597:", using the Old French version of the word (for more information on the "trouvères", their poetic forms, extant works and their social status, see the article of that name). The occitan troubadours were amazingly creative in the development of verse forms and poetic genres, but their greatest impact on medieval literature was perhaps in their elaboration of complex code of love and service called "fin amors" or, more generally,
3297:
2874:
991:(a marriage, birth, military victory) or to solemnize a tragic occurrence (a death, military defeat), and this kind of poetry was frequent with gentlemen in the service of a noble or the king. Poetry was the chief form of 17th century theater: the vast majority of scripted plays were written in verse (see "Theater" below). Poetry was used in satires (
1045:, satirical verse, and poetic descriptions were all common (the most famous example is "La Guirlande de Julie" (1641) at the HĂ´tel de Rambouillet, a collection of floral poems written by the salon members for the birthday of the host's daughter). The linguistic aspects of the phenomenon associated with the "
824:) was a worthy language for literary expression and which promulgated a program of linguistic and literary production (including the imitation of Latin and Greek genres) and purification. For some of the members of the Pléiade, the act of the poetry itself was seen as a form of divine inspiration (see
1081:
became the theorizer of poetic classicism: his "Art poétique" (1674) praised reason and logic (Boileau elevated
Malherbe as the first of the rational poets), believability, moral usefulness and moral correctness; it elevated tragedy and the poetic epic as the great genres and recommended imitation of
1061:
in Italy) -- the use of highly metaphorical (sometimes obscure) language, the purification of socially unacceptable vocabulary—was tied to this poetic salon spirit and would have an enormous impact on French poetic and courtly language. Although "préciosité" was often mocked (especially in the later
608:
By the late 13th century, the poetic tradition in France had begun to develop in ways that differed significantly from the troubadour poets, both in content and in the use of certain fixed forms. The new poetic (as well as musical: some of the earliest medieval music has lyrics composed in Old French
1088:
From a technical point of view, the poetic production from the late 17th century on increasingly relied on stanza forms incorporating rhymed couplets, and by the 18th century fixed-form poems – and, in particular, the sonnet – were largely avoided. The resulting versification – less constrained by
676:
was a student and vagabond whose two poetic "testaments" or "wills" are celebrated for their portrayal of the urban and university environment of Paris and their scabrous wit, satire and verbal puns. The image of Villon as vagabond poet seems to have gained almost mythic status in the 16th century,
1339:
From a technical point of view, the
Romantics were responsible for a return to (and sometimes a modification of) many of the fixed-form poems used during the 15th and 16th centuries, as well as for the creation of new forms. The sonnet however was little used until the Parnassians brought it back
323:
The verses are alexandrines (12 syllables). The mute e in "d'une" is pronounced and is counted in the syllables (whereas the mute e's at the end of "rêve", "étrange", "femme" and "j'aime"—which are followed by vowels—are elided and hypermetrical); the mute e at the end of "qui m'aime" is
1062:
1660s when the phenomenon had spread to the provinces) for its linguistic and romantic excesses (often linked to a misogynistic disdain for intellectual women), the French language and social manners of the 17th century were permanently changed by it.
983:
Because of the new conception of "l'honnĂŞte homme" or "the honest or upright man", poetry became one of the principal modes of literary production of noble gentlemen and of non-noble professional writers in their patronage in the 17th century.
1182:
and the pursuit of the beautiful) strove for exact and faultless workmanship, and selected exotic and classical subjects which they treated with a rigidity of form and an emotional detachment (elements of which echo the philosophical work of
1123:(see below). Victor Hugo was the outstanding genius of the Romantic School and its recognized leader. He was prolific alike in poetry, drama, and fiction. Other writers associated with the movement were the austere and pessimistic
816:, although use of this term is debated). The character of their literary program was given in Du Bellay's manifesto, the "Defense and Illustration of the French Language" (1549) which maintained that French (like the Tuscan of
2906:
1462:) and promoted an anti-bourgeois philosophy (particularly with regards to sex and politics) which would later lead most of them to join the communist party. Other writers associated with surrealism include:
1119:. The effect of the romantic movement would continue to be felt in the latter half of the century in wildly diverse literary developments, such as "realism", "symbolism", and the so-called fin de siècle
294:
In traditional poetry, the césure cannot occur between two words that are syntactically linked (such as a subject and its verb), nor can it occur after an unelided mute e. (For more on poetic meter, see
2293:(1829–1882) Born into a publishing family (the museum for the publishing house still exists), he is the author of three collections of poetry written in the troubadour tradition, as well as three plays.
353:
rhymes based on words that rhymed, but that—in their spellings—had dissimilar endings (such as a plural in s or x and a singular word) were prohibited (this was the "rhyme for the eye" rule);
264:
are made between words. Furthermore, unlike modern spoken French (at least in the north of France), a silent or mute 'e' counts as a syllable before a consonant and is pronounced, but is
1505:
The effects of surrealism would later also be felt among authors who were not strictly speaking part of the movement, such as the poet Alexis Saint-LĂ©ger LĂ©ger (who wrote under the name
2899:
1344:. The traditional French sonnet form was however significantly modified by Baudelaire, who used 32 different forms of sonnet with non-traditional rhyme patterns to great effect in his
1450:) and altered states (through alcohol and narcotics), the surrealists tried to reveal the workings of the unconscious mind. The group championed previous writers they saw as radical (
1367:
radicalized the
Baudelairian poetic exploration of modern life in evoking planes, the Eiffel Tower and urban wastelands, and he brought poetry into contact with cubism through his "
1194:
The naturalist tendency to see life without illusions and to dwell on its more depressing and sordid aspects appears in an intensified degree in the immensely influential poetry of
697:
Poetry in the first years of the 16th century is characterised by the elaborate sonorous and graphic experimentation and skillful word games of a number of
Northern poets (such as
2892:
528:
initially written in verse were converted into prose versions). In the medieval period, the choice of verse form was generally dictated by the genre: the Old French epics ("
272:" counts as a consonant). When it falls at the end of a line, the mute "e" is hypermetrical (outside the count of syllables). (For more on pronunciation of French, see
2520:(1913) which established his reputation. These poems, influenced in part by the symbolists, juxtapose the old and the new, using traditional forms and modern imagery.
