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French Braille

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Punctuation and formatting are in general similar as well, though changes in French punctuation over time means that some languages use older French conventions. For example, French parentheses and quotation marks originally had the opposite values they do today, values which remain in English
281:
The final form of Braille's alphabet, according to Henri (1952). The decade diacritics are listed at left, and the supplementary letters are assigned to the appropriate decade at right. Characters are derived by combining the diacritic on the left with the basic letters at top. "(1)" indicates
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is also very similar to the French, though the shift of grave to acute accents necessitated a chain of other changes, such as circumflex to grave, and the Portuguese tildes were taken from French diaereses (Portuguese
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Readings have changed slightly since modern braille was first published in 1837. The greatest change has been various secondary readings which were added to the alphabet and then abandoned.
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coincide with French Braille. However, there are several alphabets which are much more closely related. Italian Braille is identical to the French apart from doubling up French Braille
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In general, only the assignments of the basic 26 letters of the French alphabet are retained in other braille alphabets. For example, among the additional letters, in
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have become internationalized; the additional letters are largely restricted to French Braille and the alphabets of some neighboring European countries.
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A page from an undated early braille textbook, showing both readings, with additional readings not included in Loomis. It is captioned
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convention, used by most braille alphabets around the world. However, only the 25 basic letters of the French alphabet plus
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is a simplification of the Latin alphabet for embossing. An adaptation of French-reading blind people has been proposed.
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usage. The number sign is used to create several arithmetical symbols which are no longer in use, or that continue in
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Braille. Other changes have accrued over time, and in some cases vary from country to country. For example,
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has since switch to eight-point braille, adding a dot at point 8 for the three vowels with accents.
3037: 1350:. This is the internationally recognized number system. However, in French Braille a new system, the 1354:
braille digits, is used for mathematics and is recommended for all academic publications. This uses
4483: 4460: 4094: 3983: 3973: 3865: 3808: 3794: 3751: 3100: 2696: 2477: 2448: 1621:Écritare à l'usage des Aveugles. Procédé de L. Braille. Professeur à l'institut N des J Aveugles. 127: 3716: 298:
The original French Braille alphabet, according to Loomis (1942). Most accented letters of the
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The lower values are readings within numbers (after the Antoine number marker: see below).
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markers for musical and mathematical notation. Parentheses and quotation marks follow
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The symbol marker combines with a following initial letter to produce the following:
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Code braille français uniformisé pour la transcription des textes imprimés (CBFU)
4747: 4511: 4442: 3723: 242: 17: 4715: 4694: 4687: 3358: 3351: 887: 258: 2460:). The continental Scandinavian languages took the extended French letters 277: 834:
There are also numerous contractions and abbreviations in French braille.
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is also quite similar, though it has added tone letters, and uses French
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For the early history of braille, including obsolete characters, see
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See the punctuation section above for Antoine mathematical notation.
3276: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 2435:), as the French alphabet does not support acute accents apart from 1272: 1245: 1229: 1206: 3507: 3345: 1614: 784:
For the purposes of accommodating a foreign alphabet, the letters
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As in English Braille, the capital sign is doubled for all caps.
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combined with the first nine letters of the fourth decade, from
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have been replaced with digraphs, but these are not used today.
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The currency marker combines with a following initial for:
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Commission Evolution du Braille Français (September 1999).
