3936:
119:
1088:. Nevertheless, the French did not plan to expand the Laotian economy and left commercial activity to the local populations. Geographic isolation also led to Laos being less influenced from France compared to other French colonies and in a 1937 estimate, only 574 French civilians along with a smaller number of government workers lived in Laos, a figure significantly smaller than in Vietnam and Cambodia. Under the French rule, the Vietnamese were encouraged to migrate to Laos, which was seen by the French colonists as a rational solution to a practical problem within the confines of an Indochina-wide colonial space. By 1943, the Vietnamese population stood at nearly 40,000, forming the majority in the largest cities of Laos and enjoying the right to elect their own leaders. As a result, 53% of the population of
3997:
1498:, finance minister in the new government, wrote after the war that while the return of the status quo was perhaps desirable to Crown Prince Savang "who had never worked in his life and who had never been concerned with the needs and aspirations of the Lao people" it was a "total misunderstanding of the evolution of our sentiments and views since the Siamese aggression of 1940 and the Japanese action of 1945. We could not allow it". The Lao Issara government asked the King to step down and await a decision regarding the future of the monarchy and on 10 November a group of 30 armed men led by Prince Sisoumang Saleumsak and Prince Bougnavat marched on the palace and put the royal family under house arrest.
716:
3900:
3984:
1472:, Prince Phetsarath moved to unite the southern provinces with the now independent Luang Prabang. This put him at odds with King Sisavong and the royal court, the King had already agreed with the French that he intended to have the country resume its former status as a French colony. Prince Phetsarath urged the King to reconsider and sent telegrams to all Laotian provincial governors notifying them that the Japanese surrender did not affect Laos' status as independent and warned them to resist any foreign intervention. On 15 September he declared the unification of the
100:
84:
4021:
4009:
1522:
of Laos assured by de Gaulle and continued their support for French protection. They were also worried about perceived
Chinese and Vietnamese threats due to their inability to in any way defend themselves. Worries about the Viet Minh were also prevalent among the Lao Issara supporters and Prince Phetsarath; in his appeal to the alles in October 1945 he said that the Lao "had become, on their own soil, a poor and backward minority" in reference to the Vietnamese majority in all major towns in Laos (aside from Luang Prabang).
4167:
4155:
4143:
4131:
4119:
4107:
4095:
4082:
4069:
4057:
4045:
3924:
3912:
3852:
4033:
736:
1145:
653:
3888:
1153:
5996:
3972:
3960:
3840:
1555:
3948:
3876:
3864:
867:
675:
1252:
French education. By the 1930s, literacy rates among the Lao Loum and populations in the lowlands had increased considerably and
Laotian students began to receive higher education in Hanoi or Paris. However, progress was stagnant in the highlands, where hill tribes were either too isolated to reach or refused to adopt the education system that was based on the foreign
1068:
1614:, who had previously been alienated during the group's ruling period in 1945–46 due to his strong support for the Viet Minh now argued that they fully relocate to inside Viet Minh controlled territory and continue their operations there. When this was rejected he resigned from the Lao Issara and fully joined the Viet Minh. He would become the leader of the communist
1240:, linking Vientiane with Pakse and the road continues to remain the most important highway in Laos today. In 1923, a law school opened in Vientiane to train local Laotians interested in participating in the government; however, a large portion of students at the school were Vietnamese, who continued to dominate political offices.
3811:
1407:. The paper, however, was not allowed to stray outside official French policy or to become explicitly nationalistic. The paper also covered the movements of King Sisavang Vong who, emboldened by the expansion of his kingdom and of secret French assurances of further expansion, made trips to several southern cities, including
1526:
urban-based movement, failing to connect with the rural population of Laos. In a last desperate attempt to legitimize their government the Lao Issara asked King
Sisavang Vong to re-ascend the throne as constitutional monarch, to which he agreed. The withdrawal of the Chinese led to the French, under Colonel
3804:
1403:(Great Laos) in January 1941, slamming Thai policies over the Lao people and the ceded lands while promoting a sense of identity across Laos. It ran poetry competitions that celebrated Lao culture and history, and ran columns that reintroduced the ‘glorious lineage’ of the modern Lao from the time of
999:
and a royal court still remained, but it was later to be consisted of French appointed officials. The remaining nine provinces were directly ruled under the French government in
Vientiane, with each province having a resident governor and military post. To financially support the colonial government,
1521:
began rising against the new occupiers and the French return in
Vietnam. Sympathies to all involved factions; French, Thai, Vietnamese, Royal, Nationalist, could be found in Laos and the political situation became extremely confused. The monarchy of Luang Prabang had the promises of a united Kingdom
1259:
Most of the French who came to Laos as officials, settlers or missionaries developed a strong affection for the country and its people, and many devoted decades to what they saw as bettering the lives of the Lao. Some took Lao wives, learned the language, became
Buddhists and "went native"—something
961:
with warships. The kingdom was forced to recognise French control over the eastern side of the Mekong River. Pavie continued to support French expeditions in
Laotian territory and gave the territory its modern-day name of Laos. Following Siam's acceptance of the ultimatum, to cede the lands east of
1083:
Economically, the French did not develop Laos to the scale that it had in
Vietnam and many Vietnamese were recruited to work in the government in Laos instead of the Laotian people, causing some conflicts between locals and the government. Economic development occurred very slowly in Laos and was
1019:
to the French. Unlike in the annexation of the
Kingdom of Luang Prabang, which had become an official French protectorate at least nominally under the rule of the royal house, the French administration saw no benefit in a protectorate treaty with Champasak. For this reason, Champasak was declared
1576:
As the French administration was reestablished they found Laos had changed more than they had realized. Even the pro-French
Laotians only saw the return of the French as temporary, although necessary, step on the road to full independence. On 27 August 1946 an agreement was signed that a unified
1394:
encouraged the rise of a Lao nationalist movement, the Movement for National Renovation, which sought to defend Lao territory from Thai expansion. A French report stated "If the protectorate government does not succeed in creating an autonomous Laotian individuality—at least among those who have
1251:
Although the French did impose an assimilation program in Laos as in Vietnam, they were slow to fully enforce it due to the isolation and lack of economic importance in the colony. Schools were found primarily in major cities and it was not until the 1920s that rural areas began to be exposed to
1075:
Having been unsuccessful in their grand plan to annex Siam and with Laos being the least populated of its Indochinese possessions (the population was estimated to be 470,000 in 1900) and lacking seaports for trade, the French lost much interest in Laos, and for the next fifty years it remained a
841:
shortly thereafter, the restoration of French control over the country was opposed by the newly established Lao Issara government, who ultimately failed by April 1946. The protectorate was reestablished, but not too long after the kingdom was expanded to encompass all Laotian regions and given
1525:
The Lao Issara government started to lose control of the country by early 1946. They had fast ran out of money and could not rely on any foreign support due to Allied support for the return of the French. The main weakness of the Lao Issara has been cited to be that it always remained a small
1609:
The exiled Lao Issara meanwhile started to fracture. They had conducted small guerrilla raids against the French with the help of the Viet Minh, but after Thailand started shifting towards a pro-French policy in 1947, Lao Issara had to cease their military activities from the country. Prince
1260:
more acceptable in the French Empire than in the British. With the racial attitudes typical of Europeans at this time, however, they tended to classify the Lao as gentle, amiable, childlike, naïve and lazy, regarding them with what one writer called "a mixture of affection and exasperation".
3797:
1247:
and coffee cultivation began in the 1920s, the country's isolation and difficult terrain meant that Laos largely remained economically unviable to the French. More than 90% of the Lao remained subsistence farmers, growing just enough surplus produce to sell for cash to pay their taxes.
1131:
majority. Vietnamese and Chinese merchants also later arrived to repopulate the towns (particularly Vientiane) and revive trade and some Lao Loum were later allowed to participate in local government. Despite these social reforms, many minority groups, especially the
1415:
in 1941. In the south of the country later in the war, the Lao-Seri movement was formed in 1944 which unlike the Movement for National Renovation was not supportive of the French and declared a "Laos for Laotians" policy aimed at achieving outright independence.
