136:
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880:"The expedition I just accomplished, however modest as it is, may have prepared the ground for a more serious one if deemed necessary, ... The expedition deeply shocked the Korean Nation by showing her claimed invulnerability was an illusion. Lastly, the destruction of one of the avenues of Seoul and the considerable losses suffered by the Korean government should render it more cautious in the future. The objective I had fixed to myself is thus fully accomplished, and the murder of our missionaries has been avenged." report of 15 November by Admiral Roze
1331:"L'expédition que je viens de faire, si modeste qu'elle soit, en aura préparé une plus sérieuse si elle est jugée nécessaire, ... Elle aura d'ailleurs profondément frappé l'esprit de la Nation Coréenne en lui prouvant que sa prétendue invulnérabilité n'était que chimérique. Enfin la destruction d'un des boulevards de Seoul et la perte considérable que nous avons fait éprouver au gouvernement coréen ne peuvent manquer de le rendre plus circonspect. Le but que je m'étais fixé est donc complètement rempli et le meurtre de nos missionnaires a été vengé"
844:
the French offensive was met with stiff resistance from the troops of
General Yi Yong-Hui, to whom Roze sent several letters asking for reparation, without success. A significant blow to the French expedition came on 26 October, when 120 French Naval Fusiliers landed briefly on the Korean mainland in an attempt to seize a small fortification at Munsusansong, or Mt. Munsu Fort (depicted in the illustration above). As the landing party came ashore, they were met by a brisk fire from its Korean defenders. General
616:
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leaders of the 500-year-old Joseon
Dynasty. With the aged dowager regent's blessing, the Heungseon Daewongun set out upon a dual campaign of both strengthening central authority and isolation from the disintegrating traditional order outside its borders. By the time the Heungseon Daewongun assumed de facto control of the government in 1864, there were twelve French Jesuit priests living and preaching in Korea, and an estimated 23,000 native Korean converts.
522:
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alliance between France and Korea to repel the
Russian advances, suggesting further that this alliance could be negotiated through Bishop Berneux. The Heungseon Daewongun seemed open to this idea, but it was possibly a ruse to bring the head of the Korean Catholic Church out into the open; upon Berneux's arrival to the capital in February 1866, he was seized and executed. A round-up then began of the other French Catholic priests and Korean converts.
912:
868:
1479:. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé, 1874. (This epic history of the Catholic Church in Korea is important as well for some of the first depictions of Korea by westerners. It was pulled together by Dallet from letters of the missionaries themselves as well as an earlier draft written by one of the missionaries executed in 1866 that had been smuggled out of the country. Unfortunately, it has never been fully translated into English).
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the French were again checked when they attempted to seize a fortified monastery on the southern coast of
Ganghwa called Jeongdeung–sa. Here again, stiff Korean resistance, coupled with the overwhelming numerical superiority of the Korean defenders, now numbering 10,000 men, forced a French retreat with dozens of casualties but no deaths.