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The traditional system of digits is to add the number sign
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in front of the letters of the first decade (a–j), with
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Code de transcription en braille des textes imprimes
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changes all five of these vowels, as well as taking
4725: 4676: 4616: 4549: 4459: 4405: 4368: 4308: 4289: 4270: 4175: 4081: 4042: 3969: 3896: 3595: 3588: 3549: 234: 227: 205: 179: 174: 166: 154: 144: 134: 117: 102: 1153:are used to begin and end emphasis within a word. 57:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 3339:for parentheses; in addition, it uses point 3, 306:In numerical order by decade, the letters are: 3343:, for both apostrophe and full stop / period. 3319:, but also shifted the old French parentheses 3523: 8: 257:alphabet, and the basis of all others. The 3893: 3592: 3530: 3516: 3508: 109: 27:Original braille alphabet, used for French 88:Learn how and when to remove this message 3404:Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, and Finnish. 2499: 1635: 1399: 1031: 1029:Formatting and mode-changing marks are: 844: 790: 308: 3377:The space in numbers between thousands. 3370: 3354:in various languages including French. 261:of French has become the basis of the 99: 4667:American Printing House for the Blind 4443:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 4095:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali) 1637:Historical readings in Loomis (1942) 7: 3456:(2nd ed.). 2008. Archived from 3305:uses the old French quotation marks 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3395:Used to mark a footnote or endnote. 3424:are written as a tone letter plus 25: 3500:La vie et l'œvre de Louis Braille 1298:It is also used in comic strips: 4770:French-ordered braille alphabets 2628: 2621: 2614: 2607: 2600: 2593: 2586: 2579: 2572: 2565: 2558: 2551: 2544: 2537: 2530: 2523: 2516: 2509: 2381: 2371: 2360: 2349: 2338: 2327: 2316: 2305: 2294: 2283: 2272: 2261: 2239: 2222: 2211: 2200: 2189: 2178: 2167: 2156: 2145: 2134: 2123: 2112: 2102: 2083: 2072: 2061: 2050: 2039: 2028: 2017: 2006: 1995: 1984: 1973: 1962: 1951: 1938: 1927: 1916: 1905: 1894: 1883: 1872: 1861: 1850: 1839: 1828: 1817: 1806: 1794: 1784: 1773: 1762: 1751: 1740: 1729: 1718: 1707: 1696: 1685: 1674: 1663: 1595: 1588: 1581: 1574: 1567: 1560: 1553: 1546: 1539: 1532: 1525: 1513: 1506: 1499: 1492: 1485: 1478: 1471: 1464: 1457: 1450: 1443: 1121: 1110: 1099: 1088: 1077: 1067: 1057: 1046: 1035: 1007: 996: 985: 974: 963: 950: 940: 929: 918: 907: 894: 881: 870: 859: 848: 820: 805: 794: 770: 754: 742: 730: 718: 706: 694: 682: 670: 658: 645: 634: 623: 612: 601: 590: 579: 568: 557: 546: 533: 522: 511: 500: 489: 478: 467: 456: 445: 434: 420: 408: 396: 384: 372: 360: 348: 336: 324: 312: 34: 3289:) for the non-French consonant 3477:(2nd ed.). Archived from 3386:Also marks the end of a verse. 1: 4435:Gardner–Salinas braille codes 4391:Gardner–Salinas braille codes 4646:National Braille Association 4625:Braille Institute of America 4343:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin) 3098: 3035: 2973: 2910: 2837: 2770: 2694: 2635: 2504: 2256: 2100: 1949: 1804: 1661: 1404: 961: 846: 792: 656: 544: 432: 310: 4526:Refreshable braille display 4505:Optical braille recognition 4102:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese) 3634:Chinese (mainland Mandarin) 3281:, and Spanish Braille uses 2491:, which is pronounced like 842:Punctuation is as follows: 4791: 4593:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh 3491:The Braille Reference Book 3329:to brackets and innovated 1649: 1625: 4329:Mainland Chinese Mandarin 1657: 1652: 1644: 1405: 108: 4316:Chinese semi-syllabaries 3579:Unicode braille patterns 3565:International uniformity 43:This article includes a 4653:Blindness organizations 4632:Braille Without Borders 4421:Canadian currency marks 4043:Egyptian lineage family 72:more precise citations. 