103:
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mutinous behavior. Altogether, 43 per cent of the 113 infantry divisions of the Army had been affected by the end of 1917. The crisis of morale occurred mainly in the infantry, which had borne the brunt of casualties. Branches such as the heavy artillery, which was located far behind the front lines and those cavalry regiments that were still mounted, remained unaffected by the mutinies and provided detachments to round up deserters and restore order. Only 12 field artillery regiments were affected by the crisis of indiscipline.
506:. His project had been made possible by the opening of most of the military archives, fifty years after the events, a delay that was in conformity with French War Ministry procedure. There were still undisclosed archives on the mutinies in the 21st century, which were believed to contain documents mostly of a political nature; they were not to be opened to researchers until 100 years after the mutinies, in 2017.
314:
occurred in the 17th
Division. Over the next two days, spokesmen were elected in two regiments of the 69th Division to petition for an end to the offensive. By 28 May, mutinies broke out in the 9th Division, 158th Division, 5th Division and the 1st Cavalry Division. By the end of May more units of the 5th, 6th, 13th, 35th, 43rd, 62nd, 77th and 170th Divisions mutinied and revolts occurred in
204:
509:
Leonard Smith has argued that the mutinies were akin to labour strikes and could be considered, at least partly, political in nature. The soldiers demanded more leave, better food and objected to the use of colonial workers on the home front. They were also deeply concerned about the welfare of their
476:
When the
Americans arrived in France in the spring of 1917, they were inexperienced and US generals had orders not to accept responsibility for military zones. The US generals were ordered to "understudy" the British. This meant that for the summer and autumn of 1917, British troops had to take over
453:
The most persistent episodes of collective indiscipline involved a relatively small number of French divisions; the mutinies did not threaten a complete military collapse. Because of the low morale in more than half of the French Army, it took until the early months of 1918 for the French Army fully
325:
Even in regiments in which there was direct confrontation, such as the 74th
Infantry Regiment, the men did not harm their officers but refused to attack. Most mutineers were veterans who did not refuse to fight but wanted the military authorities to be more attentive to the realities of modern war.
163:
The mutinies and associated disruptions involved, to various degrees, nearly half of the French infantry divisions stationed on the
Western Front. The term "mutiny" does not precisely describe events; soldiers remained in trenches and were willing to defend but refused orders to attack. Nivelle was
435:
Along with the deterrent of military justice, PĂ©tain offered more regular and longer leave and an end to grand offensives "until the arrival of tanks and
Americans on the front". They feared that infantry offensives could never prevail over the fire of machine-guns and artillery. PĂ©tain restored
415:
When the news of the revolution in Russia and the abdication of the Tsar reached France there were some demonstrations amongst
Russian units in France. When an order from Russia to elect soviets was received on 16 April, the French Army whisked the Russians away from the front and moved them to
361:
examined French military archives and discovered that 49 infantry divisions were destabilised and experienced episodes of mutiny. Of the 49, nine divisions were gravely affected by mutinous behavior, 15 were seriously affected and 25 divisions were affected by isolated but repeated instances of
472:
in June 1917 that France planned "to wait for the
Americans & meanwhile not lose more.... I like PĂ©tain... just because he won't attack". Martin Evans wrote "the French army would sit tight and wait for the Americans". Christopher Andrew and Kanya-Forster wrote in 1981 "Even after Petain's
313:
battalion of the 127th
Division and a regiment of the 18th Division. Two days later, a battalion of the 166th Division staged a demonstration and on 20 May, the 128th Regiment of the 3rd Division and the 66th Regiment of the 18th Division refused orders. Individual incidents of insubordination
370:
From 8 June, the military authorities took swift and decisive action: mass arrests were followed by mass trials. Those arrested were selected by their own officers and NCOs, with the implicit consent of the rank and file. There were
265:) failed to achieve its main war-winning objective. At the cost of very high casualties, the offensive exhausted the German reserves and conquered some tactically important positions. A French tank attack had also been launched near
195:. The mutinies were kept secret from the Germans and their full extent was not revealed until decades later. The German failure to detect the mutinies has been described as one of the most serious intelligence failures of the war.
501:
The French government suppressed news of the mutinies to avoid alerting the
Germans or harming morale on the home front. The extent and the intensity of the mutinies were disclosed for the first time in 1967 by Guy Pedroncini, in
481:, with varied success but pertinently relieving pressure on the French to the south. It was not until early 1918, when the US troops had completed their preparations for war, that French morale improved. The Allies withstood the
518:, the French high command. Smith placed the mutinies into their wider ideological context and demonstrated the extent to which French soldiers and mutineers accepted the main tenets of Republican ideology.
3323:
3338:
1366:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London:
3522:
411:
during the mutinies in 1917. The original French text accompanying the photograph notes that the uniforms are those of 1914/15 and that the execution may be that of a spy at the beginning of the war.
