French fashion - Knowledge (XXG)

723: 960: 1672: 661:), which transformed the fashion industry by marketing designs to a broad public outside the French court and by popularizing notions such as the fashion "season" and changing styles. The prints were usually 14.25 X 9.5 and depicted a man or woman of quality wearing the latest fashions. They were usually shown head to toe, but with no individuality or defined facial features. Sometimes the figure would be depicted from behind in order to showcase a different side of the clothing. Although the individual in the prints was often crudely sketched, the garment itself was impeccably drawn and detailed. Accessories to the garment also received nuanced attention. 697:, in which a 63-year-old Louis appears to stand on a set of unnaturally young legs. In 1680, Louis began to be portrayed directly rather than in a mythological setting. This began the "fashion portraits", which were prints that depicted the King wearing the notable fashions of the season. These prints were also largely unofficial, which meant printers were unaffiliated with the Crown. They largely went unchallenged by authorities, however, as long as they portrayed the King in a positive light. Those who did portray the King satirically or with the use of caricature faced imprisonment. 1643: 785: 4167: 381: 1527: 622: 1184:, it first came to prominence in 1925, its philosophy was to emphasize understated elegance through her clothing. Her popularity thrived in the 1920s, because of innovative designs. Chanel's own look itself was as different and new as her creations. Instead of the usual pale-skinned, long-haired and full-bodied women preferred at the time, Chanel had a boyish figure, short cropped hair, and tanned skin. She had a distinct type of beauty that the world came to embrace. 916: 686:, such as sculpture, paintings, and the decor of major monuments. The depiction of the King in this manner focused on allegorical or mythological attributes, instead of attempting to produce a true likeness. As Louis aged, so too did the manner in which he was depicted. Nonetheless, there was still a disparity between realistic representation and the demands of royal propaganda. There is no better illustration of this than in 1387: 907:

French colors of blue, red, and white (chosen to be the recognizable patriotic colors of the revolution in 1789), came together to form the tricolor cockade. The design of the tricolor cockade often appeared in dresses, fans, and pins of French citizens who were in support of the French Revolution. Patriotic women were often clad in a dark uniform of black skirts, jackets, and hats adorned with a tricolor cockade.

1286:, and Madeleine Vramant. During the Occupation, the only true way for a woman to flaunt her extravagance and add color to a drab outfit was to wear a hat. In this period, hats were often made of scraps of material that would have otherwise been thrown away, sometimes incorporating butter muslin, bits of paper, and wood shavings. Among the most innovative milliners of the time were Pauline Adam, Simone Naudet, 2004: 1244: 1768: 1891: 5021: 337: 42: 709:. However, Louis was so pleased with the work that he kept the original and commissioned a copy to be sent to his grandson. That became the first of many copies, both in full and half-length formats, to be made by Rigaud, often with the help of his assistants. The portrait also became a model for French royal and imperial portraiture down to the time of 1779: 749:(King's Wardrobe), which dated back to the 16th century. Due to Louis XIV's changes to the King's Wardrobe, officers had a right to the clothes once the monarch died, as long as they would not be used by the king's successor. Furthermore, although the Louis XIV's formal clothing would change along with the rest of 883:

overwhelming interest in high fashion which surpassed the boundaries of economic rank. French plebeian’s wardrobes became increasingly valuable. Particularly in Paris, women began purchasing dupes of luxury items customarily worn by the elite. These fashion accessories included watches, buttons, and belt buckles.

1490:, "Where else but in France would people describe themselves to potential partners in terms of their clothes?" Since the 1960s, France's fashion industry has come under increasing competition from London, New York, Milan and Tokyo. Nevertheless, many foreign designers still seek to make their careers in France: 1421:

were forbidden to use even sewing machines). In 1985, Caroline Rennolds Milbank wrote, "The most consistently celebrated and influential designer of the past twenty-five years, Yves Saint Laurent can be credited with both spurring the couture's rise from its sixties ashes and with finally rendering

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The rise in distinguishable fashion styles worn by lower class French citizens was exhibited by the coordination of patriotic clothing worn by the republican Sans-culottes. The Sans-culottes were the working class of French peasants who fought for liberty during the French Revolution (1789-1799). The

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Rigaud's portrait exemplified the height of royal portraiture in Louis's reign. Although Rigaud crafted a credible likeness of Louis, the portrait was neither meant as an exercise in realism nor to explore Louis's personal character. Certainly, Rigaud was concerned with detail and depicted the King's