647:
959:
foundered on the coast of Korea during an illegal trade mission. Violence ensued between the
Koreans and the Americans. The General Sherman was sunk in the dispute, and a number of American merchantmen sailors and Koreans killed. With no verified accounts provided by the Joseon Dynasty about the fate
843:
Roze knew it was impossible for him to lead a fleet of limited force up the treacherous and shallow Han River to the Korean capital and satisfied himself with a "coup de main" on the coast from his earlier exploratory expedition. On the mainland across the narrow channel from
Ganghwa Island, however,
752:
leading to Seoul. The treacherous nature of these waters, however, also convinced Roze that any movement against the fortified Korean capital with his limited numbers and large-hulled vessels was impossible. Instead, he opted to seize and occupy
Ganghwa Island, which commanded the entrance to the Han
859:
Roze then sent a new letter, asking for the release of the two remaining French missionaries whom he had reason to believe were imprisoned. No answer was forthcoming, but it became clear from activity seen on the mainland across the narrow straits that Korean forces mobilized daily. On 9 November,
630:
Several factors contributed to the
Heungseon Daewongun's decision to suppress the Catholics. Perhaps the most obvious was the lesson provided by China, that it had apparently reaped nothing but hardship and humiliation from its dealing with the western powers – seen most recently in its disastrous
875:
All told, the French suffered three dead and approximately 35 wounded. In retreating from Korea, Roze attempted to lessen the extent of his retreat by stating that with his limited means, there was little more he could have accomplished but that his actions would have a dissuasive effect upon the
855:
would be open, so, on 7 November, a second landing party was launched by Roze. 160 Naval
Fusiliers attacked Munsusansong defended by 543 Korean "Tiger Hunters." Three French soldiers were killed and 36 injured before a retreat was called. Except for continued bombing and surveying activity around
611:
Though the
Heungseon Daewongun's authority at court was not official, stemming in fact from the traditional imperative in Confucian societies for sons to obey their fathers, he quickly seized the initiative and began to control state policy. He was arguably one of the most effective and forceful
863:
Soon after that, with winter approaching and the Korean forces growing stronger, Roze made the strategic decision to evacuate. Before doing so, orders were given to bombard the government buildings on Ganghwa Island and to carry off the varied contents of official storehouses there. It was also
743:
Though the French diplomatic and naval authorities in China were eager to launch an expedition, they were stymied by the almost total absence of any detailed information on Korea, including any navigational charts. Prior to the actual expedition, Rear Admiral Roze decided to undertake a smaller
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from their post in Yokohama, Japan. The total number of French troops is estimated at 800. On 16 October, a group of 170 Naval Fusiliers landed on Ganghwa island, seized the fortress which controlled the Han river, and occupied the fortified city of Ganghwa itself. On Ganghwa Island, the Naval
626:
In January 1866, Russian ships appeared on the east coast of Korea demanding trading and residency rights in what seemed an echo of the demands made on China by other western powers. Korean Christians with connections at court saw in this an opportunity to advance their cause and suggested an
756:
The nature that these demands were to take was never fully determined. In Peking, the French consul Bellonet had made outrageous (and as it turned out unofficial) demands that the Korean monarch forfeit his crown and cede sovereignty to France. Such a stance was not in keeping with the more
699:
On the French side, there were several compelling reasons behind the decision to launch a punitive expedition. These had to do with the increasing violence against Christian missionaries and converts within the Chinese interior, which after the Second Opium War in 1860 had been opened up to
700:
westerners. The massacre of westerners and Christians in Korea was seen within the context of anti-Western behavior in China by diplomatic and military authorities in the west. Many believed a firm response to such acts of violence was necessary to maintain national prestige and authority.
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of the General Sherman The United States offered France a combined operation to recover information on the schooner's fate, but the project was abandoned due to the relatively low interest for Korea at that time. An intervention was launched five years later, in 1871, with the
643:. 1865 had seen poor harvests in Korea as well as social unrest, which may have contributed to a heightened sensitivity to the foreign creed. The crackdown may also have been related to attempts to combat factional cliques at court, where Christianity had made some inroads.
599:
in 1864. By Korean tradition, the regency in the case of a minority would go to the ranking dowager queen. In this case, it was the conservative mother of the previous crown prince, who had died before he could ascend the throne. The new king's father,
836:
Fusiliers managed to seize several fortified positions, as well as booty such as flags, cannons, 8,000 muskets, 23 boxes of silver ingots, a few boxes of gold, and various lacquer works, jades, and manuscripts and paintings that comprised the
564:, began to enter Korea and by the late 18th century Korea had its first native Christians. However, it was only in the mid-19th century that the first western Catholic missionaries began to enter Korea. This was done illegally, either via the
929:. In 2010 it was revealed that the French government was planning to return the books on a renewable lease to Korea, despite the fact that French law generally prohibited the cession of museum property. In early 2011, South Korean president
297:
1267:
1374:"France has agreed to return on a permanent lease basis a collection of royal documents considered national treasures by South Korea and seized by the French navy in the 19th century, Seoul said on Saturday."
553:). However, it did not entirely succeed in sealing itself off from foreign contact, and Catholic missionaries had shown interest in Korea as early as the 16th century with their arrival in China and Japan.