3970:Russian lineage family 3498:Henri, Pierre (1952). 3489:Loomis, M. S. (1942). 3355: 2431:) to an acute accent ( 2423:, since French has no 1623: 1401:French Braille digits 303: 291: 4734:Accessible publishing 4660:Schools for the blind 4639:Japan Braille Library 4428:Computer Braille Code 4082:Indian lineage family 3349: 3295:Luxembourgish Braille 3263:Catalan Braille adds 1618: 1380:, with the preceding 297: 280: 263:international braille 4498:Mountbatten Brailler 3853:(largely reassigned) 3636:(largely reassigned) 4450:Nemeth braille code 4236:(reassigned vowels) 3761:(extended to 8-dot) 2502: 1638: 1402: 1025:Formatting and mode 4484:Braille translator 4461:Braille technology 4437:(science; GS8/GS6) 4406:Symbols in braille 4336:Taiwanese Mandarin 3851:Taiwanese Mandarin 3502:. Paris: PUF-GIAA. 3356: 2501:Related alphabets 2500: 2478:Vietnamese Braille 2449:Portuguese Braille 1636: 1624: 1400: 304: 292: 45:list of references 4757: 4756: 4679:tactile alphabets 4607:William Bell Wait 4600:Sabriye Tenberken 4401: 4400: 4266: 4265: 4251:(Japanese vowels) 4049:-mediated scripts 3976:-mediated scripts 3259: 3258: 2395:Similar alphabets 2392: 2391: 1603: 1602: 1389:⟨0⟩ 1378:⟨9⟩ 1367:⟨1⟩ 1348:⟨0⟩ 1337:⟨1⟩ 1308:(speech bubble), 1133: 1132: 1019: 1018: 904: 832: 831: 782: 781: 248: 247: 98: 97: 90: 16:(Redirected from 4782: 4750: 4743: 4741:Braille literacy 4736: 4718: 4711: 4704: 4697: 4690: 4669: 4662: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4609: 4602: 4595: 4588: 4581: 4574: 4567: 4560: 4542: 4535: 4533:Slate and stylus 4528: 4521: 4519:Perkins Brailler 4514: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4477:Braille embosser 4472: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4430: 4423: 4416: 4394: 4386: 4379: 4361: 4354: 4345: 4338: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4301: 4298:American Braille 4282: 4279:Algerian Braille 4259: 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852: 845: 824: 809: 798: 791: 774: 758: 746: 734: 722: 710: 698: 686: 674: 662: 649: 638: 627: 616: 605: 594: 583: 572: 561: 550: 537: 526: 515: 504: 493: 482: 471: 460: 449: 438: 424: 412: 400: 388: 376: 364: 352: 340: 328: 316: 309: 259:alphabetic order 253:is the original 243:U+2800 to U+283F 113: 100: 93: 86: 82: 79: 73: 68:this article by 59:inline citations 38: 37: 30: 21: 4790: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4775:French language 4760: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4746: 4739: 4732: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4693: 4686: 4672: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4644: 4637: 4630: 4623: 4612: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4565:Charles Barbier 4563: 4556: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4510: 4503: 4496: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4468: 4455: 4448: 4441: 4433: 4426: 4419: 4412: 4397: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4341: 4334: 4327: 4320: 4315: 4304: 4296: 4290:Frequency-based 4285: 4277: 4262: 4255: 4247: 4240: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4171: 4163: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4135: 4128: 4121: 4114: 4107: 4100: 4093: 4086:Bharati Braille 4083: 4077: 4069: 4062: 4055: 4044: 4038: 4031: 4024: 4017: 4010: 4003: 3996: 3989: 3982: 3971: 3965: 3958: 3953: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3892: 3885: 3878: 3871: 3864: 3857: 3849: 3842: 3835: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3807: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3779: 3772: 3765: 3757: 3750: 3743: 3736: 3729: 3722: 3715: 3708: 3701: 3694: 3687: 3680: 3673: 3666: 3660:Unified English 3654: 