290:
380:", among other styles, were often competing tendencies at the same time. Some writers did form into literary groups defined by a name and a program or manifesto. In other cases, these expressions were merely pejorative terms given by critics to certain writers or have been used by modern literary historians to group writers of divergent projects or methods. Nevertheless, these labels can be useful in describing broad historical developments in the arts.
1310:
788:". The expression is imprecise, and was frequently used disparagingly to characterize authors whose chosen subject matter was taken from the working classes and who portrayed the misery and harsh conditions of real life. Many of the "naturalist" writers took a radical position against the excesses of romanticism and strove to use scientific and encyclopedic precision in their novels (Zola spent months visiting coal mines for his
36:
1147:
and notions of will, fatality and unconscious forces. The symbolists often used themes of sex (often through the figure of the prostitute), the city, irrational phenomena (delirium, dreams, narcotics, alcohol), and sometimes a vaguely medieval setting. The tone of symbolism is highly variable, at
549:
The major battles of romanticism in France were in the theater. The early years of the century were marked by a revival of classicism and classical-inspired tragedies, often with themes of national sacrifice or patriotic heroism in keeping with the spirit of the
Revolution, but the production of
507:"Le vague des passions" (vagueness, uncertainty of sentiment and passion): Chateaubriand maintained that while the imagination was rich, the world was cold and empty, and civilization had only robbed men of their illusions; nevertheless, a notion of sentiment and passion continued to haunt men.
722:
Many of the novels in this period, including Balzac's, were published in newspapers in serial form, and the immensely popular realist "roman feuilleton" tended to specialize in portraying the hidden side of urban life (crime, police spies, criminal slang), as in the novels of
674:", when being applied to literature of the 19th century, implies the attempt to depict contemporary life and society. The growth of realism is linked to the development of science (especially biology), history and the social sciences and to the growth of
500:. French Romanticism had ideals diametrically opposed to French classicism and the classical unities, but it could also express a profound loss for aspects of the pre-revolutionary world in a society now dominated by money and fame, rather than honor.
961:
and the pursuit of the beautiful) strove for exact and faultless workmanship, and selected exotic and classical subjects which they treated with a rigidity of form and an emotional detachment (elements of which echo the philosophical work of
434:. Their influence was felt in theatre, poetry, prose fiction. The effect of the romantic movement would continue to be felt in the latter half of the century in diverse literary developments, such as "realism", "symbolism", and the so-called
823:. This tension between portrayal of the contemporary world in all its sordidness, detached irony and the use of romantic images and themes would also influence the symbolists (see below) and would continue to the 20th century.
583:
Victor Hugo was the outstanding genius of the
Romantic School and its recognized leader. He was prolific alike in poetry, drama, and fiction. Other writers associated with the movement were the austere and pessimistic
715:, a vast collection of nearly 100 novels, was the most ambitious scheme ever devised by a writer of fiction—nothing less than a complete contemporary history of his countrymen. Realism also appears in the works of
1225:
The crisis of language and meaning in
Mallarmé and the radical vision of literature, life and the political world in Rimbaud are to some degree the cornerstones of the "modern" and the radical experiments of
796:
supplied much of the philosophy of naturalism: he believed that every human being was determined by the forces of heredity and environment and by the time in which he lived. The influence of certain
1172:
289:
1156:
was banned) and to evoke moods and feelings by the magic of words and repeated sounds and the cadence of verse (musicality) and metrical innovation. Some symbolists explored the use of
991:
The naturalist tendency to see life without illusions and to dwell on its more depressing and sordid aspects appears in an intensified degree in the immensely influential poetry of
883:, in which the social success or failure of two branches of a family is explained by physical, social and hereditary laws. Other writers who have been labeled naturalists include:
1148:
times realistic, imaginative, ironic or detached, although on the whole the symbolists did not stress moral or ethical ideas. In poetry, the symbolist procedure—as typified by
678:
and commerce. The "realist" tendency is not necessarily anti-romantic; romanticism in France often affirmed the common man and the natural setting, as in the peasant stories of
622:, a literary critic, showed romantic expansiveness in his hospitality to all ideas and in his unfailing endeavour to understand and interpret authors rather than to judge them.
