320:
381:
357:— before returning to Boulogne and Le Havre. A second journey was to be undertaken in 1768 to the South up to A Coruña. The frequent calls were to allow recalibrating the chronometer often, entailing that the ship had to be specially chartered for the purpose and be small and maneuverable enough to enter all the ports; this precluded use of a regular merchantman, which would in any case have been slow and whose accommodations would have been ill-suited to the purpose. Rather than re-amenaging a merchantman Courtanvaux decided to commission
65:
308:
569:
581:
35:
262:. However, hourglasses had a poor precision because they needed to be turned by hand at exact intervals, because sand tended aggregate due to humidity, and because its flow eroded the thin section of the bulb, accelerating the flow. Mechanical clocks were seen as the logical next step in technology, and in 1722, eight years after the British introduced
450:
collided with a Dutch merchantman, and eventually the wind pushed her to the shore. She then aborted her attempt, and returned to port. She finally left on 8 July, arriving in
Amsterdam on 11 after sustaining such bad weather that her guns would touch the water and that Le Roy measured a 25° list. At
408:
put to sail for her first trials, watched by the numerous officials, the garrison and a large crowd. She was deemed a successful vessel, and in the next days her 24-man crew started training and getting accustomed to the ship, while the scientists started calibrating their instruments in a laboratory
416:
attempted the first leg of her journey, bound for Calais, but a gale forced her to return to Le Havre and wait several days for more clement weather. On 25 May, she departed again, reaching Calais the next morning through bad weather that left the passengers and the crew shaken. The weather taking
421:
remained in Calais for several days. On 6 June, in the early morning, she departed for
Dunkirk, where she arrived in the late afternoon, threatened by yet another storm. On 13, the passengers were able to go ashore in a boat, enabling measurements to be made on the ground.
515:
Le Roy's chronometer was found to have accumulated an error of 4 minutes and 52 seconds in the 52 days of the outbound journey, and 51 on the return leg. The second chronometer had an error of only 15 seconds and a half. It was tested again on a naval frigate,
445:
was trapped by unfavourable winds that had prevented navigation for a week, and in the night of 6 July, she attempted to seize a passing opportunity to depart; however, a man went overboard, to be saved in the nick of time by a fellow sailor, then
253:
of the ship with that of a know point, the difference in time being in relation with displacement on the globe. In practice, this was achieved by keeping the time of the latest point of departure by mean of
551:. The model was made by former sailors of the expedition, and is built as a large 1/12th scale, yielding very minute details. A few pieces, such as boats and artillery pieces, have disappeared over time.
289:, but being unfinished or damaged at the time, their prototypes could not contest. Finding Le Roy's invention promising, the Academy started studying ways to test it in real conditions at sea.
791:
426:
departed
Dunkirk on 20, and arrived in Rotterdam during the night. Again, the watches were sent ashore for precise measurements, and Courtanvaux left to visit the Netherland. Meanwhile,
409:
on the set up on the port. Along with his chronometer, Le Roy brought a second prototype, which he did not initially enter in the competition, as its had not been fully tested yet.
361:
to design a corvette-sized yacht. Ozanne designed her as a pleasure craft, and the scientists involved in the expedition had quarters of an unusually high quality for the time.
536:, where they tested his chronometers A and S, as well as Berthoud's n°8. Le Roy again won the 1773 double prize. The chronometer went on to be part of the collections of the
474:
to return out at sea. She eventually entered
Boulogne harbour the next day. Then, the scientists went ashore for another round of measurements and calibration. On 28 August,
277:
submitted a marine chronometer for consideration for the 1767 prize. At the time, several other clockmakers in France were trying to develop similar instruments, notably
822:
290:
224:
537:
828:
Journal du voyage de M. le
Marquis de Courtanvaux sur la frégate l'Aurore, pour essayer par ordre de l'Académie, plusieurs instrumens relatifs à la Longitude
319:
470:, and in the afternoon of 6 August, she arrived at Boulogne. In the evening, the scientists attempted to disembark on boats, but a sudden gale forced
307:
451:
Amsterdam, she was rejoined by
Courtanvaux, and the scientific staff went ashore again to test their instruments and take precise measurements.