2852:
1986. Augmented edition . Charlottesville: Rookwood Press, 2006. Each poet's texts selected, established, introduced, and annotated by team of major scholars.
167:
1604:
and a reevaluation of
Mallarmé's notion of fiction and theatricality; these poets were also influenced by certain English-language modern poets (such as
1521:
was close to
Apollinaire, Pierre Reverdy, Max Jacob and the artists Chagall and LĂ©ger, and his work has similarities with both surrealism and cubism.
1502:. The surrealist movement would continue to be a major force in experimental writing and the international art world until the Second World War.
2231:
1359:
1098:
978:
974:
760:'s "Ars poetica" and in 1547 he published a collection of poems "Œuvres poétiques", which included translations from the first two cantos of
2054:
1524:
Poetry in the post-war period followed a number of interlinked paths, most notably deriving from surrealism (such as with the early work of
1233:
who had fought against poetic conventions and suffered social rebuke or had been ignored by the critics. But with the publication of
2826:
363:" (in which the syntax of a sentence does not finish at the end of a line, but continues on into the next verse) was to be avoided.
2060:
241:; in the Renaissance, there was a brief attempt to develop a French poetics based on long and short syllables ). The most common
1977:
633:
to distinguish the new musical practice from the music of the immediately preceding age). The best-known poet and composer of
160:
38:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
1073:
inspired "Fables" (1668–1693) which were written in an irregular verse form (different meter lengths are used in a poem).
2706:
692:
62:
1038:
constructed from Greek words, etc.). The later 17th century would see
Malherbe as the grandfather of poetic classicism.
2126:
2114:
1188:
1078:
992:
1863:
1010:
Although French poetry during the reign of Henri IV and Louis XIII was still largely inspired by the poets of the late
657:
547:
2878:
2226:
1167:
672:
was one of the most prolific writers of her age; her "Cité des Dames" is considered a kind of "feminist manifesto".
1379:
used a form of free verse to explore his mystical conversion to
Catholicism. Other poets from this period include:
233:(as Latin does). This means that the French metric line is generally not determined by the number of beats, but by
3326:
2151:
1301:
865:
is frequent, but so too is a depiction of the natural world (woods, rivers). Other genres include the paradoxical
511:
153:
115:
58:
42:
3210:
2304:
1142:
By the middle of the century, an attempt to be objective was made in poetry by the group of writers known as the
1907:
753:
279:
The ten-syllable and 12-syllable lines are generally marked by a regular syntactical pause, called a "césure" (
2132:
1992:
1755:
2945:
2361:
2335:
2240:
2206:
2009:
1967:
1952:
1942:
1932:
1684:
1613:
1537:
1455:
1414:
movement—which began in a café in
Switzerland in 1916—came to Paris in 1920, but by 1924 the writers around
1404:
1245:
1226:
1151:
1015:
958:
950:
809:
706:
602:
107:
880:
Several poets of the period—Jean
Antoine de Baïf (who founded an "Académie de Poésie et Musique" in 1570),
3321:
2036:
1912:
1882:
1533:
742:
698:
199:
2296:
2015:
1987:
1544:. Poets concerned with these philosophical/language concerns—especially concentrated around the review "
438:
290:
The alexandrine is broken into two six-syllable groups; each six-syllable group is called a "hémistiche".
3117:
2664:
2509:
2174:
2021:
1807:
1719:
1581:
1364:
1112:
910:– the second largest city in France in the Renaissance – also had its poets and humanists, most notably
717:
addressed to an idealised lover, the use of amorous paradoxes), Italian poets in the French court (like
261:
2384:
2382:(1844–1896) Regarded in his day as the premier poet in France, he published, in addition to his poems,
2346:
2221:
2102:
1729:
1179:
1163:
1132:
881:
668:, he was a prisoner of the English from 1415–1441 and his ballades often speak of loss and isolation.
661:
565:
Medieval French lyric poetry was indebted to the poetic and cultural traditions in Southern France and
555:
1997:
923:
3057:
2935:
2253:
2195:
2078:
2048:
1845:
1689:
1674:
1658:
1336:
and others have been called symbolists, although each author's personal literary project was unique.
1175:
1128:
1031:
709:" who continued to develop poetic techniques from the previous century. Soon however, the impact of
642:
390:
385:
340:
103:
99:
2454:
1576:
exerted a strong influence on a variety of writers (both phenomenologists and those from the group "
1313:
995:
is famous for his "Satires" (1666)) and in epics (inspired by the Renaissance epic tradition and by
585:); in their turn, the Provençal poets were greatly influenced by poetic traditions from the Hispano-
3232:
2980:
2634:
2547:
2485:
2444:
2439:
2276:
2189:
2108:
2027:
1902:
1775:
1668:
1601:
1553:
1400:
1333:
1297:
1293:
1257:
1222:
1184:
1116:
1066:
1058:
919:
665:
206:
2145:
1545:
542:
of France) were usually written in ten-syllable assonanced "laisses" (blocks of varying length of
328:"). No word occurs across the sixth to seventh syllable in both lines, thus creating the cesura.
