323:
64:
337:
869:
Some were willing to agree to remain in servitude if they received control over their family life and some land to pass to their children. In addition, the French administration actively worked to end slave raiding and the most clear manifestations of the slave trade, greatly reducing those means of acquiring slaves. However, for many decades after the 1905 abolition of slavery, the practice continued in much of French Sudan.
630:
80:
498:. This was followed with the establishment of a number of French forts and political alliances with specific leaders in the region in the early 1880s. The administrative structure of the area was still largely under control of the French Governor of Senegal, and the most significant colonization were simply the military forts and outposts, including the important one established at
962:
506:. Though the civilian administration of the French governor of Senegal formally ruled the area, military officers in the region largely bypassed these leaders and answered directly to commanding officers in Paris. Desbordes gradually took over more territory, often using inter-ethnic rivalries and political tension among leaders in the area to appoint French-supportive leaders.
448:
878:
413:. The colony was formally called French Sudan from 1890 until 1899 and then again from 1921 until 1958, and had a variety of different names over the course of its existence. The colony was initially established largely as a military project led by French troops, but in the mid-1890s it came under civilian administration.
840:
The French slavery policy for much of the 19th century was inconsistent and context-dependent. Slavery had been formally outlawed in 1848, but enforcement was often non-existent. Slaves were freed in directly administered colonies in 1883, and active interdiction of slave caravans began in the 1890s.
868:
Though slavery persisted, some aspects of the relationship changed with the French administration. Escaped slaves could find official protection by French authorities in the cities for a limited time. Slaves could sometimes renegotiate the terms of their servitude in the changed political situation.
856:
that preceded by six months a formal French decree ending slavery throughout French West Africa. With legal protection, almost a million slaves followed this example by moving away from their masters and settling elsewhere. The French supported these efforts by creating settlements around the Niger
811:
Though they maintained a formal neutrality policy in regard to religion, the French colonial administration began to regulate
Islamic education in the early 1900s. In addition, fear of a pan-Islamism political rise throughout North Africa and the Sahel led the French to adopt policies that aimed to
688:
Borders and administration of the colony similarly changed a number of times. Originally, and for the initial period, the colony vacillated between military administration and civilian administration from
Senegal. In 1893, French Sudan formally came under civilian administration, which lasted until
860:
This process affected the southern and western parts of present-day Mali most significantly, but in the northern and eastern parts of the colony large numbers of slaves remained in servitude to their masters. According to rough estimates, throughout the area of present-day Mali, about one-third of
776:
Unlike other agricultural projects in French West Africa, the French Sudan irrigation project initially relied on families voluntarily resettling along lines established by the colonial authority. Unable to attract enough volunteers, the colonial authorities began to try forced resettlement to the
831:
based upon the visions of a single person. Local administrators allowed the Allah Koura movement to spread and practice, seeing it as a potential limiting influence on the spread of Islam farther south. In the late 1950s, Muslim protests and riots throughout the colony further contributed to a
521:, and other resistant leaders in the region, with varying success. Archinard's campaigns were often executed through direct military control, without civilian oversight. As costs increased, the French administration decided to replace Archinard's control over the area with a civilian governor,
704:
The area that was not reorganized was governed in two administrations linked to other French colonies. Following this, the territory of the colony was reestablished in 1902. Though the borders shifted slightly, there was little territorial change until 1933. At that point, the colony of the
933:
In early
January 1959, there were plans for a federation linking the Sudanese Republic with Senegal, Dahomey, and the Upper Volta in a federation of autonomous states. By April, however, neither Dahomey's nor Upper Volta's legislatures had ratified the federation, and so the
946:. The federation achieved independence on 20 June 1960 within the French Community; however, divisions between Senghor and Keïta on the governance of the federation resulted in its dissolution on 20 August 1960. The area of French Sudan formally proclaimed itself the
783:
was founded in 1926 as the main organization facilitating planned, irrigated agricultural projects. Farmers resisted forced resettlement and petitioned for permanent land rights to the irrigated land (which was usually held as property of the
2043:
733:
The colony supported mostly rain-fed agriculture, with limited irrigation for its first 30 years. The only cash crops were nuts gathered close to the railroad between Kayes and Bamako. However, following successful tests of growing
720:
In 1947, Upper Volta was reestablished, and the French Sudan borders became those that eventually became the borders of Mali. Kayes was the original capital city from the 1890s until 1908 when the capital moved to
2488:
2036:
475:. Though the area offered France little economic or strategic gain, the military effectively advocated greater conquest in the region. This was partly due to a fascination with the great empires, such as the
2285:
2029:
1319:
Roberts, Richard, and Martin A. Klein. “The
Banamba Slave Exodus of 1905 and the Decline of Slavery in the Western Sudan.” The Journal of African History, vol. 21, no. 3, 1980, pp. 375–94. JSTOR,
2481:
416:
A number of administrative reorganizations in the early 1900s brought increasing French administration over issues like agriculture, religion, and slavery. Following World War II, the
3625:
2278:
841:
This was dependent on the military situation, however; slavery was not interfered with in allied areas, but anti-French chiefs saw their runaway slaves welcomed and settled in
3635:
2474:
905:, commonly known as the RDA) won the elections in French Sudan, as well as winning majorities in neighboring Ivory Coast, French Guinea, and the Upper Volta. Following the
1998:
2271:
1957:Église et pouvoir colonial au Soudan français: les relations entre les administrateurs et les missionnaires catholiques dans la Boucle du Niger, de 1885 à 1945
509:
French civilian administrators struggled with the military leaders, and the two forces went through a number of leadership changes over the territory, until
808:
were preferred in the colony by the French in the establishment of colonial government, largely because both were codified, and thus easy to standardize.
