561:"That numerous hindrances have been placed, in recent years, on the exercise of your rights in matters of teaching and education, you know only too well, and we do not think, at this hour, to take up this painful subject again. At least, the law contained a promise which, if faithfully kept, gave you relative securityː it proclaimed the strict neutrality of the school ː "Parents who entrust their children to the State have the right to demand that their beliefs and intimate feelings be neither opposed nor offended by aggressive teaching, and, on the other hand, the State has too often and too sincerely demanded the collaboration of the family in the work of schooling to repudiate its solicitude and even its control". In the same place, the principle is asserted, without any hesitation whatsoever, that "guarantees must be granted to fathers to enable them to obtain reparation for faults committed by members of the public education system in the performance of their duties". Have these commitments always been honored in the past? No. Would the new bills, if passed, help to honour them better in the future? Even less so. Fathers of families, read the provisions of these precautions , and you will see that any of you whose conscience has been wounded by the text of a textbook imposed on your child can lodge a complaint with the "competent authorities", and even refer the matter to the Minister of Public Instruction. What chance is there that these "authorities" will themselves overrule you, by recognizing the merits of your complaint? And when the case is brought to his attention, will the Minister of Education take up the father's cause? How can we hope for that? We don't have to look far to justify our doubts and worries."
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stating that these have significantly contributed to the proliferation of
Christian households in France. Although maintaining boys' schools is more challenging and they may not always yield desired outcomes, it is crucial to have them for shaping confident and brave Christians. Therefore, all necessary sacrifices should be made to sustain these two types of schools. As for the responsibilities of the parish priest towards parishioner parents, they are as follows: if there is no available free school, the families must be urged to take all necessary measures to address the issue of secular schools displaying anti-Catholicism. If a free school is available, parents have three options for enrolling their children in school. If the secular school is irreligious, parents must enroll their children in the free school or risk being denied absolution, unless the mother is unable to enroll due to her husband's wishes. If the secular school is acceptable but not exceptional, the parish priest will suggest enrolling in the free school without making it mandatory. If the secular school is of high quality, parents are free to choose between either school.
721:"The family is a society that God established and that man cannot destroy. Whatever certain philosophers, imbued with the crude errors of paganism, may say, it must live within the State, without merging with it. It is to you, fathers and mothers, that children belong, since they are bone of your bones and flesh of your flesh, and it is you who, having given them the life of the body, have the imprescriptible right to initiate them into the life of the soul. In the work of education, the State can help and supplement you, but not supplant you. It is wrong to invoke the so-called right of the child to justify its claims. The child has no right that can prevail against the rights of God, in whom we are obliged, from the awakening of our reason, to recognize our principle and our end; he has not, in particular, the right to refuse until the age of eighteen, according to the theory of a sophist who was a bad father, the religious instruction that parents are obliged to give him or to have given to him."
1298:"The Normand is traditionally Catholic, not clerical, not convinced, but nevertheless attached to the secular forms of a religion without the gestures and rites of which he considers life incomplete. He sends his wife, children and household servants to church services, sometimes driving them there and generally waiting for them at the cabarets; but if he's not convinced, he still wants a baptism, a first communion, a funeral. These are all pretexts for meetings, drinking and parties, where bodily satisfactions far outweigh spiritual ones. It is at the time of these various acts, and particularly at Easter, at the time of confessions and, for children, at the time of first communions, that the bishops' struggle and the ardent propaganda that may follow will produce their full and complete effect."
675:"All these works of history noted as dangerous or to be absolutely proscribed, are of Protestant or rationalist inspiration. If they do not always attack the Church openly or directly, they never miss an opportunity to discredit it or to cast suspicion and contempt on it, its role and its action. They systematically conceal the material, moral, intellectual and social services it has rendered to humanity. the philosophers of the 18th century . The history of the monarchy, like that of the Church, is odiously disguised, the crimes of the Revolution cautiously passed over in silence. History as taught in these textbooks is indeed the most odious conspiracy against the truth and the most infernal enterprise to de-Christianize childhood."
1224:"The hobereaux, moreover, are coming to the rescue. I have in front of me an autograph letter from one of them, Marquis de Menon, addressed under the date of October 9 to his farmers in the canton of Saint-Aubin-d'Aubigné (arrondissement de Rennes). It readsː "I wish to inform you that there is currently a Christian school for boys in Saint-Aubin. I am very anxious that the children of my farmers should all attend. You will therefore do your utmost to comply with my wishes, and get all your children into the Christian school within the week. I'll make sure I'm informed." Which is to say that the farmer, the farm worker, too, has only two choices, the loss of his livelihood or the enrolment of his children in the Christian school."
634:, stating that the Pope would be pleased if they confer with the three metropolitan bishops of France (North, South-East and South-West) to study the measures to be taken regarding the school question and refer them to the Holy See. This correspondence is aimed at establishing clear communication lines between both parties. The Secretary of State proposes that regional or provincial meetings facilitate the exchange of views but excludes the possibility of a general assembly since it would be uncontrollable. Additionally, he proposes a plan of action: "Undoubtedly, the episcopate will recognize that school neutrality is harmful and deceptive, and therefore, an energetic struggle must be waged against it."
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education of your children, it is your duty to prefer the one that will give the best guarantees of respect for all your rights. In any event, you will supervise the public school, employing all legal means to keep it in compliance with what, for want of a better expression, we'll call honest neutrality. That if, God forbid, it should persist in being a danger to your children's faith, you should - and we shall never cease to remind you of this and to support you in the defense of your rights - you should forbid them access to it, at the cost of any consequences that may result from the act of conscience you would thus have accomplished, as good
Frenchmen and good Christians."
278:. This trend was exacerbated by the fact that teacher training colleges, known for their anticlericalism, contributed to these practices. Since the Separation, France's bishops have regained their freedom and no longer seek to restrict themselves in order to conciliate with the government, as they did in the period preceding this event. Some bishops are organizing parents' associations to monitor public schools, while all are urging their flocks to be wary. They no longer intend to turn a blind eye to a situation they consider intolerable. The Morizot affair and the ensuing school war found a ripe breeding ground in the intersection of defiant teachers and Catholic anxiety.
1388:"The Catholic Church can no longer move without moving in the direction of the centuryː either it is obliged to stop, to stand still, to become thereby a retrograde power; or, as soon as it tries to take a step, a gesture, a movement, as soon as it tries to shake the torpor, the routine of a secular and sleeping power, it is in the direction of the spirit of the century that it is obliged to move. And I tell youː whatever you do, either you will perish, or you will make new concessions to science, to democracy, to liberty, so strong that all the children of the fatherland will be able to unite in a common understanding. (Loud applause from the left and extreme left.)"
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1009:"The free school is one in which the teacher possesses, along with the necessary pedagogical attitudes, the happiness of believing and the courage to live according to his or her beliefs . The Christian school is one in which the teacher places religious science at the top of his curriculum, places books of perfect orthodoxy in the hands of his pupils, and creates around them an atmosphere conducive to the blossoming of their faith and virtue. Your children should find this school everywhere, and the State would be obliged, in good justice, to make it available to families."