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lasted nearly six weeks. The result was an eventual French retreat, and a check on French influence in the region. The encounter also confirmed Korea in its isolationism for another decade, until
283:
925:, royal court protocols of Korea's last ruling monarchy, the Joseon dynasty, dating from between the 14th and 19th centuries, went on to become the core of the Korea collection in the
684:
In late June 1866, one of the three surviving French missionaries, Father Félix-Claire Ridel, managed to escape via a fishing vessel, thanks to 11 Korean converts, and made his way to
1941:
1142:
Annals of Joseon Dynasty, Gojong, Book 3, September 21st, 1866 (고종실록) / Byeong-in Journal (병인일기) and Jungjok-Mountain Fortress Combat Fact(정족산성접전사실) by Yang Heon-su and 6 more
1592:
1318:
Numbers vary according to the source, but they are nearly all unanimous in providing the number of French dead. See, for instance, Ch. Martin, "Expédition de Corée en 1866".
748:. This was done in late September and early October 1866. These preliminaries resulted in some rudimentary navigational charts of the waters around Ganghwa Island and the
723:
instructions to launch a punitive expedition against Korea, to which Roze responded: "Since Choson killed nine French priests, we shall avenge by killing 9,000 Koreans."
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circumspect goals of Rear Admiral Roze, who hoped to force reparations. In any case, the demands of Bellonet were never officially endorsed by the French government of
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1816:
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learned that the two missing missionaries feared captured in Korea had managed to escape to China around this time. This news contributed to the decision to leave.
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River, in the hopes of blockading the waterway to the capital during the important harvest season and thus forcing demands and reparations on the Korean court.
2417:
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At first, the Korean court turned a blind eye to such incursions. This attitude changed abruptly, however, with the enthronement of the eleven-year-old
2063:
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The European residents in China considered the expedition's results minimal and demanded a larger expedition for the following spring unsuccessfully.
688:, China in early July 1866. Fortuitously in Tianjin at the time of Ridel's arrival was the commander of the French Far Eastern Squadron, Rear Admiral
1555:
1876:
2442:
1662:
1652:
1585:
576:, appointed in 1856 as head of the infant Korean Catholic church, estimated in 1859 that the number of Korean faithful had reached nearly 17,000.
1931:
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on 6 May 1984. An untold number of Korean Catholics also met their end (estimations run around 10,000), many being executed at a place called
1440:
1422:
1277:
1120:
1086:
2078:
1560:
1335:
1235:
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673:, Father Pierre Aumaître, Father Martin-Luc Huin – all of whom were members of the Paris Foreign Missions Society, and were canonized by
926:
1749:
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1946:
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finalized an agreement for the return of all the books on a renewable lease. In June 2011, celebrations were held in the port city of
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1211:
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330:
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1936:
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As a result of the Korean dragnet, all but three of the French missionaries were captured and executed: among them included Bishop
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Ganghwa and the mouth of the Han River, French forces now largely fortified themselves in and around the city of Ganghwa.
796:
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584:
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1911:
565:
2457:
2387:
2028:
1759:
2038:
826:
2422:
2008:
604:, a wily and ambitious man in his early forties, was given the traditional title of the unreigning father of a king:
820:
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2312:
2217:
2180:
2128:
2023:
2003:
1998:
1978:
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commanded by Admiral Roze was the lead ship in the French expedition to Korea. Here the vessel is photographed in
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2018:
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surveying expedition along the Korean coast, especially along the waterway leading to the Korean capital of
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against Korea. In this, he was strongly supported by the acting French consul in Peking, Henri de Bellonet.
360:
340:
2412:
2153:
1993:
1601:
1012:
968:
350:
1482:
Kane, Daniel C. "Bellonet and Roze: Overzealous Servants of Empire and the 1866 French Attack on Korea".