510:
families. The rather subdued repression, according to Smith, was part of the PĂ©tain policy of appeasement. Concurrently, that policy saved the appearance of absolute authority exercised by the
424:
and bombarded with artillery, killing eight men and wounding 28. That episode became the basis of widespread false rumours that the French had bombarded French units. The
Russian troops (about
297:
The Nivelle Offensive failed to achieve its strategic objectives and by 25 April, most of the fighting had ended. On 3 May, the French 2nd Division refused to follow orders to attack and the
3420:
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early 1917), out of a population of twenty million males of all ages, had been killed in fighting by early 1917. The losses had weakened the French will to attack. In April 1917, General
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soon spread throughout the army. For most of the time events were independent and were focused on specific demands, more liberty, more time with families and better conditions in
3715:
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2092:
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454:
to recover. Because of the mutinies, the French high command became reluctant to begin another offensive. PĂ©tain's strategy in late 1917 was to wait for the deployment of the
396:
these were carried out. The relative lack of rigour in repressing the mutinies provoked adverse reactions among some French divisional commanders. PĂ©tain and French President
350:. Ashworth wrote that the mutinies were "widespread and persistent" and involved more than half the divisions in the French army. On 7 June, PĂ©tain told British commander Sir
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paid dividends. Starved of food, Germany collapsed on the home front. Its leadership was compelled to sue for peace, as the army and the front were quickly pushed back.
168:, who restored morale by talking to the men, promising no more suicidal attacks, providing rest and leave for exhausted units and moderating discipline. He held 3,400
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in which French artillery fired its shells to land just in front of the advancing infantry to keep the Germans under cover until they had been overrun.
473:
skilful mixture of tact and firmness had restored military discipline, the French army could only remain on the defensive and wait for the Americans".
2392:
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in Russia was being published in French socialist newspapers and anonymous pacifist propaganda leaflets were very widely distributed. In
2514:
2019:
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1557:
477:
the zones that the French had vacated and also teach American troops. The British tried to reinvigorate French morale by launching the
400:, on the other hand, made it their policy to mend the French Army's morale and to avoid acting in a way that could aggravate the loss.
3970:
2453:
1739:
1200:]. Collection de mémoires, études et documents pour servir à l'histoire de la guerre mondiale (in French). Paris: Editions Payot.
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2199:
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2418:
1889:
1714:
1694:
1222:
1182:
952:
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277:. A similar battle would have been considered a draw in 1915 but in 1917, after the huge losses at the Battle of Verdun and the
3887:
3692:
3672:
3459:
3395:
3218:
3087:
1991:
1911:
1849:
286:
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2728:
281:, the psychology of the soldiers was fragile. The strategic failure and the casualties caused a collapse in the morale of the
3950:
3687:
3682:
3677:
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2006:
1981:
1879:
403:
3720:
3662:
3657:
3621:
3555:
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3293:
2876:
2266:
2194:
2125:
1894:
1864:
1859:
455:
188:
2886:
1518:
39:
3611:
3238:
3178:
3075:
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2743:
2529:
2233:
2072:
1971:
1592:
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3849:
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3129:
3081:
2397:
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2184:
1948:
1936:
1931:
351:
239:
137:
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2458:
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2577:
2145:
2057:
2014:
262:
145:
81:
3771:
3111:
2718:
2572:
160:
in 48 hours; morale in French armies rose to a great height and the shock of failure soured their mood overnight.
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3123:
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2851:
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2157:
2135:
1884:
1874:
1807:
1719:
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1699:
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tanks engaged were knocked out. Nivelle was removed from his command on 15 May 1917 and was replaced by General
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3223:
3105:
2841:
2836:
2758:
2167:
2140:
1844:
1724:
1562:
1364:
Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras
468:("I am waiting for the tanks and the Americans"). He had the support of Georges Clemenceau, who told President
2562:
3965:
3817:
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2796:
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2763:
2723:
2582:
2567:
2542:
2423:
2300:
1633:
482:
346:, troops refused orders or to go to the front. On 1 June, a French infantry regiment took over the town of
3584:
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3243:
3099:
2826:
2753:
2703:
2688:
2670:
2643:
2557:
2524:
2189:
2150:
2130:
1941:
1834:
1734:
1638:
1628:
486:
3117:
191:. French soldiers on the front had unrealistically been expecting US troops to arrive within days of the
3574:
3228:
2893:
2856:
2786:
2733:
2655:
2623:
2597:
2547:
2478:
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2333:
2179:
2117:
1986:
1869:
1679:
478:
107:
2519:
1177:] (in French) (2nd ed.). Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, Presse Universitaires de France.
343:
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The soldiers had come to believe that the attacks they were ordered to make were futile. News on the
184:
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3045:
2909:
2861:
2738:
2698:
2693:
2638:
2321:
2315:
2216:
1653:
1648:
981:
French, David (1991). "Watching the Allies: British Intelligence and the French Mutinies of 1917".
429:
397:
327:
278:
175:
The catalyst for the mutinies was the extreme optimism and dashed hopes of the Nivelle offensive,
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3004:
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1966:
1643:
1602:
1532:
1144:
180:
274:
165:
1234:
Between Mutiny and Obedience: The Case of the French Fifth Infantry Division During World War I
3899:
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1976:
1542:
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1337:
1318:
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149:
76:
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2204:
2024:
1924:
1781:
1607:
1547:
255:
251:
243:
1198:
The Mutiny of La Courtine: The Rebellion of the Russian Regiments in 1917 in Central France
17:
3766:
3606:
2945:
2498:
2473:
2172:
2080:
1919:
1776:
1760:
1194:
La mutinerie de La Courtine: les régiments russes révoltés en 1917 au centre de la France
3599:
3579:
3250:
2963:
2801:
2592:
2483:
2339:
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2226:
1744:
1404:
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1023:
534:
469:
358:
347:
231:
169:
153:
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2998:
2992:
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2345:
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1310:
428:) were demobilised, transferred to labor battalions and the ringleaders were sent to
381:
270:
247:
157:
3160:
2587:
1597:
1582:
1336:(facs. repr. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT. ed.). Cambridge: Clarendon Press.