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Louis XIV, although later hailed as a patron of fashion, did not actually have a large role in its spread and proliferation—which was due to the fashion prints. The fashion prints were ubiquitous, but Louis XIV neither sponsored nor hindered their production and proliferation, and largely stayed out

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hats and carried bludgeons, which they referred to as their "executive power." Hair was often shoulder-length, sometimes pulled up in the back with a comb to imitate the hairstyles of the condemned. Some sported large monocles, and they frequently affected a lisp and sometimes a stooped hunchbacked

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The horse culture and penchant for hunting so passionately pursued by the elites, especially the British, fired Chanel's imagination. Her own enthusiastic indulgence in the sporting life led to clothing designs informed by those activities. From her excursions on water with the yachting world, she

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had banned blonde wigs, but they also wore them in black, blue, and green. Enormous hats, short curls like those on Roman busts, and Greek-style sandals were the most popular. The sandals were tied above the ankle with crossed ribbons or strings of pearls. Exotic and expensive scents fabricated by

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Fashion during the French Revolution greatly reflected the political climate of France. Sans-culottes were known to wear the red cap of liberty, also called the Phrygian cap. This cap was a controversial symbol of rebellion worn exclusively by lower class revolutionaries. Furthermore, the official

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over a century later. In his work, Rigaud proclaims Louis's exalted royal status through his elegant stance and haughty expression, the royal regalia and throne, rich ceremonial fleur-de-lys robes, as well as the upright column in the background, which, together with the draperies, serves to frame

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when the luxury goods industries in France came increasingly under royal control and the French royal court became, arguably, the arbiter of taste and style in Europe. The rise in prominence of French fashion was linked to the creation of the fashion press in the early 1670s (due in large part to

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During this era, the number of employed models was limited to seventy-five and designers often substituted materials in order to comply with wartime shortages. From 1940 onward, no more than thirteen feet (four meters) of cloth was permitted to be used for a coat and a little over three feet (one

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Throughout his lifetime, Louis XIV commissioned numerous works of art to portray himself, among them over 300 formal portraits. The earliest portrayals of Louis already followed the pictorial conventions of the day in depicting the child king as the majestically royal incarnation of France. This

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Louis XIV notably introduced one of the most noticeable feature of the men's costume of the time: immense wigs of curled hair. A commonly held belief is that Louis XIV started to wear wigs due to balding, and to imitate this his courtiers put on false hair. The wearing of wigs lasted for over a

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In 1700, the total monetary value of goods produced in France was documented at a rate of 5%. By the 1780s, gross domestic product rates had increased to 13%. The escalation in production was largely attributable to the growth of the textile industry. The boom in consumerism was fueled by an

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promoted the model of the wife and mother, the robust, athletic young woman, a figure who was much more in line with the new political criteria. Germany, meanwhile, was taking possession of over half of what France produced, including high fashion, and was considering relocating French

939:. They scandalized Paris with their extravagant clothes. The Merveilleuses wore dresses and tunics modeled after the ancient Greeks and Romans, cut of light or even transparent linen and gauze. Sometimes so revealing they were termed "woven air", many gowns displayed 1537:

France is known as a country of luxury, fashion and beauty, with Paris as one of the world's fashion capitals. It also has many cities and towns with an important history and industry of the entry, with various sized events and shows as fashion weeks and fests.

1126:. French fashion, particularly haute couture, became a fixture of France’s post-war prestige-based commercial diplomacy, combining nation branding and export branding. The first modern Parisian couturier house is generally considered the work of the Englishman 1797:

capital since the 17th century, with an important textile industry and a strong fashion culture. It is the second biggest luxury goods consumer of the country, with major streets and districts holding houses of high fashion.

850:" is often attributed to Marie Antoinette, but there is no evidence she ever uttered it, and it is now generally regarded as a "journalistic cliché". It may have been a rumor started by angry French peasants as a form of 891:(lit. "without knee-breeches") rejected the powdered wigs and the knee-breeches assimilated to the nobility, and instead favored informal styles (full-length trousers, and natural hair), which finally triumphed over the 744:

during Louis XIV's reign, many of the clothes he wore did not survive or were taken from the monarchy's possession. Much like the Crown Jewels, a French king did not actually own any of his clothes. They belonged to the

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The city is affectionately called "The Old Lady of the Mediterranean" or "The City of Contrasts". The city has enjoyed its position on the continent being a fluvial port with ships full of fashion products. The avenue

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idealisation persisted in subsequent works, which deliberately omitted the effects of the smallpox Louis contracted in 1647. In the 1660s, representations of Louis evolved to depict him as a Roman emperor, the god

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Outside of the biggest cities, there are many "fashionable" cities and towns in France, there are fashion districts, avenues, streets, shopping malls and many places specialized for all the needs of customer.

