2459:, usually promoted as being from Africa. Most dime museums had no seats in the curio halls. Visitors were directed from platform to platform by a lecturer, whose role was to be the master of ceremonies. During his performance, the lecturer, also known as the "Professor", held the audience's attention by describing the freaks displayed on the various stages. The lecturer needed to have both charisma and persuasiveness in addition to a loud voice. His rhetorical style usually was styled after the traditional distorted spiel of carnival barkers, filled with classical and biblical suggestions. Dime museum freak shows also provided audiences with medical testimonials provided by "doctors", psychologists and other behavioral "experts" who were there to help the audience understand a particular problem and to validate a show's subject.
2538:, severely disabled people often found that exhibiting themselves was their only opportunity to make a living. In the 19th century performing in an organized freak show was perceived as a "viable" way to earn a living, as opposed to begging. Many freak show performers were lucky and gifted enough to earn a livelihood and have a good life through exhibitions, some becoming celebrities, commanding high salaries and earning far more than acrobats, novelty performers, and actors. The salaries of dime museum freaks usually varied from 25 to 500 dollars a week, making more money than lecture-room variety performers. Freaks were seen to have profitable traits, with an opportunity to become celebrities obtaining fame and fortune. At the height of freak shows' popularity, they were one of the few jobs for
2209:, performance, and space used to display the show, designed to emphasize the things that were considered abnormal about each performer. The final stage was a collectable drawing or photograph that portrayed the group of freaks on stage for viewers to take home. The collectable printed souvenirs were accompanied by recordings of the showman's pitch, the lecturer's yarn, and the professor's exaggerated accounts of what was witnessed at the show. Exhibits were authenticated by doctors who used medical terms that many could not comprehend but which added an air of authenticity to the proceedings. Freak show culture normalized a specific way of thinking about gender, race, sexual aberrance, ethnicity, and disability.
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make a profit. This was particularly hard for top performers, since more frequent shows sold more tickets. Many entertainers were abused by small-time museum operators, kept to grueling schedules, and given only a small percentage of their total earnings. Individual exhibits were hired for about one to six weeks by dime museums. The average performer had a schedule that included 10 to 15 shows a day, and was shuttled back and forth week after week from one museum to another. When a popular freak show performer came to a dime museum in New York, they were overworked and exploited to make the museum money. For example, when
2321:. He had 338 tattoos covering his body. Each one was ornate and told a story. His story was that he was on a military expedition but was captured by native people, who gave him the choice of either being chopped up into little pieces or receive full body tattoos. This process supposedly took three months and Costentenus was the only hostage who survived. He produced a 23-page book, which detailed every aspect of his experience and drew a large crowd. When Costentenus partnered with Barnum, he began to earn more than $ 1,000 a week. His wealth became so staggering that the
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2439:, paintings, relics, freaks, stuffed animals, menageries, waxworks, and theatrical performances. No other type of entertainment appealed to such diverse audiences before. In the 1870s, dimes grew and grew, peaking in the 1880s and 1890s, available for all from coast to coast. With more dime museums than any place in the world, New York City was the dime museum capital, with an entertainment district that included German
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bright banners showcasing his attractions and included a band that performed outside. Barnum's
American Museum also offered multiple attractions that not only entertained but tried to educate and uplift its working-class visitors. Barnum offered one ticket that guaranteed admission to his lectures, theatrical performances, an animal menagerie, and a glimpse at curiosities both living and dead.
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2176:. The amusement park industry flourished in the United States by the expanding middle class who benefited from short work weeks and a larger income. There was also a shift in US-American culture that influenced people to see leisure activities as a necessary and beneficial equivalent to working, thus leading to the popularity of the freak show.
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fully aware of the improper ethics behind his business as he said, "I don't believe in duping the public, but I believe in first attracting and then pleasing them." During the 1840s Barnum began his museum, which had a constantly rotating acts schedule, which included obese people, "living skeletons" (men who appear emaciated),
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Most of the museums and sideshows that had traveled with major circuses were owned during most of 1876. By 1880 human phenomena were now combined with a variety of entertainment acts from the sideshows. By 1890 tent size and the number of sideshow attractions began to increase, with most sideshows in
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newspaper that year, as well as his own autobiography. Norman's opinion was that he provided
Merrick (and his other exhibits) a way of making a living and remaining independent, but that on entering the London Hospital, Merrick remained a freak on display, only with no control over how or when he was
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Matthew
Buchinger was born in Germany, without hands or feet, on the 3rd of June, 1674. He came over to England, from Hanover, in the retinue of George the first, with whom he expected to have ingratiated himself, by presenting to his Majesty a musical instrument of his own invention, resembling, we
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show the lives of severely disabled or deformed people, and can be seen as the modern equivalent of circus freak shows. To cater to current cultural expectations of disability narratives, the subjects are usually portrayed as heroic and attention is given to their family and friends and the way they
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law forbids the "exhibition any deformed human being or human monstrosity, except as used for scientific purposes". At the start of the 20th century, movies and television began to satisfy audiences' thirst for entertainment. People could see similar types of acts and abnormalities from the comfort
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Many scholars have argued that freak show performers were exploited by the showmen and managers for profit because of their disabilities. Many freaks were paid generously, but had to deal with museum managers who were often insensitive about the performers' schedules, working them long hours just to
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wrote, "He wears very handsome diamond rings and other jewelry, valued altogether at about $ 3,000 and usually goes armed to protect himself from persons who might attempt to rob him." Though
Costentenus was fortunate, other freaks were not. Upon his death in 1891, he donated about half of his life
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At this time, however, public opinion about freak shows was starting to change and the display of human novelties was beginning to be viewed as distasteful. After only a few weeks with Norman, the
Elephant Man exhibition was shut down by the police, and Norman and Merrick parted ways. Treves later
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was considered the father of modern-day advertising, and one of the most famous showmen and managers of the freak show industry. In the United States he was a major figure in popularizing the entertainment. However, it was common for Barnum's acts to be schemes and not altogether true. Barnum was
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to exhibit freaks. In 1841 Barnum purchased The
American Museum, which made freaks the major attraction, following mainstream America in the mid-19th century. Barnum was known to advertise aggressively and make up outlandish stories about his exhibits. The façade of the museum was decorated with
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During the first decade of the 20th century, the popularity of the freak show was starting to dwindle. In their prime, freak shows had been the main attraction of the midway, but by 1940 they were starting to lose their audience, with credible people turning their backs on the show. In the 19th
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Freak shows were the main attraction of most dime museums during 1870–1900, with the human oddity as the king of museum entertainment. There were four types of human abnormalities on display in dime museums: natural freaks, those born with physical or mental abnormalities, such as dwarfs and
2990:, Chris Shaw, however, comments that "one man's freak show is another man's portrayal of heroic triumph over medical adversity" and carries on with "call me prejudiced but I suspect your typical twentysomething watched this show with their jaw on the floor rather than a tear in their eye".
