31:
440:
and granites, and effects in metals and alloys. EMR emission depends on the orientation of the grains in individual crystals since material properties are different in differing directions. Amplitude of the EMR pulse increases as long as the crack grows as new atomic bonds are broken, leading to EMR. The Pulse starts to decay as the cracking halts. Observations from experiments showed that emitted EMR signals contain mixed frequency components.
449:
and toughness. The information obtained from one test justifies the extensive use of tensile tests in engineering materials research. Therefore, investigations of EMR emissions are mainly based on the tensile test of the specimens. From experiments, it can be shown that tensile crack formation excites more intensive EMR than shear cracking, increasing the elasticity, strength, and loading rate during uniaxial loading increases amplitude.
431:. Srilakshmi and Misra (2005a) also reported an additional phenomenon of secondary electromagnetic radiation in uncoated and metal-coated metals and alloys. If a solid material is subjected to stresses of large amplitudes, which can cause plastic deformation and fracture, emissions such as thermal, acoustic, ions, and exo-emissions occur.
199:
do not possess asymmetry, yet display triboluminescence, such as hexakis(antipyrine)terbium iodide. It is thought that these materials contain impurities, which make the substance locally asymmetric. Further information on some of the possible processes involved can be found in the page on the triboelectric effect.
252:") displays a glowing line where the end of the tape is being pulled away from the roll. Soviet scientists observed in 1953 that unpeeling a roll of tape in a vacuum produced X-rays. The mechanism of X-ray generation was studied further in 2008. Similar X-ray emissions have also been observed with metals.
198:
is separated. When the charges recombine, the electrical discharge ionizes the surrounding air, causing a flash of light. Research further suggests that crystals that display triboluminescence often lack symmetry and are poor conductors. However, there are substances which break this rule, and which
414:
in metals and rocks has been studied. The EMR emissions from metals and alloys have also been explored and confirmed. Molotskii presented a dislocation mechanism for this type of EMR emission. In 2005, Srilakshmi and Misra reported an additional phenomenon of secondary EMR during plastic deformation
448:
The most widely used tensile test method is used to characterize the mechanical properties of materials. From any complete tensile test record, one can obtain important information about the material's elastic properties, the character and extent of plastic deformation, yield, and tensile strengths
439:
The study of deformation is essential for the development of new materials. Deformation in metals depends on temperature, type of stress applied, strain rate, oxidation, and corrosion. Deformation-induced EMR can be divided into three categories: effects in ionic crystal materials, effects in rocks
138:
involving the use of quartz crystals to generate light. The Ute constructed unique ceremonial rattles made from buffalo rawhide which they filled with clear quartz crystals collected from the mountains of
Colorado and Utah. When the rattles were shaken at night during ceremonies, the friction and
426:
in ferromagnetic metals were reported by Misra (1973–75), which have been confirmed and explored by several researchers. Tudik and Valuev (1980) were able to measure the EMR frequency during tensile fracture of iron and aluminum in the region 100 THz by using
347:
Triphenylphosphinebis(pyridine)thiocyanatocopper(I) emits a reasonably strong blue light when crystals of it are fractured. This luminescence is not as extreme as the red luminescence; however, it is still very clearly visible to the naked eye in standard
1238:
Marchetti, Fabio; Di Nicola, Corrado; Pettinari, Riccardo; Timokhin, Ivan; Pettinari, Claudio (10 April 2012). "Synthesis of a
Photoluminescent and Triboluminescent Copper(I) Compound: An Experiment for an Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory".
114:
1337:
Note: This phenomenon can be demonstrated by removing ice from a freezer in a darkened room where ice makes cracking sounds from sudden thermal expansion. If the ambient light is dim enough, flashes of white light from the cracking ice can be
662:
Fontenot, R. S.; Bhat, K. N.; Hollerman, W. A.; Aggarwal, M. D.; Nguyen, K. M. (2012). "Comparison of the triboluminescent yield and decay time for europium dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium synthesized using different solvents".
453:
is a key parameter for EMR characterization during triaxial compression. If the
Poisson's ratio is lower, it is harder for the material to strain transversally and hence there is a higher probability of new fractures.
193:
There remain a few ambiguities about the effect. The current theory of triboluminescence—based upon crystallographic, spectroscopic, and other experimental evidence—is that upon fracture of asymmetrical materials,
173:
was glowing in the dark as he carried it. His barometer consisted of a glass tube that was partially filled with mercury. The empty space above the mercury would glow whenever the mercury slid down the glass tube.