3647: 3640: 3632: 3625: 3618: 3611: 3604: 3589:Braille scripts 3584: 3577: 3570: 3563: 3556: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3506: 3497: 3488: 3481: 3474: 3467: 3460: 3453: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3432: 3419: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3303:Italian Braille 3274: 2397: 2387: 2386: 2377: 2376: 2367: 2365: 2356: 2354: 2345: 2343: 2334: 2332: 2323: 2321: 2312: 2310: 2301: 2299: 2290: 2288: 2279: 2277: 2268: 2266: 2252: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2235: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2218: 2216: 2207: 2205: 2196: 2194: 2185: 2183: 2174: 2172: 2163: 2161: 2152: 2150: 2141: 2139: 2130: 2128: 2119: 2117: 2108: 2107: 2096: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2079: 2077: 2068: 2066: 2057: 2055: 2046: 2044: 2035: 2033: 2024: 2022: 2013: 2011: 2002: 2000: 1991: 1989: 1980: 1978: 1969: 1967: 1958: 1956: 1945: 1943: 1934: 1932: 1923: 1921: 1912: 1910: 1901: 1899: 1890: 1888: 1879: 1877: 1868: 1866: 1857: 1855: 1846: 1844: 1835: 1833: 1824: 1822: 1813: 1811: 1800: 1799: 1790: 1789: 1780: 1778: 1769: 1767: 1758: 1756: 1747: 1745: 1736: 1734: 1725: 1723: 1714: 1712: 1703: 1701: 1692: 1690: 1681: 1679: 1670: 1668: 1653: 1645: 1631: 1613: 1388: 1377: 1366: 1347: 1336: 1322: 1146: 1138: 1128: 1126: 1117: 1115: 1106: 1104: 1095: 1093: 1084: 1082: 1073: 1072: 1063: 1062: 1053: 1051: 1042: 1040: 1027: 1014: 1012: 1003: 1001: 992: 990: 981: 979: 970: 968: 957: 955: 946: 945: 936: 934: 925: 923: 914: 912: 901: 899: 890: 886: 877: 875: 866: 864: 855: 853: 840: 825: 810: 799: 788:may be added: 775: 759: 747: 735: 723: 711: 699: 687: 675: 663: 650: 639: 628: 617: 606: 595: 584: 573: 562: 551: 538: 527: 516: 505: 494: 483: 472: 461: 450: 439: 425: 413: 401: 389: 377: 365: 353: 341: 329: 317: 284:English Braille 275: 239: 222: 218: 214: 212:English Braille 208: 201: 182: 175:Related scripts 161:French alphabet 157: 147: 125: 104: 94: 83: 77: 74: 63: 49:related reading 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4788: 4786: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4762: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4729: 4727: 4726:Related topics 4723: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4712: 4705: 4702:New York Point 4698: 4691: 4683: 4681: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4663: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4628: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4586:Harris Mowbray 4582: 4575: 4568: 4561: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4515: 4508: 4501: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4470:Braille e-book 4465: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4446: 4439: 4431: 4424: 4417: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4395: 4387: 4380: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4339: 4332: 4325: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4293: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4253: 4245: 4238: 4230: 4223: 4216: 4209: 4201: 4194: 4187: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4169: 4161: 4154: 4147: 4140: 4133: 4126: 4119: 4112: 4105: 4098: 4090: 4088: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4075: 4067: 4060: 4052: 4050: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4036: 4029: 4022: 4015: 4008: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3979: 3977: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3922: 3915: 3908: 3900: 3898: 3891: 3890: 3883: 3876: 3869: 3862: 3855: 3847: 3840: 3833: 3826: 3819: 3812: 3805: 3798: 3791: 3784: 3777: 3770: 3763: 3755: 3748: 3741: 3734: 3727: 3720: 3713: 3706: 3699: 3692: 3685: 3678: 3671: 3664: 3652: 3645: 3638: 3630: 3623: 3616: 3609: 3601: 3599: 3597:French-ordered 3590: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3582: 3575: 3568: 3561: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3527: 3520: 3512: 3505: 3504: 3495: 3486: 3484:on 2007-10-28. 