439:
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1871:
1769:
596:
561:
1764:
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threatening to occupy Korea, and he also gave the French Naval Commander in the Far East, rear admiral
692:. Hearing of the massacre and the affront to French national honor, Roze became determined to launch a
619:
1399:
2337:
2242:
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2133:
1861:
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1632:
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were able to arrive in Korea in the 1840s to convert an increasingly large number of Koreans. Bishop
481:
141:
17:
2367:
2332:
2118:
2033:
1988:
1841:
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on 13 January 1867. The French government ordered the military to leave due to heavy losses in the
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in China, which had been infused with Christian doctrines, and in 1858, he saw the conquest of
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1273:
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1040:
976:
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658:
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334:
1151:"Expédition de Corée en 1866, <<Le Spectateur militaire>> (Ch. Martin, 1883) P265
1110:
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1689:
1051:
911:
832:
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78:
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The Korean government would finally agree to open the country in 1876, when a fleet of the
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in retaliation for the execution of seven French Catholic missionaries. The encounter over
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74:
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2013:
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La Croix, la baleine et le canon: La France face à la Corée au milieu du XIXe siècle.
930:
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La Croix, la baleine et le canon: La France face à la Corée au milieu du XIXe siècle
2262:
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1565:
758:
716:
542:
538:
1509:
The Five Years' Crisis, 1861-1871: Korean in the Maelstrom of Western Imperialism
2267:
1734:
953:
In the course of these events, in August 1866, the U.S. civilian merchant ship,
845:
761:. Bellonet would later be severely reprimanded for his importunate blusterings.
345:
179:
635:. No doubt also fresh in the Heungseon Daewongun's mind was the example of the
217:
209:
201:
191:
2068:
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678:
1045:
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to commemorate their final return. The collection is now being stored in the
2222:
2207:
1570:
601:
1535:
Wright, Mary C. "The Adaptability of Ch'ing Diplomacy: The Case of Korea."
45:
2272:
896:
1530:
La présence française en Corée de la fin du XVIIIème siècle à nos jours.
1500:(1866) : An Annotated Translation of the Narrative of G. Pradier."
1292:"Expédition de Corée: Extrait du Cahier de Jeanne Frey". In U, Cheolgu,
769:
731:
622:
of the Paris Foreign Missions Society, was also killed in Korea in 1866.
2237:
1381:
1356:
1269:
La présence française en Corée de la fin du XVIIIème siècle à nos jours
938:
708:
646:
579:
541:
from the outside world (with the exceptions being interaction with the
1078:
French Policy in Japan During the Closing Years of the Tokugawa Regime
1032:
430:
415:
412:
409:
406:
792:
711:, Henri de Bellonet, took a number of initiatives without consulting
685:
534:
485:
382:
128:
1556:
L'Expédition en Corée du contre-amiral Roze (French Knowledge (XXG))
851:
If the monastery of Munsusansong fell into French hands, the way to
871:
Stela to the martyrs of the Paris Foreign Missions Society in Korea
735:
Admiral Roze (centre) and a quarter of his sailors, on the frigate
1542:
1050:
Year", where "Byeongin" refers to the year of the event using the
921:
910:
888:
866:
852:
768:
745:
645:
614:
578:
520:
398:
1411:"S. Korea celebrates return of ancient Korean books from France".
887:
After this expedition, Roze, with most of his fleet, returned to
1468:
Choi, Soo Bok. "The French Jesuit Mission in Korea, 1827-1866".
557:
1574:
919:
The books seized by the French at Ganghwa, some 297 volumes of
279:
1231:"It is estimated than 10,000 were killed within a few months"
1463:
The Rule of the Taewŏn'gun 1864-1873: Restoration in Yi Korea
739:. Circa 1865 photograph, during a visit in Nagasaki harbour.
1039:) can be roughly translated as "Western Disturbance of the
785:
On 11 October, Admiral Roze left Yantai with one frigate (
444:
1514:
Orange, Marc. "L'Expédition de l;Amiral Roze en Corée".
1489:
Kane, Daniel C. "Heroic Defense of the Hermit Kingdom".
1496:
Kane, Daniel C. "A Forgotten Firsthand Account of the
915:
One of the Korean texts of the French National Library
1305:
Marc Orange, "Expédition de l'amiral Roze en Corée".