3031:
2764:
3675:
2732:
1896:
922:
declared itself a republic with internal autonomy on 24 November 1958. The
Sudanese Republic, as the area was now called, was the second colony after
1935:
Teltsch, Kathleen (5 April 1959). "Africans Speed Pace of Drive for
Freedom: Unrest and Violence are Growing as Movement Gains Momentum". p. E4.
942:'s RDA party won all 70 seats in the legislative elections in the Sudanese Republic and joined forces with the dominant party in Senegal, headed by
483:
that rose to prominence in the area, and partly due to the promotional opportunities that military conquest offered for French military personnel.
1926:
Cutler, B.J. (18 January 1959). "4 French West Africa States Form a Nation: will Keep Ties with Paris, but can Secede Freely Under
Constitution".
994:
1594:
Bigon, Liora (2015) "Military
Settlement Forms in Colonial Dakar and Western Sudan: Hesitative Moments" Journal of Asian and African Studies,
3086:
2966:
2407:
1964:
1871:
1759:
1702:
1681:
1626:
1548:
906:
1908:
Durdin, Tillman (11 April 1957). "French
Yielding in West Africa: Elections under New System Provide Greater Control by Negro Inhabitants".
63:
1991:
1558:
Becker, Laurence C. (1994). "An Early
Experiment in the Reorganisation of Agricultural Production in the French Soudan (Mali), 1920–40".
2910:
2448:
2297:
3665:
3640:
3347:
2602:
2592:
812:
prevent the spread of Islam beyond where it already existed and to prevent Muslim leaders from governing non-Muslim communities.
3660:
3655:
3357:
3264:
2562:
1984:
2612:
298:
284:
270:
256:
3558:
3439:
3352:
3099:
2937:
2079:
2074:
1719:
Mann, Gregory (2003). "Fetishizing Religion: Allah Koura and French 'Islamic Policy' in Late Colonial French Soudan (Mali)".
893:
by the French National Assembly in 1956, many of the colonies in French West African began to hold elections to increase the
3650:
3645:
3210:
3205:
3185:
2725:
861:
former slaves moved away from the slavery relationship, while two-thirds remained with their masters. In the 1920s, most
852:
as an administrative category anymore and to not help masters recapture runaways. In March 1905, a slave exodus began in
3254:
2824:
2585:
2338:
813:
3670:
3195:
2905:
2580:
2567:
820:
existed under less formal policies, and French efforts often used these to balance the spread of Islam in the region.
2942:
943:
3393:
3259:
3130:
2250:
472:
2685:
3454:
3315:
3079:
2829:
2690:
2453:
503:
3417:
3342:
3232:
2718:
2672:
2171:
898:
650:
417:
3145:
689:
1899. At that point, a reorganization of the colony split 11 southern provinces to other French colonies like
289:
3586:
3532:
3332:
3180:
1595:
670:
589:
911:
3429:
3362:
3274:
3244:
2644:
2497:
2397:
2387:
2318:
2294:
2052:
2007:
989:
930:, which provided it internal autonomy while linking its currency, foreign policy and defense with France.
398:
3630:
2804:
2534:
2328:
916:
845:
These functioned as labor reserves for the French, however, and many former slaves left them quickly.
765:
began to bring water. The French believed this project could rival the major cotton growing centers of
3502:
3464:
3434:
3320:
3305:
3200:
3072:
857:
River and digging wells for communities elsewhere so they could farm away from their former masters.
735:
662:
579:
70:
435:
in 1959, but ties to both countries quickly weakened. In 1960, the French Sudan formally became the
3388:
3325:
3000:
2819:
2323:
2156:
2117:
2061:
1601:
de Bruijn, Mirjam; Pelckmans, Lotte (2005). "Facing Dilemmas: Former Fulbe Slaves in Modern Mali".
522:
739:
2665:
2575:
2524:
2430:
2417:
2348:
2146:
2097:
2089:
1848:
1819:
1790:
1736:
1583:
1575:
894:
706:
402:
316:
48:
788:). Despite these efforts, a significant cash crop economy did not develop in the French Sudan.