928:
512:, illustrated by Ozanne (with notably a representation of the launch of the frigate and a map of the journey), and published in 1768.
293:, who sat at the Academy, then proposed to shoulder the cost of the tests himself by having a ship built specially for the occasion.
867:
848:
365:
568:
517:
522:, and in 1769 Le Roy was awarded the prize. Further testing of Le Roy's watches took place in 1771 and 1772 with the voyage of
961:
437:
At
Brielle, Le Roy stated that after testing, the second prototype seemed more reliable than the first, and he offered it to
438:
368:
for his passage in the
Netherlands, and obtaining the status of "royal frigate" — with special dispensation to fly the
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548:
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267:
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Courtanvaux obtained official support for his endeavour, notably gaining recommendation letters from the
523:
282:
244:
228:
956:
836:
462:, while Courtanvaux pursued his touristic endeavours ashore. They met again at Texel on 25, where
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48:
17:
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After the journey, Courtanvaux wrote the story of the expedition. The narration was edited by
263:
227:, she was commissioned by the French Navy and used for scientific purposes. She performed the
826:
804:
Decencière, Patrice (June 2011). "Les collections maritimes du Musée des arts et métiers".
466:
was again trapped by bad weather until 3 August. In the night of 4 August, she observed an
580:
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389:
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220:
44:
950:
274:
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started offering a prize every two year for the best chronometer for sea navigation.
841:
Corvette l'Aurore, conçue par
Nicolas Ozanne, réalisée par le constructeur Bonvoisin
286:
921:
Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de
Colbert Ă nos jours
216:
459:
250:
938:
911:
894:
249:
During the 18th century, measure of longitude was performed by comparing the
393:
354:
346:
255:
337:
and cruise off the Northern coast of France, sailing to various harbours —
34:
334:
860:
La Marine de Louis XV: Nomenclature des Navires Français de 1715 à 1774
843:. Collection Archéologie navale française (in French). Éditions Ancre.
350:
342:
467:
338:
259:
889:. Paris: Société d'éditions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales.
431:
379:
186:
880:(1931). "LES HORLOGES MARINES III. – Les voyages d'épreuves.".
400:
On 19 April 1767, Mathieu Chopin was appointed captain of
923:. Vol. 1. Group Retozel-Maury Millau. p. 350.
904:
Bougainville Navigateur et les DĂ©couvertes de son Temps
883:
Histoire générale de la navigation du XVe au XXe siècle
906:(in French). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
258:, and by tracking the moment the sun was seen at its
767:
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702:
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8:
730:
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430:left Rotterdam on 29 June and sailed on the
404:by a royal edict. In the morning of 14 May,
636:
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223:. Built privately on the personal funds of
668:"MONOGRAPHIE DE L'AURORE - Corvette -1766"
538:Conservatoire national des arts et métiers
823:Le Tellier de Courtanvaux, François-César
481:In 1769, the French Royal Navy acquired
225:François-César Le Tellier de Courtanvaux
16:For other ships with the same name, see
792:CHRONOMETRE DE MARINE PAR PIERRE LE ROY
779:
662:
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162:21.6 metres (66'6" French feet) overall
313:Le Roy's chonometre on display at CnAM
24:
902:Martin-Allanic, Jean-Étienne (1964).
61:
7:
372:normally reserved for naval ships.
14:
556:1/12th scale model on display at
579:
567:
325:Mechanism of Le Roy's chonometre
318:
306:
63:
33:
831:(in French). Imprimerie royale.
366:Secretary of State for the Navy
458:departed Amsterdam, bound for
229:first measurement of longitude
170:5.9 metres (18'1" French feet)
1:
862:(in French). Éditions Ancre.
