Franklin and
Armfield sold more enslaved people, separated more families, and made more money from the trade than almost anyone else in the United States. They amassed a fortune equalling billions in today's dollars (2021) and were two of the nation's richest men. Franklin sold slaves from an office
674:
Isaac
Franklin and John Armfield leased this brick building with access to the wharves and docks in 1828 as a holding pen for enslaved people being shipped from northern Virginia to Louisiana. They purchased the building and three lots in 1832. From this location Armfield bought bondspeople at low
476:
The subscribers having leased for a term of years the large three story brick house on Duke Street, in the town of
Alexandria, D.C. formerly occupied by Gen. Young, we wish to purchase one hundred and fifty likely young negroes of both sexes, between the ages of 8 and 25 years. Persons who wish to
641:
discovered that "The firm had fled, and taken with them all but one of the humans that they sold as slaves — an old man, chained to the middle of the floor by the leg." Union forces then took possession of the building until
February 2, 1866, using it as a military prison. Late in the war, it was
520:, Nathaniel Boush, master, on the 1st February. They will continue to leave this port on the 1st and 15th of each month, throughout the shipping season. Servants that are intended to be shipped will at any time be received for safe keeping at twenty-five cents a day. JOHN ARMFIELD, Alexandria."
494:
The property then extended further east, and they added structures for holding and trading in slaves. They also provided, for 25¢ a day, housing in their jail for slaveowners visiting
Washington. The two-story extension to the rear of this house was part of the slave-holding facilities, which
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683:, to be sold at higher prices. By the 1830s they often sold 1,000 people annually, operating as one of the largest slave-trading companies in the United States until 1836. Slave traders continually owned the property until 1861.
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The building was constructed as a residence in the 1810s by Robert Young, a brigadier general in the
District of Columbia Militia. Due to financial reverses, Young was soon afterward forced to sell the house.
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Any letters addressed to the subscribers through the Post Office at
Alexandria, will be promptly attended to. For information, enquire at the above described house, as we can at all times be found there.
383:, on the north side of Duke Street between South West and South Payne streets. It is a three-story brick building, topped by a mansard roof and resting on a brick foundation. Its front facade is laid in
2219:
694:
The Office of
Historic Alexandria partnered with the Northern Virginia Urban League in February 2018 in an effort to maintain and interpret the building. The Urban League received $ 50,000 from the
589:. His nephew Armfield handled the supply, sending agents door-to-door in Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware looking for enslaved people their owners might like to sell, and arranging transportation.
422:
1244:
1125:(Original publisher: J. H. Fürst Co., Baltimore). Southern Classics Series. Introduction by Michael Tadman (Reprint ed.). Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press. p. 59.
387:, while the sides and rear are laid in common bond. It has Federal-period styling, with windows and the entrance door set in segmented, arch openings, with gabled dormers at the roof level.
3083:
2239:
2212:
960:
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606:, and Franklin and Armfield were central to that business. "In surviving correspondence, they actually brag about raping enslaved people who they’ve been processing through the firm."
691:
The
Northern Virginia Urban League purchased the building in the 1990s and installed an exhibit in the basement. The rest of the building was used for offices and classroom space.
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sell will do well to give us a call, as we are determined to give more than any other purchasers that are in market, or that may hereafter come into market.
369:
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The
Freedom House Museum reopened in June 2022. It houses three exhibits that tell the story of the Black experience in Alexandria and the United States.