266:
235:
1251:
Smith, Leonard V. (1995). "War and 'Politics': The French Army Mutinies of 1917".
1002:
Gilbert, Bentley B.; Bernard, Paul P. (1959). "The French Army Mutinies of 1917".
354:
that two French divisions had refused to relieve two divisions in the front line.
3371:
3276:
2974:
2402:
1823:
1359:
1315:
The Road to Passchendaele: The Flanders Offensive 1917, A Study in Inevitability
421:
416:
central France. The Russians put on a big May Day parade and then mutinied. The
141:
133:
114:
71:
203:
931:
459:
437:
302:
234:
promised a war-winning decisive victory. He proposed to work closely with the
1477:
1264:
1205:
1015:
994:
3166:
2933:
1487:
3426:
1669:
1123:
Le général J. B. E. Estienne - pÚre des chars: Des chenilles et des ailes
489:
comprehensively defeated the German Armies, which with the British naval
331:
310:
242:
lines on the Western Front by a great attack against the German-occupied
176:
152:
in April 1917. The new French commander of the armies in France, General
1451:
Dare Call it Treason: the True Story of the French Army Mutinies of 1917
1387:
Victory through Coalition, Britain and France during the First World War
1295:. Vol. I (pbk. repr. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
246:, a long and prominent ridge that runs east to west, just north of the
408:
298:
172:
in which 554 mutineers were sentenced to death and 26 were executed.
58:
436:
morale by a combination of rest periods, frequent rotations of the
420:
was encircled by loyal Russian troops in September 1917 at Camp de
3594:
1127:
General J. B.E. Estienne - Father of tanks, Caterpillars and Wings
402:
282:
202:
884:
Andrew, Christopher M.; Kanya-Forstner, Alexander Sydney (1981).
553:
551:
322:
soldiers deserted in 1917; the offensive was suspended on 9 May.
1367:
250:. Nivelle applied a tactic that he had used with success at the
1796:
1491:
1792:
1274:
Transnational France: The Modern History of a Universal Nation
651:
649:
668:
666:
664:
572:
570:
568:
566:
285:, who had been so enthusiastic just a few days before. The
1213:
Simkins, Peter; Jukes, Geoffrey; Hickey, Michael (1983).
707:
705:
1085:
A World Undone: The Story of the Great War, 1914 to 1918
144:. They started just after the unsuccessful and costly
1690:
Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia
964:
France 1815â2003: Modern History For Modern Languages
905:
Trench Warfare, 1914â18: The Live and Let Live System
458:
and the introduction of the new and highly effective
289:
in early April 1917 was met with euphoria in France.
1087:(Delta trade pbk. ed.). New York: Bantam Dell.
819:
3879:
3800:
3739:
3701:
3645:
3634:
3538:
3510:
3458:
3380:
3354:
3306:
3259:
3199:
3192:
3020:
2902:
2777:
2679:
2606:
2507:
2411:
2373:
2308:
2299:
2242:
2116:
2105:
2071:
2043:
2005:
1957:
1910:
1903:
1769:
1753:
1662:
1616:
1525:
1334:
If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West
89:
65:
53:
45:
32:
886:The Climax of French Imperial Expansion, 1914â1924
588:
2769:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
1149:Foch: Supreme Allied Commander in the Great War
1411:(pbk. abbr. ed.). London: Penguin Books.
735:
600:
557:
1808:
1503:
924:The Private Papers of Douglas Haig, 1914â1918
384:). In 1967, research by Guy Pedroncini found
8:
1215:The First World War: The War To End All Wars
947:] (in French). Louviers: Ysec Editions.
511:
463:
375:
252:First and Second Offensive Battles of Verdun
1104:Pessimism and British War Policy, 1916â1918
888:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
187:) and disappointment at the non-arrival of
156:, had promised a decisive victory over the
3642:
3351:
3256:
3196:
2305:
2113:
1907:
1815:
1801:
1793:
1588:Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee
1510:
1496:
1488:
1453:(repr. ed.). New York: Dorset Press.
723:
711:
29:
1389:. Sydney: University of New South Wales.
1236:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1049:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
696:
3058:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
1710:Commune of the Working People of Estonia
1553:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
1030:(pbk. ed.). London: HarperCollins.
747:
655:
640:
636:
624:
3435:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
1047:The French Army and the First World War
795:
759:
672:
612:
547:
217:More than one million French soldiers (
1675:Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets
945:Your Forefather in the First World War
831:
783:
771:
576:
208:The Aisne Front in 1917, site of the
3388:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
2724:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
1730:Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic
867:
855:
843:
807:
684:
465:J'attends les chars et les Américains
7:
3792:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
983:Intelligence & National Security
3976:Subsidiary conflicts of World War I
3956:Military discipline and World War I
3721:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
2515:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
1010:(1). London: Taylor & Francis.