3465: 3463:on 2012-10-04. 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3406: 3397: 3388: 3379: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3261: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2972: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2900: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2824: 2821: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2755: 2749: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2725: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2626: 2619: 2612: 2605: 2598: 2591: 2584: 2577: 2570: 2563: 2556: 2549: 2542: 2535: 2528: 2521: 2514: 2507: 2401:German Braille 2396: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2379: 2369: 2358: 2347: 2336: 2325: 2314: 2303: 2292: 2281: 2270: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2237: 2220: 2209: 2198: 2187: 2176: 2165: 2154: 2143: 2132: 2121: 2110: 2099: 2098: 2081: 2070: 2059: 2048: 2037: 2026: 2015: 2004: 1993: 1982: 1971: 1960: 1948: 1947: 1936: 1925: 1914: 1903: 1892: 1881: 1870: 1859: 1848: 1837: 1826: 1815: 1803: 1802: 1792: 1782: 1771: 1760: 1749: 1738: 1727: 1716: 1705: 1694: 1683: 1672: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1643: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1593: 1586: 1579: 1572: 1565: 1558: 1551: 1544: 1537: 1530: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1511: 1504: 1497: 1490: 1483: 1476: 1469: 1462: 1455: 1448: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1296: 1295: 1250: 1249: 1131: 1130: 1119: 1108: 1097: 1086: 1075: 1065: 1055: 1044: 1026: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1005: 994: 983: 972: 960: 959: 948: 938: 927: 916: 905: 892: 879: 868: 857: 839: 836: 830: 829: 818: 803: 780: 779: 768: 752: 740: 728: 716: 704: 692: 680: 668: 655: 654: 643: 632: 621: 610: 599: 588: 577: 566: 555: 543: 542: 531: 520: 509: 498: 487: 476: 465: 454: 443: 431: 430: 418: 406: 394: 382: 370: 358: 346: 334: 322: 274: 271: 251:French Braille 246: 245: 240: 235: 232: 231: 225: 224: 220:Arabic Braille 216:German Braille 209: 206: 203: 202: 200: 199: 198: 197: 196:French Braille 185: 183: 181:Parent systems 180: 177: 176: 172: 171: 168: 164: 163: 158: 155: 152: 151: 148: 145: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 121: 119: 115: 114: 106: 105: 103:French Braille 96: 95: 53:external links 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 18:French braille 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4787: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4749: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4735: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4717: 4713: 4710: 4709:Night writing 4706: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4675: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4640: 4636: 4633: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4617:Organisations 4615: 4608: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4579:Valentin Haüy 4576: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4558:Louis Braille 4555: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4491:Braille watch 4488: 4485: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4414:Braille music 4411: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4392: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4377:Luxembourgish 4374: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176:Other scripts 4174: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4138: 4134: 4131: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4041: 4034: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3968: 3957: 3952: 3949: 3948:Northern Sámi 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897:Nordic family 3895: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3838: 