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1072:"I must draw your attention, in a special way, to the ardent campaign waged against secular schools in my department by the Bishop of Saint-Brieuc and his clergy. Not content with encouraging the creation of numerous patronages everywhere, with subsidies abundantly provided by our adversaries, the priests are constantly going into the communes and from house to house, declaring in the most formal manner to parents that they will refuse to let their children take First Communion if they continue to attend secular establishments."
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1908, that it was best to gain the French bishops' complete assent to adequately prepare for the attack against secular schools, cautioning against a one-sided directive from Rome. With Merry del Val's approval, Cardinal Coullié had the manuals analyzed by each bishop and coordinated provincial assemblies for their discussion. Although the Paris assembly was quite moderate, finding that only a few sentences in the manuals were in direct conflict with Church doctrine, the
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1137:"Every citizen has a right of control and supervision over public affairs, from which the school cannot escape. Isolated, timid, resigned to suffering in silence the affront he didn't dare raise, or ill-informed of the lessons of the school, or imprisoned by his duties in a State which, all too often, in exchange for the bread it gives, demands the gift of conscience, the father of the family hesitated to assert his right."
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263:. The dispersal of religious orders resulted in the closure of numerous free schools. The French bishopric simultaneously waged two campaigns: first, the restructuring of Catholic schools with personnel recruited from both the laity and secularized religious groups; second, heightened monitoring of public schools, which had capitalized on the decline of religious orders to enroll more students.
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education, and a new doctrine emerged. It was Rafael Merry del Val, the most trusted advisor of Pius X, who took the lead. During a period of religious upheaval throughout Europe, Cardinal Merry del Val remained steadfast in his rejection of modernism, which posed a challenge to religious traditions and
Catholic doctrine. Cardinal del Val was the leader of the opposition to
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practices, with a clear focus on
Catholic organizations. The second draft aims to relieve schoolteachers from personal legal action but shifts responsibility from them to the State for any faults committed while exercising their duties. This effectively makes schoolteachers unaccountable to parents and transfers all instances of anti-religious teaching to the
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thousands and hundreds of thousands engage in disobedience, it becomes a movement of opinion capable of imposing its will on
Parliament. He also threatens to publicize all lawsuits against parents who have withdrawn their children from school: "You can oppress Catholics, but you will never enslave them. Catholics are prepared for anything and fear nothing!"
704:. The initiative faced intense criticism by the Secretary of State of the Holy See and eventually was renounced and suppressed, leaving behind only the catalog of works to be prohibited. Following Merry del Val's guidance, the cardinals stayed in Rome to revise the joint letter, ultimately disregarding the French episcopate. According to André Lanfrey, the
1290:, requested situation reports from all prefects in response to widespread unrest. These reports provide a detailed description of events in each region, reporting the facts and analyzing the local situation with a viewpoint typically hostile towards the Church. For instance, the report released on October 28 by the prefect of the
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inspire the bishops to take decisive action. In particular, the speaker urged the episcopate to scrutinize school textbooks and publish a joint letter condemning those who challenged
Catholic religious doctrines. To enhance efficacy, supervision of this undertaking was entrusted to the four French cardinals who had composed the
1133:, has advocated for the "civic right of school supervision", embraced school neutrality, welcomed all religious affiliations, and maintained a careful separation from the Catholic hierarchy. They made it clear that clergymen would not hold leadership positions. Gurnaud's sentiment is encapsulated in the following statement:
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institution and the type of education they provide. Nothing should escape your attention when it comes to what is placed in the hands and under the eyes of your children, including books, notebooks, and pictures. It is important to exercise control over these items, ensuring they are properly monitored at all times.
332:, requesting that the Dijon court cede its jurisdiction. It was deemed appropriate for the teacher, in their capacity as a civil servant, to face prosecution in an administrative court instead of a traditional civil court. This would enable the government to exert influence over the judgment. On June 2, 1908, the
620:'s Law of Separation, refusing to concede to any compromises from the Holy See. In the context of the battle over schools, he will once again display his unwavering strength and firmly assert his authority over the French bishops who sought to promote the neutrality tinged with hostility of secular institutions.
1201:(ACJF). Women played a pivotal role in this activism within schools. The effectiveness of lay mobilization was largely attributed to the integration of these organizations, which facilitated the coordination of activities such as fundraising, writing and distributing leaflets, distributing the newspaper
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In the end, the
Doumergue laws failed to pass the House. Despite being in the majority, the Republicans were unable to agree on a common position. Some deputies, following Doumergue's lead, advocated for a purely repressive policy and a state monopoly on education. On the other hand, some individuals
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to children who attend substandard schools. They expressed hesitation about drafting a joint letter, apprehensive that the people might misconstrue the episcopate's intentions. They preferred to address each conflict individually and were concerned that Rome would impose a decision without consulting
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The consultation, led by
Cardinal Luçon, Archbishop of Reims, started in November 1908 with the objective of proposing a practical solution to the challenges faced by Catholics. Upon consolidation of the responses from different French bishoprics, it was concluded that they advocate for free schools,
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was drafted hastily in response to increased tensions between the government and French
Catholics, it had no chance to engage in the detailed contemplation of the relationship between schools and the Church. Rome and the French Episcopate understood the significance of defining the Church's stance on
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acknowledged the jurisdiction of the Dijon court. The court acknowledged that a public schoolteacher who makes comments in the classroom that seriously violate the school's religious neutrality is guilty of a personal fault and is financially responsible to the families of students affected. However,
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Les deux "guerres" des
Manuels scolaires dans le Nord et le Pas-de-Calais (1882-1883 et 1908–1910)", in Éducation, Religion, Laïcité (xvie-xxe s.). Continuités, tensions et ruptures dans la formation des élèves et des enseignants, Publications de l'Institut de recherches historiques du Septentrion,
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ultimately led to a period of school unrest referred to as the "second textbook war", with the first conflict occurring after the enforcement of the March 28, 1882 law. School unrest reached its apex during the winter of 1909–1910, though it differed in intensity across regions. Specifically, rural
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and secularism, are accused of abusing their pupils' trust and outraging their faith through dangerous textbooks and teachings. The French episcopate recommends that families exercise careful vigilance regarding the public school. It is essential to become familiar with the teachers who oversee the
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was published in the Catholic press on September 12 and read in all French churches on Sunday, September 20, 1908. Despite its clear condemnation of the proposed legislation, it demonstrated some restraint by maintaining a preference for republican schools and emphasizing their neutrality, which it
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The first goal is to enforce fines, as stipulated by law, upon fathers who prevent their children from completing some or all of their required schooling, even if it is taught by teachers with anti-religious attitudes. These monetary penalties also apply to those who encourage parents to adopt such
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In areas where Catholicism held the strongest influence, community leaders supported the suggestions from parish priests. Certain landowners even went to extremes like blackmailing their employees, including household staff, laborers, and farmers, to persuade them against sending their children to
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members of the SGEE believed that mobilization ought to be overseen by the episcopate, the sole authority entrusted with assessing the alignment of instruction with Church doctrines. In opposition to Gurnaud's authority, they founded a competing group, the General Union of Catholic Associations of
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World War I and the accompanying sacred union brought an end to political and religious conflicts. However, the school question was not resolved; it had only shifted. The Catholic hierarchy placed their hopes in free schools rather than secular schools, which had disappointed with their religious
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On the side of the defenders of the secular school, the outcomes were varied: the "secular defense" legislation was ultimately not enacted, and the most determined did not achieve the teaching monopoly they vocally requested. Nonetheless, the primary school teachers' association, supported by the