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fashion designers and artisans are supported by the city government, for creating and growing the fashion industry in the city. Some of the famous fashion houses here are Diable Noir and Casa Blanca.

1622:, an adjacent avenue that is also known for its prestigious fashion headquarters since the 1980s. The fashion houses have been traditionally situated since the 17th century in the quarter around the 1188:

appropriated the clothing associated with nautical pursuits: the horizontal striped shirt, bell-bottom pants, crewneck sweaters, and espadrille shoes—all traditionally worn by sailors and fishermen.

761:, the French entourage dressed in bright colors and fashions to contrast with the more soberly dressed Spanish. This was in order to seem younger and more virile than the Spanish courtiers. 1063:, ladies, and courtesans. Since divorce was now legal, sexuality was looser than in the past. However, de Barras' reputation for immorality may have been a factor in his later overthrow, a 410:. During the 17th century, fashion exploded into a rich industry, for exportation and local consumption. In the 19th century, fashion made a transition into specialisation for modern term 3763: 973:

The Incroyables wore eccentric outfits: large earrings, green jackets, wide trousers, huge neckties, thick glasses, and hats topped by "dog ears", their hair falling on their ears. Their

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In Norberg's article, she references the idea that Louis XIV's portrayal in fashion portraits mirrors the use of notable fashion models of today in order to sell clothing and trends.

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are well known as places of pleasure, annually hosting many media celebrities and personalities, potentates, and billionaires. The clothing of France is famous throughout the world.

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and were too tight to allow pockets. To carry even a handkerchief, the ladies had to use small bags known as reticules. They were fond of wigs, often choosing blonde because the

1996:. It is the last and usually the most anticipated city of the fashion month. Dates are determined by the French Fashion Federation. Currently, the Fashion Week is held in the 1359:" in 1947: the collection contained dresses with tiny waists, majestic busts, and full skirts swelling out beneath small bodices, in a manner very similar to the style of the 1301:" in 1947: the collection contained dresses with tiny waists, majestic busts, and full skirts swelling out beneath small bodices, in a manner very similar to the style of the 994: 1130:, who dominated the industry from 1858–1895. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the industry expanded through such Parisian fashion houses as the house of 875:"). Apart from the fact that Rousseau ascribes these words to an unknown princess, vaguely referred to as a "great princess", some think that he invented it altogether as 753:, his ceremonial clothing did not, and remained with tradition. The king also used fashion to create a certain effect or theme. During the marriage of his great-grandson 1052: 1549:

is regarded as one the world's fashion capitals, with several premium fashion boutiques spread throughout the city. Most of the major French fashion brands, such as

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is the avenue of luxury and beauty of France and is the location of many headquarters of upscale fashion, jewelry and beauty houses. It is often compared with the

1365:. The extravagant use of fabric and the feminine elegance of the designs appealed greatly to a post-war clientele. Other important houses of the period included 1307:. The extravagant use of fabric and the feminine elegance of the designs appealed greatly to a post-war clientele. Other important houses of the period included 1870:, and known for receiving government support for the newcomer fashion designers. The city is the home of the headquarters of international fashion houses such as 3869: 3435: 866:

Enfin je me rappelai le pis-aller d'une grande princesse à qui l'on disait que les paysans n'avaient pas de pain, et qui répondit: Qu'ils mangent de la brioche

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The extravagant styles of the French Royal court racked up enormous debts to keep up its pace, at the peasants' expense. Such fashion sprees notably ruined

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meter) for a blouse. No belt could be over one and a half inches (four centimeters) wide. As a result of the frugal wartime standards, the practical

1634:, a traditional Jewish quarter, have also included the clothing industry. The city's numerous fashion districts consolidate it as a fashion capital. 701:

costume with great precision, down to his shoe buckle. However, Rigaud's intention was to glorify the monarchy. Rigaud's original, now housed in the