3837:South African 3834: 3831: 3827: 3824: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3759:Luxembourgish 3756: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3697: 3693: 3690: 3686: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3607: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3576: 3573: 3572:ASCII braille 3569: 3566: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3533: 3528: 3526: 3521: 3519: 3514: 3513: 3510: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3480: 3473: 3472: 3466: 3459: 3452: 3451: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3315:and asterisk 3304: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3278: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2976:Luxembourgish 2974: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2505: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2394: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2370: 2363: 2359: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2293: 2286: 2282: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2242: 2238: 2225: 2221: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2188: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2166: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2133: 2126: 2122: 2115: 2111: 2105: 2101: 2086: 2082: 2075: 2071: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2038: 2031: 2027: 2020: 2016: 2009: 2005: 1998: 1994: 1987: 1983: 1976: 1972: 1965: 1961: 1954: 1950: 1941: 1937: 1930: 1926: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1904: 1897: 1893: 1886: 1882: 1875: 1871: 1864: 1860: 1853: 1849: 1842: 1838: 1831: 1827: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1805: 1797: 1793: 1787: 1783: 1776: 1772: 1765: 1761: 1754: 1750: 1743: 1739: 1732: 1728: 1721: 1717: 1710: 1706: 1699: 1695: 1688: 1684: 1677: 1673: 1666: 1662: 1641: 1640: 1634: 1629: 1622: 1617: 1610: 1608: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1394: 1353: 1319: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1284: 1274: 1264: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1247: 1231: 1218: 1208: 1198: 1188: 1178: 1168: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1136: 1124: 1120: 1113: 1109: 1102: 1098: 1091: 1087: 1080: 1076: 1070: 1066: 1060: 1056: 1049: 1045: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1024: 1022: 1010: 1006: 999: 995: 988: 984: 977: 973: 966: 962: 953: 949: 943: 939: 932: 928: 921: 917: 910: 906: 897: 893: 889: 884: 880: 873: 869: 862: 858: 851: 847: 843: 837: 835: 828: 823: 819: 817: 813: 808: 804: 802: 797: 793: 789: 787: 778: 773: 769: 766: 762: 757: 753: 750: 745: 741: 738: 733: 729: 726: 721: 717: 714: 709: 705: 702: 697: 693: 690: 685: 681: 678: 673: 669: 666: 661: 657: 653: 648: 644: 642: 637: 633: 631: 626: 622: 620: 615: 611: 609: 604: 600: 598: 593: 589: 587: 582: 578: 576: 571: 567: 565: 560: 556: 554: 549: 545: 541: 536: 532: 530: 525: 521: 519: 514: 510: 508: 503: 499: 497: 492: 488: 486: 481: 477: 475: 470: 466: 464: 459: 455: 453: 448: 444: 442: 437: 433: 428: 423: 419: 416: 411: 407: 404: 399: 395: 392: 387: 383: 380: 375: 371: 368: 363: 359: 356: 351: 347: 344: 339: 335: 332: 327: 323: 320: 315: 311: 307: 301: 296: 289: 285: 279: 272: 270: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 244: 241: 238: 237:Unicode range 233: 230: 226: 221: 217: 213: 210: 207:Child systems 204: 195: 194: 193: 192:early braille 190: 189: 188: 187:night writing 184: 178: 173: 169: 165: 162: 159: 153: 149: 143: 140: 139:Louis Braille 137: 133: 129: 124: 120: 116: 112: 107: 101: 92: 89: 81: 71: 67: 61: 60: 54: 50: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 4249:Thai and Lao 3926:Scandinavian 3674: 3558:1829 braille 3550:Braille cell 3499: 3490: 3479:the original 3470: 3458:the original 3449: 3425: 3421: 3400: 3391: 3382: 3373: 3357: 3350:A sample of 