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There were four ways freak shows were produced and marketed. The first was the oral spiel or lecture. This featured a showman or professor who managed the presentation of the people or "freaks". The second was a printed advertisement, usually using long pamphlets and broadside or newspaper
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in the United States, starting in the 1860s, banned those who were "diseased, maimed, mutilated, or in any way deformed" from public view—making it hard for such people to support themselves. Exhibitions, however, were specifically excepted. Although freak shows were viewed as a place for
2255:" who was then 4 years of age but was stated to be 11. Charles had stopped growing after the first 6 months of his life, at which point he was 25 inches (64 cm) tall and weighed 15 pounds (6.8 kg). With heavy coaching and natural talent, the boy was taught to imitate people from
2267:, who was amused and saddened by the little man, and the event was a publicity coup. Barnum paid Stratton handsomely – about $ 150.00 a week. When Stratton retired, he lived in the most esteemed neighborhood of New York, owned a yacht, and dressed in the nicest clothing he could buy.
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and promoters exhibited all types of freaks. People who appeared non-white or who had a disability were often exhibited as unknown races and cultures. These "unknown" races and disabled whites were advertised as being undiscovered humans to attract viewers. For example, those with
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Freak shows were viewed as a normal part of
American culture in the late 19th to the early 20th centuries. The shows were viewed as a suitable amusement for the middle class and were profitable for the showmen, who exploited freak show performers' disabilities for profit.
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dwarfs, whose head and limbs tend to be out of proportion to their trunks, were characterized as exotic mode. Those who were armless, legless, or limbless were also characterized in the exotic mode as animal-people, such as "The Snake-Man", and "The Seal Man".
2160:, or behavioral rarities. Although not all abnormalities were real, some being alleged, the exploitation for profit was seen as an accepted part of US-American culture. The attractiveness of freak shows led to the spread of the shows that were commonly seen at
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Barnum retired in 1865 when his museum burnt to the ground. Though Barnum was and still is criticized for exploitation, he paid the performers fairly handsome sums of money. Some of the acts made the equivalent of what some sports stars make today.
2487:, but these shows were not organized into anything like typical sideshows until the midcentury. During the 1870s it was common to see freak shows at most circuses, eventually making the circus a hub for the display of human oddities.
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were conjoined twin sisters who started performing at the age of four in 1912. They grew in popularity during the 1920s to the 1930s performing dance routines and playing instruments. They stopped performing in 1935 due to financial
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At the end of the 19th century, there was a shift in popularity of the dime museum and it began its downward turn. Audiences could now choose from a wide variety of popular entertainments. Circuses, street fairs, world's fairs,
2400:, who arranged to have Merrick brought to the hospital to be examined. The exhibition of the Elephant Man was reasonably successful, particularly with the added income from a printed pamphlet about Merrick's life and condition.
2123:. While Lazarus appeared to be otherwise ordinary, the underdeveloped body of his brother dangled from his chest. When Lazarus was not exhibiting himself, he covered his brother with his cloak to avoid unnecessary attention.
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former slave for $ 1,000. He claimed this woman was 160 years old, but she was actually only 80. This lie helped Barnum make a weekly profit of nearly $ 1,000. This hoax was one of the first, but one of the more convincing.
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999 Eyes
Freakshow is founded, touting itself as the "last genuine traveling freakshow in the United States." 999 Eyes portrays freaks in a positive light, insisting that "what is different is beautiful." Freaks include
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Changing attitudes about physical differences led to the decline of the freak show as a form of entertainment towards the end of the 19th century. As previously mysterious anomalies were scientifically explained as
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with extreme deformities. Merrick arrived in London and into Norman's care. Norman, initially shocked by
Merrick's appearance and reluctant to display him, nonetheless exhibited him at his penny gaff shop at 123
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2364:—the "most gruesome" act Norman claimed to have seen. Other acts included fleas, fat ladies, giants, dwarfs and retired white seamen, painted black and speaking in an invented language, billed "savage
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During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, freak shows were at their height of popularity; the period 1840s through to the 1940s saw the organized for-profit exhibition of people with physical,
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was a larger cause of decline. Many now viewed freak shows as wrong and profiting from others' misfortune. Though paid well, the freaks of the 19th century did not always enjoy quality of life.