224:
1348:
Chauhan, V.S.1 (2008), "Effects of strain rate and elevated temperature on electromagnetic radiation emission during plastic deformation and crack propagation in ASTM B 265 grade 2 titanium sheets",
181:
production began to produce more refined sugar crystals. These crystals were formed into a large solid cone for transport and sale. This solid sugar cone had to be broken into usable chunks using a
1195:
Fontenot, Ross; Bhat, Kamala; Hollerman, William A; Aggarwal, Mohan (1 September 2016). "Europium
Tetrakis Dibenzoylmethide Triethylammonium: Synthesis, Additives, and Applications Review".
949:
863:
1404:
Srilakshmi, B.; Misra, A. (8 September 2005). "Secondary electromagnetic radiation during plastic deformation and crack propagation in uncoated and tin coated plain-carbon steel".
1088:. Biological luminescence : proceedings of the first international school, Książ Castle, Wrocław, Poland, June 20-23, 1989. Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 131–147.
1490:
KUMAR, Rajeev (2006), "Effect of processing parameters on the electromagnetic radiation emission during plastic deformation and crack propagation in copper-zinc alloys",
1447:
Chauhan, Vishal S.; Misra, Ashok (1 July 2010). "Electromagnetic radiation during plastic deformation under unrestricted quasi-static compression in metals and alloys".
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Buffalo rawhide ceremonial rattle filled with quartz crystals. Flashes of light are visible when the quartz crystals are subjected to mechanical stress in darkness.
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Hurt, C. R.; Mcavoy, N.; Bjorklund, S.; Filipescu, N. (October 1966). "High
Intensity Triboluminescence in Europium Tetrakis (Dibenzoylmethide)-triethylammonium".
232:
811:
Camara, C. G.; Escobar, J. V.; Hird, J. R.; Putterman, S. J. (2008). "Correlation between nanosecond X-ray flashes and stick-slip friction in peeling tape".
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device. People began to notice that tiny bursts of light were visible as sugar was "nipped" in low light, an established example of triboluminescence.
294:
may begin to glow while being rubbed; this occasionally happens to diamonds while a facet is being ground or the diamond is being sawn during the
1117:
Orel, Valeri E.; Alekseyev, Sergei B.; Grinevich, Yuri A. (October 1992). "Mechanoluminescence: An assay for lymphocyte analysis in neoplasia".
229:
700:"Hexakis(antipyrine-O)terbium(III) triiodide at 160 K: confirmation of a centrosymmetric structure for a brilliantly triboluminescent complex"
134:
indigenous people from
Central Colorado are one of the first documented groups of people in the world credited with the application of
1847:
1635:"Exploring Triboluminescence and Paramagnetism: A Rapid Mn Complex Synthesis for High School and Undergraduate Chemistry Laboratories"
228:
1101:
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mechanical stress of the quartz crystals impacting together produced flashes of light visible through the translucent buffalo hide.
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506:
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composition of the crystal, when the crystal fractures, a charge separation can occur, making one side of the fractured crystal
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Europium tetrakis (dibenzoylmethide)triethylammonium emits particularly bright red flashes upon the destruction of its crystals.
390:
across the gap and through the bath gas between the interfaces can occur. The potential at which this occurs depends upon the
855:
1016:
731:
Orel, V.E.; Alekseyev, S.B.; Grinevich, Yu.A. (1992), "Mechanoluminescence: an assay for lymphocyte analysis in neoplasis",
616:[Experiment done at the observatory on a simple barometer concerning a new phenomenon that was discovered there].
578:
A COPY OF THE LETTER That Mr. Boyle wrote to Sir Robert Morray, to accompany the
Observations touch∣ing the Shining Diamond
1741:
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When sugar crystals are crushed, tiny electrical fields are created, separating positive and negative charges that create
559:
53:). The phenomenon is not fully understood but appears in most cases to be caused by the separation and reunification of
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and the other side negatively charged. Like in triboluminescence, if the charge separation results in a large enough
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203:
89:(a term mainly used when referring only to light emitted from fractured crystals). Triboluminescence differs from
403:
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351:
255:
Opening an envelope sealed with polymer glue may generate light that can be viewed as blue flashes in darkness.