966:
to Vientiane. However, Luang Prabang remained the seat of the royal family, whose power was reduced to figureheads while the actual power was transferred over to French officials including the vice consulate and Resident-General. In January 1896, France and the
1202:
Instability continued in the north of Laos in 1919 when Hmong groups, who were the chief opium producers in Indochina, revolted against French taxation and special status given to the Lao Loum, who were minorities in the highlands, in a conflict known as the
1076:
backwater of the French empire in Indochina. Officially, the Kingdom of Luang Prabang remained a protectorate with internal autonomy, but in practice it was controlled by French residents while the rest of Laos was governed as a colony. King
1395:
received education—then they will feel themselves increasingly attracted towards the neighboring country and this situation will create new difficulties". More schools were built in Laos during this period than in the last 40 years and the
2768:
1621:
Meanwhile, greater autonomy for Laos was granted in July 1949 from both internal and external pressure, this satisfied the Lao Issara who dissolved the group and gradually returned to Laos under amnesty. Laos could at this point join the
1207:. Hmong rebels claimed that both Lao and French officials were treating them as subordinate and uncivilised groups and were later defeated in March 1921. After the revolt, the French government granted Hmongs partial autonomy in the
1235:
To compete with Siamese trade, the French proposed a railway linking Hanoi with Vientiane but the plans were never approved. Nevertheless, infrastructure did improve for the first time in Laos as French colonists constructed
1345:, leading to a stalemate. The Japanese mediated a ceasefire and compelled the French colonial government to cede Champassak and Xaignabouli Province in Laos and Battambang Province in Cambodia to Thailand, ending the war.
1219:
Despite the unrest among minority hill tribes in the north, the central and southern portions of Laos saw a more favourable comparison under French rule versus Siamese rule and a considerable re-migration of Lao from the
1589:
in return for becoming Inspector-General of the new Kingdom for life. The provinces annexed by Thailand in 1941 were returned to their respective nations in November after France threatened to block Thai entry into the
118:
3213:
2761:
2513:
921:
was named vice-consul to Luang Prabang and was in charge of expeditions occurring in Laotian territory, with the possibility of turning Laos into a French territory. In 1888, outlaws from China known as the
1372:. The renewed focus on Laos also brought significant modernization of the kingdoms administration and the French also said they would not object should the kingdom further extend itself southwards. Prince
3010:
3916:
2754:
1199:. Although the revolt initially started as a resistance against French influence and tightening of administration, it later changed objective into stopping the French suppression of the opium trade.
1364:
Maurice Roques signed an agreement on 21 August 1941 which attached the provinces of Xiangkhouang and Vientiane to the Kingdom of Luang Prabang, and placed the protectorate on the same footing as
6107:
926:
attacked Siam and its vassal state of Luang Prabang by sacking its capital. Pavie and French forces later intervened and evacuated the Lao royal family to safety. Additional French troops from
1047:
feared would have eventually led to a French annexation of Siam, upsetting the region's balance of power. Within French Administration in 1904, despite Cambodia's historical claim, Laos ceded
1360:
might choose to align themselves with Thailand should they become subordinate to another royal house. The territorial loss had already weakened French hold in the region. Savang Vatthana and
1176:(holy man) who led a messianic cult. The revolt challenged French control over Laos and was not fully suppressed until 1910, when Ong Keo was killed. However, his successor and lieutenant,
1652:
1361:
1187:
occurred as local hill tribe chiefs challenged French rule and assimilation policies being carried out in the highlands. At the height of the revolt, the unrest spread to the highlands of
1020:
dissolved on 22 November 1904; the area was then managed directly by the colonial administration. By internal reclassification of the provinces and by giving some of the southern areas to
822:
271:
1104:
where the population was predominantly Lao. As late as 1945, the French even drew up an ambitious plan to move massive Vietnamese population to three key areas, i.e. the Vientiane Plain,
3206:
1626:
even though their foreign affairs and national defense was still controlled by France. Following world-wide anti-colonial sentiment and France's loss of control of Indochina during the
987:
union that was created in 1887 by unifying French possessions in Vietnam and Cambodia. A colonial governor was later installed in Vientiane and Laos was reorganised from two provinces (
5728:
6515:
1329:, including the Lao, under one nation. Around October 1940 Thailand, sensing French weakness from the years previous events, began attacking the eastern banks of the Mekong between
3003:
5985:
1283:
Laos might have drifted along as a backwater of the French Empire indefinitely had it not been for dramatic outside events that heavily impacted the nation from 1940 onwards.
6525:
6510:
3199:
1306:
a few months earlier. The subsequent occupation then occurred gradually, with Japanese garrisons being stationed across Indochina which was still administered by the French.
5965:
6520:
5925:
4037:
2723:
1425:
701:
99:
1348:
The loss of the territories was a massive blow to French prestige in Indochina. The dominant Laotian province of Luang Prabang (the previous, and now mostly formal,
1051:
in exchange of the royal capital of Champassak which was temporally under Cambodia's Administration. In addition, prior to the Holy Man's Rebellion, the province of
2996:
2079:
1119:
Social reforms also occurred under French administration, such as the suppression of banditry, abolishment of slavery, and ending the legal discrimination of the
5920:
2503:
1447:
2690:
1531:
1388:
826:
4776:
4604:
4519:
4258:
4049:
3928:
2518:
6144:
4159:
4147:
3756:
3489:
2287:
3457:
2378:
1003:
In 1902, a treaty with Siam forced the kingdom to also surrender lands on the western side of the Mekong River. These lands now form the province of
4673:
6535:
6046:
4991:
6545:
1267:(École Française d'Extrême-Orient), who undertook major archaeological works, found and published Lao historical texts, standardised the written
2399:
83:
4263:
4185:
3789:
1462:
1594:. Elections were held in December for a new Constituent Assembly which met in March 1947 and endorsed a new constitution, giving birth to the
5836:
5043:
5008:
4598:
4086:
3691:
3132:
2498:
2458:
1932:
1902:
1291:
319:
6530:
6455:
6061:
4228:
2716:
2478:
5496:
1517:, did the same in the south. The British facilitated the French restoration while the Chinese obstructed it. All the while, the communist
1039:
French plans to expand the territory of Laos ended in 1907, after Siam began co-operating with the British to control French expansion in
1490:
In the ensuing power vacuum of neither French or Japanese control, the dismissed Prince Phetsarath and other Lao nationalists formed the
1453:
in March 1945. Large numbers of French officials in Laos were then imprisoned or executed by the Japanese. The staunchly pro-French King
4061:
3635:
3173:
3022:
938:. The bill designating Luang Prabang a protectorate of France was signed on 27 March 1889 between both sides despite a Siamese protest.
910:, soon feared that France was planning to annex Luang Prabang and signed a treaty with the French on 7 May 1886 which recognised Siam's
6540:
5975:
5501:
1581:. To ensure that the royal house of Luang Prabang was to ascend to the ruling position in this agreement; a secret protocol had Prince
6505:
6500:
6465:
6129:
3880:
3868:
1232:
fully asserted French rule over southern Laos, although cities still largely contained significant Vietnamese and Chinese minorities.
1502:
1263:
French contribution to Lao nationalism, apart from the creation of the Lao state itself, was made by the oriental specialists of the
6151:
5960:
4766:
4171:
3327:
1852:
1818:
1603:
397:
379:
5311:
6470:
6087:
4111:
4099:
3856:
3317:
2634:
2488:
1032:, was allowed to keep his title for life and became governor of Champasak province, whose administrative center was relocated to
962:
the Mekong including its islands, the Protectorate of Laos was officially established and the administrative capital moved from
6475:
4709:
4253:
3287:
2709:
2363:
1365:
1021:
887:
3337:
1701:
631:
613:
591:
5288:
4791:
3662:
2804:
2799:
2670:
2280:
2325:
1657:
1314:
2259:
6495:
6490:
6480:
6281:
5125:
4073:
3450:
2409:
1396:
1264:
803:
5779:
2320:
6134:
4761:
4749:
4268:
4190:
4135:
3549:
3310:
3063:
2624:
2353:
1271:, renovated neglected temples and tombs and in 1931, founded the Independent Lao Buddhist Institute in Vientiane, where
2088:
1356:. A secret French report from March 1941 recognized nationalistic aspirations among the people of Laos, but feared the
1224:
area of northeastern Siam to Laos boosted the population and revived trade. Mekong valley cities such as Vientiane and
6420:
5849:
5642:
5556:
5451:
5366:
5283:
4781:
4653:
4508:
4123:
4025:
3630:
3305:
2549:
2358:
1369:
834:
484:
5789:
5704:
3667:
2644:
2404:
2330:
879:
6303:
6225:
6026:
5293:
5191:
3989:
2975:
2680:
2468:
2448:
2414:
1647:
946:
562:
440:
5759:
3410:
2310:
1080:, who became King of Luang Prabang in 1904, remained conspicuously loyal to the French through his 55-year reign.
934:
requested a French protectorate over his kingdom. Pavie later sent Oun Kham's request to the French government in
6460:
6369:
6359:
6296:
6102:
5895:
5829:
5581:
5446:
5381:
5371:
5356:
4691:
4638:
4548:
3554:
3415:
3178:
2604:
2579:
2463:
2273:
1399:
was even renamed the "Temple for the National Idea of Laos". The movement also published a propaganda newspaper,
1349:
895:
799:
596:
308:
2574:
2569:
2559:
1562:, King of Luang Prabang 1904–46, King of Laos 1946–59 (In the grounds of the Royal Palace Museum, Luang Prabang)
6300:
6254:
6139:
6016:
5201:
5181:
5146:
5099:
5053:
4405:
4221:
3952:
3443:
3397:
2896:
1704:. Foreign Office Files: United States of America, Series Two: Vietnam, 1959–1975 ; Part 2: Laos, 1959–1963
1631:
1494:(Free Laos) which on 12 October 1945 took control of the government and reaffirmed the country's independence.