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2188:, a condition linked to intellectual disabilities and characterized by a very small, pointed head and small overall structure, were considered or characterized as "missing links" or as
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also focuses on freak shows. Some of its characters are played by disabled people, rather than all of the disabilities being created through makeup or effects. However, an article in
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Půtová, B.: Freak Shows. Otherness of the Human Body as a Form of Public
Presentation. Anthropologie: International Journal of Human Diversity and Evolution 56(2), 2018, s. 91–102
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The exhibition of a creature who "was taken in a wook at Guinea; 'tis a female about four feet high in every part like a woman excepting her head which nearly resembles the ape."
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tells the story of a traveling freakshow. The use of real freaks in the film provoked public outcries, and the film was relegated to obscurity until its re-release at the 1962
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of their own homes or a nice theater, and no longer needed to pay to see freaks. Though movies and television played a big part in the decline of the freak show, the rise of
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2427:. In a dime museum, freak show performers were exhibited as an educational display of people with different disabilities. For a cheap admission viewers were awed with its
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2447:"pinheads"; self-made freaks who cultivated freakdom, for example tattooed people; novelty artists who were considered freaks for their "freakish" performances, such as
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2483:, known as the "big one". It was a symbol of the peak of the practice and its acceptance in American society. In the early 1800s, single human oddities started joining
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2595:" smoking a pipe with an extended mouthpiece for her lips during a show in a New York circus in 1930. Her lips were stretched by the insertion of
2263:. By 5, he was drinking wine, and by 7 smoking cigars for the public's amusement. During 1844–45, Barnum toured with Tom Thumb in Europe and met
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entertainment, they were also a place of employment for those who could advertise, manage, and perform in the attractions. In an era before
2103:, deformed people have often been treated as objects of interest and entertainment, and crowds have flocked to see them exhibited. A famous
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2278:, The Highland Fat Boys, and What Is It? (Henry Johnson, an intellectually disabled Black man). Barnum introduced the "man-monkey"
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By the 1920s, the circus was declining as a major form of amusement due to competition from amusement parks, movie houses and
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2942:– Circus of the Sun. In attendance were Bill Quinn, the halfman; Percilla, the fat lady; Mighty Mike Murga the Mighty Dwarf;
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2071:, those with extraordinary diseases and conditions, and others with performances expected to be shocking to viewers. Heavily
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2789:. Two stars of the film were Daisy and Violet Hilton: conjoined sisters who had been raised being exhibited in freak shows.
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were conjoined twin brothers who started performing in 1829. They stopped performing in 1870 due to Chang having a stroke.
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The entertainment appeal of the traditional "freak shows" is arguably echoed in numerous programmes made for television.
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criticized the show, saying it perpetuated the term "freak" and the negative view of disability associated with it.
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had a parade of circus freaks escort Mikhail Alekseyevich Galitzine and his bride Avdotya Ivanovna Buzheninova to a
2360:, whose traveling exhibitions featured Eliza Jenkins, the "Skeleton Woman", a "Balloon Headed Baby" and a woman who
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made Norman infamous as a drunk who cruelly exploited Merrick. Norman counteracted these claims in a letter in the
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4009:"Diseased, Maimed, Mutilated: Categorizations of Disability and an Ugly Law in Late Nineteenth-Century Chicago"
2579:, the three-legged man, was quoted saying, "My limb does not bother me as much as the curious, critical gaze."
2467:, and urban amusement parks, all of which exhibited freaks, began to take business away from the dime museums.
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and fairgrounds, where the freaks were often combined with talent displays. For example, in the 18th century,
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large circuses with twelve to fifteen exhibits plus a band. Bands typically were made up of Black musicians,
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rarities, referred to in popular culture as "freaks of nature". Typical features would be physically unusual
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2372:" which in reality was composed of two men and a borrowed baby. He operated a number of shops in London and
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In 1860, The American Museum had listed and archived thirteen human curiosities in the museum, including an
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3602:"'It Was Not The Show It Was The Tale That You Told': The Life And Legend Of Tom Norman, the Silver King"
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2499:. These entertainers were used to attract crowds and provide a festive atmosphere inside the show tent.
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Collection Guide to Human curiosity prints, playbills, broadsides and other printed material, 1695–1937
4794:"'Freak' is a slur and 'Freak Show' is propagating it. Disabled people deserve better | Howard Sherman"
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started performing in freak shows as "The Last of the Ancient Aztecs of Mexico". Both performers had
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arranged for Merrick to live at the London Hospital until his death in 1890. In Treves' 1923 memoir,
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4168:"Michigan Penal Code (Excerpt), Act 328 of 1931: Section 750.347, Deformed human beings; exhibition"
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century, science supported and legitimized the growth of freak shows, but by the 20th century, the
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2727:. Both brothers were intellectually disabled. They stopped performing in 1905 after Hiram's death.
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in New York, his manager arranged to have him perform 23 shows during a 12- to 14-hour day.
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4715:"Freaks, the Grotesque, and Other Sideshow Attractions in the Fiction of Carson McCullers"
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2443:, theaters, vendors, photography, studios, and a variety of other amusement institutions.