304:
during a dynamic period in French history that saw the rise of
Democracy and the fitful end of Monarchy and Empire. The period covered spans the following political regimes:
815:
are often tagged with the label "naturalist", although he clearly followed the realist model of his teacher and mentor, Flaubert. Maupassant used elements derived from the
1160:. The use of leitmotifs, medieval settings and the notion of the complete work of art (blending music, visuals and language) in the works of the German composer
629:
at the
Arsenal Library in Paris from 1824-1844 where Nodier was administrator), the Cénacle (formed around Nodier, then Hugo from 1823–1828), the salon of
276:
755:
46:
560:
in 1830 marked the triumph of the romantic movement on the stage (a description of the turbulent opening night can be found in Théophile
Gautier). The
1176:, the spacing, size and position of words on the page were important modern breakthroughs that continue to preoccupy contemporary poetry in France.
1170:'s profound interest in the limits of language as an attempt at describing the world, and his use of convoluted syntax, and in his last major poem
1330:
1273: : les fondements nécessaires d'une quête en devenir", in Le Mal dans l'imaginaire français (1850–1950), éd. David et L'Harmattan, 1998 (
104:
600:, who best exemplifies romantic melancholy. All three also wrote novels and short stories, and Musset won a belated success with his plays.
999:
myth of the anti-hero and the romantic poet, and the world-weariness of the "mal du siècle", etc. Similar elements occur in the novels of
489:
76:
649:
531:
407:
360:
French literature enjoyed enormous international prestige and success in the 19th century. The first part of the century was dominated by
1034:
who had fought against poetic conventions and suffered social rebuke or had been ignored by the critics. But with the publication of
522:
Romanticism in
England and Germany largely predate French romanticism, although there was a kind of "pre-romanticism" in the works of
83:
768:
In addition to melodramas, popular and bourgeois theater in the mid-century turned to realism in the "well-made" bourgeois farces of
753:
represent perhaps the highest stages in the development of French realism, while
Flaubert's romanticism is apparent in his fantastic
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1278:
564:
of time and place were abolished, tragic and comic elements appeared together and metrical freedom was won. Marked by the plays of
1285:: The necessary foundation for a quest to become", The evil in the French imaginary (1850–1950), Ed. David and L'Harmattan, 1998 (
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705:, address issues of their contemporary society while also using themes and characters derived from the romantic movement.
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542:'s interpretation of Germany as the land of romantic ideals. It found early expression also in the sentimental poetry of
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576:) and doomed noble characters (rebel princes and outlaws) or misunderstood artists (Vigny's play based on the life of
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and others have been called symbolists, although each author's personal literary project was unique.
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530:(among others) at the end of the 18th century. French Romanticism took definite form in the works of
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Romanticism is associated with a number of literary salons and groups: the
Arsenal (formed around
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The poetry of
Baudelaire and much of the literature in the latter half of the century (or "
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as a revolutionary modern literary act (the same work would play an important role in the
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An attempt to be objective was made in poetry by the group of writers known as the
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Romanticism in France defied political affiliation: one finds both "liberal" (like
485:
453:
345:
309:
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973:
Modern science and geography were united with romantic adventure in the works of
977:
and other writers of popular serial adventure novels and early science-fiction.
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653:
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510:"Le mal du siècle" (the pain of the century): a sense of loss, disillusion, and
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is the most prominent representative of 19th century realism in fiction. His
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emerged, at least partly as a reaction. In the last half of the century, "
1153:
1011:
690:
645:
394:
French literature from the first half of the century was dominated by
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493:
731:
of the period and, in an even more lurid and gruesome light, in the
480:. Foreign influences played a big part in this, especially those of
465:
1227:
568:, the romantics often chose subjects from historic periods (the
1022:" ("accursed poet") in 1884 to refer to a number of poets like
1014:" for their lurid content or moral vision. In a similar vein,
1045:
which was most often applied to the new literary environment.