496:was struck in Brest in 1775.
333:The expedition was to depart
178:2.3 metres (8"2' French feet)
417:another turn for the worse,
919:Roche, Jean-Michel (2005).
978:
540:, where it is on display.
478:finally reached Le Havre.
268:French Academy of Sciences
242:
15:
858:Demerliac, Alain (2004).
137:
56:
32:
770:, p. 1385, Note 11.
558:Sainte-Geneviève Library
549:Sainte-Geneviève Library
204:6 Ă— 2 or 3-pounder guns
114:April 1767 or May 1767
543:A large scale model of
138:General characteristics
646:Demerliac, n°566, p.74
397:
384:Map of the journey of
370:all-white royal ensign
962:Ships built in France
768:Martin-Allanic (1964)
574:Portrait of the model
383:
273:In 1766, clockmaker
245:History of longitude
298:Le Roy's chonometre
29:
441:'s consideration.
434:river to Brielle.
398:
279:Ferdinand Berthoud
233:Marine chronometer
215:was a corvette or
154:130 tons (French)
49:Elisabeth Haussard
25:
18:French ship Aurore
930:978-2-9525917-0-6
878:Marguet, Frédéric
837:Delacroix, GĂ©rard
547:is on display at
283:Étienne Tavernier
264:Longitude rewards
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221:Nicolas Ozanne
219:, designed by
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143:Class and type
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47:(drawing) and
45:Nicolas Ozanne
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839:(June 2000).
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275:Pierre Le Roy
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196:30 to 40 men
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175:Depth of hold
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123:Petite Aurore
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87:Petite Aurore
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675:. Retrieved
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612:Roche, p.350
544:
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454:On 22 July,
453:
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363:
332:
287:Jean Romilly
272:
248:
211:
210:
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151:Displacement
122:
86:
81:
40:
39:Portrait of
26:
22:
943:(1671-1870)
439:La Chapelle
412:On 21 May,
392:and in the
390:the Channel
291:Courtanvaux
256:hourglasses
51:(engraving)
957:1767 ships
951:Categories
816:References
808:(262): 37.
677:5 December
460:Den Helder
251:solar time
243:See also:
239:Background
193:Complement
183:Propulsion
939:165892922
912:729759706
895:424071897
592:Citations
394:North Sea
355:Amsterdam
347:Rotterdam
103:Laid down
825:(1768).
806:Neptunia
335:Le Havre
201:Armament
146:corvette
130:Stricken
111:Launched
98:Le Havre
519:Enjouée
510:Messier
351:Brielle
343:Dunkirk
125:, 1768
119:Renamed
95:Builder
57:History
937:
927:
910:
893:
866:
847:
794:, CnAM
545:Aurore
528:Pingré
506:Pingré
500:Legacy
494:Aurore
483:Aurore
476:Aurore
472:Aurore
468:aurora
464:Aurore
456:Aurore
448:Aurore
443:Aurore
428:Aurore
424:Aurore
419:Aurore
414:Aurore
406:Aurore
402:Aurore
386:Aurore
376:Career
339:Calais
266:, the
260:zenith
231:using
212:Aurore
159:Length
82:Aurore
70:France
41:Aurore
27:Aurore
887:(PDF)
672:Ancre
533:Flore
524:Borda
432:Meuse
187:Sails
106:1766
935:OCLC
925:ISBN
908:OCLC
891:OCLC
864:ISBN
845:ISBN
679:2019
526:and
508:and
489:Fate
353:and
285:and
217:snow
167:Beam
133:1775
76:Name
530:on
388:in
43:by
953::
933:.
751:^
739:^
727:^
711:^
699:^
687:^
670:.
651:^
617:^
599:^
485:.
349:,
345:,
341:,
281:,
235:.
941:.
914:.
897:.
872:.
853:.
681:.
396:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