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In addition to banning textbooks and schools suspected of irreligion, parish priests took action by instructing children to tear up or burn the condemned materials. As early as September 1909, bishops encouraged the public recitation of the following statement daily: "From schools without God and
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The three cardinals proceeded with their work, as Cardinal Lecot's death left them with no other choice. Several Catholics attended the funeral of the late cardinal, which was closely monitored by the police, who anticipated possible unrest. Cardinal Coullié informed Merry del Val on December 21,
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hile the work of the school is accomplished primarily in your name, by a delegation from which you are never absent, your right to supervise it is absolute. Let us add that, given the circumstances in which we find ourselves, if you have the possibility of choosing between several schools for the
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deems this achievement significant. The French episcopate consented to endorse the theory advanced by Mgr Merry del Val, with Pius X's backing, that school neutrality is reprehensible. This enhanced the position of the independent school, which had long been a prioritized concern of the Catholic
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committed to keeping the textbooks that had been condemned by the episcopate, and even suggested that only those textbooks be utilized. They also opted to expel uncooperative students, resulting in 3,000 pupils being excluded from secular schools by February 1910. In response, the parish priests
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is a result of the government's declaration that it no longer acknowledges the bishops, referencing the 1905 law that specifies that the Republic does not recognize any religion. Consequently, Catholic ecclesiastics must communicate their voice through a different medium. The signatories express
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Despite the bishops' firm position, Cardinal Merry del Val was dissatisfied with the findings of the consultation since it did not condemn secular education, and in some instances, it was even deemed "good". To combat what he viewed as weakness, on December 2, 1908, he issued new directions to
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On March 10, 1910, Henri-Constant Groussau criticized the law of March 28, 1882, in his speech at the Chamber. He argued for "the rights of individual conscience, which cannot be violated by the law." According to him, an act of disobedience by a single person is considered a crime, but when
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Arthur Dessoye, who represents the Ligue de l'enseignement, is the rapporteur for these bills. The bills were well received by defenders of the secular school system but Catholics found them extremely provocative, leading to major upheavals in French society. In the Chamber, several Catholic
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Before the Separation, Catholic education was primarily delegated to religious orders, with limited participation from laypeople or ordained clergy. However, the implementation of the Education Act of 1901, along with the ban on teaching by religious orders through the Entente Law of 1904,
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Let the State offer to help you in your task as natural educators, let it supplement you if necessary, but let it never think of supplanting you. If it opens schools, if it draws up curricula, if it indicates what knowledge, in the judgment of competent people, should be, as it says, "the
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stated, "Teachers do not have a stake in circumstantial laws that could lead to curbing the secular school's ability to criticize." Jaurès concurred with their viewpoint that State protection of schoolteachers could lead to the need for them to defend themselves against the State.
1429:. The Amicales filed a lawsuit against the bishops based on a letter from 1909. In February 1910, Cardinal Luçon was convicted by the court of Reims for defamation of the teaching profession. The conviction was considered a larger achievement than stalling Doumergue's plans.
1122:(SGEE) adopted a more aggressive stance than in 1882–1883, strongly advocating for the rights of fathers. However, the organization also faced competition from other fathers' associations, which rapidly gained prominence. Since 1907, the latter group, led nationally by
299:. Morizot reportedly made unpatriotic and anti-religious comments in front of the mixed class he was overseeing, specifically referring to French soldiers as "thugs and cowards." The given text cannot be revised as it consists of inappropriate and offensive statements.
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to attempt appeasement. He drafted a circular granting parents the option to express their opinion on school textbook selection. However, he ultimately yielded to radicals' protests, and his government collapsed on December 2, 1913, due to their demand for tax reform.
1374:. He accused those promoting neutrality in education of degrading centuries of moral delicacies that have been established and proposed a concordat of families to safeguard public schools from the fanaticism of education officials. Three days later, the socialist
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took a broader view of the problem by suggesting social measures aimed at promoting school attendance. Alternatively, they supported a "secular defense" approach that respected families and allowed for some level of parental expression through school councils.
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to coordinate the response. A document was drafted by four clergymen backed by Rome to decide on "the approach to be adopted when confronted with the dual proposal aimed at countering the actions of fathers in case of violation of academic neutrality":
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government, persevered and declined to concede on the textbook issue, even during the peak of the Textbook War. As a result, the prevailing situation endured, and school impartiality (with a hint of irreligiousness) persisted despite the upheaval.
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The Catholics' determination and the Republican majority's divergent views swiftly thwarted Doumergue's plans. After a period of lull, the school year of 1908-1909 progressed relatively calmly. Nonetheless, the situation remained unstable.
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Not all teachers aligned with the government's proposals. Although most members of the Ligue de l'enseignement backed the Doumergue initiatives as they had advocated, the Amicales d'instituteurs opposed the government's legislative push.
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spoke in the Chamber of Deputies with contested textbooks in his possession. He expressed his view that schoolteachers were criticizing Catholic morality without suggesting any alternative except for incompatible secular doctrines like
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After reviewing the content of the proposed Doumergue laws and considering the impact they would have on Catholics dealing with irreligious teachings, the French episcopate presents recommendations for families, specifically fathersː
730:"Is it not permissible to see in the suppression of all religious teaching in schools one of the main causes of the deep-seated evil from which France suffers, and which affects the family, morality and patriotism all at once?"
570:"Such legislation amounts to the expropriation of the family and the confiscation of the childː of all tyrannies, it is the most odious. Fathers of families, we had to bring this painful state of affairs to your attention.
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were beginning to die down. This calm was short-livedː the school question, which was not at the forefront of the troubles that shook France, found fertile ground in the post-Separation situation to unleash French passions.
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intellectual viaticum necessary for the development of the human person", we accept it. What we ask is that in all the forms of its initiatives and assistance, it never loses sight of the primordial right of the family.
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At a later point in time, conflicts between private and public schools reignited in what has come to be known as the "school war." Initially, there were unsuccessful protests led by public school advocates against the
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managing Church property, and the January 2, 1907 law expelled bishops, parish priests, and seminarians from episcopal palaces, presbyteries, and seminaries. The school war began within this complex religious context.
1384:" (For Secularism) speech to the deputies in response. He views the Church's opposition to education as a regressive stance that will be eliminated in the progress of modernity. He shares this forecast with Catholicsː
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and implemented numerous laws to promote the secularization of French society, including but not limited to, the 1904 law on congregations and the law on the separation of Church and State passed on December 9, 1905.
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In 1910, the Radicals and extreme Left launched a new offensive on secular legislation following the Catholic hierarchy's condemnation of secular schools and promotion of free schools. To achieve this, they revived
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them first. Mgr Coullié had a difficult task ahead in reconciling the prejudices of the French episcopate with the injunctions of Merry del Val. As a result, his draft letter was not finalized until March 1909.
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once again served as rapporteur. The amended bill required the administration to enforce regular school attendance and imposed fines and imprisonment for those who encouraged school strikes. During the debate,
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She strongly criticizes the principle of neutrality in public schools, labeling it as a "deplorable error", a "perfidious design", and "a principle that is false in itself and disastrous in its consequences"ː
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She also thanks the laity involved in free schools, lavishes praise on the Congregationalists of "our beloved teaching communities" and invites the wealthiest to finance the foundation of Christian schoolsː
1508:, Doumergue's Minister of Public Instruction, managed to get the Chamber to pass his bill on school funding. Unfortunately, the bills were never considered by the Senate due to the outbreak of World War I.