1759:(downtown and old port) are other of the city shopping districts, in these areas are a lot of fashion houses for both nationals and internationals. 959: 3034: 824: 3583: 3568: 289: 868:" ("Finally I recalled the stopgap solution of a great princess who was told that the peasants had no bread, and who responded: 'Let them eat 3336: 2894: 2854: 2832: 2806: 2780: 2760: 2717: 2372: 4341: 3967: 3690: 3453: 3109: 3099: 2079: 1936:. For that reason, the fashion houses have taken advantage of establishing boutiques in ostentatious districts of the French riviera, 1270:

In spite of the fact that so many fashion houses closed down or moved away during the war, several new houses remained open, including

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in the 1970s and '80s. The 1990s saw a conglomeration of many French couture houses under luxury giants and multinationals such as

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have their own luxury districts and avenues. In recent times, these have become important customers and significant producers.

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was born in the 1960s, reacting against the traditional notions of fashion and garment-making process, satisfying the needs of

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Dubé-Senécal, V. (2022). Fashion’s diplomatic role: An instrument of french prestige-based commercial diplomacy, 1960s–1970s.

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The Essence of Style: How The French Invented High Fashion, Fine Food, Chic Cafés, Style, Sophistication, and Glamour

956:, known as "Our Lady of Thermidor", wore expensive rings on the toes of her bare feet and gold circlets on her legs. 1642: 4872: 4837: 4188: 3817: 3738: 3505: 3415: 3394: 3094: 3084: 3074: 2993: 1709: 1255: 353: 303: 139: 90: 1441:. In post-1968 France, youth culture would continue to gravitate away from the "sociopolitically suspect" luxury 4532: 4193: 4175: 4102: 3997: 3753: 3668: 3641: 3558: 3485: 3353: 3198: 2646: 321: 174: 58: 4166: 1565:, are headquartered there presently. Numerous international fashion labels also operate shops in Paris, such as 1417:("ready to wear") line and expanding French fashion into mass manufacturing and marketing (member houses of the 4904: 4573: 4131: 3578: 3548: 3153: 2933: 2012: 1946:(only Paris has more in France) with some buildings dating back to Roman times. Bordeaux has been inscribed on 728: 2027: 784: 2090: 2074: 2068: 5046: 4932: 4879: 4249: 4208: 4203: 3834: 3663: 3609: 3563: 3252: 2562: 2048: 1806: 1393:

was one of the most prestigious and powerful designers in the modern fashion world, former creative head of

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Where else but in France would people describe themselves to potential partners in terms of their clothes?

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century; they went through many changes, but they were never quite so exaggerated as during this period.

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suit for women and was known for his use of non-European cultural references, and non-white models.

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Lanser, Susan S. (2003). "Eating Cake: The (Ab)uses of Marie-Antoinette". In Goodman, Dena (ed.).

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in French). With a greater focus on marketing and manufacturing, new trends were established by

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is the upscale district of the city, containing luxurious malls, streets and avenue. The famous

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La Fédération française de la couture, du prêt-à-porter des couturiers et des créateurs de mode

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Schmitter, Amy M. (2002). "Representation and the Body of Power in French Academic Painting".

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are known for being the avenues of luxury in the city, holding high fashion boutiques such as

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The political economy of virtue: Luxury, patriotism, and the origins of the French Revolution

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In the 1960s, "high fashion" came under criticism from France's youth culture (including the

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government in addition to being frivolous, superficial; and have attributed the start of the

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of it unless the prints of himself specifically were treasonous, satirical, or caricatures.

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is a city of contrasts, which represents the antique and contemporary cities of France.

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and is the world's top prime wine tourism place, focus its luxury district around the

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fashion houses in France include Nicholas Fafiotte, Nathalie Chaize and Garbis Devar.

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among the lower classes, already applied to a wide group of anti-Jacobins. They wore

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Long after her death, Marie Antoinette remains a major historical figure linked with

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Sixty Million Frenchmen Can't Be Wrong: Why We Love France But Not The French

2718:"Compras y moda, Actividades y ocio - Oficina de Turismo y Congresos de Lyon" 2317: 2264: 4775: 4480: 4463: 4458: 4346: 3272: 2521: 1745: 1737: 1697: 1693: 1653: 1646: 1630: 1427: 1113: 1097:, French designer revolutionised fashion world, in the post-World War I era. 816: 625: 554: 518: 41: 1705: 491: 2967: 2309: 2255: 2238: 1593:

flagship store which has become a main consumer attraction. Paris hosts a

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Norberg, Kathryn & Rosenbaum, Sandra (editors), and various authors.