818:
544:
414:
217:
2614:
1476:
with the southern regions; this caused the King to dismiss him from his post as Prime Minister on 10 October.
1352:) demanded sovereignty over all of Laos as compensation, a proposition headed by French-educated Crown Prince
6389:
6326:
6220:
5970:
5079:
4771:
4754:
4744:
4719:
4563:
4289:
2675:
2609:
2564:
2554:
2528:
2473:
2453:
2135:
1161:
1144:
204:
5799:
5714:
4845:
6197:
6166:
6161:
6051:
6041:
5995:
5561:
5481:
5273:
5206:
5074:
5023:
4955:
4855:
4643:
4578:
4385:
4314:
3369:
3222:
3122:
3112:
3043:
3019:
2777:
2732:
2584:
2441:
2315:
1635:
1571:
1377:
1136:
of the Lao Soung, did not benefit from French rule and were not, if at all, influenced by French culture.
996:
945:
was given by Pavie, now resident minister to Siam in Bangkok, in August 1892 to the Siamese government, a
855:
765:
5744:
5263:
6021:
5784:
5764:
5607:
5571:
5526:
5471:
5258:
5033:
4980:
4805:
4714:
4683:
4623:
4573:
4355:
4345:
3529:
3259:
3053:
1318:
1310:
1208:
1012:
972:
875:
807:
6485:
6316:
6271:
6235:
6112:
6092:
5905:
5900:
5822:
5769:
5688:
5652:
5602:
5461:
5386:
5171:
5048:
4840:
4615:
4593:
4588:
4553:
4495:
3904:
2629:
2533:
2483:
2424:
2260:"The Flight of Lao War Captives From Burma Back to Laos in 1596: A Comparison of Historical Sources,"
1465:
on 8 April 1945. Prince Phetsarath remained as Prime Minister in the newly independent puppet state.
1341:
in January 1941. After initial Thai victories their offensive stalled, and the French scored a great
1105:
1048:
1016:
811:
658:
636:
470:
1538:
towards the end of April 1946, freeing French prisoners with a French-Lao force supported by Prince
1461:, into declaring the French protectorate over his kingdom ended, while entering the nation into the
850:. It achieved full independence after the Franco-Lao Treaty in 1953, during the final stages of the
6192:
6117:
5794:
5739:
5576:
5566:
5551:
5541:
5506:
5436:
5351:
5321:
5268:
4985:
4739:
4734:
4633:
4628:
4395:
4350:
4309:
4214:
3940:
3725:
3544:
3048:
2881:
2842:
2786:
2619:
2523:
1627:
1586:
1431:
1357:
1334:
1152:
1011:. In 1904, the present border between Laos and Cambodia was established after Siam ceded Meluprey (
1004:
851:
930:
later arrived to expel the Black Flags from Luang Prabang. Following his return to the city, King
806:. It was integrated into French Indochina and in the following years further Siamese vassals, the
6379:
5980:
5693:
5516:
5511:
5476:
5456:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5396:
5391:
5336:
5243:
5089:
4960:
4850:
4830:
4786:
4729:
4724:
4701:
4668:
4658:
4648:
4530:
3390:
3300:
3249:
3155:
3142:
3073:
2871:
2822:
2814:
2348:
1527:
1495:
1469:
1408:
1342:
1330:
1184:
1025:
1008:
891:
838:
171:
894:(modern-day Southern Vietnam) to the south. In 1885, a French consulate was established in the
6276:
6240:
6156:
6097:
6004:
5955:
5945:
5719:
5709:
5672:
5546:
5531:
5406:
5376:
5346:
5341:
5316:
5253:
5248:
5238:
5109:
5058:
4945:
4663:
4299:
4284:
4013:
3677:
3672:
3620:
3559:
3364:
3347:
2970:
2965:
2508:
2241:
2231:
2200:. Translated by Walter E. J. Tips and Claudio Bertuccio. Bangkok, Thailand: White Lotus Press.
1928:
1898:
1893:
1848:
1814:
1435:
1204:
1113:
188:
175:
1923:
1766:
1752:
6321:
6291:
6075:
6056:
5865:
5735:
5699:
5617:
5441:
5211:
5156:
5119:
5094:
5084:
5018:
4970:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4870:
4865:
4558:
4304:
4001:
3711:
3681:
3539:
3279:
3244:
2924:
2685:
2419:
2383:
2296:
1599:
1506:
1450:
1299:
995:) to ten provinces. The royal seat at Luang Prabang was still seen as the official ruler of
984:
788:
456:
130:
1275:
was taught so that the Lao could either study their own ancient history or Buddhist texts.
6413:
6341:
6230:
6215:
6180:
5935:
5857:
5612:
5361:
5331:
5326:
5186:
5176:
5141:
5131:
5114:
4950:
4905:
4820:
4538:
4513:
4360:
3821:
3730:
3701:
3466:
3359:
3342:
2876:
2854:
2639:
2493:
2436:
2429:
1595:
1567:
1439:
1353:
1338:
1287:
1253:
1237:
1165:
1109:
950:
923:
847:
781:
757:
723:
521:
426:
356:
157:
1071:
A typical example of French colonial architecture (now a health centre) in Luang Prabang
6364:
6286:
6210:
5940:
5754:
5536:
5521:
5486:
5226:
5221:
5104:
5038:
4910:
4568:
4543:
4448:
4365:
4319:
3964:
3717:
3657:
3651:
3254:
3105:
3096:
3058:
2934:
2859:
2827:
2794:
2654:
1623:
1591:
1514:
1510:
1044:
968:
954:
769:
372:
105:
1112:, which was only discarded by Japanese invasion of Indochina. Otherwise, according to
6449:
6429:
6394:
6384:
6349:
6331:
6266:
5401:
5166:
5161:
4940:
4583:
4441:
4400:
4380:
3706:
3612:
3579:
3499:
3354:
2947:
2864:
2837:
2649:
1611:
1559:
1543:
1454:
1381:
1177:
1101:
1077:
963:
918:
907:
293:
260:
201:
198:
185:
146:
829:. The later annexed regions of Laos were, however, purely under French rule. During
6374:
6311:
5491:
5013:
4975:
4875:
4458:
3825:
3385:
3239:
3231:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2832:
2373:
1578:
1554:
1303:
1295:
1268:
1196:
883:
843:
830:
784:
208:
161:
89:
1191:(northern Vietnam) and was largely concentrated among the minority groups of the
6434:
6354:
6124:
5910:
5880:
5723:
5232:
5028:
4915:
4835:
4426:
4410:
4195:
3569:
3117:
2904:
2219:
Breaking New Ground in Lao History: Essays on the Seventh to Twentieth Centuries
2207:, Pierre Brocheux (ed.), pp. 47–62. Lille: Presses Universitaires de Lille.
1630:
against the Viet Minh, the Kingdom of Laos was granted full independence in the
1509:
occupied and disarmed the Japanese in the northern half of the colony while the
1443:
1391:
1326:
1225:
1192:
777:
618:
408:
391:
2163:, L'Harmattan, 1997 (1ere édition en 1966, sous le nom de Michel Caply), p. 226
1457:
was also imprisoned and forced by the Japanese, and at much urging from Prince
866:
5950:
5930:
5875:
5870:
5278:
5216:
5135:
4375:
4340:
3768:
3519:
3509:
3504:
3091:
3030:
1894:
Creating Laos: The Making of a Lao Space Between Indochina and Siam, 1860–1945
1615:
1491:
1485:
1458:
1412:
1373:
1244:
1133:
1120:
1029:
911:
680:
497:
341:
1024:, the former Kingdom of Champasak disappeared from the map, leaving only the
5637:
5627:
5196:
4503:
4390:
3976:
3892:
3844:
3774:
1535:
1518:
1124:
1089:
1085:
1040:
942:
141:
4930:
2952:
2262:
SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, Spring 2005, ISSN 1479-8484
1084:
initially fuelled primarily by rice cultivation and distilleries producing
1067:
17:
6036:
5890:
5885:
5774:
5657:
5647:
5466:
4965:
4237:
3264:
3101:
3081:
2701:
1582:
1539:
1404:
1322:
1128:
931:
903:
792:
248:
236:
6202:
5667:
5622:
5597:
5151:
4935:
4920:
4860:
4478:
4431:
4370:
4294:
4248:
3762:
3514:
3150:
3086:
2942:
2886:
1169:
1093:
958:
1863:
6031:
5749:
5662:
4925:
4825:
4468:
4324:
3127:
3038:
2847:
1188:
1056:
1052:
795:
192:
870:
A French government official and Lao children in Luang Prabang, 1887
2265:
3269:
3160:
2514:
Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
1577:
Kingdom of Laos would become a constitutional monarchy within the
1553:
1229:
1151:
1143:
1097:
1066:
1033:
935:
927:
865:
817:
The protectorate of Luang Prabang was nominally under the rule of
2203:
Moppert, François. 1981. Le révolte des Bolovens (1901–1936). In
5845:
5814:
5632:
4473:
4463:
4453:
4436:
2198:
A New and Interesting Description of the Lao Kingdom (1642–1648)
1272:
1221:
971:
signed an accord recognising the border between French Laos and
899:
773:
5818:
4210:
3793:
3600:
3477:
3439:
3195:
2992:
2750:
2705:
2269:
2228:, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Queensland.