941:Votre ancĂȘtre dans la Grande Guerre
926:. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.
2454:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
1740:Galician Soviet Socialist Republic
1685:DonetskâKrivoy Rog Soviet Republic
440:units and regular home furloughs.
25:
3986:Events that led to courts-martial
1715:Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
1695:Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic
1434:] (in French). Paris: Imago.
1121:Mondet, Arlette Estienne (2011).
2817:Second Battle of the Piave River
2439:Russian invasion of East Prussia
820:Andrew & Kanya-Forstner 1981
589:Simkins, Jukes & Hickey 1983
254:in October and December 1916, a
101:
3888:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
3088:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
1276:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
907:. Grand Strategy. London: Pan.
164:sacked and replaced by General
3711:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
3570:Deportations from East Prussia
3367:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
1558:German Revolution of 1918â1919
1385:Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (2005).
1045:Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (2014).
1:
3622:Ukrainian Canadian internment
1129:]. Editions L'Harmattan.
456:American Expeditionary Forces
309:there were disturbances in a
3777:SazonovâPalĂ©ologue Agreement
3076:Estonian War of Independence
2744:Southern Palestine offensive
1593:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
1293:The First World War: To Arms
1151:. Washington DC: Brassey's.
3731:USA against Austria-Hungary
3130:Turkish War of Independence
3082:Latvian War of Independence
2807:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
2398:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
1670:Soviet Republic of Naissaar
922:Blake, Robert, ed. (1952).
49:25 April 1917 â 8 June 1917
18:French Army Mutinies (1917)
4002:
3814:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
3362:1899â1923 cholera pandemic
2822:Second Battle of the Marne
2709:Second battle of the Aisne
2578:Second Battle of Champagne
2419:German invasion of Belgium
1449:Watt, Richard M. (2001) .
1432:The Strike in the Trenches
1232:Smith, Leonard V. (1994).
736:Gilbert & Bernard 1959
601:Gilbert & Bernard 1959
558:Gilbert & Bernard 1959
263:Second Battle of the Aisne
146:Second Battle of the Aisne
140:in northern France during
82:Second Battle of the Aisne
3971:Opposition to World War I
3920:
3595:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
3124:Irish War of Independence
2867:Armistice of Villa Giusti
2852:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
2464:First Battle of the Marne
1830:
1720:Hungarian Soviet Republic
1705:Soviet Republic of Saxony
1700:Ukrainian Soviet Republic
1192:Poitevin, Pierre (1938).
148:, the main action in the
130:1917 French Army mutinies
94:
37:
33:1917 French Army mutinies
27:Failed uprising in France
3981:Revolutions of 1917â1923
3747:Constantinople Agreement
3040:ArmenianâAzerbaijani War
2903:Co-belligerent conflicts
2872:Second Romanian campaign
2842:Third Transjordan attack
2553:GorliceâTarnĂłw offensive
2459:Battle of Grand Couronné
1725:Bavarian Soviet Republic
1563:1919 Egyptian revolution
1519:Revolutions of 1917â1923
939:Buffetaut, Yves (2000).
627:, pp. 94, 100, 109.
40:Revolutions of 1917â1923
3961:Mutinies in World War I
3810:Modus vivendi of Acroma
3762:BulgariaâGermany treaty
3070:Greater Poland Uprising
2970:National Protection War
2847:MeuseâArgonne offensive
2797:German spring offensive
2792:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2568:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
2543:Second Battle of Artois
2424:Battle of the Frontiers
1634:1919 Southampton mutiny
1568:Greater Poland Uprising
1468:Williams, John (1962).
1426:Rolland, Denis (2005).
1272:Stovall, Tyler (2015).
1102:Millman, Brock (2014).
903:Ashworth, Tony (2000).
483:German spring offensive
287:U.S. entry into the war
193:U.S. declaration of war
3835:Paris Peace Conference
3823:UkraineâCentral Powers
3617:Massacres of Albanians
3585:Late Ottoman genocides
3392:Bulgarian occupations
3100:Third Anglo-Afghan War
3064:HungarianâRomanian War
2882:Naval Victory Bulletin
2877:Armistice with Germany
2827:Hundred Days Offensive
2754:Battle of La Malmaison
2704:Second battle of Arras
2671:Battle of Transylvania
2525:Second Battle of Ypres
2393:Sarajevo assassination
2282:South African Republic
1735:Slovak Soviet Republic
1639:Seattle General Strike
1428:La grÚve des tranchées
1332:Wynne, G. C. (1976) .
1317:. London: Leo Cooper.
1171:Les mutineries de 1917
1068:. London: Hutchinson.
962:Evans, Martin (2014).