2380:
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2200:
2193:
2091:
2051:
1966:
1959:
1904:
1834:
1809:
1802:
1782:
1727:
1682:
1675:
1645:
1615:
1608:
1377:"France to return South Korea royal books on lease"
1352:"France to return South Korea royal books on lease"
438:
424:
397:
381:
1441:"Shinmiyangyo - Korea 1871 and the Hermit Kingdon"
1423:"Shinmiyangyo - Korea 1871 and the Hermit Kingdon"
727:Preliminaries (10 September – 3 October 1866)
496:forced it to open up to trade in 1876 through the
653:was commander of the French Far Eastern Squadron.
1465:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972.
1081:. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 144.
591:was tortured and then beheaded on 7 March 1866.
503:In contemporary South Korea it is known as the
34:
568:or the Yellow Sea. French missionaries of the
101:French retreat; failure of punitive expedition
1586:
1162:"Joseon Naval's Appointment & Operations"
537:dynasty, Korea maintained a policy of strict
291:
8:
1561:The Korean campaign of Admiral Roze (French)
1008:French military mission to Japan (1867–1868)
893:French military mission to Japan (1867–1868)
891:, where they were able to welcome the first
848:defended Gwangsung camp from French troops.
471:
404:
388:
1112:Routledge Handbook of Modern Korean History
64:(1 month, 1 week and 4 days)
2377:
2287:
2197:
2088:
2048:
1963:
1901:
1831:
1806:
1779:
1724:
1679:
1642:
1612:
1593:
1579:
1571:
560:court in the 18th century, foreign ideas,
298:
284:
276:
31:
765:Expedition (11 October–12 November 1866)
730:
681:in Seoul on the banks of the Han River.
331:United States expedition to Korea (1871)
2468:19th-century military history of France
1067:
1024:
1541:, May 1958, 363–81. Available through
371:
356:Donghak Peasant Revolution (1894–1895)
307:Foreign interventions in Korea (1800s)
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
703:In response to the event, the French
665:, Father Just de Bretenières, Father
556:Through Korean envoy missions to the
7:
2024:Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94)
1389:from the original on 6 January 2022.
1364:from the original on 6 January 2022.
18:French campaign against Korea (1866)
2039:Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900)
2029:Second Madagascar expedition (1895)
361:First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895)
2418:1866 in the French colonial empire
1296:. (Seoul: Beobmunsa, 1999), p. 216
608:, or "Prince of the Great Court".
351:Port Hamilton incident (1885–1887)
25:
1999:French conquest of Senegal (1854)
997:United States expedition to Korea
509:, or "Western disturbance of the
326:French expedition to Korea (1866)
2388:Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988)
2079:Intervention in Mexico (1861–67)
2019:First Franco-Dahomean War (1890)
1912:Burma–France relations (1729–56)
927:Bibliothèque nationale de France
216:
208:
200:
190:
134:
121:
104:Korea reaffirms its isolationism
77:, some small engagements on the
50:French fleet in Ganghwa, Choseon
44:
2253:Tunisian independence (1952–56)
2034:Menalamba rebellion (1895-1903)
1872:French and Indian War (1754–60)
1502:Seoul Journal of Korean Studies
1031:The Korean name for the event (
962:United States Korean expedition
2443:Punitive expeditions of France
2303:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36)
2243:Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31)
2134:Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62)
1887:Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)
1170:Korea National Maritime Museum
840:(Oikyujanggak) on the island.
715:. Bellonet sent a note to the
589:Paris Foreign Missions Society
570:Paris Foreign Missions Society
533:Throughout the history of the
472:
405:
389:
341:Ganghwa Island incident (1875)
1:
2368:First Indochina War (1946–54)
2119:Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47)
1477:Histoire de l'Église de Corée
1294:19 segi yeolgang gwa hanbando
1266:Thiébaud, Jean-Marie (2005).
971:was sent under the orders of
901:French intervention in Mexico
464:Expédition française en Corée
62:11 October – 22 November 1866
39:Expédition française en Corée
27:1866 French military campaign
2181:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)
1765:King William's War (1689–97)
1511:. Seoul: Circle Books, 2001.