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Heads of Families, in the beginning of 1911. With this organization as their umbrella, they consolidated all denominational mobilization efforts. They also obtained the backing of the episcopate, as Mgr
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Although the campaign by parish priests and fathers' associations resulted in the removal of offending books from around 50 schools, it also had an unprecedented positive impact on free education. In
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and the newly appointed Minister of Public Instruction, mandated the compulsory use of indexed textbooks, challenging the episcopate's power. This measure was perceived as an act of revenge because
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for their signatures and those of their suffragan bishops. It marked a departure from the autonomy of the French episcopate during the Separation debates, asserting the preponderance of the Vatican.
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Between January and February 1914, Gaston Doumergue, who succeeded Barthou as president of the council, urged for a revision of his 1908 "secular defense" bill to be put to a vote in the Chamber.
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1534:. Additionally, the Catholic community was invigorated by the resolute actions of ecclesiastics, leading to a mobilization that surpassed the combative spirit of the Inventory quarrel in 1906.
550:, the French Catholic hierarchy explicitly references Gaston Doumergue's proposed legislation and elaborates on its approach regarding families' authority over their children's education. This
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challenged the new legislation and reaffirmed families' right to regulate the education provided in public schools. In the months that followed, the French cardinals, led by the intransigent
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in some cases, violations of religious neutrality could be an administrative fault and fall under the jurisdiction of the State, rather than the personal responsibility of the teacher. The
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In order to demonstrate the autonomy of schoolteachers and their lack of need for State defense, the Amicales resorted to "direct action" and sought assistance from legal experts at the
1354:'s proposals and attempted to pass them once again. Parliamentary debates were heated, resulting in genuine oratorical duels between the Catholic deputies and the government's majority.
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Dated September 14, 1909 and published in La Croix on September 28, this statement was read from the pulpit on Sunday, October 3. It reaffirmed the right of families to direct their
87:. In September 1909, their efforts culminated in the rejection of school neutrality, the preference for free schools, and the condemnation of approximately fifteen school textbooks.
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led by private school supporters opposing the reforms proposed by Socialist Minister Alain Savary. He was eventually compelled to retract his plans and step down from his post.
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would handle these cases. The case remains in the civil domain, causing disappointment for the Ligue de l'enseignement, which sought exemption for secular education officials.
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favored associations that were "Catholic in their membership and goals, specifically advocating for the respect of our Catholic faith in public education." Together with the
2358:"Mobilisation politique et ligues féminines dans la France catholique du début du siècle. La Ligue des femmes françaises et la Ligue patriotique des Françaises (1901-1914)"
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368:, reintroduced the government's anti-religious policy through tabling three distinct bills on June 23 and 30, 1908. These bills were referred to as "secular defense".
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intended to uphold at all costs, while urging families to monitor them. The statement does not address free schools in depth, a stance that may change over time.
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1321:, for instance, enrollment in secular institutions declined by 13.5% between July 31, 1908, and July 31, 1911, while Catholic schools saw a growth of 23%.
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disappointment in the State's failure to fulfill its promises and its objective to eliminate family control over school neutrality in a stern toneː
1018:"Let those favored by fortune set to work without objecting to the new burdens that a disastrous law, the Law of Separation, has imposed on them."
710:, the final version essentially reflects the views of Cardinal Andrieu. It was then signed by all bishops, archbishops, and cardinals of France.
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experienced an increase in enrollment and received full attention from the French Catholic hierarchy. Additionally, the school war empowered
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1504:, a radical, proposed an amendment that would have given the State a monopoly on teaching, but the Chamber rejected it. In the same month,
1563:. This resurgence of the religious question led to a resounding reaffirmation of French prelates' condemnation of secular schools in the
2228:"Lettre pastorale des cardinaux, archevêques et évêques de France sur les droits et les devoirs des parents relativement à l'école", in
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This complaint was lodged with the civil court, but the court of first instance declared itself incompetent. The father appealed to the
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non-religious schools. This tactic echoes the tactics used during the initial "textbook war." For instance, on December 31, 1910, the
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deputies, including Henri-Constant Groussau from the Nord region, vehemently protested against them. As for the renowned polemicist
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Compared to the first "Textbook War", this conflict saw increased involvement from associations alongside the clergy. Notably, the
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Families were ordered to withdraw their children from schools where such textbooks were in use, on pain of being denied absolution.
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Lettre pastorale des cardinaux, archevêques et évêques de France sur les droits et les devoirs des parents relativement à l'école
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La citoyenneté au miroir de l'école républicaine et de ses contestationsː politique et religion en France xixe - xxe siècle
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Amalvi, Christian (October–December 1979), "Les guerres des Manuels autour de l'école primaire en France (1899-1914)",
1913:"Le droit des administrés de s'immiscer dans le contrôle de l'exécution des services publics — Revue générale du droit"
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2818:(in French), Paris: Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne, p. 906, archived from the original on November 16, 2023
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Some regions affected by the conflict link their struggle for Catholicism to an historical resistance to centralizing
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106:
1463:, authored by his father Jules Steeg, was one of the four textbooks prohibited by the Catholic Church in the initial
1063:
1174:
1091:
1058:
1279:
319:
63:
433:
Between July and August 1908, Cardinal Merry del Val, Secretary of State of Pius X, consulted with several French
373:
68:
3063:
1169:
1086:
162:
84:
1481:
266:
Secular schoolteachers frequently displayed less restraint, due to their strong secularism, often combined with
2783:(in French), no. 532, Paris: Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, pp. 199–286,
1585:
1022:
Finally, the bishops place the fight against neutrality in schools under the patronage of Blessed Joan of Arc.
476:(Declaration of the cardinals, archbishops and bishops of France to the fathers of their country) was sent to
447:
230:
46:
between 1900 and 1910 comprised political discussions and social disagreements about the role of religion in
1437:
407:
303:
1363:
1158:
1005:
The letter unabashedly gives preference to the "free or Catholic school", of which it says the followingː
393:
126:
323:, who questioned the procedure and objected to it being perceived as an attack on non-religious schools.
308:
328:
246:
235:
225:
1647:
Jean Jaurès and his Socialist colleagues are among them, as he recalls in the conclusion of his speech
94:. What was novel, however, was the significant role attributed to Catholic organizations - such as the
1220:
Academy inspector brought to the attention of the Minister of Public Instruction the following facts:
1147:
349:
201:
1203:
714:
197:
168:
80:
31:
1574:
1123:
1329:
47:
2672:
Portier, Philippe (January–March 2005), "L'Église catholique face au modèle français de laïcité",
1494:
1266:
1054:
2377:
2053:"Déclaration des cardinaux, archevêques et évêques de France aux pères de famille de leur pays",
1547:
1530:
hierarchy. Between 1908 and 1913, the enrollment of pupils in free schools increased by 15.3% in
1464:
1229:
91:
38:'s Secretary of State and a major player in the school war on the side of the Catholic hierarchy.
1407:
747:
403:
291:
In early 1907, Girodet, a father, filed a complaint against Morizot, a secular schoolteacher in
221:, the Pope spoke out against Separation, citing its potential threat to the supernatural order.