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1983:
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1461:"How A Once-Notorious Site of Enslavement Became a Bastion of Black History in Alexandria, Virginia | National Trust for Historic Preservation"
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The firm also commissioned three slave ships for use as packets. One of their ads describing these was reprinted in William I. Bowditch's
443:, possibly the same coastwise slave ship that later landed in the British West Indies, resulting in the freedom of the prisoners on board
458:
1310:"Out of the Attic: Notorious local slave dealer had hand in Solomon Northup's kidnapping | Alexandria Times | Alexandria, VA"
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Price, Birch & Co. ceased business in 1861. Arriving at the Duke street office of the company on May 14, 1861, the
2004:
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68:
356:). Built c. 1810–1820, it was first used as a private residence before being converted to the offices of the largest
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59:
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Maryland and Virginia had surpluses of slaves and spoke of slaves as an export, like livestock. As portrayed in
1892:
1954:
1719:
1022:
Gudmestad, Robert H. (Fall 2003). "The Troubled Legacy of Isaac Franklin: The Enterprise of Slave Trading".
1206:
883:
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Franklin left the business, starting in 1835, and Armfield sold the property to their former trading agent
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The City of Alexandria purchased the building in March 2020 and reopened it as a museum in June 2022.
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which operated it as a museum, with exhibits about the slave trading firm and the life of a slave.
2014:
1989:
1908:
1851:
1839:
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1566:
1487:"Reopened Freedom House Museum Focal Point For Exploring Alexandria, Virginia's Rich Black History"
533:
426:
The building was already recognized as Franklin & Armfield's slave pen in September 1829, when
437:
1999:
1744:
1707:
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586:
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included high walls, and interior chambers that featured prison-like grated doors and windows.
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1186:"They were once America's cruelest, richest slave traders. Why does no one know their names?"
916:
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1245:"Alexandria, Virginia, Price and Birch, Armsfield and Franklin, Slave Pen, Historic Photos"
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455:, who established it as their Washington-area office, and the residence of Armfield.
452:
365:
1979:
1874:
1803:
1598:
1267:"Chapter 2: The 'Uncongenial Air of Freedom': Union Occupation and the Slave Trade"
1054:
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The City of Alexandria purchased the building from the Urban League in March 2020.
523:
Circa 1833–34, Franklin & Armfield had trading agents in at least five cities:
516:
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1944:
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1549:
884:"Alexandria to New Orleans: The Human Tragedy of the Interstate Slave Trade"
463:
2742:
598:, there was a vast, internal forced migration of enslaved people from the
990:"Once a notorious slave pen, it is now a museum on slavery — and freedom"
1035:
1169:(Report). Office of Historic Alexandria - City of Alexandria, Virginia.
614:
508:, Samuel C. Bush, master, will sail as above on the 1st January; brig
1559:"Hidden History: Alexandria's Slave Pen and the Domestic Slave Trade"
768:
National Register of Historic Places listings in Alexandria, Virginia
642:
used as L'Ouverture Hospital for black soldiers, and as housing for
1542:
The Alexandria slave pen : the archaeology of urban captivity
613:
457:
421:
825:
1540:
Artemel, Janice G.; Crowell, Elizabeth A.; Parker, Jeff (1987).
1140:
368:. Another source, using ship manifests (lists of slaves) in the
2208:
1612:
555:
Other agents associated with Franklin & Armfield included:
3019:
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
1227:"Andrew Joseph Russell | Slave Pen, Alexandria, Virginia"
489:
advertisement in the Alexandria Phoenix Gazette, May 17, 1828
3054:
National Register of Historic Places in Alexandria, Virginia
1324:"Franklin and Armfield Office (U.S. National Park Service)"
961:"Alexandria museum of slave trade damaged by winter storms"
398:. The building was formerly owned by the Northern Virginia
675:
prices and shipped them south to his partner Franklin, in
1426:"Congressional series of United States public documents"
1271:
An Unholy Traffic: Slave Trading in the Civil War South
665:
erected the following marker in front of the building:
1563:
The Gettysburg Compiler: On the Front Lines of History
1091:"Slavery and the Constitution. By William I. Bowditch"
1061:
Lies Across America. What Our Historic Sites Get Wrong
360:
trading firm in the United States, started in 1828 by
630:
an American slave trading company founded in 1858 by
462:
The Franklin and Armfield house with its neighboring
1651:
Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
1594:
Northern Virginia Urban League: Freedom House Museum
502:(1849): "ALEXANDRIA AND NEW ORLEANS PACKETS. — Brig
180:
155:
130:
105:
2982:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
2951:
2750:
2246:
2099:
2076:
2033:
1935:
1778:
1664:
634:, William Birch, J. C. Cook, and Charles M. Price.