514:Grand Quartier Général
512:
504:Les Mutineries de 1917
487:Hundred Days Offensive
464:
412:
407:Possible execution at
376:
261:Nivelle's attack (the
214:
3951:France in World War I
3845:Treaty of St. Germain
3818:RussiaâCentral Powers
3772:SykesâPicot Agreement
3600:Pontic Greek genocide
3575:Destruction of Kalisz
3551:Eastern Mediterranean
3112:PolishâLithuanian War
2894:Armistice of Belgrade
2857:Armistice of Salonica
2787:Operation Faustschlag
2734:Third Battle of Oituz
2656:Baranovichi offensive
2624:Lake Naroch offensive
2598:Battle of Robat Karim
2573:VistulaâBug offensive
2548:Battles of the Isonzo
2479:First Battle of Ypres
1680:Odesa Soviet Republic
1472:. London: Heinemann.
1291:Strachan, H. (2003).
1259:(2). New York: Sage.
1106:. London: Routledge.
1083:Meyer, G. J. (2007).
1064:Keegan, John (1998).
966:. London: Routledge.
479:Third Battle of Ypres
418:First Russian Brigade
406:
238:to break through the
206:
3840:Treaty of Versailles
3556:Mount Lebanon famine
3471:in the United States
3439:Russian occupations
3153:TurkishâArmenian War
3094:PolishâUkrainian War
3034:UkrainianâSoviet War
2981:Central Asian Revolt
2764:Armistice of FocÈani
2494:Battle of Sarikamish
2444:Battle of Tannenberg
1840:Military engagements
1624:French Army Mutinies
1175:The Mutinies of 1917
432:in penal servitude.
185:trade union movement
3907:They shall not pass
3830:Treaty of Bucharest
3787:Treaty of Bucharest
3726:USA against Germany
3703:Declarations of war
3407:German occupations
3320:British casualties
3179:SovietâGeorgian War
3106:Egyptian Revolution
3046:Armeno-Georgian War
2910:Somaliland campaign
2862:Armistice of Mudros
2739:Battle of Caporetto
2729:Battle of MÄrÄÈeÈti
2699:Zimmermann telegram
2694:February Revolution
2639:Battle of the Somme
2563:Bug-Narew Offensive
2538:Battle of Gallipoli
2530:Sinking of the RMS
2322:Scramble for Africa
2316:Franco-Prussian War
1972:Sinai and Palestine
1649:May Fourth Movement
1145:Neiberg, Michael S.
1066:The First World War
870:, pp. 180â201.
846:, pp. 314â315.
834:, pp. 573â592.
774:, pp. 356â431.
726:, pp. 207â208.
675:, pp. 333â334.
658:, pp. 224â225.
579:, pp. 356â364.
491:blockade of Germany
392:sentences but only
388:of hard labour and
328:February Revolution
279:Battle of the Somme
179:(stimulated by the
132:took place amongst
3867:Treaty of Lausanne
3782:Paris Economy Pact
3716:UK against Germany
3646:Entry into the war
3612:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
3331:Ottoman casualties
3141:Franco-Turkish War
3021:Post-War conflicts
3005:Russian Revolution
2987:Invasion of Darfur
2952:Kelantan rebellion
2940:Kurdish rebellions
2916:Mexican Revolution
2749:October Revolution
2714:Kerensky offensive
2689:Capture of Baghdad
2666:Monastir offensive
2651:Brusilov offensive
2489:Battle of Kolubara
2328:Russo-Japanese War
1644:March 1st Movement
1603:September Uprising
1533:Russian Revolution
1409:The Price of Glory
1217:. Oxford: Osprey.
413:
377:conseils de guerre
344:CĆuvres-et-Valsery
283:French infantrymen
215:
181:Russian Revolution
3946:Conflicts in 1917
3933:
3932:
3916:
3915:
3900:The Golden Virgin
3894:Mutilated victory
3875:
3874:
3855:Treaty of Trianon
3850:Treaty of Neuilly
3757:Damascus Protocol
3630:
3629:
3590:Armenian genocide
3547:Allied blockades
3519:Belgian refugees
3302:
3301:
3212:Strategic bombing
3188:
3187:
3173:Franco-Syrian War
3147:Greco-Turkish War
3135:Anglo-Turkish War
3118:PolishâSoviet War
3052:German Revolution
3028:Russian Civil War
3011:Finnish Civil War
2837:Battle of Megiddo
2812:Battle of Goychay
2759:Battle of Cambrai
2719:Battle of MÄrÄÈti
2634:Battle of Jutland
2614:Erzurum offensive
2469:Siege of PrzemyĆl
2449:Siege of Tsingtao
2434:Battle of Galicia
2364:Second Balkan War
2352:Italo-Turkish War
2309:Pre-War conflicts
2295:
2294:
2185:Portuguese Empire
2101:
2100:
2063:German New Guinea
2045:Asian and Pacific
1790:
1789:
1543:Finnish Civil War
1538:Russian Civil War
1460:978-0-7607-2240-4
1441:978-2-84952-020-8
1418:978-0-14-002215-5
1396:978-0-521-85384-2
1377:978-0-89839-180-0
1343:978-0-8371-5029-1
1324:978-0-436-51732-7
1302:978-0-19-926191-8
1283:978-0-8133-4812-4
1243:978-0-691-03304-4
1158:978-1-57488-551-4
1136:978-2-296-44757-8
1113:978-1-135-26950-0
1094:978-0-553-38240-2
1075:978-0-09-180178-6
1056:978-1-107-60568-8
1037:978-0-00-637666-8
973:978-1-4441-1903-9
914:978-0-330-48068-0
895:978-0-8047-1101-2
738:, pp. 29â31.
