51:
763:
835:
711:
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750:. However, by 1827, the middle-class men who still composed the Guard had come to feel a degree of hostility towards the reactionary monarchy. Following hostile cries, at a review on 29 April Charles X dissolved the Guard the following day, on the grounds of offensive behaviour towards the crown. He neglected to disarm the disbanded force, and its muskets resurfaced in 1830 during the
255:
707:
and volunteers from gamekeepers and other professional groups formed separate units within the
National Guard. Clothing and equipment were often in short supply and even the Paris National Guard was obliged to provide pikes as substitute weapons for some of its new recruits. These field and regional units were disbanded in 1814 after the abdication of Napoleon I.
1313:
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It was expected that the new Guard would grow to a 72,500-member force in 2017 and grow to an 86,000-member national reserve in 2018. The formation of the revived Guard would be assisted with a dedicated 311-million euro budget and its personnel come from the reserves, members from the private sector
685:
which was strongly militarized. However, he did not abolish the
National Guard but was content to partially disarm it. He kept the force in reserve and mobilised it for the defence of French territory in 1809 and 1814. In Paris during this period the National Guard comprised twelve thousand bourgeois
477:
mutinied and were disbanded during the same month, the majority of this former royal regiment's rank and file became the full-time cadre of the Paris
National Guard. Similar bodies of National Guards were spontaneously created in the towns and rural districts of France in response to widespread fears
866:
The
National Guard was superseded by the creation of territorial regiments, made up of older men who had completed their period of full-time military service. These reserve units were embodied only in times of general mobilisation but remained an integral part of the regular army, distinguished only
554:
The citizens kept their weapons and their uniforms at home and set forth with them when required. The initially multi-coloured uniforms of the various provincial
National Guard units were standardised in 1791, using as a model the dark blue coats with red collars, white lapels and cuffs worn by the
496:
On 5 December 1790 Robespierre held a speech on the urgent topic of the
National Guard; envisaging an evolution from semi-organised militia to citizen-soldiers independent from the regular army. He repeated his ideas in the following year. On 18 December it was decreed to supply the National Guard
481:
Initially, each city, town and village maintained
National Guard units operated by their respective local governments in the districts for not more than a year. They were united on 14 July 1790 under Lafayette, who was appointed "Commandant General of all the National Guards of the Kingdom" and was
706:
by
Coalition forces in 1814. Existing National Guard units, such as those of Paris, were deployed as defence corps in their areas of recruitment. Mass conscription was extended to age groups previously exempt from military service, to provide more manpower for the expanded National Guard. Students
520:
and their children over 18 years were obliged to enlist in the
National Guard. Their role was the maintenance of law and order and, if necessary, territorial defense in wartime. Following a nationwide scheme decided on in September 1791, the National Guard was organised on the basis of district or
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Goupil de Préfeln
Guillaume François. Adoption de divers articles additionnels au décret général sur le rachat des rentes foncières, lors de la séance du 18 décembre 1790. In: Archives Parlementaires de 1787 à 1860 – Première série (1787–1799) Tome XXI – Du 26 novembre 1790 au 2 janvier 1791.
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on 14 July, thus circumventing a royal veto. Section assemblies were permitting "passive" citizens to join their National Guard companies without seeking formal permission. On 11 July, the Jacobins won an emergency vote in the wavering Assembly, declaring the nation in danger and drafting all
846:
Despite its major role in the Franco-Prussian War, the National Guard was disbanded soon after the establishment of the Third Republic. Having been converted from a volunteer reserve into a much larger force composed mainly of conscripts, the National Guard had lost its identity and
818:, from March to May 1871, the National Guard in Paris was expanded to include all able-bodied citizens capable of carrying weapons. Following the Commune's defeat by the regular French Army, the National Guard was officially abolished and its units disbanded. Also disbanded was the
497:
with 50,000 fusils. In January 1791 Robespierre promoted the idea not only the National Guard but also the people had to be armed if necessary with pikes. On 27 April 1791, Robespierre again opposed the plans for reorganizing the National Guard and restricting its membership to
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property owners, serving part-time and equipped at their own expense, whose prime function was to guard public buildings on a roster basis. Between 1811 and 1812 the National Guard was organized in "cohorts" to distinguish it from the regular army, and for home defence
1574:
Genty, Maurice. Les débuts de la Garde nationale parisienne (1789–1791) In: La Garde nationale entre Nation et peuple en armes: Mythes et réalités, 1789–1871 . Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2006 (generated 04 juillet 2021). Available on the Internet:
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in favour of the republicans. This change in allegiance reflected a general erosion in the popularity of Louis-Phillipe and his "Bourgeois Monarchy", rather than any fundamental change in the make-up of the National Guard, which remained a middle-class body.