1116:, the Lao might well have lost control over their own country.
2205:
Histoire de l'Asie du Sud-est: Révoltes, Réformes, Révolutions
1180:
would become an early leader in the Lao nationalist movement.
1036:
in 1908. In 1934 he was deposed by the French due to his age.
4206:
2217:
Ngaosrivathana, Mayoury & Breazeale, Kenon (ed). (2002).
129:
Protectorate of France (1893–1899); constituent territory of
2210:
Murdoch, John (1974) "The 1901–1902 Holy Man's Rebellion",
1598:
on 11 May 1947, still a member of the somewhat reorganized
1501:
The situation had become chaotic in overall Indochina, the
2000:
1998:
1298:
authorities, who had been put into position following the
854:. The final dissolution of French Indochina came with the
3820:
States and territories in the sphere of influence of the
1653:
List of administrators of the French protectorate of Laos
2226:
The Nidan Khun Borom: Annotated Translation and Analysis
1183:
Between 1899 and 1910, political unrest in the northern
886:
to find possible trade relations for the territories of
1148:
Local Lao soldiers in the French Colonial guard, c.1900
814:, were annexed into it in 1899 and 1904, respectively.
1714:
October 22 Franco-Lao Treaty of Amity and Association
1000:
taxes were introduced and imposed on the population.
1970:, PUF, collection Que sais-je ? 1974, pp. 83–85
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1294:. This was done with reluctant cooperation from the
6340:
6253:
6179:
6074:
6003:
5856:
5681:
5590:
5304:
5067:
5001:
4813:
4804:
4700:
4682:
4614:
4529:
4494:
4487:
4419:
4333:
4277:
3690:
3629:
3611:
3568:
3528:
3488:
3432:
3378:
3326:
3278:
3230:
3141:
3072:
3029:
2933:
2895:
2813:
2785:
2739:
2663:
2593:
2542:
2392:
2339:
2303:
2036:
Street Without Joy: The French Debacle in Indochina
1059:was placed under the French Protectorate of Annam.
558:
541:
531:
518:
508:
494:
481:
467:
451:
436:
422:
405:
388:
366:
347:
332:
318:
299:
284:
270:
254:
242:
230:
216:
181:
167:
153:
137:
125:
34:
2136:"Library of Congress – Laos – The Kingdom of Laos"
953:when France, contrary to promises it had made to
2125:, tome 1, Pygmalion-Gérard Watelet, 1988, p. 250
1834:, tome 1, Pygmalion-Gérard Watelet, 1988, p. 180
1638:which ended French control of all of Indochina.
1426:Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state)
1321:in the country. He later renamed the country to
27:1893–1953 French protectorate in Southeast Asia
1546:and the Lao Issara fled in exile to Thailand.
6516:States and territories disestablished in 1953
5830:
4222:
3805:
3451:
3207:
3004:
2762:
2717:
2281:
1446:and in a last-minute attempt to draw support
1387:To maintain support and expel Thai influence
8:
2519:French Permanent Military Tribunal in Saigon
2081:A Short history of Laos, the land in between
1767:"Auguste Pavie, L'explorateur aux pieds nus"
1753:"Auguste Pavie, l'Explorateur aux pieds nus"
983:In 1898, Laos was fully integrated into the
2400:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh (1777–1820)
1100:were Vietnamese, with only an exception of
6526:1953 disestablishments in French Indochina
6511:States and territories established in 1893
6259:
6185:
6080:
6009:
5837:
5823:
5815:
4810:
4491:
4229:
4215:
4207:
3812:
3798:
3790:
3643:
3608:
3597:
3485:
3474:
3458:
3444:
3436:
3214:
3200:
3192:
3011:
2997:
2989:
2769:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2724:
2710:
2702:
2288:
2274:
2266:
1442:troops were being largely defeated in the
117:
31:
2379:Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
3941:Reorganized National Government of China
2504:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
6521:1893 establishments in French Indochina
1693:
1669:
1448:Japan dissolved French control over its
1028:. However, the last King of Champasak,
404:
4264:List of current non-sovereign monarchs
4186:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
3893:Mengjiang United Autonomous Government
2221:. Chiangmai, Thailand: Silkworm Books.
1542:of Champasak. By May they had reached
1463:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
1380:while a new advisory council for King
1228:grew considerably and the founding of
882:went on several expeditions along the
835:independence under Japanese occupation
833:, the protectorate briefly proclaimed
2499:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
1927:. Cambridge University Press, p. 51.
947:diplomatic crisis took place in 1893
540:
530:
517:
507:
493:
480:
466:
450:
435:
431:
387:
346:
331:
327:
317:
298:
283:
279:
269:
253:
241:
229:
225:
215:
7:
3977:Provisional Government of Free India
2691:Governor-General of French Indochina
1847:, Cambridge University Press, 1997,
1813:, Cambridge University Press, 1997,
827:Governor-General of French Indochina
821:, but actual power lay with a local
3174:French colonization of the Americas
2234:. "The French in Laos, 1887–1945."
2193:, Squadron/Signal publications 1994
2087:. Allen & Unwin. Archived from
776:between 1893 and 1953—with a brief
4259:List of current sovereign monarchs
3881:South Chahar Autonomous Government
3869:North Shanxi Autonomous Government
2248:(Cambridge University Press, 1997)
1168:among groups of Lao Theung led by
787:in 1945—which constituted part of
42:Phrà Ràaj Aanaachak Luang Pràabàng
25:
878:in 1863, French explorers led by
5994:
4777:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4165:
4153:
4141:
4129:
4117:
4105:
4093:
4080:
4067:
4055:
4043:
4031:
4019:
4007:
3995:
3982:
3970:
3958:
3946:
3934:
3922:
3910:
3898:
3886:
3874:
3862:
3857:East Hebei Autonomous Government
3850:
3838:
2454:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901-1936)
1602:. The constitution introduced a
1215:Economic and social developments
898:, which was a vassal kingdom to
734:
714:
673:
651:
629:
611:
589:
98:
82:
4254:Imperial, royal and noble ranks
3917:Provisional Government of China
3668:French domains of the Holy Land
1384:was headed by Savang Vatthana.
1337:. This would erupt into a full
862:Establishment of a protectorate
6536:1953 disestablishments in Laos
3663:French domains of Saint Helena
2780:in Africa and the Indian Ocean
2671:Paris Foreign Missions Society
2425:Cochinchina campaign (1858–62)
2238:(1995) 29#1, pp. 111–139.
2038:. Stackpole Books. p. 22.
1156:Market in Luang Prabang c.1900
825:, who in turn reported to the
791:. It was established over the
1:
3905:Shanghai Great Way Government
2410:Bombardment of Tourane (1847)
2224:Phothisane, Souneth. (1996).
1702:"Brief Chronology, 1959–1963"
1532:provisional French government
1397:French School of the Far East
1389:Governor-General of Indochina
1265:French School of the Far East
979:Administrative reorganisation
804:Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893
4269:List of monarchy referendums
4191:Greater East Asia Conference
3929:Reformed Government of China
3398:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa)
2625:Charles Rigault de Genouilly
2449:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)
2405:Lê Văn Khôi revolt (1833–35)
1438:occurred. At the same time,
1172:, who was a self-proclaimed
1164:in the south of Laos in the
762:Protectorat français du Laos
6531:1893 establishments in Laos
6456:French protectorate of Laos
3990:Republic of the Philippines
3638: and Antarctic Lands
2550:Treaty of Versailles (1787)
2494:French–Thai War (1940–1941)
2437:Sino-French War (1884–1885)
2430:Tonkin campaign (1883–1886)
2212:Journal of the Siam Society
2176:, Karthala, 1999, pp. 88–89
1992:, Karthala, 1999, pp. 76–77
1921:Stuart-Fox, Martin (1997).