3512:
3459:
3444:
3403:
3310:
3220:
3160:
3120:
2952:
2947:
2895:
2834:
2639:
2622:
2245:
2240:
1960:
1867:
1861:
1802:
O'Brien, Donal Cruise (1967). "Towards an 'Islamic Policy' in French West Africa, 1854–1914".
1755:
1749:
1698:
1692:
1677:
1671:
1622:
1544:
923:
758:
637:
The region was governed under a number of different names between 1880 and 1960. The area was
275:
1538:
3527:
3469:
3337:
3293:
3279:
3249:
3165:
2986:
2956:
2814:
2554:
2519:
2199:
1840:
1811:
1782:
1728:
1658:
1567:
947:
927:
766:
620:
436:
261:
950:
and, with increasing radicalization of Keita, left the French Community in September 1960.
796:
Like much of the rest of French West Africa, the colony had a number of policies regarding
744:
3551:
3489:
3474:
3398:
3376:
3269:
3238:
3175:
3107:
3005:
2976:
2741:
2634:
2617:
2151:
2129:
935:
801:
779:
616:
510:
487:
428:
406:
383:
375:
330:
211:
185:
117:
110:
1646:
939:
882:
762:
421:
1897:"France in Cotton Project: Plan Immense African Irrigation Scheme to Produce Own Supply"
3497:
3449:
3155:
3135:
2992:
2932:
2926:
2529:
2380:
2371:
2333:
2209:
2134:
2102:
2069:
975:
698:
490:
was dispatched to the area to establish a fort and survey the land for a railroad from
480:
432:
303:
3619:
3567:
3522:
3517:
3479:
3140:
2981:
2887:
2854:
2774:
2629:
2222:
2139:
2112:
1852:
1823:
1794:
1740:
1587:
862:
770:
690:
569:
464:
1773:
Spatial Strategies Towards Socioeconomic Emancipation in Northern Mali, 1898–1960".
3507:
3115:
2660:
2514:
2506:
2194:
2189:
2184:
817:
714:
565:
1662:
653:
joining coastal colonies, and the rest split into two administrative areas called
629:
513:
was appointed military governor in 1892. Archinard led military campaigns against
1616:
3572:
3125:
2844:
2392:
2179:
967:
805:
750:
694:
518:
514:
495:
476:
460:
452:
897:
of their territories. In the first elections held in French Sudan in 1957, the
79:
3043:
2794:
2784:
2779:
2366:
2305:
1844:
1815:
1786:
1732:
957:
828:
749:
began to campaign for the construction of a large irrigation system along the
456:
3601:
3588:
661:. In 1902, the region again was organized as a unified colony under the name
471:
French Sudan was formed as a set of military outposts as an extension of the
17:
3049:
1673:
The End of Empire in French West Africa: France's Successful Decolonization?
1014:
1012:
1010:
890:
754:
427:
French Sudan initially retained close connections with France and joined in
2227:
1647:"Concept of Honour and the Persistence of Servility in the Western Soudan"
3190:
2539:
2376:
2356:
1976:
986:
in French) climate region, of which French Sudan formed the western part.
1831:
Seddon, David (2000). "Unfinished business: Slavery in Saharan Africa".
3037:
2789:
2425:
2361:
2217:
2161:
1579:
853:
447:
1751:
Native Sons: West African Veterans and France in the Twentieth Century
877:
424:
became the most significant political force pushing for independence.
3150:
2402:
2313:
2122:
1320:
722:
127:
103:
1571:
848:
In 1903, the government instructed French administrators not to use
27:
French colonial territory in West Africa from 1880 to 1960; now Mali
885:, the first President of Mali, who led French Sudan to independence
717:) dissolved, and the northern territory was added to French Sudan.
2544:
2435:
876:
797:
649:. On 10 October 1899, French Sudan was divided, with the southern
646:
628:
499:
491:
446:
362:
1940:
Howe, Russell (26 April 1959). "2-Party System Fails in Africa".
938:
was formed with only the Sudanese Republic and Senegal. In 1959,
865:
households still had slaves who tended to the house and animals.
3095:
3064:
1439:
1437:
410:
355:
3068:
2875:
2752:
2714:
2470:
2267:
2025:
1980:
439:
and began to distance itself further from Senegal and France.
1086:
1084:
1082:
409:, and then in 1960, when it became the independent state of
753:. Starting in 1921, significant irrigation projects around
532:
909:, which received an overwhelming majority in support, the
467:, which led the French to pursue colonization of the area.
1346:
1344:
1388:
1386:
1373:
1371:
1331:
1329:
1274:
1272:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
641:
from 1880 until 18 August 1890, when it was renamed
391:
3488:
3416:
3375:
3292:
3219:
3106:
2965:
2904:
2886:
2843:
2803:
2763:
2707:
2653:
2601:
2553:
2505:
2416:
2347:
2304:
2208:
2170:
2088:
2060:
2014:
1860:Thompson, Virginia Mclean; Adloff, Richard (1958).