3222:
3152:
3147:
3067:
2689:
2669:
2654:
2339:
2236:
2096:
2031:
1957:
1857:
1851:
1819:
1724:
1694:
1585:
1565:
1341:
1195:
1023:
677:
and this figure would be championed by poetic rebels of the 19th century and 20th centuries (see
669:
254:
111:
3092:
2578:
2323:
1962:
1869:
1471:
1054:
900:
673:
422:
1513:(who came to France in 1956 when the Jewish population was expelled from his native Egypt) and
3277:
3197:
3187:
2960:
2822:
2674:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2529:
2474:
2342:
2327:
2272:
2267:
2211:
1922:
1917:
1829:
1791:
1589:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1443:
1388:
1346:
1329:
1155:
1120:
988:
899:; these experiments were called "vers mesurés" and "prose mesuré" (for more, see the article "
802:
798:
650:
624:
623:
and other new secular forms of poetry and music (mostly anonymous, but with several pieces by
616:
586:
407:
195:
136:
30:
2884:
3167:
3157:
3137:
3005:
2990:
2985:
2712:
2694:
2619:
2568:
2479:
2365:
2300:
2290:
2201:
2184:
2084:
1897:
1892:
1813:
1745:
1569:
1514:
1506:
1435:
1285:
1238:
1206:
1147:
1136:
911:
738:
582:
529:
524:
as a literary form was a late phenomenon (in the late Middle Ages, many of the romances and
432:
273:
1205:
The poetry of Baudelaire and much of the literature in the latter half of the century (or "
396:
3102:
3087:
3082:
3047:
3022:
2995:
2970:
2955:
2940:
2919:
2469:
2319:
2258:
2216:
2179:
2072:
1927:
1699:
1663:
1625:
1518:
1325:
1159:
1124:
927:
893:
847:
825:
734:
620:
611:
479:
369:
218:
187:
26:
2624:
2558:
1704:
1510:
1419:
1289:
1218:
1085:"Classicism" in poetry would dominate until the pre-romantics and the French Revolution.
1041:
Poetry came to be a part of the social games in noble salons (see "salons" above), where
812:
there formed a group of radical young noble poets of the court (generally known today as
679:
615:
in 1310 and 1314, a satire on abuses in the medieval church filled with medieval motets,
1340:
into favor, and the sonnet would subsequently find its most significant practitioner in
3267:
3247:
3227:
3202:
3192:
3177:
3162:
3132:
3097:
3077:
3042:
3027:
3017:
3012:
3000:
2975:
2965:
2604:
2552:
2541:
2535:
2497:
2424:
2419:
2399:
2331:
2307:
2066:
1982:
1937:
1797:
1679:
1609:
1540:'s notions of the limits of language. Another important influence was the German poet
1491:
1487:
1467:
1451:
1447:
1415:
1396:
1392:
1380:
1305:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1234:
1230:
1014:, some of their excesses and poetic liberties found censure, especially in the work of
1011:
1000:
996:
954:
915:
889:
857:" - life is short, seize the day - variety). Ronsard also tried early on to adapt the
718:
646:
534:
347:
325:
296:
242:
238:
230:
877:" of the female body (a poetic description of a body part), and propagandistic verse.
593:, from the word "trobar" (to find, to invent). Lyric poets in Old French are called "
3315:
3301:
3257:
3242:
3237:
3182:
3172:
3142:
3122:
3107:
3062:
2950:
2930:
2659:
2639:
2629:
2609:
2573:
2464:
2434:
2379:
2244:
1972:
1785:
1739:
1653:
1573:
1557:
1549:
1495:
1431:
1427:
1372:
1321:
1277:
1249:
1214:
1171:
1143:
1046:
1019:
987:
Poetry was used for all purposes. A great deal of 17th- and 18th-century poetry was
813:
722:
539:
458:
312:
226:
222:
132:
3282:
3252:
3112:
3072:
3052:
3037:
2644:
2584:
2563:
2503:
2459:
2429:
2090:
1947:
1887:
1617:
1561:
1463:
1423:
1376:
1368:
1317:
1281:
1273:
896:
870:
839:
714:
702:
598:
250:
246:
2860:
The Ladder of High Designs: Structure and Interpretation of French Lyric Sequences
2614:
2449:
2311:
1525:
1499:
1309:
737:) would profoundly modify the French tradition. In this respect, the French poets
594:
287:
The ten-syllable line is often broken into syntactical groups as 5-5, 4-6, or 6-4.
3272:
3262:
3127:
2797:
2679:
2581:'s works move between Surrealism and the popular songs of Parisian café culture.
2389:
2351:
2315:
2280:
2168:
2164:
2120:
1765:
1714:
1642:
1108:
1104:
1089:
meter and rhyme patterns than Renaissance poetry – more closely mirrored prose.
1074:
551:
525:
489:
453:
417:
377:
360:
269:
2717:
953:: pessimism, dourness and a call for retreat from the world predominate (as in
660:
was a noble and head of one of the most powerful families in France during the
2684:
2649:
2506:- used a form of free verse to explore his mystical conversion to Catholicism.
2403:
2373:
1646:
1605:
1593:
1541:
1459:
1439:
1199:
957:). However, the horrors of the war were also to inspire one Protestant poet,
854:
590:
474:
446:
749:
in French, but their poems continue to employ many of the traditional forms.
2843:
The Knot of Artifice: A Poetic of the French Lyric in the Early 17th Century
2523:
2262:
2248:
1597:
1529:
1384:
1035:
862:
578:
543:
464:
3296:
1536:, existentialism, the relationship between poetry and the visual arts, and
2873:
752:
The new direction of poetry is fully apparent in the work of the humanist
2809:
Notions de style et de versification et d'histoire de la langue française
2408:
1839:
1709:
1577:
1210:
1050:
1042:
943:
906:
Although the royal court was the center of much of the century's poetry,
866:
836:
817:
777:
773:
726:
710:
629:
574:
570:
566:
335:(from the late 16th to the 18th century) also put forward the following:
2718:
Oeuvres poetiques de Thibaut de Champagne in Medieval History of Navarre
2376:
in poetry to create different trains of thought existing simultaneously.
609:
by the earliest composers known by name) tendencies are apparent in the
2284:
794:
791:
765:
638:
559:
427:
412:
265:
842:(developed around an amorous encounter or an idealized woman) and the
141:
2915:
2167:(1802–1885) is generally recognised as the greatest figure in French
1528:), or from philosophical and phenomenological concerns stemming from
1027:
939:
874:
858:
843:
784:
780:
769:
757:
746:
730:
517:
484:
280:
202:
1034:, sentences clauses spilling over into the next line "enjambement",
835:
The forms that dominate the poetic production of the period are the
797:; this poetry collection also included the first published poems of
942:- is exemplary in its use of amorous paradoxes and (often obscure)
745:
are transitional figures: they are credited with some of the first
3215:
2413:
2393:
2355:
2042:
1103:
French poetry from the first half of the century was dominated by
1070:
885:
832:
akin to romantic passion, prophetic fervor or alcoholic delirium.