2393:
2299:
2287:
2279:
2237:, and other people deemed to be freaks. The museum drew in about 400,000 visitors a year.
2197:
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2116:
2100:
1957:
1865:
1761:
1702:
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1519:
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838:
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412:
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centers around Daisy and Violet Hilton and their lives as conjoined twins on exhibition.
2800:(two siblings, each half man, half woman) exhibited with Bobby Reynolds on sideshow tour.
2410:
2251:
One of Barnum's exhibits centered around Charles Sherwood Stratton, the dwarf billed as "
2153:, where freak shows finally reached maturity as successful commercially run enterprises.
561:
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5834:
5536:
5422:
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2507:
2506:
tours, and the rise of the radio. Circuses also saw a large decline in audience during
2380:
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31:
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1964:
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337:
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at the United Center in the middle of 1996, to a crowd of 30,000. The show included
2815:
Festival, starting a new wave of performers and resurgence of interest in the genre.
7231:
7118:
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6913:
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6813:
6793:
6773:
6409:
6309:
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6015:
5879:
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4907:
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3011:
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2766:
2712:
2551:
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of human abnormalities contributed to the end of the exhibits' mystery and appeal.
2206:
2185:
2134:, born without arms or lower legs, entertained crowds with astonishing displays of
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833:
571:
546:
402:
342:
307:
272:
267:
3580:
2274:
family, The Living Aztecs, three dwarfs, a Black mother with two albino children,
4543:"Last night's TV: Extraordinary People: The Boys Joined at the Head | Media"
3487:
2079:
people have sometimes been seen in freak shows (more common in modern times as a
7133:
7093:
7061:
6928:
6888:
6728:
6641:
6592:
6567:
6467:
6162:
5901:
5884:
5839:
5754:
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4428:
4251:
3426:
2511:
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2424:
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2135:
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1479:
1439:
1273:
1186:
1137:
1114:
1014:
701:
424:
407:
362:
277:
4856:
Human Freaks, Encyclopedic Book on the Human Freaks from the Beginning to Today
4619:
3565:
2691:
In 1842 Charles Sherwood Stratton was presented on the freak show platform as "
2286:
Black dwarf who spoke a mysterious language created by Barnum and was known as
7407:
7402:
7283:
7278:
7174:
7158:
7015:
6908:
6866:
6828:
6636:
6624:
6597:
6507:
5928:
5923:
5894:
5829:
5668:
5449:
5264:
4962:
4948:
4232:
3550:
2739:
2649:
2373:
2353:
2173:
2084:
2060:
2030:
1974:
1969:
1850:
1845:
1741:
1717:
1566:
1459:
1417:
1373:
1181:
1169:
1142:
1054:
451:
446:
417:
352:
183:
4822:
Kunhardt, Philip B. Jr.; Kunhardt, Philip B. III; Kunhardt, Peter W. (1995).
4034:
7308:
7256:
6973:
6572:
5694:
5249:
4519:
3448:
3084:
3074:
2979:
2596:
2592:
2503:
2492:
2452:
2436:
2384:
2361:
2336:
2310:, Barnum's museum drew large audiences seeking diversion from the conflict.
2291:
2234:
1875:
1823:
1524:
1119:
217:
39:
4050:
4026:
3905:(Paperback ed., ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. pp. 41–44.
7273:
7103:
7030:
6681:
6607:
6512:
6472:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5704:
5381:
3140:
Very Special People: the Struggles, Loves, and Triumphs of Human Oddities
2946:, a wildman; Christopher Landry; fire-eaters; sword swallowers, and more.
2910:
2770:
2664:
2567:
2563:
2539:
2526:
2476:
2464:
2432:
2260:
2256:
2230:
2080:
1840:
1662:
1581:
1226:
1152:
1059:
1019:
382:
377:
372:
297:
292:
287:
227:
4042:
4008:
5779:
5673:
5653:
5626:
5601:
5060:
4405:
4121:(5. imp. ed.). New York : New York Univ. Press. pp. 316–317.
4096:(Paperback ed., ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 165.
3287:(Paperback ed., ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 112.
2955:
2428:
2357:
2189:
2180:
2139:
302:
188:
168:
141:
116:
3880:(Paperback ed., ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 46.
3855:(Paperback ed., ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 40.
3827:(Paperback ed., ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 38.
3777:(Paperback ed., ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 37.
3752:(Paperback ed., ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 35.
3518:(Paperback ed., ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 33.
3405:(Paperback ed., ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 32.
3377:(Paperback ed., ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 67.
3349:(Paperback ed., ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 62.
2699:; he stopped performing in 1883 due to a stroke that led to his death.
2044:
6733:
5759:
5658:
5636:
5631:
5581:
4471:
3262:(Paperback ed., ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 6.
3209:(Paperback ed., ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 2.
3193:
believe, a flute, and on which he played with considerable skill. ...
2715:
and stopped performing in 1867 after they were married to each other.
2369:
2313:
Barnum's most popular and highest grossing act was the Tattooed Man,
2165:
2150:
2127:
2072:
1278:
282:
173:
151:
146:
96:
4860:
Les Monstres humains: Oubliés de Dieu ou chefs-d'œuvres de la nature
2205:
advertisement of the freak show. The third step included costuming,
4880:
4648:
Teaching the Works of Eudora Welty: Twenty-First-Century Approaches
2328:
earnings to other freaks who did not make as much money as he did.