514:, William Smith, master, on the 15th January; brig
330:
322:
314:
309:
298:
285:
277:
269:
254:
246:
209:
197:
1058:
778:Slave markets and slave jails in the United States
1273:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 45.
917:"NHL nomination for Franklin and Armfield Office"
3084:Buildings and structures in Alexandria, Virginia
1164:1315 Duke Street – Building and Property History
451:and his intimate friend and nephew-by-marriage
758:List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
469:
699:African American Cultural Heritage Action Fund
379:building is located just west of Alexandria's
2220:
1624:
8:
3119:Slave-trading companies of the United States
1238:
1236:
1440:"E-131; Franklin and Armfield Slave Office"
806:. Virginia Department of Historic Resources
551:Thomas M. Jones, Easton, Eastern Shore, Md.
3029:Brick buildings and structures in Virginia
2227:
2213:
2205:
1631:
1617:
1609:
1604:Slave pen in Alexandria, Virginia envelope
854:National Historic Landmark summary listing
696:National Trust for Historic Preservation's
618:"Price Birch & Co Dealers in Slaves",
113:Show map of Alexandria Historical District
80:
2236:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1544:. Washington, D.C.: Engineering Science.
663:Virginia Department of Historic Resources
51:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
27:Historic house in Virginia, United States
1589:City of Alexandria: Freedom House Museum
626:From 1858, the building was occupied by
394:in 1978, and has also been designated a
372:, gives the number as "at least 5,000".
3059:1828 establishments in Washington, D.C.
3024:National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
1341:. London: Chapman and Hill. p. 22.
1184:Natanson, Hannah (September 14, 2019).
1179:
1177:
1049:
1047:
1045:
877:
875:
856:. National Park Service. Archived from
795:
654:After the war, the building's outlying
348:, is a historic commercial building in
3049:Commercial buildings completed in 1820
1599:Freedom House Museum official Web page
1383:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1376:
826:"National Register Information System"
581:, with branch offices in New Orleans,
447:The building was purchased in 1828 by
34:
2122:Burning of Winchester Medical College
2060:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
2044:An act concerning Servants and Slaves
1455:
1453:
1162:Skolnik, Benjamin A. (January 2021).
911:
909:
907:
7:
3079:African-American history of Virginia
3074:African-American museums in Virginia
1569:: On the Front Lines of History. 329
1207:"Retracing Slavery's Trail of Tears"
984:
982:
831:National Register of Historic Places
354:until 1846, the District of Columbia
3099:History of the District of Columbia
1446:. Department of Historic Resources.
565:A. Grimm, Fredericksburg, Virginia.
562:William Hooper, Annapolis, Maryland
3109:Slave markets in the United States
2182:Virginia in the American Civil War
2162:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1279:10.1093/oso/9780197578261.003.0003
25:
2142:District of Columbia retrocession
1401:Jews and the American Slave Trade
753:Contrabands and Freedmen Cemetery
3104:Slave jails in the United States
3039:Federal architecture in Virginia
2741:
2734:
2137:Indentured servitude in Virginia
1785:Presidents of the United States
850:"Franklin & Armfield Office"
773:Slave trade in the United States
731:
717:
433:Genius of Universal Emancipation
179:
172:
154:
147:
129:
122:
104:
97:
3064:Museums in Alexandria, Virginia
3034:American Civil War prison camps
2025:List of plantations in Virginia
1337:Conway, Moncure Daniel (1865).