821:
761:
521:
1410:
The First World War generated even more radical tendencies. The
1411:
907:
829:
2888:
2850:
La Poésie française du premier 17e siècle: textes et contextes.
2722:
1221:" ("accursed poet") in 1884 to refer to a number of poets like
1213:" for their lurid content or moral vision. In a similar vein,
2261:, and was prosecuted along with the publisher and printer for
1241:
which was most often applied to the new literary environment.
1077:
was seen as the greatest tragedy writer of his age. Finally,
949:
Poetry at the end of the century was profoundly marked by the
850:
787:
494:
1026:'s irregularities of meter or form (the suppression of the
649: ; for more on music in the period after Machaux, see
1198:, but with profoundly romantic elements derived from the
756:. In 1541, he published the first French translation of
601:. For more information on the troubadour tradition, see
339:
the encounter of two unelided and awkward vowel sounds ("
2802:
The Random House Book of Twentieth Century French Poetry
2761:
Morier, 385. Vigny wrote no sonnets; Hugo only wrote 3.
2752:
For more on the symbolist poets, see Huston and Houston.
656:
French poetry continued to evolve in the 15th century.
2862:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991.
729:, and the rediscovery of certain Greek poets (such as
520:
is the earliest French literature; the development of
1568:. Many of these ideas were also key to the works of
989:"occasional", written to celebrate a particular event
861:
ode into French. Throughout the period, the use of
205:
composed outside France and poetry written in other
1442:. In writing and in the visual arts, and by using
589:world. The Occitan or Provençal poets were called
308:
d'une femme inconnue et que j'aime et qui m'aime...
2845:. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 1981.
2817:John Porter Huston and Mona Tobin Houston, eds.,
2314:movement on May 21, 1854, with Théodore Aubanel,
1191:would also have an influence on the symbolists).
350:(a feminine rhyme ends in a mute e) was mandated;
2858:Doranne Fenoaltea and David Lee Rubin, editors.
1387:(a key member of the group around Apollinaire),
1395:(a translator of Whitman and friend to Joyce),
1237:"Symbolist Manifesto" in 1886, it was the term
934:- composed of 449 ten syllable ten line poems (
304:
253:) and the twelve-syllable line (the so-called "
2526:(a key member of the group around Apollinaire)
2512:'s (1880–1918) first collection of poetry was
884:and others—attempted to adapt into French the
558:) were usually written in octosyllabic rhymed
356:a word could not be made to rhyme with itself;
260:In traditional French poetry, all permissible
2900:
2770:Monier, 390-393. Morier terms these sonnets
2538:- a translator of Whitman and friend to Joyce
2402:(1854–1891) was one of the precursors of the
1620:) along with certain American postmodern and
1202:myth of the anti-hero and the romantic poet.
516:As is the case in other literary traditions,
161:
8:
2791:. 5 vols. Paris: Garnier-Flammarion, 1965.
1391:(a follower of Romain Rolland's "Unanism"),
1139:, who best exemplifies romantic melancholy.
961:, to write a brilliant poem on the conflict:
381:developed by medieval French poets include:
306:Je fais souvent ce rêve étrange et pénétrant
2532:- a follower of Romain Rolland's "Unanism")
470:Other poetic forms found in French poetry:
2907:
2893:
2885:
168:
154:
15:
2833:Dictionnaire de poétique et de rhétorique
2370:Un coup de dés jamais n'abolira le hasard
368:For more on rhymes in French poetry, see
343:") -- such as "il a à "—was to be avoided;
2406:. He wrote many remarkable works, among
1131:a devotee of beauty and creator of the "
1065:From the 1660s, three poets stand out.
2736:
938:) and published with numerous engraved
581:region—where "langue d'oc" was spoken (
2819:French Symbolist Poetry: An Anthology,
1632:Important French and Francophone poets
1407:and was close to Valéry and Larbaud).
1069:gained enormous celebrity through his
946:to describe the suffering of a lover.
2555:was a leading exponent of Surrealism.
1360:French literature of the 20th century
1099:French literature of the 19th century
979:French literature of the 18th century
975:French literature of the 17th century
7:
2334:. He was noted for his promotion of
2232:Antoinette Henriette Clémence Robert
1438:—had modified dada provocation into
324:hypermetrical (this is a so-called "
2043:Honorat de Bueil, seigneur de Racan
873:'s poem praising the oyster), the "
245:lengths are the ten-syllable line (
2364:(1842–1898) The originator of the
1399:(friend to Huysmans and Claudel),
1107:, associated with such authors as
828:for example), a possession by the
14:
1624:poets loosely grouped around the
932:DĂ©lie, objet de plus haulte vertu
3295:
2920:different cultures and languages
2872:
2544:- friend to Huysmans and Claudel
1209:") were often characterized as "
346:the alternance of masculine and
333:rules of classical French poetry
2821:Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1980.
2724:The Oxford Book of French Verse
2055:François le Métel de Boisrobert
1978:Guillaume de Salluste Du Bartas
550:("roman", such as the tales of
2350:. Also founder of a museum of
2275:to encourage such painters as
2251:. He also founded the journal
1494:(who revolutionized theater),
808:Around Ronsard, Du Bellay and
627:who would coin the expression
1:
2789:Anthologie poétique française
2707:List of French language poets
2061:Antoine GĂ©rard de Saint-Amant
693:French Renaissance literature
2372:was one of the first to use
2127:Guillaume Amfrye de Chaulieu
546:lines), while the chivalric
315:, "Mon rĂŞve familier", from
249:), the eight-syllable line (
221:does not have a significant
142:French literature Wikisource
2804:. New York: Vintage, 1984.