1669:
He was sentenced to a fine of 500 francs, but after World War I his case was finally dismissed.
1324:
However, this educational campaign also elicited hostility from the French bishops towards the
1128:
167:
The first school war of the 20th century began just as the passions raised by debates over the
3029:
3008:
2986:
2965:
2943:
2922:
2900:
2885:
Sécularisation, séparation et guerre scolaireː Les catholiques français et l'école (1901-1914)
2867:
2830:
2794:
2784:
2761:
2740:
2017:
2007:
1976:
1859:
1723:
1713:
1450:
1358:
1168:
Among the other organizations involved and that came under their sphere of influence were the
1165:'s prompting, initially supported Gurnaud - they maintained control of the associative arena.
1152:
658:
473:
Déclaration des cardinaux, archevêques et évêques de France aux pères de famille de leur pays
2702:
2690:
2369:
1784:
1351:
1042:
361:
353:
189:
138:
72:
188:, the French government was primarily controlled by the Radicals. The Radicals prioritized
1777:"L'école et la laïcité, de l'Ancien Régime à nos jours: enjeux du passé, enjeux dépassés?"
1546:
The debate on religious education was reignited in 1924 by the militant secularism of the
1309:
hastily bestowed upon these excluded children the "medal of honor for excluded children."
1249:
1233:
1050:
680:
617:
412:
274:. As a result, they frequently violated the rules of scholastic neutrality established by
1505:
717:
while rejecting the idea of both the child's rights and the State's monopoly on teachingː
296:
1053:) to families who persisted in sending their children to "bad schools." For example, in
2781:École et citoyennetéː l’individualisme républicain de Jules Ferry à Vichyː controverses
2569:
2553:
2529:
2004:École et citoyennetéː l’individualisme républicain de Jules Ferry à Vichy: controverses
1998:
Déloye, Yves (1994b), Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques (ed.),
1489:
1375:
1371:
463:
455:
384:
314:
271:
217:
181:
26:
3047:
1471:
1454:
1333:
671:
assembly identified several hazardous manuals, especially those that taught Historyː
211:
due to the radicals' previous hostility towards the papacy. These radicals broke off
1660:
This is the position of the Democratic Alliance, a center-right parliamentary group.
1162:
1142:
1041:
teachers without Faith, deliver us Lord!" This had a significant impact during the
801:
260:
130:
55:
1968:
1412:
1294:
region elaborates on the religious beliefs of the Normandy population as follows:
1245:
601:
2802:
1999:
1707:
1499:
1367:
781:
752:
701:
668:
365:
292:
275:
146:
142:
137:, ended conflicts in schools. After the war, while secular education persisted,
134:
35:
929:
1776:
765:
Fourteen textbooks were prohibited by the bishopric in a list attached to the
477:
54:. The Morizot affair surfaced in 1907 after a teacher was charged with making
2568:, Débats parlementaires à la Chambre des députés, séance du 21 janvier 1910 (
2552:, Débats parlementaires à la Chambre des députés, séance du 18 janvier 1910 (
1967:
Ménager, Bernard (May 3, 2018), Presses universitaires du Septentrion (ed.),
1727:
2798:
2021:
1611:
Drumont is referring here to Doumergue's adherence to the Reformed religion.
735:
467:
267:
122:- and their mobilization, which was integral to the campaign and long-term.
75:
The Catholic Church swiftly reacted; in its September 1908 declaration, the
2964:(in French), Bruxelles: Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne, p. 294,
1318:
2706:
1531:
1526:
1286:
On October 19, 1909, French Prime Minister Aristide Briand, who held the
1241:
443:
360:
In response to the pressure of secular education and radical influences,
313:, which declared itself competent. The decision prompted a response from
3007:(in French), Paris: Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne, p. 294,
2921:(in French), Paris: Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne, p. 605,
2381:
2357:
1789:
1207:, and hosting conferences and discussion groups to sway the undecided.
1046:
1045:. Finally, they threatened to refuse absolution or sacraments (such as
434:
984:
1480:- the most right-wing component of the government majority, used his
1291:
1217:
326:
In response to his requests, the government referred the case to the
129:
battling until 1914 to pass their "secular defense" initiatives. The
2373:
50:. They resulted from the prevailing political conditions as per the
946:
2915:
Martin, Jean-Paul (2016), Presses universitaires de Rennes (ed.),
1436:
1265:
1237:
1080:
746:
657:
600:
528:
459:
348:
145:
to establish his superiority over the French episcopate, subduing
25:
504:
1274:. During the two successive cabinets he formed, Briand held the
912:
697:
451:
1425:. They ostentatiously disregarded the legal aid offered by the
696:
In April 1909, French cardinals convened with Merry del Val in
628:
On October 14, 1908, Merry del Val wrote to the authors of the
516:
2918:
La Ligue de l'enseignementː Une histoire politique (1866-2016)
1969:"Constant Groussau universitaire et parlementaire (1851-1936)"
1302:
The teachers were determined to persist in their actions. The
893:
Petites lectures sur l'histoire de la civilisation française
679:
On the contrary, all the assemblies recommended not to deny
492:
406:, he unreservedly labeled Doumergue as "an escapee from the
1973:
Les 'chrétiens modérés' en France et en Europe (1870-1960)
356:, Minister of Education at the time of the Morizot affair.
90:
This marked the beginning of a "textbook war," similar to
965:
2000:"Chapitre 6: La France catholique contre la citoyenneté"
383:. The third project seeks to expand the requirement for
1826:(in French), no. 352, p. 1, December 17, 1908
1629:
Son of Charles Chesnelong, one of the founders of SGEE.
71:
and fine families who declined to teach their children
2958:
Ormières, Jean-Louis (2002), Éditions Complexe (ed.),
317:, deputy for Haute-Marne and secretary general of the
92:
the one that had troubled France between 1882 and 1883
2736:
coll. "Histoire et littérature du Septentrion (IRHiS)
2232:, Archives diocésaines de Quimper et Léon, 1908-1911.
1554:
demonstrations by the Fédération nationale catholique
623:
200:
strongly denounced the unilateral termination of the
83:, worked to redefine the educational doctrine of the
2691:"La guerre scolaire, ancienne ou nouvelle histoire?"
1822:"Les beautés de l'enseignement 'neutre' en France",
1460:
Instruction morale et civiqueː l'homme et le citoyen
624:
Merry de Val's consultation of the French episcopate
213:
diplomatic relations between France and the Holy See
1336:, censured the Catholic hierarchy's intransigence.
1037:areas were more heavily impacted than urban ones.
67:, introduced a bill to exempt schoolteachers from
3017:, archived from the original on November 13, 2023
2974:, archived from the original on November 13, 2023
2931:, archived from the original on November 13, 2023
2749:, archived from the original on November 16, 2023
1566:Déclaration sur les lois dites de laïcité in 1925
1552:, prompting opposition from French Catholics and
605:Merry del Val in his office at the Vatican, 1906.