560:, pp. 24â41.
340:FĂšre-en-Tardenois
336:Villers-CotterĂȘts
318:in May. A record
210:Nivelle Offensive
150:Nivelle Offensive
126:
125:
122:
121:
77:Nivelle Offensive
16:(Redirected from
3993:
3860:Treaty of SĂšvres
3752:Treaty of London
3643:
3421:Northeast France
3352:
3324:Parliamentarians
3257:
3219:Chemical weapons
3197:
2958:Senussi campaign
2928:Muscat rebellion
2922:Maritz rebellion
2890:
2832:Vardar offensive
2661:Battle of Romani
2629:Battle of Asiago
2619:Battle of Verdun
2583:Kosovo offensive
2358:First Balkan War
2306:
2205:Russian Republic
2114:
1908:
1850:Economic history
1817:
1810:
1803:
1794:
1782:World revolution
1654:1923 KrakĂłw riot
1608:Hamburg Uprising
1548:Aster Revolution
1512:
1505:
1498:
1489:
1481:
1464:
1445:
1422:
1400:
1381:
1347:
1328:
1306:
1287:
1268:
1247:
1228:
1209:
1188:
1162:
1140:
1117:
1098:
1079:
1060:
1041:
1019:
998:
977:
958:
935:
918:
899:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
799:
793:
787:
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
709:
700:
694:
688:
682:
676:
670:
659:
653:
644:
634:
628:
622:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
580:
574:
561:
555:
530:(September 1917)
517:
467:
427:
398:Raymond Poincaré
395:
391:
387:
379:
374:
321:
317:
308:
269:but half of the
256:creeping barrage
244:Chemin des Dames
229:
226:
225:287,000 in 1916,
223:
222:334,000 in 1915,
220:
219:306,000 in 1914,
106:
105:
104:
96:
95:
30:
21:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3912:
3871:
3803:
3796:
3767:Treaty of Darin
3735:
3697:
3653:Austria-Hungary
3639:
3626:
3607:Rape of Belgium
3534:
3506:
3454:
3448:Western Armenia
3443:Eastern Galicia
3376:
3350:
3314:
3313:Civilian impact
3312:
3298:
3255:
3184:
3016:
2946:Ovambo Uprising
2898:
2884:
2773:
2675:
2602:
2520:Battle of ĆomĆŒa
2503:
2499:Christmas truce
2474:Race to the Sea
2407:
2369:
2291:
2262:Austria-Hungary
2238:
2173:Empire of Japan
2110:
2108:
2097:
2081:U-boat campaign
2067:
2039:
2001:
1953:
1899:
1880:Popular culture
1826:
1821:
1791:
1786:
1777:World communism
1765:
1761:First Red Scare
1749:
1658:
1612:
1521:
1516:
1485:
1467:
1461:
1448:
1442:
1425:
1419:
1405:Horne, Alistair
1403:
1397:
1384:
1378:
1358:
1355:
1353:Further reading
1350:
1344:
1331:
1325:
1309:
1303:
1290:
1284:
1271:
1250:
1244:
1231:
1225:
1212:
1191:
1185:
1167:Pedroncini, Guy
1165:
1159:
1143:
1137:
1120:
1114:
1101:
1095:
1082:
1076:
1063:
1057:
1044:
1038:
1028:First World War
1024:Gilbert, Martin
1022:
1001:
980:
974:
961:
955:
938:
921:
915:
902:
896:
883:
879:
874:
866:
862:
854:
850:
842:
838:
830:
826:
818:
814:
806:
802:
794:
790:
782:
778:
770:
766:
758:
754:
746:
742:
734:
730:
724:Greenhalgh 2014
722:
718:
712:Pedroncini 1983
710:
703:
695:
691:
683:
679:
671:
662:
654:
647:
639:, p. 285;
635:
631:
623:
619:
611:
607:
599:
595:
587:
583:
575:
564:
556:
549:
545:
524:
499:
451:
446:
425:
393:
389:
386:2,878 sentences
385:
372:
368:
319:
315:
306:
295:
275:Philippe PĂ©tain
227:
224:
221:
218:
213:
201:
189:American troops
166:Philippe PĂ©tain
118:
110:
108:French Republic
102:
100:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3999:
3997:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3966:1917 in France
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3938:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3891:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3832:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3812:
3806:
3804:
3802:Peace treaties
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3688:United Kingdom
3685:
3680:
3678:Ottoman Empire
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3582:
3580:Sack of Dinant
3577:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3544:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3528:United Kingdom
3525:
3516:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3488:
3482:POW locations
3480:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3464:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3317:
3315:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3282:United Kingdom
3279:
3277:Ottoman Empire
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3254:
3253:
3251:Trench warfare
3248:
3247:
3246:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3203:
3201:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2967:
2964:Volta-Bani War
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2802:Zeebrugge Raid
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2593:Battle of Loos
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2484:Black Sea raid
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2386:Historiography
2377:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2340:Bosnian Crisis
2337:
2334:Tangier Crisis
2331:
2325:
2319:
2312:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2267:Ottoman Empire
2264:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2244:Central Powers
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2227:British Empire
2222:United Kingdom
2219:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2200:Russian Empire
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2118:Entente Powers
2111:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2086:North Atlantic
2077:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1997:Central Arabia
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1959:Middle Eastern
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1860:Historiography
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1745:Labin Republic
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1465:
1459:
1446:
1440:
1423:
1417:
1401:
1395:
1382:
1376:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1329:
1323:
1307:
1301:
1288:
1282:
1269:
1253:War in History
1248:
1242:
1229:
1223:
1210:
1189:
1183:
1163:
1157:
1141:
1135:
1118:
1112:
1099:
1093:
1080:
1074:
1061:
1055:
1042:
1036:
1020:
999:
978:
972:
959:
953:
936:
919:
913:
900:
894:
880:
878:
875:
873:
872:
860:
858:, p. 540.