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With the decentralization of the fashion industry, many cities including

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is a symbol of France and fashion, known for its cultural environment.

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with antique and medieval beauty (around the "rue de la Monnaie"),

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The Age of Napoleon: Costume from Revolution to Empire, 1789-1815

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is classified "City of Art and History". The city is home to 362

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were worn as both for style and as indicators of social station.

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acts as the center of the fashion industry and holds the name of

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and country's social life, as well as being an important part of

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the Queen of France, in extravagant 18th century French fashion

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and named their garments for Roman deities: gowns were styled

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and her string of prominent lovers. Parisian society compared

2239:"Les rides d'Apollon: l'évolution des portraits de Louis XIV" 1597:

twice a year, similar to other international centers such as

1502:(Belgian) at Dior, Paulo Melim Andersson (Swedish) at Chloe, 1203:

Many fashion houses closed during the occupation of Paris in

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In addition to Madame Tallien, famous Merveilleuses included

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is a city in constant modernisation, symbol of the country.

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reputable." He is also credited with having introduced the

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The Paris Fashion Week takes place twice a year after the

977:-based fragrances earned them too the derogatory nickname 931:

and their Sans-culottes supporters, the supporters of the

1978:'s downtown in north France holds several luxury houses. 1411:

broke with established high fashion norms by launching a

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Norberg & Rosenbaum, and various authors. (Norberg,

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Sleeping with the enemy : Coco Chanel's secret war

2355:"Dress During Louis XIV, Louis XV, Louis XVI 1643-1789" 1240:

were excluded from the fashion industry at this time.