6743:
5586:
5107:
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
4497:
4146:(5. imp. ed.). New York : New York Univ. Press. p. 317.
4071:(5. imp. ed.). New York : New York Univ. Press. p. 316.
3802:(5. imp. ed.). New York : New York Univ. Press. p. 312.
3727:(5. imp. ed.). New York : New York Univ. Press. p. 315.
2954:
2586:
2318:
2064:
2043:
2029:
1288:
101:
5505:
3983:(. ed.). Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 14.
3930:(. ed.). Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 14.
3237:(. ed.). Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 11.
3112:
3110:
2934:
Wayne Schoenfeld brought together several sideshow performers to
7355:
7184:
4892:
4378:"Bound by Flesh" (2013), directed by Leslie Zemeckis, IFC Films.
3324:(. ed.). Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 2.
2777:
2332:
1922:
1751:
5509:
4921:
2514:
demands made the circus less and less affordable and valuable.
2317:. He claimed to be a Greek-Albanian prince raised in a Turkish
4875:
4308:
Freak show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit
4280:
Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit
4094:
Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit
3965:
3903:
Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit
3878:
Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit
3853:
Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit
3825:
Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit
3775:
Freak show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit
3750:
Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit
3516:
Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit
3403:
Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit
3375:
Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit
3347:
Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit
3285:
Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit
3260:
Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit
3207:
Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit
2774:
4917:
3981:
Sideshow U.S.A.: Freaks and the American Cultural Imagination
3928:
Sideshow U.S.A.: Freaks and the American Cultural Imagination
3322:
Sideshow U.S.A.: Freaks and the American Cultural Imagination
3235:
Sideshow U.S.A.: Freaks and the American Cultural Imagination
3228:
3226:
4889:– Section of Monstrous.Com dedicated to freaks and prodigies
2083:
act), as have attention-getting physical performers such as
2196:
who tend to be well proportioned were advertised as lofty.
4883:– periodical devoted to sideshow and variety entertainment
4310:(Paperback ed., ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr.
4282:(Paperback ed., ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr.
3560:. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press.
4593:"The lure of the weird | Media | MediaGuardian"
3309:
Freakery The cultural specatcle of the extraordinary body
2881:. The Milwaukee run included a fat lady and bearded lady
2376:, and exhibited travelling shows throughout the country.
4865:
Niall Richardson (2010) 'Transgressive Bodies' (Ashgate)
3498:
2383:, sometimes called "the Elephant Man", a young man from
2126:
As well as exhibitions, freak shows were popular in the
4541:
Logged in as click here to log out (21 February 2008).
4144:
Freakery: cultural spectacles of the extraordinary body
4119:
Freakery: cultural spectacles of the extraordinary body
4069:
Freakery: cultural spectacles of the extraordinary body
3800:
Freakery: cultural spectacles of the extraordinary body
3725:
Freakery: cultural spectacles of the extraordinary body
3718:
3716:
3714:
4741:"A splendid show full of love for 'Side Show' sisters"
4682:
The Cambridge Introduction to the American Short Story
3368:
3366:
2550:(known as "Jo-Jo, the Dog-Faced Boy") appeared at the
2379:
Most famously, in 1884, Norman came into contact with
2298:, a new Tom Thumb, with whom Barnum visited President
2067:, such as those uncommonly large or small, those with
5097:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
2603:
The exhibition of human oddities has a long history:
7167:
7044:
6837:
6448:
6090:
5937:
5687:
5574:
5543:
5410:
5344:
5283:
5217:
5182:
5136:
5115:
5079:
5053:
5046:
4986:
4955:
4901:– freakshow ephemera from the collection of artist
4442:"Chicago Reader: Wanna See Something Really Weird?"
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3549:
2495:minstrel bands, and troupes of dancers dressed as
2051:and its popular ongoing freak show in August 2008.
7319:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
4645:Claxton, Mae Miller; Eichelberger, Julia (2018).
4356:. Classichorror.free-online.co.uk. Archived from
3118:"Strange and Bizarre: The History of Freak Shows"
2423:A different way to display a freak show was in a
1886:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
3433:. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky.
2893:. In later years the show has included Half-boy
2138:and musical ability, both in England and later,
6979:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
4895:– "Preserving the past... promoting the future"
3548:Osborne, Peter; Harrison, B. (September 2004).
1530:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
6461:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
2936:The L.A. Circus Congress of Freaks and Exotics
2475:In the circus world, freak shows, also called
2335:was early in his career. He hired a blind and
1008:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
5521:
5102:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons
4933:
3846:
3844:
3509:
3507:
3153:The Two-Headed Boy, and Other Medical Marvels
2723:Hiram and Barney Davis were presented as the
2011:
8:
6677:List of people killed for being transgender
4685:. Cambridge University Press. p. 199.
2107:example was the exhibition at the court of
1222:List of people killed for being transgender
5528:
5514:
5506:
5490:
5291:Augmentative and alternative communication
5050:
4940:
4926:
4918:
2984:help them overcome their disabilities. On
2018:
2004:
18:
4572:. London: Entertainment.timesonline.co.uk
5795:Social determinants of health in poverty
4899:Congress of Oddities: James G. Prodigies
4825:P. T. Barnum: America's Greatest Showman
4301:
4299:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4142:Thomson, Rosemarie Garland, ed. (1996).
4117:Thomson, Rosemarie Garland, ed. (1996).
4067:Thomson, Rosemarie Garland, ed. (1996).
3798:Thomson, Rosemarie Garland, ed. (1996).