848:
836:
824:
822:, p. 116.
812:
800:
798:, p. 141.
788:
786:, p. 159.
776:
764:
752:
740:
728:
716:
701:
697:Buffetaut 2000
689:
687:, p. 236.
677:
660:
645:
643:, p. 247.
629:
617:
615:, p. 275.
605:
593:
581:
562:
546:
544:
541:
540:
539:
535:Paths of Glory
531:
528:Ătaples Mutiny
523:
520:
498:
495:
470:Woodrow Wilson
450:
447:
445:
442:
382:courts-martial
367:
364:
359:Guy Pedroncini
348:Missy-aux-Bois
294:
291:
232:Robert Nivelle
207:
200:
197:
170:courts martial
154:Robert Nivelle
136:troops on the
124:
123:
120:
119:
113:
111:
99:
92:
91:
87:
86:
85:
84:
79:
74:
67:
63:
62:
57:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3998:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
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3909:
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3897:
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3808:
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3724:
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3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
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3700:
3694:
3693:United States
3691:
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3679:
3676:
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3669:
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3408:
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3359:
3357:
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3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3310:
3305:
3295:
3294:United States
3292:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3244:Convoy system
3242:
3241:
3240:
3239:Naval warfare
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2999:Kaocen revolt
2997:
2994:
2993:Easter Rising
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
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2870:
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2865:
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2860:
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2813:
2810:
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2800:
2798:
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2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2765:
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2760:
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2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
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2690:
2687:
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2678:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
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2659:
2657:
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2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:Great Retreat
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2429:Battle of Cer
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2346:Agadir Crisis
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2234:United States
2232:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2151:French Empire
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2104:
2094:
2093:Mediterranean
2091:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2073:Naval warfare
2070:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1949:Italian Front
1947:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:Eastern Front
1935:
1933:
1932:Western Front
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1890:Puppet states
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1650:
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1642:
1640:
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1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:Ruhr uprising
1576:
1574:
1573:Biennio Rosso
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1224:1-84176-738-7
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1184:2-13-038092-1
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:The Historian
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
975:
969:
965:
960:
956:
954:2-9513423-2-2
950:
946:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
916:
910:
906:
901:
897:
891:
887:
882:
881:
876:
869:
864:
861:
857:
852:
849:
845:
840:
837:
833:
828:
825:
821:
816:
813:
810:, p. 84.
809:
804:
801:
797:
792:
789:
785:
780:
777:
773:
768:
765:
762:, p. 53.
761:
756:
753:
749:
748:Poitevin 1938
744:
741:
737:
732:
729:
725:
720:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
693:
690:
686:
681:
678:
674:
669:
667:
665:
661:
657:
656:Ashworth 2000
652:
650:
646:
642:
641:Strachan 2003
638:
637:Terraine 1977
633:
630:
626:
625:Terraine 1977
621:
618:
614:
609:
606:
603:, p. 28.
602:
597:
594:
591:, p. 78.
590:
585:
582:
578:
573:
571:
569:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
542:
537:
536:
532:
529:
526:
525:
521:
519:
516:
515:
507:
505:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
474:
471:
466:
461:
457:
448:
443:
441:
439:
433:
431:
423:
419:
410:
405:
401:
399:
383:
378:
365:
363:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
323:
320:27,000 French
312:
307:16 to 17 May,
304:
300:
292:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:Schneider CA1
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
211:
205:
198:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:Western Front
135:
131:
116:
112:
109:
98:
97:
93:
88:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3905:
3898:
3886:
3493: /
3425:
3260:Conscription
3224:Cryptography
3161:Iraqi Revolt
2588:Siege of Kut
2531:
2109:participants
2058:German Samoa
1992:South Arabia
1623:
1598:March Action
1583:Iraqi Revolt
1484:
1469:
1450:
1431:
1427:
1408:
1386:
1363:
1333:
1314:
1311:Terraine, J.