215:in 1904. On February 11, 1906, in his encyclical
125:The crisis persisted for numerous years with the
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2948:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
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2849:"L'épiscopat français et l'école de 1902 à 1914"
2835:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2766:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
687:
2882:Lanfrey, André (2003), Éditions du Cerf (ed.),
1386:
1345:Another bill failure in the Chamber of Deputies
1340:Resumption of the "secular defense" (1910-1914)
1296:
1222:
1192:Association catholique de la jeunesse française
1135:
1070:
1016:
1007:
751:The Catholic Church lending its support to the
728:
719:
673:
568:
559:
3004:L'École, l'Église et la République (1871-1914)
1113:Société générale d'éducation et d'enseignement
96:Société générale d'éducation et d'enseignement
61:The government, feeling the pressure from the
3001:Ozouf, Mona (1982), Éditions Complexe (ed.),
8:
1564:
1458:
1379:
1357:On January 18, 1910, nationalist politician
1303:
1253:
1031:
990:
972:
953:
935:
918:
891:
883:
875:
867:
859:
851:
843:
835:
823:
815:
809:Manuel d'éducation morale civique et sociale
807:
795:
787:
775:
766:
756:
705:
648:
629:
610:
583:
551:
545:
471:
2675:Archives de sciences sociales des religions
2566:Journal officiel de la République française
2550:Journal officiel de la République française
1401:Differences between government and teachers
2535:Maurice Barrès et le nationalisme français
2532:(1972). "7 Le nationalisme conservateur".
1855:L'autorité parentale et la loi. Éclairages
1852:Laurent, Delprat (2006), Studyrama (ed.),
1638:A spin-off from the French Women's League.
534:Pierre-Paulin Andrieu, Bishop of Marseille
1788:
1282:from July 24, 1909, to February 27, 1911.
1107:, alongside other Catholic personalities.
593:Development of a new doctrine (1908-1909)
510:Pierre-Hector Coullié, Archbishop of Lyon
16:Series of debates and conflicts in France
2615:
2603:
2516:
2492:
2072:
1744:
1688:
1445:from December 22, 1913, to June 2, 1914.
734:Schoolteachers, although susceptible to
2732:Condette, Jean-François (May 2, 2018),
2647:
2643:
2641:
2244:
2216:
2201:
2186:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2138:
2126:
2114:
2099:
2087:
2033:
1899:
1839:
1809:
1759:
1681:
1604:
1258:, which greatly expanded its audience.
902:
522:Louis-Joseph Luçon, Archbishop of Reims
482:
364:, Minister of Public Instruction and a
3027:
2984:
2941:
2898:
2865:
2853:Revue d'histoire de l'Église de France
2828:
2812:Birnbaum, Pierre (November 26, 1991),
2759:
2659:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2504:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2465:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2393:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2240:
2238:
2212:
2210:
2197:
2195:
2110:
2108:
2083:
2081:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2006:(in French), Paris, pp. 287–342,
1947:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1538:Later developments in the school issue
1085:Postcard from 1903 featuring Baroness
904:Some textbook covers condemned by the
228:and Catholics deteriorated during the
176:Secularization by the Radical Republic
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
1993:
1991:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1835:
1833:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1755:
1753:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1244:. In the latter, parish priests from
1030:The condemnation of textbooks in the
259:drastically altered the landscape of
7:
1770:
1768:
1482:position as President of the Council
700:to commemorate the beatification of
498:Victor Lecot, Archbishop of Bordeaux
2777:"Chapitre 5ː Les guerres scolaires"
1443:Minister of Education and Fine Arts
1057:, the prefect complained about Mgr
389:certificate of pedagogical aptitude
2695:Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire
2362:Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire
1709:La République radicale?: 1898-1914
119:Associations des pères de familles
14:
2230:Lettres et Mandements de M Duparc
662:Funeral of Cardinal Victor Lecot.
245:. In August 1906, Pius X opposed
133:, which governed at the onset of
2538:. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.
1775:Verneuil, Yves (April 1, 2012),
1181:Ligue patriotique des Françaises
1098:Ligue patriotique des Françaises
983:
964:
945:
928:
911:
527:
515:
503:
491:
422:Déclaration aux pères de famille
169:secularization of French society
107:Ligue patriotique des Françaises
2961:Politique et religion en France
2739:(in French), pp. 407–459,
1975:(in French), pp. 313–328,
1026:Second Textbook War (1909-1911)
345:The Doumergue bills (June 1908)
234:, which led to the fall of the
52:law separating Church and State
2356:Dumons, Bruno (January 2002),
1517:Assessment of the textbook war
1326:Democratic Republican Alliance
1059:Jules-Laurent-Benjamin Morelle
937:Éléments d'instruction civique
825:Éléments d'instruction civique
642:First draft of pastoral letter
287:The Morizot affair (1907-1908)
159:History of education in France
1:
1706:Rebérioux, Madeleine (1986),
1620:Father of Pierre Brossolette.
1262:Attitude of the civil service
817:Manuel de lectures classiques
196:The Pope and his advisor Mgr
186:legislative elections of 1902
1328:. The leaders of the party,
1252:translation of the Bishops'
995:, by Gauthier and Deschamps.
848:, by Gauthier and Deschamps;
484:The cardinal authors of the
374:french administrative courts
2689:Mayeur, Jean-Marie (1985),
1783:(in French) (37): 130–143,
1170:Ligue des femmes françaises
1087:Geneviève Soult de Dalmatie
3080:
1276:Ministries of the Interior
1096:, future president of the
1001:Support for free education
156:
19:For similar articles, see
18:
3054:Catholic Church in France
2726:(in French), no. 532
2678:(in French), no. 129
1858:(in French), p. 47,
1586:1984 Free School movement
959:, by Aulard and Debidour.
896:, by Rogie and Despiques.
888:, by Rogie and Despiques;
856:, by Aulard and Debidour;
163:Catholic Church in France
2055:Mandements de Mgr Duparc
1272:second Briand government
1232:. These regions include
1043:First Belgian School War
231:Querelle des Inventaires
2847:Lanfrey, André (1991),
1917:revuegeneraledudroit.eu
1427:Ligue de l'enseignement
1305:Amicales d'instituteurs
540:Content and publication
320:Ligue de l'enseignement
64:Ligue de l'enseignement
2057:(in French), 1908–1911
1565:
1459:
1446:
1390:
1380:
1378:delivered his famous "
1304:
1300:
1283:
1254:
1226:
1211:Regional peculiarities
1159:Popular Liberal Action
1139:
1108:
1074:
1032:
1020:
1011:
991:
973:
954:
936:
919:
892:
884:
876:
868:
864:, by Léon Brossolette;
860:
852:
844:
836:
824:
816:
808:
796:
788:
776:
767:
762:
757:
732:
723:
706:
677:
663:
649:
630:
611:
606:
584:
580:
563:
552:
546:
472:
470:. In August 1908, the
357:
334:Tribunal des Conflicts
329:Tribunal des Conflicts
247:religious associations
224:Relations between the
39:
2775:Déloye, Yves (1994),
2707:10.3406/xxs.1985.1118
1477:Alliance Démocratique
1440:
1269:
1084:
1077:Role of organizations
940:, by Alphonse Aulard.
750:
661:
604:
352:
304:Dijon Court of Appeal
29:
1824:Journal de Bruxelles
1651:("For the Secular").