3723:Thomson, Rosemarie Garland, ed. (1996).
3476:"The Rise and Fall of Circus Freakshows"
3142:. New York: Bell Publishing Co. p. xiii.
2826:("Lobster Boy") was shot in his home in
2406:The Elephant Man and Other Reminiscences
2145:It was in the 19th century, both in the
318:Social determinants of health in poverty
5326:Disproportionality in special education
4396:Digital Library, retrieved May 6, 2006.
4170:. Legislature.mi.gov. 18 September 1931
4062:
4060:
3592:
3590:
3557:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3106:
2738:was exhibited as "The Elephant Man" by
2243:was one of the most popular museums in
30:
16:Exhibition of physically unusual humans
4768:"How Much of 'Freak Show' Is Reality?"
3499:Kunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995
3002:literature, including stories such as
2913:music festival in 2006, 2007 and 2010.
2628:in what is now St. Petersburg, Russia.
2290:. In 1862, he discovered the giantess
2113:Lazarus and Joannes Baptista Colloredo
4792:Sherman, Howard (26 September 2014).
4350:"Missing Link reviews Tod Browning's
4330:Howell, Michael; Ford, Peter (1992).
4002:
4000:
3396:
3394:
7:
7443:
6483:Capital punishment for homosexuality
5800:Social determinants of mental health
4333:The True History of the Elephant Man
3956:. Origin of Everything. 10 July 2018
3551:"Merrick, Joseph Carey (1862–1890)"
2998:Freak shows are a common subject in
2481:Ringling Brothers, Barnum and Bailey
2392:, directly across the road from the
1030:Capital punishment for homosexuality
323:Social determinants of mental health
6603:Genital modification and mutilation
5433:Disability in children's literature
4766:Kupfer, Lindsey (15 October 2014).
4739:Engelhardt, Joanne (6 March 2017).
4444:. Chicago, Illinois. Archived from
2938:, to photograph sideshow folks for
1148:Genital modification and mutilation
5296:Emotional or behavioral disability
4626:. The Flannery O'Connor Repository
4496:. Wayne Schoenfeld. Archived from
2973:on the British television channel
14:
3056:American Horror Story: Freak Show
2599:of incrementally increasing size.
2352:Barnum's English counterpart was
7442:
7433:
7432:
7082:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
6919:Law for Protection of the Nation
6819:White genocide conspiracy theory
5489:
5480:
5479:
4591:Shaw, Chris (20 February 2006).
4570:"Last Night's TV – Times Online"
4426:Dad, Dames, Demons & a Dwarf
2909:. Brothers Grim toured with the
2624:collected human oddities at the
1641:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1470:Law for Protection of the Nation
1364:White genocide conspiracy theory
38:
6924:MSM blood donation restrictions
6672:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
4239:The University of Chicago Press
3478:, "Priceonomics", June 28, 2016
3020:Keela the Outcast Indian Maiden
2667:woman, was exhibited in Europe.
1475:MSM blood donation restrictions
1217:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
6937:(as religious or racial quota)
5311:Disability and LGBT identities
4651:. Univ. Press of Mississippi.
4568:Maher, Kevin (14 March 2007).
4007:Coco, Adrienne Phelps (2010).
3953:Why Was It Illegal to be Ugly?
2885:, as well as self-made freaks
2362:bit off the heads of live rats
2192:specimens of an extinct race.
1488:(as religious or racial quota)
1:
7351:Second-generation gender bias
7067:Constitutional colorblindness
5790:Social determinants of health
5123:Services for mental disorders
4470:. 999eyes.com. Archived from
4252:"'Hottentot Venus' goes home"
2510:, as economic hard times and
2368:". He displayed a "family of
1918:Second-generation gender bias
1626:Constitutional colorblindness
313:Social determinants of health
5128:Services for disabled people
4210:"The History of Kunstkammer"
3705:
3581:UK public library membership
3488:Queen Victoria and Tom Thumb
3039:The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter
2331:One of Barnum's most famous
7262:Medical model of disability
7114:Hate speech laws by country
5411:Arts, media, culture, sport
3693:
3681:
3669:
3657:
3645:
3633:
3606:National Fairground Archive
3180:National Library of Ireland
3138:Drimmer, Frederick (1985).
2663:(aka "Hottentot Venus"), a
1829:Medical model of disability
1673:Hate speech laws by country
7490:
7371:Social model of disability
5845:Discrimination against men
5438:Disability in horror films
5230:Activities of daily living
4720:. Texas A&M University
4431:2004 pp. 121, 137–147
4336:(3rd ed.). p. 74. London:
1938:Social model of disability
368:Discrimination against men
7428:
6724:Opposition to immigration
5637:Race / Ethnicity
5475:
4679:Scofield, Martin (2006).
4014:Journal of Social History
1269:Opposition to immigration
152:Race / Ethnicity
6719:Occupational segregation
6488:Compulsory sterilization
5331:Sexuality and disability
5306:Disability and disasters
5218:Structural and assistive
4392:, photographer unknown,
3694:Howell & Ford (1992)
3682:Howell & Ford (1992)
3670:Howell & Ford (1992)
3658:Howell & Ford (1992)
3646:Howell & Ford (1992)
3634:Howell & Ford (1992)
3431:Secrets of the sideshows
3008:Temple Of The Holy Ghost
2644:Peter the Great's niece
2241:Barnum's American Museum
1264:Occupational segregation
1035:Compulsory sterilization
7247:Internalized oppression
7109:Fighting Discrimination
7099:Fat acceptance movement
7057:Anti-discrimination law
6697:Native American mascots
5445:Disability in the media
5316:Disability and religion
5255:Personal Care Assistant
4713:Cothren, Claire Renae.