1446:, creative games (like the
645:. (For more on music, see
3345:
1357:
1170:and (early in his career)
1096:
972:
690:
538:, regarded by some as the
512:Medieval French literature
509:
213:French prosody and poetics
3291:
2926:
2460:Oscar-Vladislas de Milosz
2305:Nobel Prize in Literature
2115:Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux
1318:Oscar-Vladislas de Milosz
1079:Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux
993:Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux
705:), generally called "les
54:French literary history
2514:L'enchanteur pourrissant
2409:The Sonnet of the Vowels
2310:in 1904. He created the
2030:(1573–1613) - nephew of
1993:Jean-Baptiste Chassignet
1908:Jacques Peletier du Mans
1596:, describe a shift from
1572:. The unique poetry of
1375:. Inspired by Rimbaud,
1082:the poets of antiquity.
754:Jacques Peletier du Mans
501:History of French poetry
180:Poetry written in French
2811:. Paris: SUDEL, 1953.
2152:Marie-Joseph de Chénier
1808:Thibaut IV of Champagne
1685:William IX of Aquitaine
1614:William Carlos Williams
1430:—heavily influenced by
1302:Villiers de l'Isle-Adam
969:Classical French poetry
268:before a vowel (where "
235:the number of syllables
1913:Mellin de Saint-Gelais
1883:Jean Lemaire de Belges
1864:Charles, duc d'Orléans
1671:(Foulques de Toulouse)
768:and the first book of
743:Mellin de Saint-Gelais
699:Jean Lemaire de Belges
658:Charles, duc d'Orléans
532:", like the anonymous
321:
191:
95:Literature by country
2848:David Lee Rubin, ed.
2665:Claude Royet-Journoud
2510:Guillaume Apollinaire
2416:is assigned a colour.
2247:, the founder of the
2227:JosĂ© MarĂa de Heredia
2175:Alphonse de Lamartine
2133:Jean-François Regnard
2022:Jean Ogier de Gombaud
1782:c.1180–c.1220; †1220)
1720:Raimbaut de Vaqueiras
1582:Claude Royet-Journoud
1580:"). The later poets
1365:Guillaume Apollinaire
1217:used the expression "
1168:JosĂ© MarĂa de Heredia
1113:Alphonse de Lamartine
225:(as English does) or
2881:at Wikimedia Commons
2835:. Paris: PUF, 1961.
2787:Maurice Allem, ed.
2774:, or "false sonnets"
2336:Provençal literature
2207:Théodore de Banville
2171:in the 19th century.
2010:François de Malherbe
1953:Etienne de La Boétie
1943:Jean Antoine de BaĂŻf
1933:Jean Antoine de BaĂŻf
1846:Guillaume de Machaut
1690:Guillem de Cabestany
1659:Bernart de Ventadorn
1517:. The Swiss writer
1456:Comte de Lautréamont
1152:Théodore de Banville
1016:François de Malherbe
853:(especially of the "
810:Jean Antoine de BaĂŻf
707:Grands Rhétoriqueurs
643:Guillaume de Machaut
603:Provençal literature
2516:(1909), but it was
2486:Maurice Maeterlinck
2404:Surrealist movement
2109:Jean de La Fontaine
2037:François de Maynard
2004:Seventeenth century
1988:Frédéric Lamperouge
1903:Pernette Du Guillet
1820:Audefroi le Bastart
1788:(c.1159-after 1212)
1762:c.1170–1203; †1203)
1756:Chastelain de Couci
1669:Folquet de Marselha
1602:Ludwig Wittgenstein
1534:Friedrich Hölderlin
1334:Maurice Maeterlinck
1258:Joris-Karl Huysmans
1185:Arthur Schopenhauer
1121:"decadent" movement
1067:Jean de La Fontaine
920:Pernette du Guillet
666:Battle of Agincourt
664:. Captured in the
439:Chanson de croisade
207:languages of France
194:) is a category of
2690:Dominique Sorrente
2670:Anne-Marie Albiach
2655:Philippe Jaccottet
2385:Les Poètes maudits
2366:Symbolist movement
2301:Provençal language
2237:Charles Baudelaire
2159:Nineteenth century
2140:Eighteenth century
2103:Georges de Brébeuf
2097:Isaac de Benserade
2032:Philippe Desportes
1958:Philippe Desportes
1858:Christine de Pisan
1852:Eustache Deschamps
1730:Chrétien de Troyes
1725:Raimbaut of Orange
1695:Guiraut de Bornelh
1592:, and to a degree
1586:Anne-Marie Albiach
1566:Philippe Jaccottet
1403:(who studied with
1342:Charles Baudelaire
1196:Charles Baudelaire
1189:aesthetic theories
1180:art for art's sake
1133:Art for art's sake
1093:Nineteenth-century
1024:Philippe Desportes
882:Blaise de Vigenère
670:Christine de Pisan
662:Hundred Years' War
637:secular music and
556:Chrétien de Troyes
3327:Poetry by country
3309:
3308:
3302:Poetry portal
2877:Media related to
2841:David Lee Rubin.
2675:Emmanuel Hocquard
2600:Philippe Soupault
2590:Jules Supervielle
2530:Pierre Jean Jouve
2492:Twentieth century
2475:Georges Rodenbach
2362:Stéphane Mallarmé
2347:Armana Prouvençau
2328:Joseph Roumanille
2268:Les Fleurs du mal
2241:Stéphane Mallarmé
2239:(1821–1867) With
2196:Théophile Gautier
2079:Tristan L'Hermite
2049:Théophile de Viau
1968:Agrippa d'Aubigné
1923:Pierre de Ronsard
1918:Joachim du Bellay
1877:Sixteenth century
1792:Gautier de Coincy
1675:Gautier d'Espinal
1590:Emmanuel Hocquard
1538:Stéphane Mallarmé
1484:Philippe Soupault
1476:Jules Supervielle
1444:automatic writing
1434:'s notion of the
1405:Stéphane Mallarmé
1389:Pierre Jean Jouve
1354:Twentieth-century
1347:Les Fleurs du mal
1330:Georges Rodenbach
1246:Stéphane Mallarmé
1227:Stéphane Mallarmé
1176:Théophile Gautier
1129:Théophile Gautier
959:Agrippa d'Aubigné
803:Pierre de Ronsard
799:Joachim Du Bellay
651:Renaissance music
625:Philippe de Vitry
443:Chanson courtoise
317:Poèmes saturniens
198:. It may include
196:French literature
178:
177:
3334:
3300:
3299:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2886:
2879:Poetry of France
2876:
2855:
2838:
2814:
2807:Henri Bonnard.