748:Alexandria Black History Museum
671:Slave Office (1315 Duke Street)
60:U.S. National Historic Landmark
3094:History of slavery in Virginia
3044:Houses in Alexandria, Virginia
2194:White House of the Confederacy
2112:African American Burial Ground
1640:History of slavery in Virginia
1339:Testimonies Concerning Slavery
1205:Ball, Edward (November 2015).
1122:Slave Trading in the Old South
1024:Tennessee Historical Quarterly
882:Sweig, Donald (October 2014).
783:List of American slave traders
390:The building was designated a
300:
287:
1:
2172:Memorial to Enslaved Laborers
2157:Human trafficking in Virginia
1836:(1728–1804), freed 450 slaves
804:"Virginia Landmarks Register"
542:& Co., Fredericktown, Md.
188:Show map of the United States
138:Show map of Northern Virginia
2086:Franklin and Armfield Office
1516:www.connectionnewspapers.com
1265:Colby, Robert K. D. (2024).
941:. The Smithsonian Associates
559:John Ware, Port Tobacco, Md.
500:Slavery and the Constitution
342:Franklin and Armfield Office
43:Franklin and Armfield Office
32:United States historic place
3089:Virginia Historic Landmarks
3069:History museums in Virginia
2964:National Historic Landmarks
1898:Randolph family of Virginia
69:Virginia Landmarks Register
3135:
2167:Liberation and Freedom Day
2152:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
2132:First Africans in Virginia
2066:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
2055:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
1404:. Transaction Publishers.
1398:Friedman, Saul S. (2000).
436:with a description of the
396:Virginia Historic Landmark
392:National Historic Landmark
2972:
2732:
1646:
891:Alexandria Gazette-Packet
536:& Co., Warrenton, Va.
286:NRHP reference
91:
79:
75:
66:
57:
48:
41:
37:
1747:(fl. 1630s, living 1640)
1733:Mary and Anthony Johnson
1722:(Greenstead) (1630–1665)
1557:Labbe, Savannah (2018).
530:& Co., Richmond, Va.
278:Architectural style
3114:Franklin & Armfield
1720:Elizabeth Key Grinstead
919:. National Park Service
650:Use after the Civil War
484:FRANKLIN & ARMFIELD
430:annotated this poem in
418:Franklin & Armfield
18:Franklin & Armfield
3007:
2977:Keeper of the Register
2889:Poquoson (no listings)
2188:Virginia v. John Brown
2177:Nat Turner's Rebellion
939:"Freedom House Museum"
681:New Orleans, Louisiana
669:Franklin and Armfield
628:Price, Birch & Co.
623:
492:
467:
444:
2997:Contributing property
2127:Coastwise slave trade
1903:William Barton Rogers
836:National Park Service
739:Modern history portal
667:
617:
461:
425:
250:27 acres (11 ha)
231:38.80389°N 77.05472°W
86:Freedom House in 2022
1828:Robert "King" Carter
1769:Booker T. Washington
1512:"Journey to Freedom"
1243:My Genealogy Hound.
1212:Smithsonian Magazine
860:on December 31, 2007
687:Freedom House Museum
677:Natchez, Mississippi
620:Alexandria, Virginia
610:Price, Birch and Co.
579:Natchez, Mississippi
548:& Co., Baltimore
350:Alexandria, Virginia
346:Freedom House Museum
204:Alexandria, Virginia
163:Show map of Virginia
2147:Gabriel's Rebellion
1909:George Henry Thomas
1852:Robert M. T. Hunter
1840:Thomas Roderick Dew
1656:History of Virginia
1567:Gettysburg Compiler
1312:. November 7, 2013.
965:The Washington Post
344:, which houses the
331:Designated VLR
323:Designated NHL
236:38.80389; -77.05472
227: /
1708:William D. Gibbons
1680:(c. 1620s-d. 1673)
1117:Bancroft, Frederic
624:
587:Vidalia, Louisiana
468:
445:
3005:
3004:
2992:Historic district
2202:
2201:
1863:Richard Bland Lee
1834:Robert Carter III
1739:Dangerfield Newby
1725:Left, husband of
1444:Markerhistory.com
1365:on April 14, 2020
1288:978-0-19-757826-1
1132:978-1-64336-427-8
838:. April 15, 2008.