4624:www.flanneryoconnor.org
4306:Bogdan, Robert (2007).
4278:Bogdan, Robert (2007).
4092:Bogdan, Robert (2007).
3901:Bogdan, Robert (2007).
3876:Bogdan, Robert (2007).
3851:Bogdan, Robert (2007).
3823:Bogdan, Robert (2007).
3773:Bogdan, Robert (2007).
3748:Bogdan, Robert (2007).
3610:University of Sheffield
3514:Bogdan, Robert (2007).
3401:Bogdan, Robert (2007).
3373:Bogdan, Robert (2007).
3345:Bogdan, Robert (2007).
3283:Bogdan, Robert (2007).
3258:Bogdan, Robert (2007).
3205:Bogdan, Robert (2007).
2755:Daisy and Violet Hilton
2650:mock palace made of ice
2356:, a renowned Victorian
1814:Internalized oppression
1668:Fighting Discrimination
1658:Fat acceptance movement
1616:Anti-discrimination law
1242:Native American mascots
7366:Social identity threat
7339:Reverse discrimination
7329:Racial color blindness
6809:Violence against women
6789:Sex-selective abortion
5428:Disability in the arts
5321:Disability and poverty
5260:Physical accessibility
3979:Adams, Rachel (2009).
3926:Adams, Rachel (2009).
3566:10.1093/ref:odnb/37759
3320:Adams, Rachel (2009).
3233:Adams, Rachel (2009).
3151:Bondeson, Jan. (2000)
3095:Claude-Ambroise Seurat
2964:
2871:Brothers Grim Sideshow
2725:"wild men" from Borneo
2697:hypopituitary dwarfism
2600:
2591:Madam Gustika of the "
2276:The Swiss Bearded Lady
2052:
2039:
1933:Social identity threat
1906:Reverse discrimination
1896:Racial color blindness
1354:Violence against women
1334:Sex-selective abortion
7334:Religious intolerance
7294:Political correctness
7124:Intersex human rights
7072:Cultural assimilation
6754:Religious persecution
6518:Disability hate crime
5019:driver rehabilitation
4027:10.1353/jsh.2010.0025
2958:
2590:
2536:worker's compensation
2280:William Henry Johnson
2047:
2033:
1901:Religious intolerance
1861:Political correctness
1683:Intersex human rights
1631:Cultural assimilation
1299:Religious persecution
1065:Disability hate crime
6739:Political repression
5740:Anti-left handedness
5730:Anti-intellectualism
5352:Models of disability
5336:Youth and disability
5301:Invisible disability
5250:Orthotics and braces
5235:Assistive technology
5047:Rights, law, support
4914:, Harvard University
4887:Freaks and prodigies
4420:Mancow Muller (with
4389:Albert-Alberta Karas
4254:. BBC. 29 April 2002
4237:Chicago and London:
3176:Dublin Penny Journal
2970:Extraordinary People
2903:Mexican Werewolf Boy
2879:Milwaukee, Wisconsin
2798:Albert-Alberta Karas
2787:Cannes Film Festival
2681:Chang and Eng Bunker
2194:Hypopituitary dwarfs
2099:Since at latest the
2059:is an exhibition of
1284:Political repression
263:Anti-left handedness
253:Anti-intellectualism
7242:Historical eugenics
6779:Segregation academy
6759:Religious terrorism
6548:Enemy of the people
6456:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
5977:Jehovah's Witnesses
5870:Perpetual foreigner
5004:Learning disability
4828:. Alfred A. Knopf.
4522:. Zootsuitclown.com
4394:Syracuse University
4360:on 15 December 2018
4230:Bogdan, R. (1988).
3172:"Matthew Buchinger"
3120:. 26 September 2010
2944:Dieguito El Negrito
2899:Jesus "Chuy" Aceves
2875:Great Circus Parade
2844:Mancow's Freak Show
2838:Chicago shock-jock
2583:Historical timeline
2069:intersex variations
1809:Historical eugenics
1324:Segregation academy
1304:Religious terrorism
1095:Enemy of the people
1003:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
508:Jehovah's Witnesses
393:Perpetual foreigner
7154:Social integration
7149:Self-determination
7139:Racial integration
7087:Diversity training
7077:Cultural pluralism
7052:Affirmative action
6952:Racial segregation
6862:Crime of apartheid
6764:Religious violence
6269:Indigenous people
5664:Sexual orientation
5418:Disability culture
5345:Disability studies
5240:Independent living
4968:Disability studies
4881:Shocked and Amazed
4854:Martin Monestier,
4618:Sparrow, Stephen.