2794:
2775:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2713:Parnassian poets
2695:Jean Baudrillard
2635:André du Bouchet
2620:Saint-John Perse
2569:Georges Brassens
2548:LĂ©on-Paul Fargue
2480:Tristan Klingsor
2445:Henri de RĂ©gnier
2440:Tristan Corbière
2338:and founded the
2297:Frédéric Mistral
2291:Theodore Aubanel
2265:associated with
2202:Leconte de Lisle
2190:GĂ©rard de Nerval
2185:Alfred de Musset
2085:Pierre Corneille
2028:Mathurin RĂ©gnier
1998:Marc de Papillon
1814:Adam de la Halle
1776:Conon de BĂ©thune
1746:Blondel de Nesle
1570:Maurice Blanchot
1554:André du Bouchet
1515:Georges Bataille
1507:Saint-John Perse
1401:LĂ©on-Paul Fargue
1298:Henri de RĂ©gnier
1294:Tristan Corbière
1286:Remy de Gourmont
1223:Tristan Corbière
1148:Leconte de Lisle
1146:—which included
1137:Alfred de Musset
1135:" movement, and
1117:GĂ©rard de Nerval
924:Olivier de Magny
583:Occitan language
530:chanson de geste
435:("weaving song")
433:Chanson de toile
274:French phonology
192:Poésie française
170:
163:
156:
144:
24:
16:
3344:
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3333:
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2778:
2769:
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2756:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2703:
2579:Jacques Prévert
2494:
2470:Emile Verhaeren
2368:in France. His
2320:Anselme Mathieu
2259:Edgar Allan Poe
2254:Le Salut Public
2222:François Coppée
2217:Sully-Prudhomme
2180:Alfred de Vigny
2161:
2142:
2073:Vincent Voiture
2006:
1963:Étienne Jodelle
1928:Pontus de Tyard
1879:
1870:François Villon
1742:(c.1240–c.1300)
1700:Guiraut Riquier
1664:Bertran de Born
1641:(includes both
1639:
1634:
1626:language poetry
1519:Blaise Cendrars
1472:Jacques Prévert
1362:
1356:
1326:Emile Verhaeren
1320:, the Belgians
1164:François Coppée
1160:Sully-Prudhomme
1125:Alfred de Vigny
1101:
1095:
1018:who criticized
981:
973:Main articles:
971:
928:Pontus de Tyard
901:musique mesurée
826:Pontus de Tyard
695:
689:
674:François Villon
612:Roman de Fauvel
514:
508:
503:
480:Virelai nouveau
370:Rhyme in French
348:feminine rhymes
310:
309:
307:
231:short syllables
219:French language
215:
181:
174:
140:
139:
130:
116:Franco-American
114:
106:
97:
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69:
61:
56:
25:
20:
12:
11:
5:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3330:
3329:
3324:
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3313:
3307:
3306:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3218:
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3205:
3200:
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3150:
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3130:
3125:
3120:
3118:Latin American
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
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3080:
3075:
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3055:
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2912:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2868:
2867:External links
2865:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2846:
2839:
2831:Henri Morier.
2829:
2815:
2805:
2795:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2763:
2754:
2745:
2743:Morier, p.385.
2735:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2709:(alphabetical)
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2605:Pierre Reverdy
2602:
2597:
2595:Benjamin PĂ©ret
2592:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2545:
2542:Victor Segalen
2539:
2536:Valery Larbaud
2533:
2527:
2521:
2507:
2501:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2455:Saint-Pol Roux
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2420:Jules Laforgue
2417:
2412:in which each
2400:Arthur Rimbaud
2397:
2377:
2359:
2332:Alphonse Tavan
2326:, his teacher
2294:
2288:
2283:, he used the
2279:. Among other
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2212:Catulle Mendès
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2067:Jean Chapelain
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1983:Jean de Sponde
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
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1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1830:Moniot d'Arras
1827:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1798:Guiot de Dijon
1795:
1789:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1743:
1737:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1610:Louis Zukofsky
1492:Antonin Artaud
1488:Pierre Reverdy
1480:Benjamin PĂ©ret
1452:Arthur Rimbaud
1448:cadavre exquis
1397:Victor Segalen
1393:Valery Larbaud
1358:Main article:
1355:
1352:
1314:Saint-Pol Roux
1306:Stuart Merrill
1266:Jules Laforgue
1262:Arthur Rimbaud
1231:Arthur Rimbaud
1156:Catulle Mendès
1097:Main article:
1094:
1091:
1049:" (similar to
1001:Jean Chapelain
970:
967:
955:Jean de Sponde
719:Luigi Alamanni
691:Main article:
688:
685:
647:medieval music
535:Song of Roland
510:Main article:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
497:
492:
487:
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477:
468:
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462:
456:
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436:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
402:
399:
394:
388:
365:
364:
357:
354:
351:
344:
326:feminine rhyme
292:
291:
288:
239:syllabic verse
214:
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179:
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150:
147:
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124:
123:
120:
119:
91:
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50:
49:
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43:Lit categories
35:
34:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3340:
3339:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:French poetry
3320:
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3304:
3303:
3298:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
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3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
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3189:
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3176:
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3149:
3146:
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3141:
3139:
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3134:
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3129:
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3119:
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3109:
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3034:
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3029:
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3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
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2871:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2827:0-253-16725-6
2824:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2660:Francis Ponge