595:Uncle Tom's Cabin
370:National Archives
338:
337:
310:Significant dates
201:1315 Duke Street,
16:(Redirected from
3126:
2785:Colonial Heights
2745:
2738:
2737:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2206:
2107:The 1619 Project
2100:Related articles
1702:Isabella Gibbons
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1465:savingplaces.org
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1358:. Archived from
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1055:Loewen, James W.
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734:
727:
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721:
720:
701:that same year.
583:St. Francisville
490:
377:1315 Duke Street
334:October 16, 1979
302:
289:
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35:
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2775:Charlottesville
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2248:
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2198:
2117:Atlantic Creole
2095:
2072:
2029:
1984:enslaved people
1931:
1774:
1751:Gabriel Prosser
1729:(fl. 1704–1727)
1696:Olaudah Equiano
1684:Henry Box Brown
1678:Emanuel Driggus
1674:(fl. 1619–1625)
1665:Enslaved people
1660:
1642:
1637:
1585:
1572:
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1539:
1536:
1534:Further reading
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2051:Federal laws
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1714:John Graweere
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453:John Armfield
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388:
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366:John Armfield
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2938:Williamsburg
2870:Newport News
2865:Martinsville
2835:Harrisonburg
2810:Falls Church
2711:Westmoreland
2676:Spotsylvania
2626:Rappahannock
2596:Pittsylvania
2501:King William
2356:Chesterfield
2346:Charles City
2186:
2085:
1980:Mount Vernon
1875:George Mason
1779:Slave owners
1571:. Retrieved
1562:
1541:
1521:February 10,
1519:. Retrieved
1515:
1506:
1496:February 10,
1494:. Retrieved
1490:
1480:
1470:February 10,
1468:. Retrieved
1464:
1443:
1434:
1420:
1400:
1393:
1367:. Retrieved
1360:the original
1347:
1338:
1332:
1318:
1304:
1292:. Retrieved
1270:
1260:
1250:February 12,
1248:. Retrieved
1221:
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1097:. p. 87
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1007:February 10,
1005:. Retrieved
993:
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933:
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896:February 13,
894:. Retrieved
890:
862:. Retrieved
858:the original
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400:Urban League
389:
385:Flemish bond
376:
374:
345:
341:
339:
326:June 2, 1978
318:June 2, 1978
273:Robert Young
29:
2952:Other lists
2770:Buena Vista
2671:Southampton
2566:Northampton
2541:Mecklenburg
2496:King George
2451:Greensville
1937:Plantations
1928:(1806–1876)
1922:(1715–1773)
1920:John Wayles
1916:(died 1642)
1905:(1804–1882)
1889:(1628–1692)
1883:(1798–1871)
1877:(1725–1792)
1871:(1826–1895)
1865:(1761–1827)
1858:Eppa Hunton
1854:(1809–1887)
1848:(1804–1888)
1842:(1802–1846)
1830:(1663–1732)
1824:(1710–1778)
1818:(1797–1871)
1771:(1856–1915)
1765:(1800–1831)
1759:(born 1624)
1753:(1776–1800)
1735:(1600–1670)
1710:(1825–1886)
1101:January 13,
923:January 26,
644:contrabands
604:Lower South
600:Upper South
234: /
210:Coordinates
3013:Categories
2943:Winchester
2933:Waynesboro
2893:Portsmouth
2885:Petersburg
2780:Chesapeake
2760:Alexandria
2706:Washington
2661:Shenandoah
2646:Rockingham
2641:Rockbridge
2551:Montgomery
2486:James City
2431:Gloucester
2376:Cumberland
2326:Buckingham
2281:Appomattox
2078:Slave pens
1975:Mount Airy
1970:Montpelier
1965:Monticello
1955:Brookfield
1950:Berry Hill
1789:Washington
1763:Nat Turner
1745:John Punch
1690:John Casor
1149:1153619151
1095:HathiTrust
1076:1565843444
971:October 5,
945:October 5,
790:References
656:slave pens
639:Union Army
464:slave pens
219:38°48′14″N
2850:Lynchburg
2845:Lexington
2790:Covington
2546:Middlesex
2526:Lunenburg
2506:Lancaster
2436:Goochland
2421:Frederick
2386:Dinwiddie
2381:Dickenson
2351:Charlotte
2316:Brunswick
2311:Botetourt
2286:Arlington
2266:Alleghany
2261:Albemarle
2249:by county
1945:Beall-Air
1887:John Page
1794:Jefferson
1727:Jane Webb
1294:March 23,
1171:pp. 28–29
1119:(2023) .