1400:Korea Times 29 November 2010
545:and occasional trading with
456:French Intervention to Korea
35:French Intervention to Korea
2248:Malagasy Uprising (1947–48)
2074:Argentina–Uruguay (1845–50)
1947:Egypt and Syria (1798–1801)
1862:King George's War (1744–48)
1033:
445:
431:
2484:
2129:French conquest of Vietnam
1842:Queen Anne's War (1702–13)
1518:. 30 (Autumn 1976): 44–84.
1504:. 21:1 (June 2008): 51–86.
1491:Military History Quarterly
2438:Military history of Korea
2353:Franco-Thai War (1940–41)
2149:Sino-French War (1884–85)
2144:Tonkin Campaign (1883–86)
2064:Río de la Plata (1838–40)
1892:Santo Domingo (1795–1809)
1602:French colonial conflicts
1166:Google Arts & Culture
1115:. Routledge. p. 45.
1109:Seth, Michael J. (2016).
907:Seized Korean royal books
831:), as well as almost 300
374:
313:
249:
228:
147:
114:
54:
43:
2228:Volta-Bani War (1915–16)
2092:Asia & Pacific Ocean
1847:Chickasaw Wars (1721–52)
1538:Journal of Asian Studies
1472:36 (Summer 1968): 17–29.
1272:(in French). Harmattan.
943:National Museum of Korea
566:China–North Korea border
2363:South Vietnam (1945–46)
2233:Kaocen revolt (1916–17)
2161:Second Opium War (1860)
2154:North Vietnam (1886–96)
2139:North Vietnam (1873–74)
1942:East Indies (1793–1801)
1877:North America (1778–83)
1745:North America (1627–29)
1735:Beaver Wars (1609–1701)
1532:Paris: Harmattan, 2005.
1521:Roux, Pierre-Emmanuel.
1320:Le Spectateur militaire
1075:Medzini, Meron (1971).
1002:Ganghwa Island incident
574:Siméon-François Berneux
2428:Christianity in Joseon
2298:Boxer Rebellion (1901)
2263:Cameroon War (1955–64)
2258:Algerian War (1954–62)
2176:Leewards War (1888–97)
1974:Indian Ocean (1809–11)
1852:Dummer's War (1721–25)
1755:Carib Expulsion (1660)
1528:Thiébaud, Jean-Marie.
1470:North Dakota Quarterly
1189:Pierre-Emmanuel Roux,
1013:French people in Korea
969:Imperial Japanese Navy
916:
872:
782:
740:
654:
623:
592:
562:including Christianity
549:through the island of
530:
463:
148:Commanders and leaders
2453:Wars involving Joseon
2448:Wars involving France
2278:Bizerte crisis (1961)
2109:Philippines (1844–45)
2059:West Indies (1804–10)
2014:Ivory Coast (1883–98)
1937:East Indies (1778–83)
1867:Nova Scotia (1749–55)
1857:Natchez revolt (1729)
1817:West Africa (1758–63)
1750:West Indies (1635–59)
1623:South Carolina (1562)
1525:Paris: Le Cerf, 2012.
1493:(Summer 2000): 38–47.
1309:, 30 (Fall 1976), 56.
933:and French president
914:
870:
819:) and two corvettes (
772:
734:
649:
641:Vietnam by the French
618:
582:
524:
250:Casualties and losses
2463:November 1866 events
1770:Santo Domingo (1691)
1447:on 21 February 2007.
1429:on 21 February 2007.
1338:10 June 2007 at the
1238:10 June 2007 at the
661:, as well as Bishop
482:Second French Empire
426:Revised Romanization
142:Second French Empire
2458:October 1866 events
2223:Zaian War (1914–21)
2208:Wadai War (1906–11)
1984:Algeria (1835–1903)
1932:Vietnam (1777–1820)
1882:Caribbean (1778–83)
876:Korean government:
781:harbor around 1865.