1882:, Karthala, 1999, pp. 72–76
1800:, Karthala, 1999, pp. 69–72
1787:, Karthala, 1999, pp. 67–68
1742:, Karthala, 1999, pp. 66–67
1729:, Karthala, 1999, pp. 60–64
1585:renounce the claims of the
1470:Japan's surrender in August
754:French protectorate of Laos
6562:
4050:Occupied Dutch East Indies
2681:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
2415:French conquest of Vietnam
1648:History of Laos since 1945
1565:
1550:End of colonialism in Laos
1534:, entering the capital of
1483:
1423:
1325:, with plans to unify all
1313:, prime minister of Siam,
510:• French restoration
6546:France–Thailand relations
6506:20th century in Vientiane
6501:19th century in Vientiane
6466:History of Laos by period
6407:
6262:
6188:
6083:
6012:
5992:
4244:
4181:
3832:
3751:
3646:
3607:
3596:
3555:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3484:
3473:
3416:French East India Company
3406:
3191:
3179:French West India Company
3169:
2988:
2961:
2746:
2605:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine
2580:Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
2464:1916 Cochinchina uprising
2326:France–Thailand relations
2196:Marini, G.F. de. (1998).
2034:Fall, Bernard B. (2018).
1658:Lao rebellion (1826–1828)
1632:Franco-Lao Treaty of 1953
1505:93rd division of General
1350:Kingdom of Luang Phrabang
1343:naval victory at Ko Chang
896:Kingdom of Luang Phrabang
874:After the acquisition of
800:Kingdom of Luang Phrabang
568:
554:
432:
362:
328:
314:
280:
266:
226:
116:
78:
71:
6088:Administrative divisions
4406:Self-proclaimed monarchy
4160:Occupied Solomon Islands
4148:Occupied Gilbert Islands
4038:Kingdom of Luang Prabang
3694: the Indian Ocean
2645:Ernest Doudart de Lagrée
2585:Geneva Conference (1954)
2321:France–Vietnam relations
1891:Ivarsson, Søren (2008).
1868:U.S. Library of congress
1358:royal house of Champasak
1317:and established his own
1292:entered French Indochina
1279:Laos during World War II
1007:and the western half of
880:Ernest Doudart de Lagrée
441:Protectorate established
46:Royaume de Luang Prabang
36:Kingdom of Luang Prabang
6471:Former colonies in Asia
4674:Vatican City (Holy See)
4087:Occupied British Borneo
3602:Uninhabited territories
3113:Saint Kitts & Nevis
2676:Tirailleurs indochinois
2610:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau
2565:Treaty of Saigon (1874)
2555:Treaty of Saigon (1862)
2529:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
2420:Siege of Tourane (1858)
2123:Les Guerres d'Indochine
2008:, Karthala, 1999, p. 77
1685:as Commissioner-General
1676:as Commissioner-General
914:over the Lao kingdoms.
823:French Governor-General
205:constitutional monarchy
193:colonial administration
58:Phra Raja A-na-chak Lao
6476:Former French colonies
4956:Islands of Refreshment
4386:Legitimacy (political)
3532: collectivities
3370:Sanjak of Alexandretta
3223:Former French colonies
3020:Former French colonies
2778:Former French colonies
2733:French overseas empire
2442:Pacification of Tonkin
2331:France–China relations
2316:French colonial empire
2214:62(1), pp. 47–66.
1897:. NIAS Press, p. 102.
1636:1954 Geneva Conference
1600:Indochinese Federation
1572:1954 Geneva Conference
1563:
1157:
1149:
1072:
871:
856:1954 Geneva Conference
761:
65:(1945–1946; 1947–1953)
49:(1893–1945; 1946–1947)
39:ພຣະຣາຊອານາຈັກຫລວງພະບາງ
6541:France–Laos relations
5926:Japanese puppet state
4767:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4356:Criticism of monarchy
4346:Abolition of monarchy
4062:Occupied West Sumatra
3479:Inhabited territories
3411:France–Asia relations
2966:Somaliland (Djibouti)
2615:Jean-Baptiste Cécille
2311:France–Asia relations
2258:Jon Fernquest (2005)
2191:War in Laos 1954–1975
2078:Evans, Grant (2002).
1979:Stuart-Fox, pp. 37–38
1864:Laos under the French
1557:
1484:Further information:
1420:Japanese puppet state
1319:military dictatorship
1311:Plaek Phibunsongkhram
1286:On 22 September 1940
1209:Xiangkhouang Province
1155:
1147:
1070:
1013:Preah Vihear Province
949:, culminating in the
906:). Siam, led by king
869:
842:self-rule within the
808:Principality of Phuan
485:Japanese puppet state
218:King of Luang Prabang
154:Common languages
6496:20th century in Laos
6491:19th century in Laos
6481:Former protectorates
6062:World Heritage Sites
4599:United Arab Emirates
4026:Kingdom of Kampuchea
3757:overseas departments
3692:Scattered Islands in
3573: collectivity
3031:French North America
2575:Treaty of Huế (1884)
2570:Treaty of Huế (1883)
2560:Treaty of Huế (1863)
2534:Partition of Vietnam
2474:Vue Pa Chay's revolt
2469:Thái Nguyên uprising
2236:Modern Asian Studies
2121:Philippe Franchini,
1957:Stuart-Fox pp. 34–36
1634:, reaffirmed in the
1604:bicameral parliament
1451:Indochinese colonies
1049:Stung Treng Province
1017:Kingdom of Champasak
917:By the end of 1886,
812:Kingdom of Champasak
533:• Independence
5961:Vietnamese invasion
5916:French protectorate
5795:Trinidad and Tobago
5682:Commonwealth realms
5567:United Baltic Duchy
4710:Antigua and Barbuda
4702:Commonwealth realms
4396:Order of succession
4172:Occupied New Guinea
3953:Kingdom of Thailand
3726:Juan de Nova Island
3613:North Pacific Ocean
3225:in Asia and Oceania
2620:Charles de Montigny
2524:First Indochina War
2479:Bazin assassination
2094:on 24 February 2021
1843:Martin Stuart-Fox,
1832:La France coloniale
1809:Martin Stuart-Fox,
1628:First Indochina War
1432:liberation of Paris
1335:Champassak Province
1063:Colonialism in Laos
852:First Indochina War
837:in 1945. After the
766:French protectorate
6226:Telecommunications
5976:History since 1945
5971:History until 1945
4112:Occupied Singapore
4100:Occupied Hong Kong
3631:Overseas territory
3156:France Antarctique
3143:Equinoctial France
3106:Dominican Republic
2242:Stuart-Fox, Martin
2232:Stuart-Fox, Martin
1948:, PUF, 1974, p. 83
1830:Pierre Montagnon,
1587:house of Champasak
1564:
1496:Katay Don Sasorith
1480:French restoration
1315:overthrew the king
1309:Earlier, in 1932,
1238:Route nationale 13
1185:Phôngsali Province
1162:a revolt broke out
1158:
1150:
1106:Savannakhet region
1073:
1026:Champasak Province
1009:Champasak Province
872:
839:surrender of Japan
172:Theravada Buddhism
6443:
6442:
6403:
6402:
6249:
6248:
6175:
6174:
6152:Political parties
6140:National Assembly
6108:General Secretary
6103:Foreign relations
6070:
6069:
5986:2007 coup attempt
5956:Laotian Civil War
5946:Ho Chi Minh trail
5921:Japanese invasion
5812:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5497:Piedmont-Sardinia
5249:Sip Song Chau Tai
5059:Thirteen Colonies
4800:
4799:
4204:
4203:
4014:Empire of Vietnam
3787:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3682:Amsterdam Islands
3673:Kerguelen Islands
3621:Clipperton Island
3592:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3560:Wallis and Futuna
3428:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3328:Mandate for Syria
3318:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
3280:Indochinese Union
3187:
3186:
2984:
2983:
2897:Equatorial Africa
2699:
2698:
2509:August Revolution
2246:A history of Laos
1933:978-0-521-59746-3
1924:A History of Laos
1903:978-8-776-94023-2
1845:A History of Laos
1811:A History of Laos
1440:Imperial Japanese
1436:Charles de Gaulle
1376:became the first
1362:Resident-Superior
1205:War of the Insane
1114:Martin Stuart-Fox
772:of what is today
750:
749:
746:
745:
742:
741:
709:(Japanese puppet)
694:
693:
545:Geneva Conference
415:National Assembly
352:
349:• 1951–1953
337:
334:• 1941–1945
304:
301:• 1954–1955
289:
286:• 1894–1895
272:Resident-Superior
256:• 1904–1953
244:• 1895–1904
232:• 1868–1895
189:absolute monarchy
176:Roman Catholicism
16:(Redirected from
6553:
6461:French Indochina
6423:
6416:
6260:
6206:
6186:
6081:
6010:
5998:
5839:
5832:
5825:
5816:
5736:Irish Free State
5502:Poland–Lithuania
4811:
4762:Papua New Guinea
4492:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4208:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4002:French Indochina
4000:
3999:
3998:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3791:
3712:Glorioso Islands
3693:
3644:
3637:
3633:
3609:
3598:
3572:
3545:Saint Barthélemy
3540:French Polynesia
3531:
3491:
3486:
3475:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3437:
3245:Coromandel Coast
3216:
3209:
3202:
3193:
3074:French Caribbean
3054:Terre Neuve
3013:
3006:
2999:
2990:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2748:
2744:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2703:
2686:Tonkinese Rifles
2384:State of Vietnam
2297:French Indochina
2290:
2283:
2276:
2267:
2189:Kenneth Conboy,
2177:
2170:
2164:
2161:Guérilla au Laos
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2132:
2126:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2093:
2086:
2075:
2040:
2039:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2009:
2002:
1993:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1968:Histoire du Laos
1964:
1958:
1955:
1949:
1946:Histoire du Laos
1942:
1936:
1919:
1906:
1889:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1861:
1855:
1841:
1835:
1828:
1822:
1807:
1801:
1794:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1771:pavie.culture.fr
1763:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1698:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1513:, under General
1411:, on his way to
985:French Indochina
802:, following the
789:French Indochina
738:
737:
730:
718:
717:
710:
698:
697:
689:
677:
676:
667:
655:
654:
645:
633:
632:
623:
615:
614:
605:
593:
592:
586:
585:
570:
569:
477:22 November 1904
459:
457:French Indochina
443:
384:
350:
335:
302:
287:
131:French Indochina
121:
102:
86:
66:
55:ພຣະຣາຊອານາຈັກລາວ
50:
32:
21:
6561:
6560:
6556:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6426:
6419:
6412:
6399:
6390:Public holidays
6336:
6327:Sex trafficking
6245:
6204:
6171:
6130:Law enforcement
6066:
6047:Protected areas
5999:
5990:
5936:Kingdom of Laos
5852:
5843:
5813:
5804:
5729:princely states
5677:
5613:Kingdom of Fiji
5586:
5332:Austria-Hungary
5300:
5063:
4997:
4796:
4782:Solomon Islands
4696:
4678:
4610:
4525:
4483:
4415:
4361:Democratization
4329:
4273:
4240:
4235:
4205:
4200:
4177:
4176:
4166:
4164:
4154:
4152:
4142:
4140:
4130:
4128:
4118:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4081:
4079:
4074:Occupied Malaya
4068:
4066:
4056:
4054:
4044:
4042:
4032:
4030:
4020:
4018:
4008:
4006:
3996:
3994:
3983:
3981:
3971:
3969:
3959:
3957:
3947:
3945:
3935:
3933:
3923:
3921:
3911:
3909:
3899:
3897:
3887:
3885:
3875:
3873:
3863:
3861:
3851:
3849:
3839:
3837:
3828:
3822:Empire of Japan
3818:
3788:
3779:
3761:Claimed by the
3735:
3731:Tromelin Island
3702:Bassas da India
3686:
3636:French Southern
3625:
3603:
3584:
3564:
3524:
3492: regions
3480:
3469:
3467:Overseas France
3464:
3420:
3402:
3374:
3360:Greater Lebanon
3330:and the Lebanon
3329:
3322:
3274:
3226:
3220:
3183:
3165:
3137:
3068:
3025:
3023:in the Americas
3017:
2980:
2957:
2929:
2891:
2809:
2781:
2775:
2735:
2730:
2700:
2695:
2659:
2640:Francis Garnier
2598:
2596:
2589:
2538:
2388:
2341:
2335:
2299:
2294:
2255:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2171:
2167:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2076:
2043:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2024:Levy, pp. 89–90
2023:
2012:
2003:
1996:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1939:
1920:
1909:
1890:
1886:
1877:
1873:
1862:
1858:
1842:
1838:
1829:
1825:
1808:
1804:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1778:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1720:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1644:
1596:Kingdom of Laos
1574:
1568:Kingdom of Laos
1566:Main articles:
1552:
1488:
1482:
1474:Kingdom of Laos
1428:
1422:
1354:Savang Vatthana
1300:French defeated
1281:
1254:French language
1217:
1166:Bolaven Plateau
1142:
1110:Bolaven Plateau
1065:
1022:French Cambodia
981:
951:Paknam incident
924:Black Flag Army
888:French Cambodia
864:
848:Kingdom of Laos
735:
729:Kingdom of Laos
728:
724:
715:
708:
707:Kingdom of Laos
706:
702:
687:
686:Kingdom of Laos
685:
681:
674:
665:
663:
659:
652:
643:
641:
637:
630:
621:
619:
612:
603:
601:
597:
590:
547:
537:22 October 1953
534:
524:
522:Kingdom of Laos
511:
504:12 October 1945
501:
487:
474:
460:
454:
444:
439:
427:New Imperialism
417:
411:
400:
394:
382:
378:
376:
370:
357:Souvanna Phouma
353:
338:
305:
290:
257:
245:
233:
211:
197:
195:
174:
145:
112:
111:
110:
107:
103:
95:
94:
91:
87:
73:
67:
64:
62:Royaume du Laos
60:
56:
54:
53:
52:Kingdom of Laos
51:
48:
44:
40:
38:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6559:
6557:
6549:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6448:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6425:
6424:
6417:
6409:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6346:
6344:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6306:hybrid variant
6294:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6263:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6221:Stock exchange
6218:
6213:
6208:
6200:
6195:
6189:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6167:Prime Minister
6164:
6162:Vice President
6159:
6154:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6084:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6013:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5941:Indochina Wars
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5896:Luang Phrabang
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5862:
5860:
5854:
5853:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5819:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5733:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5691:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5487:Ottoman Empire
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5447:Kartli-Kakheti
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5129:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4856:Central Africa
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4817:
4815:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4792:United Kingdom
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4706:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4688:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4620:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4449:Prince regnant
4446:
4445:
4444:
4434:
4429:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4366:Decolonization
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4320:Personal union
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4290:Constitutional
4287:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4211:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4162:
4150:
4138:
4136:Occupied Nauru
4126:
4114:
4102:
4090:
4078:
4076:
4064:
4052:
4040:
4028:
4016:
4004:
3992:
3979:
3967:
3965:State of Burma
3955:
3943:
3931:
3919:
3907:
3895:
3883:
3871:
3859:
3847:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3794:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3755:Also known as
3752:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3718:Banc du Geyser
3709:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3658:Crozet Islands
3655:
3647:
3641:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3440:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3365:Jabal al-Druze
3362:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3338:State of Syria
3334:
3332:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3196:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3133:Virgin Islands
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3097:Saint-Domingue
3094:
3092:The Grenadines
3089:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3059:French Florida
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2993:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2976:Isle de France
2973:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2751:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2706:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2655:Albert Sarraut
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2630:Amédée Courbet
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2484:Yên Bái mutiny
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2254:
2253:External links
2251:
2250:
2249:
2239:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2165:
2152:
2127:
2114:
2112:Pinnith, p. 87
2105:
2041:
2026:
2010:
1994:
1981:
1972:
1959:
1950:
1937:
1907:
1884:
1871:
1856:
1836:
1823:
1802:
1789:
1776:
1758:
1744:
1731:
1718:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1678:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1624:United Nations