1540:
Bianchi, Serge (ed.) ; Dupuy, Roger (ed.). La Garde nationale entre Nation et peuple en armes: Mythes et réalités, 1789–1871. New edition . Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2006 (generated 04 juillet 2021). Available on the Internet:
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placed a radical revolutionary at the head of the Guard. After the abolition of the monarchy (21 September 1792), the National Guard fought for the Revolution and it had an important role in forcing the wishes of the capital on the
525:. Districts might also provide companies of veterans and young citizens, respectively drawn from volunteers over 60 or under 18. Where possible, there was provision for mounted detachments and artillery batteries under the Guard.
858:
Perceived as an embodiment of the revolutionary republican "nation in arms" at the time of the Revolution of 1789, the National Guard was formally disbanded on 14 March 1872 as a threat to the security and order of the new
942:
and active personnel seconded to the service. Unlike the Guard of the Revolutionary Wars, its officers are now seconded from both the Army and the National Gendarmerie and are graduates of their respective academies.
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After the disastrous campaign in Russia in 1812, dozens of National Guard cohorts were called up for field duty the next year; four cohorts being combined to form one line infantry regiment. The 135ème to 156ème
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1694:
529:
The 23-years-old Napoleon Bonaparte began his "political career" as lieutenant-colonel of a Battalion of Corsican Volunteers in the National Guards (la Garde nationale des Volontaires corses) in February
551:
Parisians with pikes or pistols into the National Guard. On 17 July the municipality of Paris accepted all citizens armed with a pike for enlistment as part of the capital's own National Guard unit.
1719:
851:. It also faced opposition from the regular army which was opposed to such a large armed force outside its direct control. The role of the Paris units of the National Guard in the uprising of the
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1714:
509:
took place. At the end of September a law passed to reorganize the National Guard formations in cantons and districts; each year officers and non-commissioned officers could be elected on
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A Self-Defining Bourgeoisie in the Early French Revolution: The Milice bourgeoise, the Bastille Days of 1789, and their Aftermath by Micah Alpaugh. In: Journal of Social History, 2014
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had held responsibility for the maintenance of law and order in Paris from 1254 to 1791, when the National Guard took over this role. In fact, the last commander of the Guet royal (
945:
As of 2019, Division General Anne Fougerat serves as the Secretary-General for the National Guard, who reports to the Chief of Defence Staff and the Minister of the Armed Forces.
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in 1814. Following the occupation of Paris by the allied armies, the National Guard was expanded to 35,000 men and became the primary force for maintaining order within the city.
521:
canton companies. Five of these neighbourhood units (designated as fusiliers or grenadiers) made up a National Guard infantry battalion. Eight to ten battalions comprised a
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Paris National Guard since its creation. This combination of colours matched those of the then young revolutionary tricolour flag. The uniform headdress was the tricorne.
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of chaos or counter-revolution. "Bourgeois Militia" changed its name to National Guard, like in Limoges in November 1789, where no other military bodies were allowed.
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For most of its history the National Guard, particularly its officers, has been widely viewed as loyal to middle-class interests. It was founded as separate from the
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Personnel of the current iteration of the National Guard wear the uniform and rank insignia of the Army, officers wear the rank insignia of their service branch.
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On 12 October 2016, during a weekly meeting of the Cabinet, the National Guard was officially reconstituted after 145 years, as the fifth service branch of the
443:) for Paris was discussed by the National Assembly on 11 July 1789 in response to the King's sudden and alarming replacement of minister for finance and state,
451:
on that day. The replacement caused rapidly spread anger and violence throughout Paris. The National Assembly declared the formation of a "Bourgeois Militia" (
826:) raised in 1866 to provide personnel and officers for rapid deployment operations nationwide, as well as to provide reserve personnel for the armed forces.
1709:
1501:
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Devenne Florence. La garde Nationale; création et évolution (1789 – août 1792), p. 58. In: Annales historiques de la Révolution française, n° 283, 1990.
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Robespierre and War, a Question Posed as Early as 1789? by Thibaut Poirot. In: Annales historiques de la Révolution française 2013/1 (No. 371)
600:), de La Rothière, was elected to head the National Guard in 1791. In the summer of 1792, the fundamental character of the guard changed. The
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served as its Colonel-General, reviewed the force regularly and intervened to veto its proposed disbandment on the grounds of economy by the
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in securing major events nationwide while it would perform its historical responsibility as a national military and police reserve service.