30:
977:
614:"Experience faire à l'Observatoire sur la Barometre simple touchant un nouveau Phenomene qu'on y a découvert"
1852:
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EMR during the micro-plastic deformation and crack propagation from several metals and alloys and transient
310:
306:
245:
950:"Interfacial Ion-Transfer Mechanism for the Intense Luminescence Observed When Opening Self-Seal Envelopes"
161:, whether candied or plain, if it be hard, will sparkle when broken or scraped in the dark." The scientist
93:
in that a piezoluminescent material emits light when deformed, as opposed to broken. These are examples of
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930:
468:
423:
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Frid, V. (2000), "Electromagnetic radiation method water-infusion control in rockburst-prone strata",
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is generated when a material is mechanically pulled apart, ripped, scratched, crushed, or rubbed (see
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79:(light). Triboluminescence can be observed when breaking sugar crystals and peeling adhesive tapes.
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A study of electron emission during the stripping a layer of a high polymer from glass in a vacuum
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Frid, V; Rabinovitch, A; Bahat, D (7 July 2003). "Fracture induced electromagnetic radiation".
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Martín Gil, Jesús; Martín Gil, Francisco J. (1978). "Triboluminescence of new uranyl salts".
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1753:"Correlation between nanosecond X-ray flashes and stick–slip friction in peeling tape".
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is often used as a synonym for triboluminescence. It is the emission of light from the
1038:
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259:
62:
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1545:
1274:
Erikson J (Oct 1972). "N-acetylanthranilic acid. A highly triboluminescent material".
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also reported on some of his work on triboluminescence in 1663. In 1675. Astronomer
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Certain household materials and substances can be seen to exhibit the property:
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Triboluminescence as a biological phenomenion and methods for its investigation
335:) creates a yellow/orange glow at the point of impact of very high-speed flow.
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The biological phenomenon of triboluminescence is thought to be controlled by
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1317:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
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Dawson, Timothy (2010). "Changing colors: now you see them, now you don't".
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374:, but fracturing often occurs with rubbing. Depending upon the atomic and
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Sanderson, Katharine (22 October 2008). "Sticky tape generates X-rays".
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and crack propagation in uncoated and metal-coated metals and alloys.
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299:
788:
Karasev, V. V; Krotova, N. A; Deryagin, Boris
Vladimirovich (1953).
298:. Diamonds may fluoresce blue or red. Some other minerals, such as
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178:
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112:
102:
73:
46:
29:
1219:"Make Blue Smash-Glow Crystals (Triboluminescence Demonstration)"
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The first recorded observation is attributed to
English scholar
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in joints of vertebrae, during sexual intercourse, and during
317:
surface of osseous and soft tissues, during chewing food, at
302:, are triboluminescent, emitting light when rubbed together.
1822:
Bandaids glow when opening?! - Everyday
Mysteries on Youtube
305:
Triboluminescence as a biological phenomenon is observed in
1412:(23). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 6079–6086.
1670:"Wintergreen Candy and Other Triboluminescent Materials"
354:
emits a deep blue light when its crystals are fractured.
126:
Quartz rattlers of the Uncompahgre Ute indigenous people
1708:"Triboluminescence: recalling interest and new aspects"
266:
work especially well for creating such sparks, because
914:
Krishna, G N; Chowdhury, S.K.Roy; Biswas, A. (2014).
1676:. Scientific Experiments at Home. Towson University.
963:(37). American Chemical Society (ACS): 13294–13299.
671:(4). Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC): 1382–1386.
978:20.500.11820/78782d2a-b87f-4fda-813c-6a282d1fd9c6
1119:Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence
1060:"Rockhounding Arkansas: Experiments with Quartz"
698:W. Clegg, G. Bourhill and I. Sage (April 2002).
1037:. Sciencenews.org. 1997-05-17. Archived from
339:Chemicals notable for their triboluminescence
8:
1795:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1449:International Journal of Materials Research
1389:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
101:resulting from any mechanical action on a
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948:Alexander, Andrew J. (5 September 2012).
916:"X-Ray Emission during Rubbing of Metals"
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1492:Journal of Zhejiang University Science A
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1788:
1455:(7). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 857–864.
1382:
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584:
262:while trying to reunite. Wint-O-Green
1526:Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
733:Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence
7:
1742:"Sound Science Behind Glowing Sugar"
856:"Scotch Tape Unleashes X-Ray Power"
618:Journal des Sçavans (Paris edition)
503:"BBC Big Bang on triboluminescence"
1314:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
25:
1761:(7216): 1089–1092. Oct 23, 2008.
398:EMR propagation during fracturing
884:Katherine Bourzac (2008-10-23).
704:Acta Crystallographica Section E
541:10.1111/j.1478-4408.2010.00247.x
157:that "It is well known that all
1066:from the original on 2012-04-24
896:from the original on 2012-05-14
866:from the original on 2017-09-30
509:from the original on 2019-12-21
1668:Sweeting, Lind M. (Sep 1998).