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2640:Jacques Dupin
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:Yves Bonnefoy
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:Henri Michaux
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:Robert Desnos
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2465:Albert Giraud
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:Albert Samain
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2380:Paul Verlaine
2378:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2357:
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2278:
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2260:
2257:, translated
2256:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2245:Paul Verlaine
2242:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2146:André Chénier
2144:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:Honoré d'Urfé
2014:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1973:Nicolas Rapin
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1898:Maurice Scève
1896:
1894:
1893:Clément Marot
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1854:(1346-c.1406)
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1794:(1177/8–1236)
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1740:Adenet Le Roi
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1654:Arnaut Daniel
1652:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1574:Francis Ponge
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:Jacques Dupin
1555:
1551:
1550:Yves Bonnefoy
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1496:Henri Michaux
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:Sigmund Freud
1429:
1428:Robert Desnos
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1373:visual poetry
1371:", a form of
1370:
1366:
1361:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:Albert Giraud
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:Albert Samain
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:Paul Verlaine
1247:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:Paul Verlaine
1212:
1208:
1207:fin de siècle
1203:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1178:'s notion of
1177:
1173:
1172:Paul Verlaine
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1057:in Spain and
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
980:
976:
968:
966:
964:
963:Les Tragiques
960:
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
912:Maurice Scève
909:
904:
902:
898:
897:poetic meters
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
849:
845:
841:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
793:
789:
786:
782:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
739:Clément Marot
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:Neo-platonism
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
694:
686:
684:
682:
681:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:national epic
537:
536:
531:
527:
523:
519:
513:
505:
500:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
471:
466:
463:
461:("dawn poem")
460:
457:
455:
452:
448:
445:
442:
440:
437:
434:
431:
430:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
403:
400:
398:
395:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
382:
380:
379:
374:
373:
371:
362:
359:in general, "
358:
355:
352:
349:
345:
342:
338:
337:
336:
334:
329:
327:
320:
318:
314:
313:Paul Verlaine
303:
302:For example:
300:
298:
289:
286:
285:
284:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:stress accent
220:
212:
210:
208:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:French poetry
171:
166:
164:
159:
157:
152:
151:
149:
148:
145:
143:
138:
134:
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
93:
92:
89:
88:
85:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
52:
51:
48:
47:
44:
40:
37:
36:
33:
32:
28:
23:
18:
17:
3293:
3233:Serbian epic
3032:
2859:
2849:
2842:
2832:
2818:
2808:
2801:
2788:
2772:faux sonnets
2771:
2766:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2723:
2645:Roger Giroux
2625:Edmond Jabès
2585:Jean Cocteau
2564:Louis Aragon
2559:André Breton
2517:
2513:
2504:Paul Claudel
2430:Gustave Kahn
2407:
2383:
2369:
2345:
2299:(1830–1914)
2281:poetic forms
2266:
2252:
2091:Paul Scarron
2081:(1601?-1655)
2024:(1570?-1666)
1948:Remy Belleau
1888:Jean Molinet
1872:(1431-1465?)
1833:
1823:
1801:
1779:
1769:
1759:
1752:c.1175–1210)
1749:
1736:. 1160s-80s)
1733:
1705:Jaufré Rudel
1640:
1621:
1618:George Oppen
1562:Roger Giroux
1523:
1511:Edmond Jabès
1509:), the poet
1504:
1464:Jean Cocteau
1424:Louis Aragon
1420:André Breton
1409:
1377:Paul Claudel
1369:Calligrammes
1363:
1345:
1338:
1290:Pierre LouĂżs
1282:Jean Lorrain
1274:Gustave Kahn
1244:The writers
1243:
1219:poète maudit
1204:
1193:
1174:—who (using
1141:
1102:
1087:
1084:
1064:
1053:in England,
1040:
1012:Valois court
1009:
1004:
986:
982:
962:
948:
935:
931:
905:
879:
871:Remy Belleau
840:sonnet cycle
834:
807:
792:Martial-like
751:
715:sonnet cycle
703:Jean Molinet
696:
680:Poète maudit
678:
655:
634:
628:
610:
607:
599:courtly love
564:
533:
515:
469:
378:Poetic forms
376:
375:
367:
366:
332:
330:
322:
316:
305:
301:
297:Poetic meter
293:
278:
259:
251:octosyllable
247:decasyllable
234:
216:
183:
182:
131:
127:
108:Postcolonial
98:
94:
83:Contemporary
79:20th century
75:19th century
71:18th century
67:17th century
63:16th century
57:
53:
21:
19:
3153:Old English
3148:New Zealand
3068:Indian epic
3043:Guernésiais
2946:Anglo-Welsh
2854:(in French)
2837:(in French)
2813:(in French)
2798:Paul Auster
2793:(in French)
2680:Seyhan Kurt
2553:Paul Éluard
2500:(1871–1945)
2498:Paul Valéry
2482:(1874–1966)
2425:Jean Moréas
2390:biographies
2352:ethnography
2316:Jean Brunet
2198:(1811–1872)
2192:(1808–1855)
2169:Romanticism
2165:Victor Hugo
2154:(1764–1811)
2148:(1762–1794)
2135:(1655–1709)
2129:(1639–1720)
2123:(1639–1699)
2121:Jean Racine
2117:(1636–1711)
2111:(1621–1695)
2105:(1618–1661)
2099:(1613–1691)
2093:(1610–1660)
2087:(1606–1684)
2075:(1597–1648)
2069:(1595–1674)
2063:(1594–1661)
2057:(1592–1662)
2051:(1590–1626)
2045:(1589–1670)
2039:(1582–1646)
2018:(1567–1625)
2012:(1555–1628)
1938:Louise Labé
1866:(1394–1465)
1860:(1364–1430)
1848:(1300–1377)
1826:c1200–1230)
1816:(c.1240–88)
1766:Colin Muset
1715:Peire Vidal
1680:Gui d'Ussel
1647:troubadours
1637:Middle Ages
1622:avant garde
1468:René Crevel
1436:unconscious
1416:Paul Éluard
1381:Paul Valéry
1270:Jean Moréas
1254:Paul Valéry
1235:Jean Moréas
1144:Parnassians
1109:Victor Hugo
1105:Romanticism
1075:Jean Racine
930:. Scève's
916:Louise Labé
837:Petrarchian
778:Petrarchian
721:), Italian
687:Renaissance
591:troubadours
569:—including
554:written by
552:King Arthur
490:Bref double
454:Chant royal
418:Pastourelle
401:Dits moraux
393:(or Rondel)
361:enjambement
217:The modern
200:Francophone
3316:Categories
3278:Vietnamese
3198:Rajasthani
3188:Portuguese
2961:Australian
2782:References
2685:Jean Daive
2650:Boris Vian
2374:typography
2324:Paul Piera
2271:. He held
1804:c.1200–30)
1786:Gace Brulé
1772:c.1230–60)
1628:movement.