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Napoleon did not believe that the middle-class National Guard would be able to maintain order and suppress riots. Therefore, he created a
455:) on 13 July. In the early morning of the next day, the search for weapons for this new militia led to the storming of the town hall, the
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placed the National Guard under the control of more conservative leadership. Part of the National Guard then attempted to overthrow the
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of 1870–71, the National Guard in Paris again became viewed as dangerously revolutionary, which contributed to its dissolution in 1871.
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of France. Initially, the Guard, purged of its Napoleonic leadership, maintained good relations with the restored monarchy. The future
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A new National Guard was established in 1831 following the July Revolution in 1830. It played a major role in suppressing the Paris
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Paris : Librairie Administrative P. Dupont, 1885. p. 532. www.persee.fr/doc/arcpa_0000-0000_1885_num_21_1_9450_t1_0532_0000_9
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declared the establishment of a new third National Guard. By his words, the Guard would be formed using military reserve forces.
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The Life and Character of Maximilian Robespierre. Proving ... that that Much ... by James Bronterre O'Brien, p. 417–421
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during the royalist insurrection on the 13 Vendémiaire, year IV (5 October 1795), but was defeated by forces led by
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In 2016, France announced the reestablishment of the National Guard for the second time, in response to a series of
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The Making of the Sans-culottes: Democratic Ideas and Institutions in Paris ... By Robert Barrie Rose, p. 49
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was elected to the post of commander in chief of the Bourgeois Militia on 14 July, and it was renamed the "
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Reimagining Society in 18th Century French Literature: Happiness and Human ... by Jonas Ross Kjærgård
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Recueil des œuvrès de Max. J. Robespierre, et de pièces pour servir à son histoire. Recueillis, 1819
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of 1870 called on the Guard to undertake a major role in defending Paris against the invading
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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694:, it became a useful reservoir of half-trained men for new battalions of the active army.
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led to a great degree of hostility towards the National Guard, especially from the army.
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408:. However, in its original stages from 1792 to 1795, the National Guard was perceived as
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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On 2 July 1792, the Assembly authorized the National Guard's attendance as part of the
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which was obliged to give way in front of the force of the "patriotic" bayonets. The
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were thus formed. Many of these fought in the campaigns in Germany in 1813 and the
654:. The Paris National Guard thereafter ceased to play a significant political role.
510:
393:, active in its current form since 2016 but originally founded in 1789 during the
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to subordinate tasks to reduce its liberal and republican influence. During the
690:. By a skilful appeal to patriotism, and judicious pressure applied through the
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St. Georges, private, 4th battalion, 2nd company, 1st platoon, 2nd squad, No. 8
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1505:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 212–236.
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1028:"France to form National Guard to counter terrorist threat, Hollande says"
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La « garde nationale », un vivier de 72 000 réservistes en 2017
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Webpage on the prime minister's site of the reestablished National Guard
1519:(1st Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books, Alfred A. Knopf.
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were admitted to the guard and the subsequent takeover of the guard by
577:
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Almanach de la Garde nationale du Limousin, 1 janvier 1790, pp. 48, 53
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Roger Dupuy (2010) La Garde nationale 1789–1872. Paris, Gallimard,
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responsible to the King as commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
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The Chevalier de Saint-Georges: Virtuoso of the Sword and the Bow
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Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution by Ruth Scurr
669:, (1785–1867), French painter, in his National Guard uniform. By
501:. On 22 April and 15 June 1791, the Parliament recruited 400,000
1003:"France to create new National Guard 'to protect its citizens'"
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Histoire et dictionnaire de la Révolution française, 1789–1799
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1142:Œuvres complètes de Maximilien de Robespierre, tome 6, p. 642
930:. The revitalized Guard would also reinforce elements of the
1599:
Tulard, Jean; Fayard, Jean-François; Fierro, Alfred (1987).
253:
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E.G. Hourtouille, page 127 "1814 The Campaign for France",
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Garde nationale, la génération « Charlie Hebdo »
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Paris Between Empires – Monarchy and Revolution 1814–1852
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A company of the 2nd Legion of the National Guard on the
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Military units and formations of the Franco-Prussian War
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from the entire French National Guard. On 17 July 1791
27:
French military, gendarmerie, and police reserve force
1720:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1872
638:, year II (27 July 1794), the new government of the
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was chosen by the Commune to lead the Paris Guards.
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1715:Military units and formations established in 1789
1052:France creates National Guard to battle terrorism
782:. However, the same National Guard fought in the
722:Six thousand national guardsmen took part in the
1069:Archives départementales de la Seine-Saint-Denis
1645:New website of the reestablished National Guard
1607:. Bouquins (in French). Paris: Robert Laffont.