705:, was originally meant as a gift to Louis's grandson, 652:) is widely credited as beginning during the reign of 446:. The city is home to many prime designers, including 2712: 2710: 4966: 4918: 4815: 4706: 4629: 4564: 4555: 4518: 4439: 4365: 4240: 4217: 4174: 4109: 3915: 3816: 3703: 3596: 3525: 3446: 3327: 3296: 3219: 3172: 3139: 3118: 3062: 3053: 1122:was founded in 1892 in US, and 1920 in France) and 2937: 2794: 2573: 2571: 1101:France renewed its dominance of the high fashion ( 648:The association of France with fashion and style ( 402:Fashion design and production became prominent in 2825:Marie-Antoinette: Writings on the Body of a Queen 2775:(1st ed.). New York: N.A. Talese/Doubleday. 1952:"an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble" 1445:, preferring instead a more "hippy" look (termed 911:19th century, full Neoclassicism and Empire style 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 1351:Post-war fashion returned to prominence through 1293:Post-war fashion returned to prominence through 903:, and powder of the earlier eighteenth century. 815:and a certain style of life based on luxury and 2679:"Marsella, aquella vieja dama del Mediterráneo" 1476:Fashion is so important to the French that, as 1332: 1236:were seized, mostly for their client lists as 4077: 3028: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 1728:and many others. Local fashion and art brand 1142:(founded 1895 and operated by four sisters), 1053:Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras 361: 8: 4199:Timeline of clothing and textiles technology 3404: 3383: 3243: 2946:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2203:Norberg & Rosenbaum p. XV; Introduction. 1866:is a fashion district heavily marked by the 1267:suit became popular among young French men. 2565:, "Fashion", in Dauncey (2003), pp. 193–95. 2134:"18th-century Paris: The capital of luxury" 1820:, the Avenue des Cordeliers Jacobines, the 4561: 4436: 4084: 4070: 4062: 3822: 3709: 3602: 3531: 3059: 3035: 3021: 3013: 2847:Marie Antoinette: The Last Queen of France 2817:French Culture and Society: The Essentials 368: 354: 18: 16:Overview of fashion in the French Republic 2254: 2243:Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine 1744:("The Fashion Street"), where the newest 1482:in 1995 quoted in an article on users of 1134:(founded in 1871), Rouff (founded 1884), 2002: 1974:offering French-German architecture and 1889: 1824:among others, with elegant boutiques of 1641: 1525: 1433:Further innovations were carried out by 1215:. In contrast to the stylish, liberated 1089: 995:Jeanne Françoise Julie Adélaïde Récamier 825:frequently referenced in popular culture 2746:French Popular Culture: An Introduction 2547: 2417: 2101: 1373:(opened in 1952). The fashion magazine 1315:(opened in 1952). The fashion magazine 923:neo-classical styles reached its peak. 270: 227: 180: 173: 166: 155: 98: 30: 2879:Fashion Prints in the Age of Louis XIV 2863:Nadeau, Jean-Benoît and Julie Barlow, 2405: 2397: 71:French Wars of Religion 2981:La Fédération française de la couture 2647:Yves Saint Laurent's body put to rest 2401: 2237:Perez, Stanis (July–September 2003). 7: 4342:Social media in the fashion industry 2922:, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1989. 1962:with pink and stylish architecture, 1897:, an ultra-upscale shopping hall in 1878:and the jeweler Augis. Other famous 1518:(English) at Givenchy (until 2001). 416:, originated in the 1860s, bringing 2881:(Texas Tech University Press, 2014) 2153:Why is Paris the Capital of Fashion 2080:Spring 2004 Dior couture collection 1079:Final 19th and early 20th century, 858:'s putative autobiographical work, 3001:News about French fashion industry 2176:Kelly, 181. DeJean, chapters 2–4. 819:appealing today to the social and 682:, as can be seen in many works of 14: 2480:Austentation: Regency Accessories 2462:Paris fashion: A cultural history 2447:Paris fashion: A cultural history 2375:. Chevroncars.com. Archived from 1660:of the country and of the second 1510:(American) at Louis Vuitton, and 1506:(Italian) at Yves Saint Laurent, 726:Male and female fashion from the 5019: 4184:History of clothing and textiles 4165: 335: 40: 4117:Environmental impact of fashion 2298:Journal of the History of Ideas 1234:Chambre Syndicale de la Couture 1071:to power and paved the way for 391:is an important subject in the 91:France in the 20th century 87:French Third Republic 3374:Government of National Defense 2801:. New York: Harper & Row. 2755:, New York: Free Press, 2005, 2520:Vincent, Dubé-Senécal (2022). 