1606:Ezra Pound
1594:Jean Daive
1548:"—include
1546:L'Ephémère
1542:Paul Celan
1460:Baudelaire
1440:Surrealism
1047:précieuses
1036:neologisms
1020:La Pléiade
1005:La Pucelle
951:civil wars
855:carpe diem
814:La Pléiade
577:, and the
544:assonanced
475:Villanelle
447:Rotrouenge
423:Complainte
255:alexandrin
137:Literature
31:Literature
3211:Classical
3207:Sanskrit
3168:Pakistani
3158:Old Norse
3138:Malayalam
3006:Cantonese
2991:Byzantine
2986:Bulgarian
2615:René Char
2524:Max Jacob
2450:René Ghil
2312:FĂ©librige
2303:poet and
2277:Delacroix
2263:blasphemy
2249:Decadents
1836:c1250–75)
1810:(1201–53)
1643:trouvères
1598:Heidegger
1530:Heidegger
1526:René Char
1500:René Char
1385:Max Jacob
1310:René Ghil
1239:symbolism
1055:Gongorism
869:(such as
863:mythology
776:, twelve
595:trouvères
579:Aquitaine
465:Jeu parti
3223:Scottish
3103:Kashmiri
3093:Jèrriais
3088:Javanese
3083:Japanese
3048:Gujarati
3023:Estonian
2996:Canadian
2971:Biblical
2956:Assamese
2941:American
2936:Albanian
2701:See also
2308:laureate
1842:(d.1285)
1840:Rutebeuf
1710:Marcabru
1578:Tel Quel
1211:decadent
1059:Marinism
1051:Euphuism
1043:epigrams
944:allegory
867:encomium
859:Pindaric
848:Anacreon
818:Petrarch
785:Horacian
783:, three
774:Georgics
735:Anacreon
727:humanism
711:Petrarch
639:chansons
635:ars nova
630:Ars nova
621:rondeaux
575:Poitiers
571:Toulouse
567:Provence
560:couplets
548:romances
506:Medieval
270:h aspiré
262:liaisons
128:Portals
59:Medieval
27:Language
3268:Turkish
3248:Spanish
3228:Serbian
3203:Russian
3193:Punjabi
3178:Persian
3163:Ottoman
3133:Marathi
3098:Kannada
3078:Italian
3028:Finnish
3018:English
3013:Cornish
3001:Chinese
2981:Bosnian
2976:British
2966:Bengali
2800:, ed.
2518:Alcools
2343:journal
2285:pantoum
1200:Byronic
1022:'s and
999:) like
940:emblems
936:dizains
795:epigram
781:sonnets
766:Odyssey
747:sonnets
428:Chanson
413:Virelai
391:Rondeau
386:Ballade
39:Authors
3258:Telugu
3243:Slovak
3238:Sindhi
3183:Polish
3173:Pashto
3143:Nepali
3123:Latino
3108:Korean
3063:Indian
3058:Hebrew
3033:French
2951:Arabic
2931:Afghan
2916:Poetry
2825:
2340:annual
2330:, and
2273:salons
1616:, and
1454:, the
1187:whose
1115:, and
1032:hiatus
1028:cesura
894:Hebrew
875:blason
844:Horace
790:and a
770:Virgil
758:Horace
731:Pindar
518:poetry
485:Sonnet
404:Blason
341:hiatus
281:cesura
266:elided
243:metric
203:poetry
188:French
133:France
104:Quebec
100:France
22:French
3283:Welsh
3253:Tamil
3216:Vedic
3113:Latin
3073:Irish
3053:Hindi
3038:Greek
2731:Notes
2414:vowel
2394:poets
2356:Arles
1071:Aesop
1030:by a
997:Tasso
890:Greek
886:Latin
830:muses
822:Dante
762:Homer
713:(the
526:epics
522:prose
397:Ditié
237:(see
112:Haiti
3273:Urdu
3263:Thai
3128:Manx
2823:ISBN
2243:and
1645:and
1564:and
1498:and
1426:and
1412:Dada
1332:and
1229:and
977:and
926:and
908:Lyon
903:").
820:and
801:and
788:odes
741:and
733:and
725:and
701:and
641:was
617:lais
587:Arab
459:Aube
331:The
257:").
229:and
227:long
29:and
2918:of
2392:of
2354:in
1600:to
1003:'s
892:or
851:ode
772:'s
764:'s
683:).
653:).
495:Ode
408:Lai
299:.)
283:):
276:).
3318::
2388:,
2322:,
2318:,
1834:fl
1824:fl
1802:fl
1780:fl
1770:fl
1760:fl
1750:fl
1734:fl
1649:)
1612:,
1608:,
1588:,
1584:,
1560:,
1556:,
1552:,
1532:,
1490:,
1486:,
1482:,
1478:,
1474:,
1470:,
1466:,
1458:,
1422:,
1418:,
1383:,
1350:.
1328:,
1324:,
1316:,
1312:,
1308:,
1304:,
1300:,
1296:,
1292:,
1288:,
1284:,
1280:,
1276:,
1272:,
1268:,
1264:,
1260:,
1256:,
1252:,
1248:,
1225:,
1166:,
1162:,
1158:,
1154:,
1150:,
1127:,
1111:,
1007:.
965:.
922:,
918:,
914:,
888:,
805:.
619:,
605:.
573:,
562:.
209:.
190::
135:•
110:•
102:•
81:•
73:•
65:•
41:•
2908:e
2901:t
2894:v
2396:.
2358:.
2287:.
1832:(
1822:(
1800:(
1778:(
1768:(
1758:(
1748:(
1732:(
846:/
372:.
319:)
311:(
186:(
169:e
162:t
155:v
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