872:, by Guiot and Mane;
755:. Illustration from
743:Condemning textbooks
715:children's education
478:metropolitan bishops
458:, the Archbishop of
450:, the Archbishop of
442:, the Archbishop of
410:'s Day Massacre" in
198:Rafael Merry del Val
81:Rafael Merry del Val
3059:Education in France
1423:Human Rights League
1141:On the other hand,
920:La Morale à l'école
777:La morale à l'école
387:teachers to hold a
1790:10.4000/trema.2732
1584:, followed by the
1549:Cartel des gauches
1474:, a leader of the
1447:
1288:Interior portfolio
1284:
1270:Photograph of the
1248:decided to read a
1109:
992:Histoire de France
974:Histoire de France
955:Histoire de France
885:Histoire de France
877:Histoire de France
869:Histoire de France
861:Histoire de France
853:Histoire de France
845:Histoire de France
837:Histoire de France
763:
664:
607:
416:on June 26, 1908.
358:
236:Rouvier government
40:
2746:978-2-490296-17-0
2013:978-2-7246-0655-3
1982:978-2-7574-2285-4
1865:978-2-84472-769-5
1719:978-2-02-000671-2
1255:Lettre Collective
923:, by Jules Payot.
820:, by E. Primaire;
812:, by E. Primaire;
429:Hasty development
139:Christian schools
77:French episcopate
3071:
3064:Anti-clericalism
3039:
3033:
3025:
3024:
3022:
2996:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2953:
2947:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2910:
2904:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2877:
2871:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2840:
2834:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2806:
2801:, archived from
2771:
2765:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2727:
2724:Revue historique
2710:
2709:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2636:
2630:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2588:
2582:
2573:
2563:
2557:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2233:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2205:
2199:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2076:
2070:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2024:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1964:
1951:
1945:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1884:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1748:
1742:
1731:
1730:
1703:
1692:
1686:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1594:
1583:
1568:
1562:
1503:
1462:
1433:Radical takeover
1416:
1383:
1352:Gaston Doumergue
1330:Raymond Poincaré
1313:Immediate impact
1307:
1257:
1200:
1189:
1178:
1156:
1148:Émile Chesnelong
1132:
1121:
1106:
1095:
1067:
1035:
1033:Lettre Pastorale
994:
987:
986:
976:
968:
967:
957:
949:
948:
939:
932:
931:
922:
915:
914:
895:
887:
879:
871:
863:
855:
847:
840:, by E. Devinat;
839:
827:
819:
811:
799:
797:Leçons de morale
791:
779:
770:
768:Lettre Pastorale
761:by Albert Bayet.
760:
758:Leçons de morale
709:
692:(September 1909)
690:Lettre Pastorale
652:
633:
614:
587:
555:
549:
531:
530:
519:
518:
507:
506:
495:
494:
475:
466:, the Bishop of
464:Cardinal Andrieu
448:Cardinal Coullié
424:(September 1908)
397:
382:
362:Gaston Doumergue
354:Gaston Doumergue
312:
261:public education
254:The school issue
244:
210:
202:Concordat regime
190:anti-clericalism
115:
104:
85:Church in France
48:French education
3079:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3044:
3043:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3000:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2957:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2914:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2881:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2846:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2811:
2791:
2774:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2731:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2591:
2583:
2576:
2564:
2560:
2548:
2544:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2374:10.2307/3772119
2355:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2236:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2208:
2200:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2062:
2052:
2051:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2014:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1983:
1966:
1965:
1954:
1946:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1887:
1879:
1872:
1866:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1831:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1797:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1758:
1751:
1743:
1734:
1720:
1705:
1704:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1588:
1577:
1556:
1540:
1519:
1514:
1497:
1435:
1410:
1403:
1347:
1342:
1315:
1264:
1234:French Flanders
1213:
1194:
1190:(LPF), and the
1183:
1172:
1150:
1126:
1115:
1100:
1089:
1079:
1061:
1051:first communion
1028:
1003:
996:
988:
979:
978:, by C. Calvet.
969:
960:
950:
941:
933:
924:
916:
906:Lettre Pastoral
830:Alphonse Aulard
792:by Jules Payot;
789:Cours de morale
745:
694:
681:First Communion
644:
626:
618:Aristide Briand
595:
542:
535:
532:
523:
520:
511:
508:
499:
496:
431:
426:
413:La Libre Parole
408:St. Bartholomew
404:Édouard Drumont
391:
376:
347:
306:
289:
284:
256:
238:
204:
178:
165:
155:
109:
98:
73:secular ethics.
24:
21:School struggle
17:
12:
11:
5:
3077:
3075:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3013:
2998:
2970:
2955:
2927:
2912:
2879:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2805:on May 2, 2018
2789:
2772:
2745:
2729:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2701:(1): 101–110,
2681:
2664:
2652:
2650:, p. 383.
2637:
2635:, p. 151.
2620:
2608:
2606:, p. 167.
2589:
2587:, p. 150.
2574:
2558:
2542:
2530:Zeev Sternhell
2521:
2509:
2497:
2495:, p. 166.
2482:
2470:
2458:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2386:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2312:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2247:, p. 329.
2234:
2221:
2219:, p. 378.
2206:
2204:, p. 324.
2191:
2189:, p. 322.
2179:
2177:, p. 320.
2167:
2165:, p. 319.
2155:
2153:, p. 318.
2143:
2141:, p. 317.
2131:
2129:, p. 316.
2119:
2117:, p. 315.
2104:
2102:, p. 314.
2092:
2090:, p. 377.
2077:
2060:
2038:
2036:, p. 312.
2026:
2012:
1987:
1981:
1952:
1950:, p. 149.
1929:
1904:
1902:, p. 308.
1885:
1883:, p. 148.
1870:
1864:
1844:
1842:, p. 307.
1829:
1814:
1812:, p. 376.
1795:
1764:
1762:, p. 375.
1749:
1732:
1718:
1693:
1691:, p. 165.