1615:Imperato, Pascal James; Imperato, Gavin H. (2008).
351:
208:
195:
181:
163:
151:
141:
133:
123:
109:
34:
1404:
1973:, Éditions maritimes et coloniales, 1955, 111 p.
1018:
405:from around 1880 until 1959, when it joined the
1638:Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa
1443:
1540:International Relations in Contemporary Africa
1179:
1049:
677:). Finally, in 1921, the name changed back to
3626:States and territories disestablished in 1959
3080:
2726:
2482:
2279:
2037:
1992:
633:Map of French colonies in West Africa in 1889
8:
37:
1769:Mauxion, Aurelien (2012). "Moving to Stay:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
564:Divided into two administrative districts:
147:1,241,238 km (479,245 sq mi)
3636:States and territories established in 1890
3422:
3381:
3298:
3225:
3087:
3073:
3065:
2918:
2883:
2872:
2760:
2749:
2733:
2719:
2711:
2489:
2475:
2467:
2286:
2272:
2264:
2044:
2030:
2022:
2018:
1999:
1985:
1977:
1315:
1313:
1311:
823:In the 1940s, a religious movement called
78:
31:
907:French constitutional referendum of 1958
1697:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 277–.
1467:
1416:
1362:
1350:
1131:
1090:
1006:
995:List of French possessions and colonies
150:
140:
132:
122:
1621:. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
1503:
1455:
1428:
1392:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1640:. London: Cambridge University Press.
1377:
1335:
1119:
1107:
1073:
1061:
1037:
669:). The name changed again in 1904 to
228:
224:
207:
194:
190:
176:
162:
158:
115:
7:
1691:Lea, David; Rowe, Annamarie (2001).
1515:
1491:
1479:
1302:
1290:
1278:
486:French conquest began in 1879, when
2449:French colonization of the Americas
1917:"Links Kept in French Sudan Vote".
1603:Canadian Journal of African Studies
903:Rassemblement Démocratique Africain
738:in West Africa during World War I,
387:
1321:http://www.jstor.org/stable/181190
25:
3676:1960 disestablishments in Africa
1694:A Political Chronology of Africa
960:
800:and the Muslim communities. The
335:
321:
296:
282:
268:
254:
62:
2943:French domains of the Holy Land
1921:. 25 November 1958. p. A5.
1543:. University Press of America.
881:Printed textiles commemorating
832:growing independence movement.
529:Administration and jurisdiction
2938:French domains of Saint Helena
2055:in Africa and the Indian Ocean
1804:The Journal of African History
1775:The Journal of African History
1721:The Journal of African History
1405:de Bruijn & Pelckmans 2005
1:
1866:. Stanford University Press.
1663:10.4000/etudesafricaines.5665
1618:Historical Dictionary of Mali
1596:doi: 10.1177/0021909614548240
889:Following the passage of the
201:
2673:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa)
1891:(organized chronologically)
1019:Imperato & Imperato 2008
2913: and Antarctic Lands
1651:Cahiers d'Études Africaines
392:
3692:
3131:History of the Mali Empire
1531:Books and Journal articles
1050:Thompson & Adloff 1958
1021:, pp. lxxxii–lxxxiii.
97:: Other French possessions
3666:Former colonies in Africa
3641:Political history of Mali
3545:
3425:
3384:
3301:
3228:
3026:
2921:
2882:
2871:
2830:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2759:
2748:
2691:French East India Company
2681:
2466:
2454:French West India Company
2444:
2263:
2236:
2021:
1955:Joseph Roger de Benoist,
1903:. 22 May 1921. p. 4.
1845:10.1080/01440390008575313
1816:10.1017/s0021853700007076
1787:10.1017/s0021853712000394
1754:. Duke University Press.
1733:10.1017/s0021853703008442
1645:Klein, Martin A. (2005).
1636:Klein, Martin A. (1998).
1537:Anda, Michael O. (2000).
535:
504:Gustave Borgnis-Desbordes
399:French colonial territory
361:
233:
229:
225:
221:
191:
177:
173:
159:
116:
77:
59:
54:
46:
2969: the Indian Ocean
1959:. 539 p. Karthala, 1987
1323:. Accessed 23 Dec. 2023.
899:African Democratic Rally
473:French colony in Senegal
429:a short-lived federation
418:African Democratic Rally
2877:Uninhabited territories
2388:Saint Kitts & Nevis
1928:New York Herald Tribune
1833:Slavery & Abolition
671:Upper Senegal and Niger
590:Upper Senegal and Niger
3661:Former French colonies
3656:French colonial empire
2807: collectivities
2645:Sanjak of Alexandretta
2498:Former French colonies
2295:Former French colonies
2053:Former French colonies
2008:French overseas empire
1748:Mann, Gregory (2006).