1633:Matousek, et al. (2023).
886:"X-Rays Made with Scotch Tape"
210:during mechanical activation.
34:Triboluminescence of nicotine
27:Mechanical generation of light
1:
1639:Journal of Chemical Education
1606:Journal of Chemical Education
1589:10.1016/S0926-9851(99)00029-4
1569:Journal of Applied Geophysics
1241:Journal of Chemical Education
854:Chang, Kenneth (2008-10-23).
151:when he recorded in his 1620
1804:Triboluminescence Discussion
1727:10.1016/j.chempr.2018.01.001
1406:Journal of Materials Science
1350:Journal of Materials Science
633:"Triboluminescence of Sugar"
394:properties of the bath gas.
1652:10.1021/acs.jchemed.3c00372
1546:10.1088/0022-3727/36/13/330
444:Test methods to measure EMR
370:(rather than rubbing) of a
236:Triboluminescence in quartz
1874:
329:Water jet abrasive cutting
61:. The term comes from the
1848:Electromagnetic radiation
1699:10.1080/00018737700101483
1418:10.1007/s10853-005-1293-4
1370:10.1007/s10853-008-2590-5
1205:10.1149/ma2016-02/42/3158
1094:10.13140/RG.2.1.2298.5443
717:10.1107/S1600536802005093
631:Wick, Frances G. (1940).
404:electromagnetic radiation
45:is a phenomenon in which
1706:Xie, Y.; Li, Z. (2018).
1199:. MA2016-02 (42): 3158.
352:N-acetylanthranilic acid
143:Early scientific reports
1674:Department of Chemistry
1504:10.1631/jzus.2006.a1800
1327:10.1351/goldbook.T06499
435:Deformation induced EMR
311:contact electrification
246:pressure-sensitive tape
85:is often a synonym for
55:static electric charges
1681:Walton, A. J. (1977).
1131:10.1002/bio.1170070403
1062:. Rockhoundingar.com.
775:10.1038/news.2008.1185
745:10.1002/bio.1170070403
649:10.1364/JOSA.30.000302
575:Boyle, Robert (1663).
307:mechanical deformation
237:
122:
39:
1197:ECS Meeting Abstracts
923:Tribology in Industry
620:(in French): 112–113.
529:Coloration Technology
469:List of light sources
235:
116:
33:
484:Triboelectric effect
59:triboelectric effect
1811:Make Duct Tape Glow
1775:10.1038/nature07378
1767:2008Natur.455.1089C
1687:Advances in Physics
1683:"Triboluminescence"
1618:1978JChEd..55..340G
1581:2000JAG....43....5F
1538:2003JPhD...36.1620F
1362:2008JMatS..43.5634C
1288:1972JChEd..49..688E
1253:2012JChEd..89..652M
1166:1966Natur.212R.179H
1084:Orel, V.E. (1989).
1035:"Triboluminescence"
1017:"Triboluminescence"
833:10.1038/nature07378
825:2008Natur.455.1089C
819:(7216): 1089–1092.
581:. pp. 391–411.
408:plastic deformation
331:of ceramics (e.g.,
219:In common materials
189:Mechanism of action
177:In the late 1790s,
136:mechanoluminescence
95:mechanoluminescence
1461:10.3139/146.110355
860:The New York Times
769:: news.2008.1185.
677:10.1039/c2ce06277a
562:2006-05-03 at the
422:generation during
384:electric potential
380:positively charged
364:Fractoluminescence
359:Fractoluminescence
238:
169:observed that his
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87:fractoluminescence
40:
18:Fractoluminescence
1626:10.1021/ed055p340
1532:(13): 1620–1628.
1356:(16): 5634–5643,
1319:triboluminescence
1296:10.1021/ed049p688
1261:10.1021/ed2001494
1160:(5058): 179–180.
969:10.1021/la302689y
890:Technology Review
412:crack propagation
323:blood circulation
280:ultraviolet light
272:methyl salicylate
233:
167:Jean-Felix Picard
91:piezoluminescence
83:Triboluminescence
43:Triboluminescence
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1276:J Chem Educ
276:fluorescent
268:wintergreen
264:Life Savers
250:Scotch tape
97:, which is
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38:-salicylate
1832:Categories
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1070:2012-10-09
1045:2012-10-09
935:2555415391
900:2012-10-09
870:2017-02-25
798:1037003456
513:2019-12-25
490:References
392:dielectric
284:blue light
183:sugar nips
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1858:Chemistry
1661:260181412
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587:cite book
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376:molecular
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171:barometer
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