2155:- LoveToKnow - Women's Fashion 1379:was founded in 1945. In 1952, 1321:was founded in 1945. In 1952, 1005:. Hortense, a daughter of the 991:Anne Françoise Elizabeth Lange 1: 3283:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 3278:War of the Spanish Succession 2889:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 2578:Brubach, Holly (1995-03-12). 2464:. Bloomsbury. pp. 47–48. 937:Incroyables and Merveilleuses 2373:"Marie Antoinette Biography" 1970:with its passage Pommeraye, 1732:belongs to the French label 1625:Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré 1228:to the cities of Berlin and 2867:, Sourcebooks Trade, 2003, 2584:The New York Times Magazine 2225:Louis XIV: King of Fashion? 2185:DeJean, pp. 35–6, 46–7, 95. 1383:herself returned to Paris. 1325:herself returned to Paris. 1116:houses, the fashion press ( 420:to fashion argot. The term 5063: 4189:History of Western fashion 3764:French subdivisions by GDP 3511:2022 presidential election 3496:2017 presidential election 2994:Victoria and Albert Museum 2507:The Days of the Directoire 1985: 1948:UNESCO World Heritage List 1328: 1256:Indianapolis Museum of Art 669:Fashion in royal portraits 140:Languages of New Caledonia 5014: 4194:History of fashion design 4163: 4103:Index of fashion articles 4100: 4025: 3825: 3712: 3605: 3534: 3268:Second Hundred Years' War 3110:Liberalism and radicalism 2580:"STYEL; Fashion Foreplay" 2510:, J. Lane, (1910), p. 190 2504:Alfred Richard Allinson, 2013:Africa Fashion Week Paris 1811:Avenue des Champs-Elysées 1606:Avenue des Champs-Élysées 1170:(founded by the Spaniard 1041:, and tunics were styled 1013:and became the mother of 690:'s frequently-reproduced 628:, the "Sun king" was the 59:France in the Middle Ages 4574:British country clothing 4132:Fashion design copyright 3539:Administrative divisions 2905:International Relations. 2460:Steele, Valerie (2017). 2445:Steele, Valerie (2017). 2028:Cannes-Nice Fashion Week 1180:founded by Mademoiselle 1051:The leading Incroyable, 879:was largely inaccurate. 803:positions; and a major 769:and early New classicism 729:New Larousse Illustrated 75:Louis XIV of France 4933:Anti-sweatshop movement 3759:Franc (former currency) 3364:Coup of 2 December 1851 3337:Long nineteenth century 2983:- member fashion houses 2936:; Koda, Harold (1996). 2526:International Relations 2400:, pp. xviii, 160; 2091:Montecarlo Fashion Week 2075:St. Tropez Fashion Week 2069:Strasbourg Fashion Week 1628:. Other areas, such as 1591:Abercrombie & Fitch 1254:, House of Dior, 1954. 1138:(founded in 1891), the 1128:Charles Frederick Worth 1003:Hortense de Beauharnais 1001:: Fortunée Hamelin and 997:, and two very popular 759:Princess Marie Adélaïde 755:Louis, Duke of Burgundy 714:this image of majesty. 4984:Chinoiserie in fashion 3779:Science and technology 3436:Provisional Government 3405: 3384: 3244: 3009:French Fashion History 2701:www.en.lyon-france.com 2430:Shovlin, John (2007). 2049:Marseille Fashion Week 2008: 2007:The Paris Fashion Week 1906: 1886:Other cities and towns 1787: 1775: 1680: 1650: 1534: 1484:online dating services 1398: 1349: 1344:online dating services 1259: 1106: 1098: 970: 927:After the fall of the 924: 792: 733: 640: 443:global fashion capital 385: 4320:Fashion merchandising 2885:Vaughan, Hal (2011). 2310:10.1353/jhi.2002.0027 2256:10.3917/rhmc.503.0062 2064:Toulouse Fashion Week 2018:Bordeaux Fashion Week 2006: 1956:Cours de l'intendance 1943:monuments historiques 1893: 1781: 1770: 1674: 1645: 1529: 1498:(British) and later, 1389: 1246: 1166:(founded in 1927) or 1093: 962: 933:Thermidorian Reaction 918: 807:associated with high 787: 725: 693:Portrait of Louis XIV 624: 585:, etc. The cities of 383: 4895:South Korean fashion 4357:Trickle-down fashion 4295:Fashion illustration 4280:Fashion entrepreneur 4157:Semiotics of fashion 3584:World Heritage Sites 3501:Coronavirus pandemic 3007:French Fashion Guide 2916:Bourhis, Katell le: 2849:. London: Portrait. 2827:. Psychology Press. 