990:French colonial empire
886:
645:, with its capital at
634:
468:
459:is depicted holding a
443:Colonial establishment
379:
212:Federated with Senegal
38:
3181:2012 Tuareg rebellion
2754:Inhabited territories
2686:France–Asia relations
2241:Somaliland (Djibouti)
1670:Chafer, Tony (2002).
944:Léopold Sédar Senghor
912:République soudanaise
880:
675:Haut Sénégal et Niger
632:
623:(after 22 September)
450:
401:in the Federation of
3651:20th century in Mali
3646:19th century in Mali
3255:Environmental issues
3032:overseas departments
2967:Scattered Islands in
2848: collectivity
2306:French North America
1657:(179/180): 831–851.
1444:Washington Post 1958
843:villages de liberte.
814:Indigenous religions
777:cotton project. The
725:, where it remains.
663:Senegambia and Niger
580:Senegambia and Niger
92:: French West Africa
3598: /
3196:Ebola disease event
3001:Juan de Nova Island
2888:North Pacific Ocean
2500:in Asia and Oceania
1942:The Washington Post
1919:The Washington Post
1230:, pp. 311–314.
1180:New York Times 1921
1132:Lea & Rowe 2001
1093:, pp. 276–277.
1091:Lea & Rowe 2001
667:Sénégambie et Niger
523:Louis Albert Grodet
393:as-Sūdān al-Faransī
197:• Established
3671:French West Africa
3394:Telecommunications
3146:Kénédougou Kingdom
2906:Overseas territory
2431:France Antarctique
2418:Equinoctial France
2381:Dominican Republic
1971:Le Soudan français
1910:The New York Times
1901:The New York Times
1863:French West Africa
1218:, p. 383-385.
895:self-determination
887:
707:French Upper Volta
635:
619:(June–September),
607:Sudanese Republic
494:in Senegal to the
469:
451:The wealth of the
403:French West Africa
317:French West Africa
290:Kénédougou Kingdom
49:French West Africa
3581:
3580:
3541:
3540:
3455:Human trafficking
3412:
3411:
3371:
3370:
3348:Political parties
3343:National Assembly
3316:Foreign relations
3288:
3287:
3161:Toucouleur Empire
3121:Pre-Imperial Mali
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
2957:Amsterdam Islands
2948:Kerguelen Islands
2896:Clipperton Island
2867:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2835:Wallis and Futuna
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2603:Mandate for Syria
2593:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
2555:Indochinese Union
2462:
2461:
2259:
2258:
2172:Equatorial Africa
1965:978-2-86537-169-3
1873:978-0-8047-4256-6
1761:978-0-8223-3768-3
1704:978-1-85743-116-2
1683:978-1-85973-557-2
1628:978-0-8108-5603-5
1550:978-0-7618-1585-3
627:
626:
369:
368:
347:
346:
343:
342:
309:
308:
276:Toucouleur Empire
16:(Redirected from
3683:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3602:12.650°N 8.000°W
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3561:
3554:
3423:
3382:
3299:
3226:
3166:Wassoulou Empire
3089:
3082:
3075:
3066:
2987:Glorioso Islands
2968:
2919:
2912:
2908:
2884:
2873:
2847:
2820:Saint Barthélemy
2815:French Polynesia
2806:
2766:
2761:
2750:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2712:
2520:Coromandel Coast
2491:
2484:
2477:
2468:
2349:French Caribbean
2329:Terre Neuve
2288:
2281:
2274:
2265:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2023:
2019:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1978:
1945:
1936:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1856:
1827:
1798:
1765:
1744:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1687:
1666:
1641:
1632:
1610:
1591:
1554:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1381:
1375:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1339:
1333:
1324:
1317:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1094:
1088:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1022:
1016:
970:
965:
964:
963:
948:Republic of Mali
928:French Community
920:
792:Religious policy
748:
621:Republic of Mali
533:
437:Republic of Mali
395:
389:
339:
338:
325:
324:
313:
312:
300:
299:
286:
285:
272:
271:
262:Wassoulou Empire
258:
257:
251:
250:
235:
234:
203:
82:
71:Flag (1958–1959)
66:
41:
32:
21:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3616:
3615:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3577:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3537:
3533:Public holidays
3484:
3408:
3367:
3333:Law enforcement
3284:
3215:
3176:Mali Federation
3102:
3093:
3063:
3054:
3036:Claimed by the
3010:
3006:Tromelin Island
2977:Bassas da India
2961:
2911:French Southern
2900:
2878:
2859:
2839:
2799:
2767: regions
2755:
2744:
2742:Overseas France
2739:
2695:
2677:
2649:
2635:Greater Lebanon
2605:and the Lebanon
2604:
2597:
2549:
2501:
2495:
2458:
2440:
2412:
2343:
2300:
2298:in the Americas
2292:
2255:
2232:
2204:
2166:
2084:
2056:
2050:
2010:
2005:
1969:Georges Spitz,
1952:
1950:Further reading
1939:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1895:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1859:
1830:
1801:
1768:
1762:
1747:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1690:
1684:
1669:
1644:
1635:
1629:
1614:
1600:
1572:10.2307/1160787
1557:
1551:
1536:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1342:
1334:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1097:
1089:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1025:
1017:
1008:
1003:
966:
961:
959:
956:
936:Mali Federation
914:
875:
838:
802:Arabic language
794:
786:Office du Niger
780:Office du Niger
742:
736:Egyptian cotton
731:
683:Soudan Français
617:Mali Federation
615:Independent as
540:
539:
538:Names of colony
531:
511:Louis Archinard
488:Joseph Gallieni
445:
407:Mali Federation
388:السودان الفرنسي
380:Soudan français
336:
331:Mali Federation
322:
297:
283:
269:
255:
214:
198:
186:New Imperialism
166:
144:
118:La Marseillaise
104:French Republic
98:
93:
88:
83:
73:
68:
67:
42:
39:Soudan français
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3689:
3687:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3618:
3617:
3607:12.650; -8.000
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3563:
3562:
3555:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3430:Child marriage
3426:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3363:Vice President
3360:
3358:Prime Minister
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3265:National parks
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3156:Massina Empire
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3136:Songhai Empire
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3069:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3030:Also known as
3027:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:Banc du Geyser
2984:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:Crozet Islands
2930:
2922:
2916:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2640:Jabal al-Druze
2637:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2613:State of Syria
2609:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2471:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2408:Virgin Islands
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2372:Saint-Domingue
2369:
2367:The Grenadines
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2334:French Florida
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2268:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2251:Isle de France
2248:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1937:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1886:
1885:
1872:
1857:
1839:(2): 208–236.
1828:
1810:(2): 303–316.
1799:
1781:(2): 195–213.
1766:
1760:
1745:
1727:(2): 263–282.
1716:
1703:
1688:
1682:
1667:
1642:
1633:
1627:
1612:
1598:
1592:
1566:(3): 373–390.
1555:
1549:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:, p. 141.
1508:
1506:, p. 185.
1496:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1433:
1421:
1419:, p. 203.
1409:
1397:
1395:, p. 220.
1382:
1380:, p. 833.
1367:
1365:, p. 200.
1355:
1353:, p. 197.
1340:
1338:, p. 831.
1325:
1307:
1305:, p. 279.
1295:
1293:, p. 266.
1283:
1281:, p. 278.
1268:
1266:, p. 314.
1256:
1254:, p. 311.
1244:
1242:, p. 309.
1232:
1220:
1208:
1206:, p. 387.
1196:
1194:, p. 380.
1184:
1172:
1170:, p. 376.
1160:
1158:, p. 374.
1148:
1146:, p. 375.
1136:
1134:, p. 276.
1124:
1122:, p. 122.
1112:
1110:, p. 124.
1095:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1052:, p. 146.
1042:
1023:
1005:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
992:
987:
976:Sudan (region)
972:
971:
955:
952:
874:
871:
837:
836:Slavery policy
834:
793:
790:
759:Baguinéda-Camp
730:
727:
625:
624:
613:
609:
608:
605:
601:
600:
597:
593:
592:
587:
583:
582:
577:
573:
572:
562:
558:
557:
554:
550:
549:
546:
542:
541:
537:
536:
530:
527:
481:Songhay Empire
463:from the 1375
444:
441:
367:
366:
359:
358:
353:
349:
348:
345:
344:
341:
340:
333:
327:
326:
319:
310:
307:
306:
304:Mossi Kingdoms
301:
293:
292:
287:
279:
278:
273:
265:
264:
259:
247:
246:
241:
231:
230:
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:
209:
206:
205:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
183:
182:Historical era
179:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
114:
113:
107:
106:
87:: French Sudan
75:
74:
69:
61:
60:
57:
56:
52:
51:
44:
43:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3688:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3614:
3611:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3440:Ethnic groups
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3201:2020 protests
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3141:Bamana Empire
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3078:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:Europa Island
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2870:
2856:
2855:New Caledonia
2853:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:French Guiana
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:Alawite State
2628:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2398:Saint Vincent
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:Grande Comore
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2140:Four Communes
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2123:Arguin Island
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2098:Côte d'Ivoire
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1944:. p. E5.
1943:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1875:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1494:, p. E5.
1493:
1488:
1485:
1482:, p. 79.
1481:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1446:, p. A5.
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1407:, p. 76.
1406:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1076:, p. 92.
1075:
1070:
1067:
1064:, p. 91.
1063:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1040:, p. 78.