3299: 3290: 3286: 3262: 3154: 3144: 3139: 3057: 3038:Scandinavian 2956: 2905: 2897: 2883: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2826: 2818: 2789: 2765: 2760: 2751: 2746: 2735: 2730: 2722: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2398: 1632: 1628:1829 braille 1620: 1606: 1351: 1323: 1297: 1251: 1155: 1137: 1134: 1028: 1020: 841: 833: 785: 783: 305: 300:1829 version 287: 266: 250: 249: 84: 75: 64:Please help 56: 4748:RoboBraille 4572:Róża Czacka 4512:Perforation 4309:Independent 4207:(Bhutanese) 3942:Greenlandic 3613:Azerbaijani 3420:Vietnamese 2456:for French 2415:to Italian 1440:Traditional 1116:Traditional 838:Punctuation 156:Print basis 146:Time period 118:Script type 70:introducing 4764:Categories 4300:(obsolete) 4281:(obsolete) 4073:(Pakistan) 3984:Belarusian 3866:Vietnamese 3809:Portuguese 3795:Philippine 3752:Lithuanian 3436:References 3273:for print 3101:Vietnamese 2697:Portuguese 1393:Luxembourg 223:etc., etc. 128:non-linear 78:April 2022 4716:Vibratese 4695:Moon type 4688:Decapoint 4369:Eight-dot 4322:Cantonese 4271:Reordered 4234:Inuktitut 4123:Malayalam 4033:Ukrainian 4012:Mongolian 3991:Bulgarian 3954:Norwegian 3919:Icelandic 3710:Hungarian 3668:Esperanto 3620:Cantonese 3426:a e i o u 3422:à è ì ò ù 3359:Moon type 3352:Moon type 2506:Braille: 2433:á é í ó ú 2429:à è ì ò ù 903:subscript 290:notation. 167:Languages 4352:Japanese 4213:Georgian 4205:Dzongkha 4191:Armenian 4109:Gujarati 3974:Cyrillic 3905:Estonian 3880:Yugoslav 3816:Romanian 3788:Nigerian 3703:Hawaiian 3689:Ghanaian 3606:Albanian 3285:(French 3279:⟩ 3275:⟨ 1151:⟩ 1147:⟨ 1143:⟩ 1139:⟨ 1105:Currency 1064:(start) 1052:Emphasis 1041:Capitals 913: ! 900: ? 876: : 865: ; 123:Alphabet 4257:Tibetan 4198:Burmese 4184:Amharic 4167:(India) 4144:Sinhala 4137:Punjabi 4116:Kannada 4064:Persian 4019:Russian 3959:Swedish 3937:Finnish 3912:Faroese 3887:Zambian 3859:Turkish 3844:Spanish 3767:Maltese 3745:Latvian 3738:Italian 3717:Iñupiaq 3696:Guarani 3656:English 3627:Catalan 3544:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑ 3539:Braille 3441:Sources 2913:Italian 2773:Catalan 2637:French 2441:Spanish 2388:  2378:  2357:  2346:  2335:  2324:  2313:  2302:  2291:  2280:  2269:  2258:  2253:  2236:  2109:  2097:  2058:  2047:  2036:  2014:  2003:  1992:  1981:  1970:  1959:  1924:  1913:  1902:  1891:  1880:  1869:  1858:  1847:  1836:  1825:  1814:  1801:  1791:  1671:  1611:History 1522:Antoine 1352:Antoine 1320:Numbers 1129:number 1127:Antoine 1118:number 1107:  1096:  1085:script 1054:  1043:  1015:  1004:  993:  958:  937:  867:  856:  786:ì, ä, ò 288:Antoine 273:Letters 255:braille 229:Unicode 135:Creator 66:improve 4677:Other 4550:People 4540:Braigo 4359:Korean 4227:Hebrew 4158:Telugu 4057:Arabic 4047:Arabic 4005:Kyrgyz 3998:Kazakh 3932:Danish 3830:Slovak 3823:Samoan 3802:Polish 3781:Navajo 3682:German 3675:French 3542:  2978:(old) 2472:, and 2219:(i)ll 1669:  1658:supp. 1654:  1646:  1346:being 1335:being 1094:Symbol 1083:Super- 1074:(end) 170:French 4393:(GS8) 4384:Kanji 4242:Khmer 4220:Greek 4151:Tamil 4084:i.e. 4045:i.e. 4026:Tatar 3972:i.e. 3873:Welsh 3774:Māori 3731:Irish 3649:Dutch 3642:Czech 3482:(PDF) 3475:(PDF) 3461:(PDF) 3454:(PDF) 3365:Notes 2464:(for 2458:ä ö/œ 2403:only 1177:& 51:, or 4165:Urdu 4130:Odia 4071:Urdu 2487:for 2419:and 2407:and 2248:ITAL 2080:ion 2069:ieu 2025:oin 1946:ien 1935:ian 1642:dec. 1387:for 1376:for 1365:for 1339:and 1145:and 767:, 9 751:, 8 739:, 7 727:, 6 715:, 5 703:, 4 691:, 3 679:, 2 667:, 1 429:, 0 417:, 9 405:, 8 393:, 7 381:, 6 369:, 5 357:, 4 345:, 3 333:, 2 321:, 1 150:1837 3724:IPA 3293:. 3277:l·l 3092:ä/æ 3083:ö/ø 2688:æ/ä 2679:œ/ö 2495:. 2474:ö/ø 2470:ä/æ 2468:), 2454:ã õ 2447:. 2439:. 2231:CAP 2208:gn 2197:ch 2186:oi 2175:ou 2164:eu 2153:un 2142:on 2131:in 2120:an 2092:NUM 1369:to 4766:: 3409:^ 3095:– 3032:– 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