1292:
1273:
1256:
1252:
1233:
1214:
1197:
1193:
1174:
1170:
1148:
1126:
1122:
1103:
1084:
1065:
1046:
1027:
1007:
1003:
986:
982:
963:
944:
940:
923:
904:
885:
877:Bibliography
863:
851:
839:
827:
815:
803:
796:Millman 2014
791:
779:
767:
760:Neiberg 2003
755:
743:
731:
719:
692:
680:
673:Gilbert 1995
632:
620:
613:Stovall 2015
608:
596:
584:
533:
508:
503:
500:
475:
452:
434:
430:North Africa
414:
369:
356:
352:Douglas Haig
324:
316:21 divisions
296:
267:Berry-au-Bac
260:
236:British Army
216:
174:
162:
129:
127:
38:Part of the
3523:Netherlands
3500:Switzerland
3381:Occupations
3372:Spanish flu
3149:(1919â1922)
3143:(1918â1921)
3137:(1918â1923)
3126:(1919â1921)
3120:(1919â1921)
3114:(1919â1920)
3090:(1918â1920)
3084:(1918â1920)
3078:(1918â1920)
3060:(1918â1920)
3042:(1918â1920)
3036:(1917â1921)
3030:(1917â1921)
2977:(1916-1918)
2975:Arab Revolt
2966:(1915â1917)
2960:(1915â1917)
2948:(1914-1917)
2942:(1914â1917)
2936:(1914â1921)
2930:(1913â1920)
2918:(1910â1920)
2912:(1900â1920)
2885: [
2403:July Crisis
2324:(1880â1914)
1987:Mesopotamia
1865:Home fronts
1824:World War I
1663:Territories
1470:Mutiny 1917
832:French 1991
784:Mondet 2011
772:Keegan 1998
577:Keegan 1998
538:(1957 film)
485:and in the
422:La Courtine
303:cantonments
248:Aisne River
142:World War I
134:French Army
115:French Army
72:World War I
3940:Categories
3740:Agreements
3540:War crimes
3416:Luxembourg
3309:Casualties
2180:Montenegro
2015:South West
1895:Technology
1885:Propaganda
1875:Opposition
932:1019214627
868:Smith 1995
856:Meyer 2007
844:Wynne 1976
808:Evans 2014
685:Blake 1952
460:Renault FT
438:front-line
426:10,000 men
366:Repression
228:121,000 in
199:Background
3637:Diplomacy
3344:Olympians
3267:Australia
3234:Logistics
3167:Vlora War
3096:(1918â19)
3072:(1918â19)
3066:(1918â19)
3054:(1918â19)
3001:(1916â17)
2983:(1916â17)
2934:Zaian War
2924:(1914â15)
2644:first day
2532:Lusitania
2360:(1912â13)
2354:(1911â12)
2342:(1908â09)
2336:(1905â06)
2318:(1870â71)
2107:Principal
1967:Gallipoli
1870:Memorials
1855:Geography
1845:Aftermath
1754:Reactions
1478:640998048
1407:(1978) .
1362:(1992) .
1360:Falls, C.
1265:0968-3445
1206:715735154
1016:0018-2370
995:0268-4527
543:Footnotes
444:Aftermath
390:629 death
357:In 1967,
66:Caused by
3925:Category
3512:Refugees
3478:Italians
3467:Germans
3427:Ober Ost
3207:Aviation
2301:Timeline
2272:Bulgaria
2053:Tsingtao
2030:Togoland
1977:Caucasus
1912:European
1904:Theatres
1629:Red Week
1617:Protests
1313:(1977).
1169:(1983).
1147:(2003).
1026:(1995).
522:See also
449:Analysis
332:Soissons
311:Chasseur
293:Mutinies
183:and the
177:pacifism
54:Location
3663:Germany
3563:Germany
3491:Germany
3411:Belgium
3396:Albania
3355:Disease
3335:Sports
3287:Ireland
3200:Warfare
3193:Aspects
2381:Origins
2374:Prelude
2277:Senussi
2257:Germany
2252:Leaders
2190:Romania
2131:Belgium
2126:Leaders
2025:Kamerun
2007:African
1942:Romania
1920:Balkans
1835:Outline
1770:Related
1526:Revolts
497:History
462:tanks,
305:. From
158:Germans
90:Parties
3683:Russia
3658:France
3486:Canada
3401:Serbia
3272:Canada
3229:Horses
3181:(1921)
3175:(1920)
3169:(1920)
3163:(1920)
3155:(1920)
3108:(1919)
3102:(1919)
3048:(1918)
3013:(1918)
3007:(1917)
2995:(1916)
2989:(1916)
2954:(1915)
2366:(1913)
2348:(1911)
2330:(1905)
2287:Darfur
2212:Serbia
2195:Russia
2158:Greece
2146:France
2136:Brazil
1982:Persia
1925:Serbia
1476:
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59:France
3880:Other
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3668:Italy
3495:camps
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2889:]
2168:Japan
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2141:China
2035:North
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989:(3).
943:[
394:49 of
373:3,427
3460:POWs
2779:1918
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2217:Siam
2020:East
1474:OCLC
1455:ISBN
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1391:ISBN
1372:ISBN
1368:HMSO
1338:ISBN
1319:ISBN
1297:ISBN
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1261:ISSN
1238:ISBN
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1202:OCLC
1179:ISBN
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1131:ISBN
1108:ISBN
1089:ISBN
1070:ISBN
1051:ISBN
1032:ISBN
1012:ISSN
1008:XXII
991:ISSN
968:ISBN
949:ISBN
928:OCLC
909:ISBN
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342:and
128:The
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