1039:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1000:
996:
993:
991:
988:
985:
981:
977:
974:
973:
969:
958:
953:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
931:
929:
925:
921:
918:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
884:
879:
872:
870:
866:
864:
858:
855:
851:
846:
844:
835:
833:
830:
827:began in the
826:
821:
819:
815:
809:
807:
803:
799:
791:
789:
787:
782:
781:
774:
772:
771:United States
768:
764:
760:
757:and later at
756:
752:
746:
741:
737:
728:
726:
724:
718:
716:
712:
708:
702:
700:
696:
692:
691:French Guinea
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:Upper Senegal
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
631:
622:
618:
614:
611:
610:
606:
603:
602:
599:French Sudan
598:
595:
594:
591:
588:
585:
584:
581:
578:
575:
574:
571:
570:Upper Senegal
567:
563:
560:
559:
556:French Sudan
555:
552:
551:
547:
544:
543:
534:
528:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
466:
465:Catalan Atlas
462:
458:
454:
449:
442:
440:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
394:
385:
381:
377:
373:
364:
360:
357:
354:
352:Today part of
350:
334:
332:
329:
328:
320:
318:
315:
314:
311:
305:
302:
295:
294:
291:
288:
281:
280:
277:
274:
267:
266:
263:
260:
253:
252:
249:
248:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
232:
220:
216:
213:
200:
187:
184:
180:
172:
168:
154:
146:
136:
129:
126:
119:
112:
108:
105:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
72:
65:
58:
53:
50:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
18:French Soudan
3631:French Sudan
3583:
3465:Prostitution
3435:Demographics
3321:Human rights
3306:Constitution
3237:
3171:French Sudan
3170:
3116:Ghana Empire
2991:
2925:
2825:Saint Martin
2661:New Hebrides
2515:Chandernagor
2507:French India
2339:French Texas
2195:Ubangi-Shari
2190:Middle Congo
2157:James Island
2107:
2062:North Africa
1970:
1956:
1941:
1930:. p. 1.
1927:
1918:
1912:. p. 3.
1909:
1900:
1888:
1887:
1877:. Retrieved
1862:
1836:
1832:
1807:
1803:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1750:
1724:
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1693:
1672:
1654:
1650:
1637:
1617:
1606:
1602:
1563:
1559:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1526:Bibliography
1511:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1470:, p. 1.
1468:Teltsch 1959
1463:
1458:, p. 1.
1451:
1431:, p. 3.
1424:
1417:Mauxion 2012
1412:
1400:
1363:Mauxion 2012
1358:
1351:Mauxion 2012
1298:
1286:
1264:O'Brien 1967
1259:
1252:O'Brien 1967
1247:
1240:O'Brien 1967
1235:
1228:O'Brien 1967
1223:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1182:, p. 4.
1175:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1069:
1057:
1045:
983:
979:
940:Modibo Keïta
932:
926:to join the
910:
902:
888:
883:Modibo Keïta
873:Independence
867:
859:
849:
847:
842:
839:
824:
822:
818:Christianity
810:
795:
785:
778:
775:
763:Ségou Cercle
740:Émile Bélime
732:
719:
715:Burkina Faso
710:
703:
687:
682:
679:French Sudan
678:
674:
666:
658:
655:Middle Niger
654:
643:French Sudan
642:
638:
636:
566:Middle Niger
548:Upper River
508:
485:
470:
426:
422:Modibo Keïta
420:(RDA) under
415:
390:
372:French Sudan
371:
370:
244:Succeeded by
243:
238:
165:• 1959
99:
94:
89:
84:
35:French Sudan
29:
3605: /
3389:Foreign aid
3326:LGBT rights
3126:Mali Empire
3048:Claimed by
3042:Claimed by
2927:Adélie Land
2845:Sui generis
2576:Cochinchina
2393:Saint Lucia
2147:Upper Volta
2090:West Africa
1609:(1): 69–95.