773:The French frigate
721:Pierre-Gustave Roze
694:punitive expedition
690:Pierre-Gustave Roze
606:Heungseon Daewongun
527:Heungseon Daewongun
478:punitive expedition
196:Pierre-Gustave Roze
157:Heungseon Daewongun
2423:Invasions of Korea
2273:Ifni War (1957–58)
2268:Suez Crisis (1956)
1461:Choe, Chin Young.
956:SS General Sherman
917:
873:
783:
741:
671:Pierre-Henri Dorie
655:
631:defeat during the
624:
620:Pierre Henri Dorié
593:
531:
480:undertaken by the
346:Gapsin Coup (1884)
2433:Conflicts in 1866
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2376:
2375:
2343:Vietnam (1930–31)
2328:Cilicia (1920–21)
2318:Vietnam (1918–21)
2313:Vietnam (1917–18)
2286:
2285:
2238:Rif War (1920–26)
2218:Morocco (1911–12)
2213:Casablanca (1907)
2189:
2188:
2087:
2086:
2047:
2046:
2009:Madagascar (1883)
1979:Algeria (1830–47)
1955:
1954:
1900:
1899:
1830:
1829:
1798:
1797:
1778:
1777:
1723:
1722:
1695:Senegal (1659–77)
1671:
1670:
1641:
1640:
1628:Florida (1562–65)
1475:Dallet, Charles.
1279:978-2-7475-8640-5
1122:978-1-317-81149-7
1088:978-0-674-32230-1
977:Treaty of Ganghwa
975:, leading to the
895:in the harbor of
807:), two gunboats (
705:chargé d'affaires
675:Pope John Paul II
651:Rear Admiral Roze
637:Taiping Rebellion
498:Treaty of Ganghwa
452:
451:
440:McCune–Reischauer
369:
368:
335:Battle of Ganghwa
274:
273:
263:
258:
257:(3 at Munsu Fort)
110:
109:
16:(Redirected from
2475:
2378:
2358:Indochina (1945)
2288:
2198:
2089:
2069:Mexico (1838–39)
2049:
1964:
1902:
1832:
1807:
1780:
1740:Brazil (1612–15)
1725:
1700:Djidjelli (1664)
1680:
1663:Brazil (1590–04)
1658:Brazil (1555–67)
1643:
1613:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1572:
1566:Martyrs of Korea
1486:23 (1999): 1–23.
1449:
1448:
1443:. Archived from
1437:
1431:
1430:
1425:. Archived from
1419:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1372:
1366:
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1348:
1342:
1329:
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1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1072:
1055:
1052:sexagenary cycle
1049:
1038:
1029:
633:Second Opium War
506:Byeong-in yangyo
475:
474:
448:
434:
432:Byeong-in yangyo
419:
418:
392:
391:
372:
308:
300:
293:
286:
277:
261:
256:
245:2 dispatch boats
220:
212:
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140:
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137:
127:
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124:
79:Korean Peninsula
56:
55:
48:
32:
21:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2392:
2372:
2333:Syria (1925–27)
2323:Syria (1919–21)
2282:
2185:
2166:Japan (1863–64)
2099:Moluccas (1810)
2083:
2043:
1951:
1927:India (1756–63)
1922:India (1749–54)
1917:India (1746–48)
1896:
1826:
1794:
1774:
1760:Texas (1685–89)
1719:
1667:
1637:
1604:
1599:
1552:
1507:Kim, Youngkoo.
1498:P'yǒngin yangyo
1458:
1456:Further reading
1453:
1452:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1409:
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1398:
1394:
1375:
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1369:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1340:Wayback Machine
1330:
1326:
1322:(1883), p. 265.
1317:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1287:
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1240:Wayback Machine
1230:
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1222:Kane (1999), 2.