2744:Dauncey, Hugh, ed., 2623:"Yves Saint-Laurent" 2379:on 26 September 2011 2165:French fashion facts 2093:(Fashion Fair Week) 1930:Cannes Film Festival 1807:Rue de la République 1786:neighborhood in Lyon 1664:, and fourth of all 1494:(German) at Chanel, 1172:Cristóbal Balenciaga 948:perfume houses like 740:Despite the rise of 659:Jean Donneau de Visé 597:among others in the 290:World Heritage Sites 4943:Sustainable fashion 4910:Vietnamese clothing 4441:Western dress codes 4315:Fashion photography 4290:Fashion forecasting 3722:Automotive industry 3506:2021 labor protests 3263:Peace of Westphalia 3131:History of Normandy 3126:History of Brittany 2059:Rennes Fashion Week 2054:Nantes Fashion Week 1998:Carrousel du Louvre 1838:Dolce & Gabbana 1818:Rue Édouard-Herriot 1282:, Jeanne Lafaurie, 1162:(founded in 1919), 1154:(founded in 1912), 1146:(founded in 1903), 680:Alexander the Great 549:(near Rennes), and 464:Christian Louboutin 63:Early Modern France 5026:Fashion portal 4974:Ballet and fashion 4958:Zero-waste fashion 4674:Sportswear fashion 4352:Trickle-up fashion 4337:Red carpet fashion 4305:Fashion journalism 4300:Fashion influencer 3789:Telecommunications 3491:2015 Paris attacks 3354:Revolution of 1848 3182:Visigothic Kingdom 2973:2007-12-04 at the 2657:Fashion Television 2652:2014-10-29 at the 2550:, pp. 47, 79. 2486:on 11 October 2017 2408:, pp. 273–290 2359:www.oldandsold.com 2045:(FashionCity Show) 2038:Lille Fashion Week 2033:Bal des débutantes 2009: 1994:Milan Fashion Week 1988:Paris Fashion Week 1907: 1788: 1782:A view of upscale 1776: 1681: 1651: 1535: 1479:The New York Times 1463:Jean-Paul Gaultier 1409:Yves Saint Laurent 1399: 1371:Hubert de Givenchy 1340:The New York Times 1329:From '60s to today 1313:Hubert de Givenchy 1290:, and Le Monnier. 1260: 1099: 1073:Napoleon Bonaparte 1025:and Mme Raguet to 971: 935:were known as the 925: 921:Napoleon Bonaparte 793: 765:18th century, the 734: 641: 610:17th century, the 488:Jean Paul Gaultier 472:Yves Saint Laurent 386: 67:Ancien Régime 5034: 5033: 5001:Music and fashion 4811: 4810: 4761:Thrift store chic 4589:Cruise collection 4551: 4550: 4476:Black lounge suit 4260:Designer clothing 4255:Clothing industry 4122:Fashion accessory 4059: 4058: 4021: 4020: 3812: 3811: 3699: 3698: 3691:Political parties 3627:Foreign relations 3592: 3591: 3521: 3520: 3304:French Revolution 3258:Thirty Years' War 3239:Absolute monarchy 3204:Kingdom of France 3100:Foreign relations 3080:Political history 2896:978-0-307-59263-7 2856:978-0-7499-5084-2 2834:978-0-415-93395-7 2808:978-0-06-091657-2 2782:978-0-385-48948-5 2761:978-0-7432-6413-6 2683:www.gusplanet.net 2586:. p. 6006081 2528:– via Sage. 2449:. pp. 45–46. 2434:. pp. 15–16. 2404:, pp. 63–5; 2071:(EM Fashion Week) 2043:Lyon Fashion Week 1905:'s world heritage 1895:Passage Pommeraye 1809:is compared with 1742:La Rue de la Mode 1516:Alexander McQueen 1467:Christian Lacroix 1443:clothing industry 1419:Chambre Syndicale 1194:Trente Glorieuses 1164:Elsa Schiaparelli 1152:Madeleine Vionnet 1067:that brought the 1023:Germaine de Staël 1007:Empress Josephine 848:Let them eat cake 841:French Revolution 779:French Revolution 747:Garde-robe du roi 707:Philip V of Spain 633:monarch of France 555:cosmetic industry 389:Fashion in France 378: 377: 342:France portal 79:French Revolution 33:Culture of France 5054: 5024: 5023: 5022: 4979:Capsule wardrobe 4938:Circular fashion 4920:Fashion activism 4885:Nigerian fashion 4880:Japanese fashion 4838:Filipino fashion 4828:Canadian fashion 4823:American fashion 4562: 4437: 4169: 4086: 4079: 4072: 4063: 3823: 3739:Economic history 3710: 3603: 3532: 3410: 3389: 3288:Seven Years' War 3253:Wars of Religion 3249: 3234:House of Bourbon 3229:Early modern era 3209:Fundamental laws 3085:Military history 3060: 3037: 3030: 3023: 3014: 2997: 2957: 2945: 2900: 2860: 2838: 2815:Kelly, Michael, 2812: 2800: 2786: 2772:Marie Antoinette 2733: 2732: 2730: 2729: 2720:. 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4361: 4275:Fashion capital 4265:Digital fashion 4236: 4213: 4170: 4161: 4152:Fashion tourism 4105: 4096: 4090: 4060: 4055: 4054: 4035: 4017: 3998:Public holidays 3911: 3870:Life expectancy 3808: 3695: 3588: 3517: 3486:Great Recession 3459:Fourth Republic 3454:1900 to present 3442: 3359:Second Republic 3323: 3292: 3215: 3168: 3135: 3114: 3049: 3041: 2996:. 29 July 2015. 2988: 2975:Wayback Machine 2964: 2954: 2934:Martin, Richard 2932: 2913: 2911:Further reading 2897: 2884: 2857: 2841: 2835: 2822: 2809: 2789: 2783: 2767:Fraser, Antonia 2765: 2741: 2736: 2727: 2725: 2716: 2715: 2708: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2654:Wayback Machine 2645: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2589: 2587: 2577: 2576: 2569: 2561: 2554: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2503: 2499: 2489: 2487: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2396: 2392: 2382: 2380: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2353: 2352: 2341: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2284: 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