1680:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1640:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1575:1959 Debré Law
1539:
1536:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1490:Arthur Dessoye
1451:Théodore Steeg
1441:René Viviani,
1434:
1431:
1402:
1399:
1381:Pour la laïque
1372:utilitarianism
1359:Maurice Barrès
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1314:
1311:
1263:
1260:
1212:
1209:
1124:Désiré Gurnaud
1078:
1075:
1027:
1024:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
989:
982:
980:
970:
963:
961:
951:
944:
942:
934:
927:
925:
917:
910:
908:
898:
897:
889:
881:
873:
865:
857:
849:
841:
833:
821:
813:
805:
793:
785:
744:
741:
693:
686:
643:
640:
625:
622:
594:
591:
541:
538:
537:
536:
533:
526:
524:
521:
514:
512:
509:
502:
500:
497:
490:
488:
456:Cardinal Luçon
440:Cardinal Lecot
430:
427:
425:
418:
385:private school
346:
343:
339:Conseil d'Etat
315:Arthur Dessoye
288:
285:
283:
280:
272:antimilitarism
255:
252:
226:Third Republic
218:Vehementer nos
182:Dreyfus affair
180:Following the
177:
174:
154:
151:
56:anti-religious
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3076:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3037:
3031:
3016:
3014:9782020147309
3010:
3006:
3005:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2973:
2971:9782870279274
2967:
2963:
2962:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2930:
2928:9782753551657
2924:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2887:
2886:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2838:
2832:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2790:2-7246-0655-8
2786:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2748:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2697:(in French),
2696:
2692:
2685:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2616:Condette 2018
2612:
2609:
2605:
2604:Ormières 2002
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2517:Condette 2018
2513:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2493:Ormières 2002
2489:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2368:(73): 39–50,
2367:
2364:(in French),
2363:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2073:Condette 2018
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1745:Condette 2018
1741:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1712:(in French),
1711:
1710:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:Ormières 2002
1685:
1682:
1676:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1472:Louis Barthou
1468:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1334:Louis Barthou
1331:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1161:- who, under
1160:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1114:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1055:Côtes-d'Armor
1052:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1000:
993:
981:
977:
975:
962:
958:
956:
943:
938:
926:
921:
909:
907:
903:
901:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
783:
778:
774:
773:
772:
769:
759:
754:
749:
742:
740:
737:
731:
727:
722:
718:
716:
711:
708:
703:
699:
691:
688:The bishops'
685:
682:
676:
672:
670:
660:
656:
655:
651:
641:
639:
635:
632:
621:
619:
613:
603:
599:
592:
590:
586:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
558:
554:
548:
539:
525:
513:
501:
489:
487:
483:
481:
479:
474:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
428:
423:
419:
417:
415:
414:
409:
405:
399:
395:
390:
386:
380:
375:
369:
367:
363:
355:
351:
344:
342:
340:
335:
331:
330:
324:
322:
321:
316:
310:
305:
300:
298:
294:
286:
281:
279:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
253:
251:
248:
242:
237:
233:
232:
227:
222:
220:
219:
214:
208:
203:
199:
194:
191:
187:
183:
175:
173:
170:
164:
160:
152:
150:
149:temporarily.
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
121:
120:
113:
108:
102:
97:
93:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
33:
32:Merry del Val
28:
22:
3021:November 13,
3019:, retrieved
3003:
2978:November 13,
2976:, retrieved
2960:
2935:November 13,
2933:, retrieved
2917:
2892:November 13,
2890:, retrieved
2884:
2859:November 13,
2857:, retrieved
2852:
2822:November 16,
2820:, retrieved
2814:
2803:the original
2780:
2753:November 16,
2751:, retrieved
2734:
2723:
2716:Bibliography
2698:
2694:
2684:
2673:
2667:
2655:
2648:Lanfrey 1991
2611:
2565:
2561:
2549:
2545:
2534:
2524:
2512:
2500:
2473:
2461:
2449:
2437:
2425:
2413:
2401:
2389:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2339:
2327:
2315:
2288:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2245:Lanfrey 2003
2229:
2224:
2217:Lanfrey 1991
2202:Lanfrey 2003
2187:Lanfrey 2003
2182:
2175:Lanfrey 2003
2170:
2163:Lanfrey 2003
2158:
2151:Lanfrey 2003
2146:
2139:Lanfrey 2003
2134:
2127:Lanfrey 2003
2122:
2115:Lanfrey 2003
2100:Lanfrey 2003
2095:
2088:Lanfrey 1991
2054:
2034:Lanfrey 2003
2029:
2003:
1972:
1920:. Retrieved
1916:
1907:
1900:Lanfrey 2003
1854:
1847:
1840:Lanfrey 2003
1823:
1817:
1810:Lanfrey 1991
1780:
1760:Lanfrey 1991
1708:
1684:
1665:
1656:
1648:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1571:
1548:
1545:
1543:neutrality.
1541:
1524:
1520:
1512:Consequences
1506:René Viviani
1495:Alfred Brard
1487:
1476:
1469:
1465:Textbook War
1448:
1426:
1420:
1404:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1364:spiritualism
1356:
1348:
1323:
1316:
1301:
1297:
1285:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1202:
1167:
1163:Jacques Piou
1143:conservative
1140:
1136:
1110:
1071:
1039:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
971:
952:
905:
899:
880:, by Calvet;
802:Albert Bayet
764:
733:
729:
724:
720:
712:
695:
689:
678:
674:
665:
654:
645:
636:
627:
608:
596:
581:
576:
572:
569:
564:
560:
543:
485:
432:
421:
411:
400:
370:
359:
333:
327:
325:
318:
301:
290:
265:
257:
229:
223:
216:
195:
179:
166:
131:Sacred Union
124:
118:
89:
69:civil courts
62:
60:
43:
41:
2660:Déloye 1994
2633:Martin 2016
2585:Martin 2016
2570:read online
2554:read online
2505:Déloye 1994
2478:Déloye 1994
2466:Déloye 1994
2454:Déloye 1994
2442:Déloye 1994
2430:Déloye 1994
2418:Déloye 1994
2406:Déloye 1994
2394:Déloye 1994
2344:Déloye 1994
2332:Déloye 1994
2320:Déloye 1994
2308:Déloye 1994
2293:Déloye 1994
2281:Déloye 1994
2269:Déloye 1994
2257:Déloye 1994
1948:Martin 2016
1881:Martin 2016
1649:Pour laïque
1589: [
1578: [
1557: [
1498: [
1411: [
1376:Jean Jaurès
1368:materialism
1195: [
1184: [
1179:(LFF), the
1173: [
1151: [
1127: [
1116: [
1101: [
1090: [
1068:'s actionsː
1062: [
782:Jules Payot
753:dragonnades
702:Joan of Arc
650:Déclaration
631:Déclaration
612:Déclaration
585:Déclaration
553:Déclaration
547:Déclaration
486:Declaration
392: [
377: [
307: [
282:Development
276:Jules Ferry
239: [
205: [
147:Gallicanism
135:World War I
110: [
99: [
44:School Wars
42:The French
3048:Categories
1922:2020-04-18
1677:References
1455:Protestant
1408:Émile Glay
1230:Jacobinism
157:See also:
116:, and the
58:comments.
1728:476474795
1470:In 1913,
1467:of 1882.
1449:In 1911,
1246:Finistère
736:socialism
468:Marseille
366:Freemason
297:Côte-d'Or
268:socialism
30:Cardinal
3030:citation
2987:citation
2944:citation
2901:citation
2868:citation
2831:citation
2799:32818865
2762:citation
2662:, § 171.
2507:, § 169.
2480:, § 152.
2468:, § 102.
2456:, § 100.
2444:, § 104.
2432:, § 107.
2408:, § 128.
2396:, § 115.
2346:, § 124.
2334:, § 118.
2322:, § 117.
2310:, § 122.
2295:, § 143.
2283:, § 145.
2271:, § 101.
2259:, § 140.
2022:32818865
1532:Morbihan
1527:Holy See
1242:Brittany
1204:La Croix
669:Besançon
444:Bordeaux
435:prelates
293:Viévigne
184:and the
127:radicals
2420:, § 57.
2382:3772119
2075:, § 24.
1747:, § 19.
1047:baptism
609:As the
544:In the
153:Context
34:, Pope
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2618:, § 7.
2519:, § 1.
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462:; and
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2810:From
2378:JSTOR
1781:Tréma
1599:Notes
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1280:Cults
1238:Savoy
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460:Reims
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3036:link
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2993:link
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2795:OCLC
2785:ISBN
2768:link
2755:2023
2741:ISBN
2018:OCLC
2008:ISBN
1977:ISBN
1860:ISBN
1724:OCLC
1714:ISBN
1525:The
1453:, a
1332:and
1278:and
1049:and
698:Rome
582:The
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