456:; subjects like traditional myths (including the myth of the
29:
1152:—was to use subtle suggestion instead of precise statement (
808:
writers gave an added impulse to the naturalistic movement.
288:
895:(later a leading "decadent" and rebel against naturalism),
784:
From the 1860s on, critics increasingly speak of literary "
468:
by lakes), and the common man; and the styles of lyricism,
27:
Literature-related events in France during the 19th century
995:, but with profoundly romantic elements derived from the
759:
and the baroque and exotic scenes of ancient Carthage in
826:
Naturalism is most often associated with the novels of
57:
1212:
in the 1970s). The infernal images of the prose poem
1298:
610:
and other romantic novels in an historical setting.
1192:poems in French; his biographically inspired poem
970:would also have an influence on the symbolists).
1143:The symbolists often share themes that parallel
727:. Similar tendencies appeared in the theatrical
1164:also had a profound impact on these writers.
293:Notable 19th-century French literary figures.
270:
8:
873:
865:
857:
843:
62:introducing citations to additional sources
398:, which is associated with such authors as
444:French romanticism used forms such as the
348:(1852–1871), and the first decades of the
277:
263:
124:
503:Key ideas from early French Romanticism:
592:a devotee of beauty and creator of the "
52:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1305:
1258:
1238:(to name a few) in the 20th century.
981:Symbolism and the birth of the Modern
7:
618:were masters of shorter fiction.
25:
903:, and (in a very different vein)
1308:
1010:") were often characterized as "
811:The novels and short stories of
73:"19th-century French literature"
45:relies largely or entirely on a
34:
756:The Temptation of Saint Anthony
364:, until around the mid-century
1331:19th-century French literature
532:François-René de Chateaubriand
408:François-René de Chateaubriand
298:19th-century French literature
1:
1222:would have a similar impact.
620:Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve
300:concerns the developments in
836:novel cycle, which includes
251:French literature Wikisource
735:at the end of the century.
633:, the salon of Antoine (or
1357:
1281:) ; "Huysmans before
984:
949:and (early in his career)
914:
663:
464:, the natural world (i.e.
387:
1182:'s prose poem collection
1145:Schopenhauer's aesthetics
1122:Oscar-Vladislas de Milosz
1041:in 1886, it was the term
702:The Charterhouse of Parma
163:French literary history
1001:Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly
772:and the moral dramas of
648:), "conservative" (like
631:Louis Charles Delescluze
334:Louis Philippe d'Orléans
1106:Villiers de l'Isle-Adam
1215:Les Chants de Maldoror
1201:was championed by the
874:
866:
858:
844:
452:, the "roman noir" or
294:
204:Literature by country
1236:Theatre of the Absurd
1018:used the expression "
947:JosĂ© MarĂa de Heredia
750:Sentimental Education
717:Alexandre Dumas, fils
696:The Red and the Black
602:Alexandre Dumas, père
544:Alphonse de Lamartine
528:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
412:Alphonse de Lamartine
404:Alexandre Dumas, père
292:
1254:Notes and references
1220:Comte de Lautréamont
1218:by Isidore Ducasse,
1188:are among the first
931:Théodore de Banville
770:Eugène Marin Labiche
607:The Three Musketeers
574:Louis XIII of France
58:improve this article
1195:Une saison en enfer
1138:Maurice Maeterlinck
1062:Joris-Karl Huysmans
1039:Symbolist Manifesto
964:Arthur Schopenhauer
893:Joris-Karl Huysmans
833:Les Rougon-Macquart
439:"decadent" movement
1199:(A Season in Hell)
993:Charles Baudelaire
968:aesthetic theories
959:art for art's sake
897:Edmond de Goncourt
860:Le Ventre de Paris
830:in particular his
712:La Comédie humaine
594:Art for art's sake