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1043:
1035:Byeongin-yangyo
1030:
1026:
1021:
990:General Sherman
985:
973:Kuroda Kiyotaka
951:
935:Nicolas Sarkozy
909:
833:Naval Fusiliers
767:
729:
663:Antoine Daveluy
519:
446:Pyŏng'in yangyo
420:
393:
370:
365:
321:incident (1866)
319:General Sherman
309:
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264:
262:(at Munsu Fort)
259:
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184:
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2370:
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2355:
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2348:Vietnam (1940)
2345:
2340:
2338:Vietnam (1930)
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2308:Vietnam (1916)
2305:
2300:
2294:
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2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
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2156:
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2146:
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2136:
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2124:Tourane (1856)
2121:
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2114:Tourane (1847)
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
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2084:
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2071:
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2055:
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2045:
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2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2004:Tunisia (1881)
2001:
1996:
1991:
1989:Morocco (1844)
1986:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
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1949:
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1939:
1934:
1929:
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1864:
1859:
1854:
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1825:
1824:
1822:Morocco (1765)
1819:
1813:
1811:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1790:Siam (1687–90)
1786:
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1773:
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1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
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1731:
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1721:
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1718:
1717:
1715:Algiers (1688)
1712:
1710:Algiers (1683)
1707:
1705:Algiers (1682)
1702:
1697:
1692:
1690:Morocco (1629)
1686:
1684:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1649:
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1600:
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1550:External links
1548:
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1526:
1519:
1516:Revue de Corée
1512:
1505:
1494:
1487:
1484:Korean Studies
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1307:Revue du Corée
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667:Louis Beaulieu
659:Siméon Berneux
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490:Ganghwa Island
476:) was an 1866
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1653:Brazil (1531)
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:South America
1644:
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2194:20th century
2171:Korea (1866)
1960:19th century
1803:18th century
1676:17th century
1609:16th century
1536:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
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1427:the original
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759:Napoleon III
755:
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736:
717:Zongli Yamen
713:Quai d'Orsay
702:
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683:
656:
629:
625:
610:
594:
555:
543:Qing dynasty
539:isolationism
532:
510:
505:
504:
502:
486:Joseon Korea
455:
453:
375:
325:
318:
205:Cap. Olivier
167:Yi Gyeong-ha
161:Yang Heon-su
115:Belligerents
29:
2104:Java (1811)
1994:Salé (1851)
1044: [
846:Eo Jae-yeon
597:King Gojong
525:The regent
470::
376:Korean name
241:2 corvettes
221:Lt. Thouars
213:Com. Bochet
180:Eo Jae-yeon
164:Yi Yong-hui
94:Territorial
2407:Categories
1128:15 January
1062:References
828:Primauguet
810:Le Brethon
679:Jeoldu-san
517:Background
270:35 wounded
260:2 wounded
243:2 gunboats
1054:calendar.
804:Déroulède
798:Kien–Chan
788:Guerrière
775:Guerrière
750:Han River
737:Guerrière
669:, Father
602:Yi Ha-ung
511:byeong-in
265:2 missing
255:5 killed
239:1 frigate
173:Shin Heon
37:병인양요/丙寅洋擾
2052:Americas
1835:Americas
1728:Americas
1387:Archived
1362:Archived
1336:Archived
1236:Archived
1175:8 August
1094:22 April
1041:Byeongin
992:incident
983:See also
897:Yokohama
779:Nagasaki
551:Tsushima
484:against
268:3 killed
229:Strength
170:Yi Gi-jo
69:Location
2381:Pacific
1382:Reuters
1357:Reuters
939:Incheon
822:Laplace
791:), two
709:Beijing
587:of the
585:Berneux
583:Bishop
513:year".
96:changes
2201:Africa
1967:Africa
1810:Africa
1683:Africa
1333:Source
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1212:Source
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1004:(1875)
949:Legacy
816:Tardif
793:avisos
686:Yantai
535:Joseon
468:Korean
460:French
383:Hangul
234:10,000
139:
126:
86:Result
1543:JSTOR
1048:]
1019:Notes
922:Uigwe
889:Japan
853:Seoul
746:Seoul
547:Japan
494:Japan
399:Hanja
2291:Asia
1905:Asia
1783:Asia
1274:ISBN
1177:2023
1130:2020
1117:ISBN
1096:2020
1083:ISBN
825:and
813:and
801:and
558:Qing
473:병인양요
454:The
390:병인양요
59:Date
707:in
237:600
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