1504:Chafer 2002
1456:Cutler 1959
1429:Durdin 1957
1393:Seddon 2000
1216:Becker 1994
1204:Becker 1994
1192:Becker 1994
1168:Becker 1994
1156:Becker 1994
1144:Becker 1994
968:Mali portal
915: [
825:Allah Koura
806:Islamic law
751:Niger River
743: [
729:Agriculture
711:Haute-Volta
695:Ivory Coast
639:Upper River
519:Ahmadu Tall
515:Samori Ture
502:in 1881 by
496:Niger River
477:Mali Empire
461:gold nugget
453:Mali Empire
365:(1892–1899)
239:Preceded by
143:• 1959
3620:Categories
3513:Literature
3044:Madagascar
2953:Saint Paul
2785:Martinique
2780:Guadeloupe
2535:Pondichéry
2246:Madagascar
2118:Mauritania
1889:Newspapers
1378:Klein 2005
1336:Klein 2005
1120:Klein 1998
1108:Klein 1998
1074:Klein 1998
1062:Klein 1998
1038:Klein 1998
1001:References
924:Madagascar
829:San Cercle
604:1958–1960
596:1921–1958
586:1904–1921
576:1902–1904
561:1899–1902
553:1890–1899
545:1880–1890
457:Mansa Musa
152:Population
47:Colony of
3460:Languages
3445:Education
3404:Transport
3353:President
3311:Elections
3260:Mountains
3221:Geography
3211:2021 coup
3206:2020 coup
3186:2012 coup
3050:Mauritius
2909: (
2319:Louisiana
2200:Cameroons
1853:144946807
1824:162336004
1795:161662370
1741:145420133
1588:145744615
1516:Mann 2006
1492:Howe 1959
1480:Anda 2000
1303:Mann 2003
1291:Mann 2003
1279:Mann 2003
891:Loi Cadre
755:Koulikoro
713:, modern
169:4,407,000
55:1880–1960
3568:Category
3528:Polygamy
3470:Religion
3338:Military
3294:Politics
3280:Wildlife
3250:Communes
3191:Mali War
3100:articles
2805:Overseas
2765:Overseas
2623:Damascus
2572:Vietnam
2563:Cambodia
2540:Karaikal
2357:Dominica
2152:Togoland
1676:. Berg.
954:See also
769:and the
761:and the
479:and the
397:) was a
3590:12°39′N
3552:Outline
3498:Cuisine
3490:Culture
3475:Slavery
3418:Society
3399:Tourism
3377:Economy
3270:Regions
3239:Cercles
3233:Borders
3108:History
3038:Comoros
2795:Réunion
2790:Mayotte
2708:Present
2666:Vanuatu
2654:Oceania
2426:Berbice
2362:Grenada
2218:Anjouan
2210:Comoros
2162:Albreda
2135:Senegal
2103:Dahomey
2080:Tunisia
2075:Morocco
2070:Algeria
1879:24 June
1710:26 June
1580:1160787
854:Banamba
699:Dahomey
651:cercles
455:; here
433:Senegal
210:•
124:Capital
3573:Portal
3450:Health
3275:Rivers
3245:Cities
3151:Kaarta
3098:
2618:Aleppo
2586:Tonkin
2545:Yanaon
2525:Madras
2403:Tobago
2324:Canada
2314:Acadia
2228:Mohéli
2113:Guinea
2015:Former
1963:
1870:
1851:
1822:
1793:
1758:
1739:
1701:
1680:
1625:
1586:
1578:
1560:Africa
1547:
984:Soudan
978:: the
863:Tuareg
723:Bamako
693:, the
384:Arabic
376:French
155:
137:
128:Bamako
111:Anthem
3593:8°0′W
3559:Index
3523:Music
3518:Media
3503:Films
3480:Women
2581:Annam
2436:Inini
2377:Haïti
2185:Gabon
2130:Niger
2108:Sudan
1849:S2CID
1820:S2CID
1791:S2CID
1771:Iklan
1737:S2CID
1584:S2CID
1576:JSTOR
980:Sudan
919:]
850:slave
798:Islam
767:Egypt
747:]
647:Kayes
612:1960
500:Kayes
492:Dakar
431:with
363:Kayes
100:Black
85:Green
3508:Flag
3096:Mali
2955:and
2568:Laos
2530:Mahé
2180:Chad
1961:ISBN
1881:2013
1868:ISBN
1756:ISBN
1712:2013
1699:ISBN
1678:ISBN
1623:ISBN
1545:ISBN
982:(or
816:and
804:and
697:and
657:and
568:and
411:Mali
356:Mali
217:1959
204:1880
134:Area
95:Gray
90:Lime
1841:doi
1812:doi
1783:doi
1729:doi
1659:doi
1568:doi
685:).
3622::
2379:,
1899:.
1847:.
1837:20
1835:.
1818:.
1806:.
1789:.
1779:53
1777:.
1735:.
1725:44
1723:.
1655:45
1653:.
1649:.
1607:39
1605:.
1582:.
1574:.
1564:64
1562:.
1436:^
1385:^
1370:^
1343:^
1328:^
1310:^
1271:^
1098:^
1081:^
1026:^
1009:^
917:fr
773:.
745:fr
701:.
525:.
517:,
386::
382:;
378::
202:c.
102::
3088:e
3081:t
3074:v
2915:)
2734:e
2727:t
2720:v
2490:e
2483:t
2476:v
2287:e
2280:t
2273:v
2045:e
2038:t
2031:v
2000:e
1993:t
1986:v
1883:.
1855:.
1843::
1826:.
1814::
1808:8
1797:.
1785::
1764:.
1743:.
1731::
1714:.
1686:.
1665:.
1661::
1631:.
1611:-
1590:.
1570::
1553:.
901:(
709:(
681:(
673:(
665:(
374:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