1047:
1045:
1516:Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution
986:"La Garde nationale | garde-nationale.fr"
911:After several terror attacks in France, which
738:in 1814, the National Guard was maintained by
358:
8:
40:
1022:
1020:
997:
995:
536:was one of the first in Lille to join its
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351:
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1470:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp.
1281:Uniforms of the French Revolutionary Wars
412:and the lower ranks were identified with
1428:. Hillsdale, New York: Pendragon Press.
219:Secretary General for the National Guard
1705:Military units and formations of France
1445:French Revolutionary Infantry 1789–1802
977:
957:
798:confined the National Guard during the
778:of 1832 against the government of King
614:was murdered in the first hours of the
404:and existed both for policing and as a
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318:Ranks in the French Air and Space Force
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263:
245:
233:Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette
55:Logo of the National Guard (since 2016)
1577:http://books.openedition.org/pur/16612
1543:http://books.openedition.org/pur/16594
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516:Under the law of 14 October 1791, all
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7:
838:French Garde Nationale soldier with
1710:Law enforcement agencies of France
25:
1405:, Le Monde, 27 October 2016 issue
1391:, Le Monde, 12 October 2016 issue
814:army. During the uprising of the
559:From French Revolution until 1827
1627:Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions
1489:Maude, Frederic Natusch (1911).
1311:
1231:"Vie de Napoléon Bonaparte 1792"
1163:Robespierre, Maximilien (1819).
879:
830:End of the National Guard (1872)
758:National Guard from 1831 to 1872
425:terrorist attacks in the country
49:
700:RĂ©giments d'Infanterie de Ligne
1447:. Oxford: Osprey. p. 14.
1279:Philip Haythornthwaite, p. 87
808:Government of National Defense
1:
704:invasion of north-east France
580:escorting royalist rebels in
272:Armée de l'Air et de l'Espace
222:General Louis-Mathieu Gaspari
176:List of wars involving France
1492:"Napoleonic Campaigns"
928:Ministry of the Armed Forces
208:Minister of the Armed Forces
1335:"French Infantry Regiments"
871:Resurrection (2016–present)
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714:The National Guard at the
564:Role during the Revolution
534:Chevalier de Saint-Georges
489:
334:Military history of France
1030:. France 24. 28 July 2016
888:This section needs to be
616:insurrection of 10 August
145:Greek War of Independence
135:French Revolutionary Wars
124:('Honour and Fatherland')
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39:
1005:. Local.fr. 28 July 2016
867:by details of insignia.
679:Municipal Guard of Paris
652:Battle of 13 Vendémiaire
621:French National Assembly
461:storming of the Bastille
385:) is a French military,
313:Ranks in the French Navy
308:Ranks in the French Army
1623:National Guard (France)
1593:10.4000/books.pur.16612
1559:10.4000/books.pur.16594
1502:Encyclopædia Britannica
1462:Mansel, Philip (2003).
1420:Banat, Gabriel (2006).
608:Antoine Joseph Santerre
471:National Guard of Paris
1665:18th century in France
1443:Crowdy, Terry (2004).
1207:10.3406/ahrf.1990.1411
913:intensified in 2014–15
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548:Festival of Federation
507:Champ de Mars massacre
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1629:, James Chastain, ed.
1063:Unknown (1788–1790).
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820:Mobile National Guard
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640:Thermidorian Reaction
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18:French National Guard
932:National Gendarmerie
584:(1792). Painting by
492:Constitutional Guard
1690:Revolutions of 1848
1675:Bourbon Restoration
924:French Armed Forces
915:, French President
804:Franco-Prussian War
503:National volunteers
457:Hotel des Invalides
453:"milice bourgeoise"
418:Franco-Prussian War
247:French Armed Forces
165:Franco-Prussian War
160:Franco-Austrian War
150:Conquest of Algeria
107:French Armed Forces
1621:Bruce Vandervort,
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784:Revolution of 1848
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648:Napoleon Bonaparte
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441:"garde bourgeoise"
435:The raising of a "
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1660:French Revolution
1570:978-2-07-034716-2
1435:978-1-57647-109-8
1169:. pp. 26–28.
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1268:Schama 1989
1256:Schama 1989
1218:Crowdy 2004
1065:"Mr Necker"
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447:, with the
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287:Gendarmerie
196:(in French)
155:Crimean War
129:Engagements
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1654:Categories
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972:References
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490:See also:
264:Components
229:commanders
202:Commanders
98:>77,000
744:Charles X
644:Directory
467:Lafayette
381:(French:
66:1831–1872
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1513:(1989).
1074:12 March
934:and the
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582:Brittany
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117:Motto(s)
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890:updated
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718:in 1814
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326:History
227:Notable
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300:Ranks
190:.gouv
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