1592:United Nations
1551:
1548:
1515:Douglas Gracey
1481:
1478:
1434:under General
1424:Main article:
1421:
1418:
1378:prime minister
1280:
1277:
1216:
1213:
1141:
1138:
1127:people by the
1064:
1061:
1045:British Empire
980:
977:
969:United Kingdom
863:
860:
770:Southeast Asia
748:
747:
744:
743:
740:
739:
732:
720:
719:
712:
695:
692:
691:
678:
670:
669:
656:
648:
647:
634:
626:
625:
616:
608:
607:
594:
582:
581:
576:
566:
565:
560:
556:
555:
552:
551:
548:
542:
539:
538:
535:
532:
529:
528:
525:
519:
516:
515:
512:
509:
506:
505:
502:
495:
492:
491:
488:
482:
479:
478:
475:
468:
465:
464:
461:
452:
449:
448:
447:3 October 1893
445:
437:
434:
433:
430:
429:
424:
423:Historical era
420:
419:
412:
406:
403:
402:
395:
389:
386:
385:
373:rule by decree
368:
364:
363:
360:
359:
354:
348:
345:
344:
339:
333:
330:
329:
326:
325:
322:
320:Prime Minister
316:
315:
312:
311:
306:
300:
297:
296:
291:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
268:
267:
264:
263:
258:
255:
252:
251:
246:
243:
240:
239:
234:
231:
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
214:
213:
183:
179:
178:
169:
165:
164:
155:
151:
150:
139:
135:
134:
127:
123:
122:
114:
113:
104:
97:
96:
88:
81:
80:
79:
76:
75:
69:
68:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6558:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6418:
6415:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6360:Dramatic arts
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6305:
6302:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6282:Ethnic groups
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6022:Deforestation
6020:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6002:
5997:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5840:
5835:
5833:
5828:
5826:
5821:
5820:
5817:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5608:Easter Island
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5296:
5295:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5147:Jabal Shammar
5145:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4639:Liechtenstein
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4442:Queen regnant
4440:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4401:Republicanism
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4381:Head of state
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4315:Non-sovereign
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4232:
4227:
4225:
4220:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4173:
4163:
4161:
4151:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4127:
4125:
4124:Occupied Guam
4115:
4113:
4103:
4101:
4091:
4088:
4077:
4075:
4065:
4063:
4053:
4051:
4041:
4039:
4029:
4027:
4017:
4015:
4005:
4003:
3993:
3991:
3980:
3978:
3968:
3966:
3956:
3954:
3944:
3942:
3932:
3930:
3920:
3918:
3908:
3906:
3896:
3894:
3884:
3882:
3872:
3870:
3860:
3858:
3848:
3846:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3815:
3810:
3808:
3803:
3801:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3707:Europa Island
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3595:
3581:
3580:New Caledonia
3578:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3500:French Guiana
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3487:
3483:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3456:
3454:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3355:Alawite State
3353:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3123:Saint Vincent
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:Grande Comore
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2865:Four Communes
2863:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2848:Arguin Island
2846:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2823:Côte d'Ivoire
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:Organisations
2662:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2650:Auguste Pavie
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:Henri Rivière
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2597:personalities
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2172:Carine Hahn,
2169:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2090:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:Carine Hahn,
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1988:Carine Hahn,
1985:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:Carine Hahn,
1875:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:0-521-59235-6
1850:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1819:0-521-59235-6
1816:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:Carine Hahn,
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:Carine Hahn,
1780:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:Carine Hahn,
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:Carine Hahn,
1722:
1719:
1715:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1612:Souphanouvong
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1560:Sisavang Vong
1556:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1544:Luang Prabang
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:Sisavang Vong
1452:
1449:
1445:
1444:Pacific Front
1441:
1437:
1433:
1430:In 1944, the
1427:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1382:Sisavang Vong
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1339:Thai invasion
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1178:Ong Kommandam
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1146:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:Luang Prabang
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1078:Sisavang Vong
1069:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
986:
978:
976:
974:
973:British Burma
970:
965:
964:Luang Prabang
960:
956:
955:Great Britain
952:
948:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
919:Auguste Pavie
915:
913:
909:
908:Chulalongkorn
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
868:
861:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
794:
790:
786:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
733:
731:
727:
722:
721:
713:
711:
705:
700:
699:
696:
690:
684:
679:
672:
671:
668:
662:
657:
650:
649:
646:
640:
635:
628:
627:
624:
617:
610:
609:
606:
604:Luang Prabang
600:
595:
588:
587:
584:
583:
580:
577:
575:
572:
571:
567:
564:
561:
557:
553:
549:
546:
536:
526:
523:
514:24 April 1946
513:
503:
499:
489:
486:
476:
472:
463:19 April 1899
462:
458:
446:
442:
428:
425:
421:
416:
413:
410:
399:
398:Royal Council
396:
393:
381:
374:
369:
365:
361:
358:
355:
343:
340:
323:
321:
313:
310:
307:
295:
294:Auguste Pavie
292:
275:
273:
265:
262:
261:Sisavang Vong
259:
250:
247:
238:
235:
221:
219:
210:
206:
203:
202:parliamentary
200:
194:
190:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
166:
163:
159:
156:
152:
148:
147:Luang Prabang
143:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
109:
101:
93:
85:
77:
70:
63:
59:
47:
43:
33:
30:
19:
6317:Prostitution
6272:Demographics
6236:Trade unions
6198:Central bank
6113:Human rights
6093:Constitution
5915:
5785:South Africa
5780:Sierra Leone
5727:
5557:Two Sicilies
5492:Papal States
5292:
5231:
5124:
4990:
4750:Cook Islands
4603:
4589:Saudi Arabia
4518:
3826:World War II
3716:
3650:
3550:Saint Martin
3386:New Hebrides
3292:
3240:Chandernagor
3232:French India
3064:French Texas
2920:Ubangi-Shari
2915:Middle Congo
2882:James Island
2787:North Africa
2489:World War II
2374:Guangzhouwan
2368:
2245:
2235:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2159:Jean Deuve,
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2139:
2130:
2122:
2117:
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2089:the original
2080:
2035:
2029:
2005:
1989:
1984:
1975:
1967:
1962:
1953:
1945:
1940:
1922:
1892:
1887:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1859:
1844:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1810:
1805:
1797:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1747:
1739:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1713:
1706:. Retrieved
1696:
1681:
1672:
1620:
1608:
1579:French Union
1575:
1524:
1500:
1489:
1473:
1467:
1429:
1400:
1386:
1347:
1308:
1296:Vichy French
1285:
1282:
1269:Lao language
1262:
1258:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1218:
1201:
1182:
1173:
1159:
1118:
1086:rice alcohol
1082:
1074:
1043:, which the
1038:
1002:
997:the province
992:
988:
982:
940:
916:
902:(modern-day
884:Mekong River
873:
844:French Union
831:World War II
816:
785:puppet state
753:
751:
725:
703:
688:(Lao Issara)
682:
660:
638:
620:Principality
598:
579:Succeeded by
578:
573:
550:21 July 1954
490:8 April 1945
377:(until 1947)
309:Michel Breal
209:French Union
160:(official),
106:Coat of arms
61:
57:
45:
41:
29:
6486:Tai history
6193:Agriculture
6118:LGBT rights
5911:Muang Phuan
5881:Tai peoples
5724:British Raj
5696:(Sri Lanka)
5582:Württemberg
5294:South Yemen
5182:Maguindanao
5075:Afghanistan
4836:Barotseland
4772:Saint Lucia
4745:New Zealand
4654:Netherlands
4427:Chhatrapati
4411:Sovereignty
4351:Aristocracy
4196:Pacific War
3773:Claimed by
3767:Claimed by
3652:Adélie Land
3570:Sui generis
3301:Cochinchina
3118:Saint Lucia
2872:Upper Volta
2815:West Africa
2459:World War I
2349:Cochinchina
2342:territories
2340:Constituent
2145:1 September
2098:1 September
1966:Paul Lévy,
1944:Paul Lévy,
1528:Hans Imfeld
1392:Jean Decoux
1327:Tai peoples
1226:Savannakhet
1134:hill tribes
1096:and 62% of
892:Cochinchina
778:interregnum
574:Preceded by
527:11 May 1947
500:government
418:(from 1947)
409:Lower house
401:(from 1947)
392:Upper house
383:(from 1947)
367:Legislature
212:(1947–1953)
207:within the
196:(1893–1947)
133:(1899–1953)
108:(1949–1953)
92:(1893–1952)
18:French Laos
6450:Categories
6380:Literature
6205:(currency)
6027:Ecoregions
5981:Insurgency
5966:Neutrality
5951:Pathet Lao
5931:Lao Issara
5876:Lao people
5871:Khun Borom
5790:Tanganyika
5705:The Gambia
5633:Niuē-Fekai
5572:Yugoslavia
5472:Montenegro
5279:Upper Yafa
5274:Upper Asir
4911:Madagascar
4644:Luxembourg
4376:Government
4341:Abdication
4310:Hereditary
4238:Monarchies
3769:Madagascar
3678:Saint Paul
3510:Martinique
3505:Guadeloupe
3260:Pondichéry
2971:Madagascar
2843:Mauritania
2304:Background
1664:References
1616:Pathet Lao
1558:Statue of
1492:Lao Issara
1486:Lao Issara
1459:Phetsarath
1413:Phnom Penh
1374:Phetsarath
1245:tin mining
1174:phū mī bun
1121:Lao Theung
1030:Ratsadanay
1015:) and the
1005:Sainyabuli
957:, entered
912:suzerainty
642:Kingdom of
602:Kingdom of
498:Lao Issara
380:Parliament
342:Phetsarath
182:Government
144:(official)
6370:Festivals
6277:Education
6241:Transport
6157:President
6145:President
6098:Elections
6005:Geography
5906:Champasak
5901:Vientiane
5760:Mauritius
5653:Rarotonga
5638:Nuku Hiva
5628:Mangareva
5603:Bora Bora
5482:Neuchâtel
5452:Lithuania
5357:Catalonia
5244:Sri Lanka
5197:Manchukuo
5172:Kurdistan
5126:Indonesia
5049:Talamanca
5009:Araucanía
4992:and other
4971:Wassoulou
4715:Australia
4391:Oligarchy
3845:Manchukuo
3775:Mauritius
3634: (
3044:Louisiana
2925:Cameroons
1536:Vientiane
1519:Viet Minh
1409:Champasak
1331:Vientiane
1243:Although
1160:In 1901,
1125:Lao Soung
1092:, 85% of
1090:Vientiane
1041:Indochina
989:Haut-Laos
943:ultimatum
941:After an
644:Champasak
471:Champasak
168:Religion
142:Vientiane
74:1946–1953
72:1893–1945
6430:Category
6322:Religion
6312:Language
6297:COVID-19
6135:Military
6076:Politics
6057:Wildlife
6037:Phou Bia
5891:Vat Phou
5886:Lan Xang
5866:Peopling
5850:articles
5775:Rhodesia
5770:Pakistan
5689:Barbados
5658:Rimatara
5648:Rapa Iti
5577:Valencia
5552:Tavolara
5542:Scotland
5507:Portugal
5467:Moldavia
5352:Bulgaria
5347:Brittany
5322:Asturias
5202:Mongolia
5192:Maldives
5054:Trinidad
5044:Suriname
5002:Americas
4986:Zimbabwe
4981:Zanzibar
4966:Wituland
4941:Ngazidja
4936:Ndzuwani
4871:Ethiopia
4594:Thailand
4574:Malaysia
4554:Cambodia
4504:Eswatini
4300:Elective
4285:Absolute
3530:Overseas
3490:Overseas
3348:Damascus
3297:Vietnam
3288:Cambodia
3265:Karaikal
3082:Dominica
2877:Togoland
2543:Treaties
2364:Cambodia
1708:26 April
1642:See also
1583:Boun Oum
1540:Boun Oum
1405:Lan Xang
1401:Lao Nyai
1366:Cambodia
1323:Thailand
1288:Japanese
1129:Lao Loum
993:Bas-Laos
932:Oun Kham
904:Thailand
876:Cambodia
819:its King
782:Japanese
764:) was a
622:of Phuan
559:Currency
473:annexed
455:Part of
249:Zakarine
237:Oun Kham
191:under a
6414:Outline
6355:Cuisine
6342:Culture
6255:Society
6231:Tourism
6216:Fishing
6181:Economy
6017:Borders
5858:History
5765:Nigeria
5740:Ireland
5668:Tahuata
5643:Raiatea
5623:Huahine
5598:Abemama
5591:Oceania
5562:Tuscany
5517:Romania
5512:Prussia
5477:Navarre
5457:Majorca
5437:Ireland
5432:Imereti
5427:Iceland
5422:Hungary
5417:Hanover
5412:Granada
5402:Germany
5397:Georgia
5392:Galicia
5382:Finland
5372:Corsica
5367:Cilicia
5337:Bavaria
5327:Austria
5312:Albania
5284:Vietnam
5227:Sarawak
5217:Qu'aiti
5152:Kathiri
5115:Dapitan
5090:Bukhara
5039:Miskito
4961:Tunisia
4951:Shilluk
4861:Dahomey
4851:Burundi
4841:Bagirmi
4821:Adamawa
4740:Jamaica
4735:Grenada
4720:Bahamas
4684:Oceania
4634:Denmark
4629:Belgium
4624:Andorra
4539:Bahrain
4514:Morocco
4509:Lesotho
4488:Current
4479:Pharaoh
4432:Emperor
4371:Dynasty
4325:Regency
4305:Federal
4295:Diarchy
4249:Monarch
3824:during
3763:Comoros
3520:Réunion
3515:Mayotte
3433:Present
3391:Vanuatu
3379:Oceania
3151:Berbice
3087:Grenada
2943:Anjouan
2935:Comoros
2887:Albreda
2860:Senegal
2828:Dahomey
2805:Tunisia
2800:Morocco
2795:Algeria
2184:Sources
2174:Le Laos
2140:loc.gov
2006:Le Laos
1990:Le Laos
1880:Le Laos
1821:, p. 30
1798:Le Laos
1785:Le Laos
1740:Le Laos
1727:Le Laos
1530:of the
1511:British
1503:Chinese
1304:Germany
1290:forces
1170:Ong Keo
1140:Revolts
1094:Thakhek
959:Bangkok
846:as the
793:Siamese
666:of Siam
664:Kingdom
563:Piastre
543:•
520:•
496:•
483:•
469:•
453:•
438:•
407:•
390:•
336:(first)
288:(first)
199:Unitary
186:Unitary
149:(royal)
138:Capital
6435:Portal
6395:Sports
6365:Emblem
6350:Anthem
6287:Health
6211:Energy
6042:Rivers
6032:Mekong
5848:
5800:Uganda
5750:Malawi
5715:Guyana
5694:Ceylon
5673:Tahiti
5663:Rurutu
5618:Hawaii
5547:Serbia
5532:Saxony
5522:Russia
5407:Greece
5387:France
5377:Cyprus
5362:Crimea
5342:Bosnia
5317:Aragon
5305:Europe
5269:Taiwan
5239:Sikkim
5222:Ryukyu
5207:Najran
5105:Chehab
5085:Bengal
5034:Mexico
5019:Brazil
4946:Rwanda
4926:Maravi
4826:Ankole
4814:Africa
4806:Former
4787:Tuvalu
4730:Canada
4725:Belize
4669:Sweden
4659:Norway
4649:Monaco
4616:Europe
4569:Kuwait
4564:Jordan
4549:Brunei
4544:Bhutan
4496:Africa
4469:Sultan
4420:Titles
4334:Topics
3987:
3343:Aleppo
3311:Tonkin
3270:Yanaon
3250:Madras
3128:Tobago
3049:Canada
3039:Acadia
2953:Mohéli
2838:Guinea
2740:Former
2595:French
2393:Events
2354:Tonkin
1931:
1901:
1851:
1817:
1507:Lu Han
1468:After
1189:Tonkin
1057:Pleiku
1053:Kontum
798:, the
796:vassal
758:French
371:None (
351:(last)
324:
303:(last)
276:
222:
158:French
126:Status
6421:Index
6385:Music
6332:Women
6301:Delta
6267:Crime
6052:Towns
5755:Malta
5745:Kenya
5720:India
5710:Ghana
5537:Savoy
5527:Samos
5442:Italy
5289:Yemen
5264:Tibet
5259:Syria
5212:Nepal
5187:Mahra
5167:Kumul
5162:Korea
5157:Khiva
5136:Qajar
5120:Hejaz
5110:China
5095:Burma
5024:Haiti
5014:Aztec
4931:Mwali
4921:Maore
4901:Libya
4896:Kongo
4891:Kaffa
4886:Gumma
4881:Gomma
4876:Ghana
4866:Egypt
4846:Bornu
4831:Aussa
4692:Tonga
4664:Spain
4584:Qatar
4559:Japan
3306:Annam
3161:Inini
3102:Haïti
2910:Gabon
2855:Niger
2833:Sudan
2359:Annam
2092:(PDF)
2085:(PDF)
1370:Annam
1230:Pakse
1197:Hmong
1098:Pakse
1034:Pakse
936:Paris
928:Hanoi
780:as a
726:1947:
704:1945:
683:1946:
661:1907:
639:1904:
599:1893:
6375:Flag
6304:cron
6299:and
6203:Kip
5846:Laos
5700:Fiji
5254:Sulu
5233:Shan
5177:Laos
5142:Iraq
5132:Iran
5100:Cebu
5080:Asir
5068:Asia
5029:Inca
4976:Yeke
4916:Mali
4906:Luba
4755:Niue
4605:list
4579:Oman
4531:Asia
4520:list
4474:Shah
4464:Tsar
4459:khan
4454:Raja
4437:King
4278:Type
3680:and
3293:Laos
3255:Mahé
2905:Chad
2369:Laos
2147:2019
2100:2019
1929:ISBN
1899:ISBN
1849:ISBN
1815:ISBN
1710:2014
1570:and
1368:and
1333:and
1273:Pali
1222:Isan
1195:and
1193:Khmu
1123:and
1055:and
991:and
900:Siam
890:and
810:and
774:Laos
752:The
90:Flag
6292:HIV
6125:Law
5462:Man
1302:by
768:in
162:Lao
6452::
5738:/
5726:,
3104:,
2244:.
2138:.
2044:^
2013:^
1997:^
1910:^
1866:,
1769:.
1712:.
1618:.
1606:.
1256:.
1211:.
1108:,
975:.
858:.
760::
5838:e
5831:t
5824:v
5732:)
5722:(
5297:)
5291:(
5138:)
5134:(
4230:e
4223:t
4216:v
3813:e
3806:t
3799:v
3640:)
3459:e
3452:t
3445:v
3215:e
3208:t
3201:v
3012:e
3005:t
2998:v
2770:e
2763:t
2756:v
2725:e
2718:t
2711:v
2289:e
2282:t
2275:v
2149:.
2102:.
1935:.
1905:.
1773:.
1755:.
756:(
375:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