1002:0190-8286
573:in 1836.
299:VLR
270:Architect
222:77°3′17″W
2918:Staunton
2903:Richmond
2855:Manassas
2840:Hopewell
2815:Franklin
2795:Danville
2696:Tazewell
2681:Stafford
2631:Richmond
2601:Powhatan
2576:Nottoway
2561:New Kent
2476:Highland
2416:Franklin
2411:Fluvanna
2401:Fauquier
2371:Culpeper
2336:Caroline
2331:Campbell
2321:Buchanan
2256:Accomack
2240:Virginia
2020:Woodlawn
2015:Westover
2010:Tuckahoe
1990:Oatlands
1573:April 3,
1550:19028845
1379:cite web
1141:95020493
1057:(1999).
1036:42627764
864:June 26,
711:See also
487:—
466:in 1836.
381:Old Town
305:100-0105
293:78003146
198:Location
2959:Bridges
2923:Suffolk
2908:Roanoke
2898:Radford
2875:Norfolk
2830:Hampton
2805:Fairfax
2800:Emporia
2765:Bristol
2753:by city
2651:Russell
2636:Roanoke
2621:Pulaski
2591:Patrick
2536:Mathews
2531:Madison
2516:Loudoun
2466:Henrico
2461:Hanover
2456:Halifax
2441:Grayson
2396:Fairfax
2341:Carroll
2301:Bedford
2291:Augusta
2276:Amherst
2000:Shirley
1960:Kenmore
1799:Madison
1428:. 1870.
810:May 12,
602:to the
505:Tribune
409:History
281:Federal
260: (
2880:Norton
2701:Warren
2691:Sussex
2581:Orange
2556:Nelson
2521:Louisa
2446:Greene
2361:Clarke
2271:Amelia
2062:, 1808
2046:, 1705
1804:Monroe
1672:Angela
1565:. The
1548:
1491:Forbes
1408:
1285:
1147:
1139:
1129:
1073:
1034:
1000:
679:, and
622:, 1862
585:, and
2913:Salem
2825:Galax
2751:Lists
2721:Wythe
2686:Surry
2666:Smyth
2656:Scott
2471:Henry
2426:Giles
2406:Floyd
2391:Essex
2366:Craig
2306:Bland
2247:Lists
1809:Tyler
1363:(PDF)
1356:(PDF)
1167:(PDF)
1032:JSTOR
887:(PDF)
517:Uncas
440:Comet
438:brig
358:slave
255:Built
2726:York
2716:Wise
2586:Page
2296:Bath
2034:Laws
1575:2021
1546:OCLC
1523:2023
1498:2023
1472:2023
1406:ISBN
1385:link
1371:2019
1296:2024
1283:ISBN
1252:2018
1145:OCLC
1137:LCCN
1127:ISBN
1103:2024
1071:ISBN
1009:2023
998:ISSN
973:2015
947:2015
925:2016
898:2018
866:2008
812:2013
375:The
364:and
340:The
262:1810
258:1810
247:Area
2511:Lee
2238:in
1275:doi
577:in
301:No.
288:No.
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