570:French Renaissance
566:Friedrich Schiller
498:Friedrich Schiller
306:Napoleon Bonaparte
295:
18:French romanticism
1336:French literature
1267:Bernard Bonnejean
1248:History of France
1168:Stéphane Mallarmé
1134:Georges Rodenbach
1050:Stéphane Mallarmé
1028:Stéphane Mallarmé
955:Théophile Gautier
901:Jules de Goncourt
881:(The Masterpiece)
813:Guy de Maupassant
652:) and socialist (
590:Théophile Gautier
578:Thomas Chatterton
536:Benjamin Constant
428:Théophile Gautier
340:(1848–1852), the
336:(1830–1848), the
328:(1814–1830), the
316:(1804–1814), the
302:French literature
287:
286:
123:
122:
108:
16:(Redirected from
1348:
1341:Literary realism
1313:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1294:
1269:"Huysmans avant
1263:
1102:Henri de RĂ©gnier
1098:Tristan Corbière
1090:RĂ©my de Gourmont
1024:Tristan Corbière
987:Symbolism (arts)
927:Leconte de Lisle
925:—which included
899:and his brother
879:
871:
863:
849:
819:in stories like
741:'s great novels
739:Gustave Flaubert
707:Honoré de Balzac
670:The expression "
666:Literary realism
637:), the salon of
635:Antony Deschamps
598:Alfred de Musset
596:" movement, and
562:dramatic unities
446:historical novel
424:Alfred de Musset
416:GĂ©rard de Nerval
312:(1799–1804) and
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1130:Emile Verhaeren
989:
983:
943:François Coppée
939:Sully-Prudhomme
919:
913:
885:Alphonse Daudet
868:La BĂŞte humaine
794:Hippolyte Taine
782:
668:
662:
639:Madame de Staël
612:Prosper Mérimée
586:Alfred de Vigny
572:, the reign of
540:Madame de Staël
432:Alfred de Vigny
392:
386:
376:" poetry, and "
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1180:Arthur Rimbaud
1173:Un coup de dés
1162:Richard Wagner
1118:Saint-Pol-Roux
1110:Stuart Merrill
1070:Jules Laforgue
1066:Arthur Rimbaud
1032:Arthur Rimbaud
985:Main article:
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935:Catulle Mendès
915:Main article:
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689:The novels of
684:Jules Michelet
664:Main article:
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627:Charles Nodier
616:Charles Nodier
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1094:Pierre LouĂżs
1086:Jean Lorrain
1078:Gustave Kahn
1048:The writers
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1038:
1020:poète maudit
1005:
990:
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953:—who (using
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905:Paul Bourget
889:Jules Vallès
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923:Parnassians
846:L'Assommoir
680:George Sand
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654:George Sand
552:Victor Hugo
482:Shakespeare
478:orientalism
462:nationalism
400:Victor Hugo
396:Romanticism
390:Romanticism
384:Romanticism
362:Romanticism
322:Louis XVIII
318:Restoration
1325:Categories
1315:Literature
1232:Surrealism
1210:punk scene
1190:free verse
1158:free verse
828:Émile Zola
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725:Eugène Sue
516:melancholy
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370:naturalism
246:Literature
140:Literature
84:newspapers
1283:A Rebours
1271:Ă€ Rebours
1114:René Ghil
1043:symbolism
798:Norwegian
524:Senancour
474:exoticism
378:symbolism
326:Charles X
310:Consulate
54:talk page
1242:See also
1154:rhetoric
1012:decadent
911:Parnasse
839:Germinal
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790:Germinal
762:SalammbĂ´
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646:Stendhal
356:Overview
237:Portals
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136:Language
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876:L'Ĺ’uvre
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672:Realism
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366:Realism
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