4494:"Wayne Schoenfeld"
4474:on 26 January 2009
4448:on 25 January 2007
4189:Armand Marie Leroi
3616:on 10 October 2010
3474:Zachary Crockett,
2994:In popular culture
2965:
2963:performing in 2007
2951:Modern freak shows
2828:Gibsonton, Florida
2709:Maximo and Bartola
2601:
2532:social safety nets
2485:traveling circuses
2315:George Costentenus
2132:Matthias Buchinger
2117:conjoined brothers
2053:
2040:
1713:Social integration
1708:Self-determination
1698:Racial integration
1646:Diversity training
1636:Cultural pluralism
1611:Affirmative action
1503:Racial segregation
1413:Crime of apartheid
1309:Religious violence
808:Indigenous people
179:Sexual orientation
7456:
7455:
7324:Racism by country
7252:Intersectionality
7237:Heteronormativity
7036:Voter suppression
6784:Sexual harassment
6583:Forced conversion
6503:Cultural genocide
6168:African Americans
5987:post–Cold War era
5972:Eastern Orthodoxy
5725:Anti-drug addicts
5720:Anti-homelessness
5647:Scientific racism
5503:
5502:
5372:Neuroqueer theory
5275:Web accessibility
5225:Accessible toilet
5213:
5212:
5066:Disability rights
5061:Ableism/disablism
4835:978-0-679-43574-7
4692:978-1-139-45765-1
4658:978-1-4968-1454-8
4620:"This is My Body"
4317:978-0-226-06312-6
4289:978-0-226-06312-6
4153:978-0-8147-8217-0
4128:978-0-8147-8217-0
4103:978-0-226-06312-6
4078:978-0-8147-8217-0
3990:978-0-226-00539-3
3937:978-0-226-00539-3
3912:978-0-226-06312-6
3887:978-0-226-06312-6
3862:978-0-226-06312-6
3834:978-0-226-06312-6
3809:978-0-8147-8217-0
3784:978-0-226-06312-6
3759:978-0-226-06312-6
3734:978-0-8147-8217-0
3579:(Subscription or
3525:978-0-226-06312-6
3412:978-0-226-06312-6
3384:978-0-226-06312-6
3356:978-0-226-06312-6
3331:978-0-226-00539-3
3294:978-0-226-06312-6
3269:978-0-226-06312-6
3244:978-0-226-00539-3
3216:978-0-226-06312-6
3160:978-0-8014-3767-0
3004:Flannery O'Connor
2744:London's East End
2693:General Tom Thumb
2611:Lazarus Colloredo
2573:disability rights
2560:genetic mutations
2253:General Tom Thumb
2028:
2027:
1891:Racism by country
1819:Intersectionality
1804:Heteronormativity
1587:Voter suppression
1329:Sexual harassment
1130:Forced conversion
1050:Cultural genocide
707:African Americans
518:post–Cold War era
503:Eastern Orthodoxy
248:Anti-drug addicts
243:Anti-homelessness
162:Scientific racism
7481:
7446:
7445:
7436:
7435:
7376:Social privilege
7361:Social exclusion
7289:Police brutality
7210:Multiculturalism
7180:Amatonormativity
7011:Social exclusion
6847:Age of candidacy
6647:Homeless dumping
6553:Ethnic cleansing
5530:
5523:
5516:
5507:
5493:
5492:
5483:
5482:
5465:Special Olympics
5357:Inspiration porn
5270:Universal design
5071:Pejorative terms
5051:
5014:Physical therapy
4942:
4935:
4928:
4919:
4912:Houghton Library
4839:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4747:. The Daily News
4745:The Mercury News
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4719:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4438:
4432:
4418:
4412:
4406:Grady Stiles Jr.
4403:
4397:
4385:
4379:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4346:
4340:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4303:
4294:
4293:
4275:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4248:
4242:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4212:. Kunstkamera.ru
4206:
4200:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4139:
4133:
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4114:
4108:
4107:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4064:
4055:
4054:
4004:
3995:
3994:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3948:
3942:
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3923:
3917:
3916:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3848:
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3820:
3814:
3813:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3720:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3612:, archived from
3598:Toulmin, Vanessa
3594:
3585:
3584:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3553:
3545:
3530:
3529:
3511:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3472:
3453:
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3423:
3417:
3416:
3398:
3389:
3388:
3370:
3361:
3360:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3317:
3311:
3307:R. G Thomson in
3305:
3299:
3298:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3168:
3162:
3149:
3143:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3114:
3090:Freak show fight
3034:Carson McCullers
2940:Cirque Du Soleil
2850:and her brother
2398:Frederick Treves
2390:Whitechapel Road
2089:sword-swallowing
2036:Rutland, Vermont
2034:A freak show in
2020:
2013:
2006:
1943:Social privilege
1928:Social exclusion
1856:Police brutality
1777:Multiculturalism
1747:Amatonormativity
1562:Social exclusion
1398:Age of candidacy
1192:Homeless dumping
1100:Ethnic cleansing
42:
19:
7489:
7488:
7484:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7479:
7478:
7459:
7458:
7457:
7452:
7424:
7299:Polyculturalism
7195:Civil liberties
7163:
7144:Reappropriation
7045:Countermeasures
7040:
6969:Racial steering
6935:Numerus clausus
6839:
6833:
6558:Ethnic conflict
6493:Corrective rape
6444:
6086:
5933:
5825:HIV/AIDS stigma
5683:
5632:Mental disorder
5570:
5539:
5534:
5504:
5499:
5471:
5406:
5340:
5279:
5209:
5183:Activist groups
5178:
5132:
5111:
5075:
5042:
4982:
4951:
4946:
4876:Showhistory.com
4872:
4846:
4844:Further reading
4836:
4821:
4818:
4813:
4812:
4802:
4800:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4776:
4774:
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4449:
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4404:
4400:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4373:
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4348:
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4343:
4329:
4325:
4318:
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4297:
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4277:
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4229:
4225:
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4213:
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4203:
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4173:
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4166:
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4154:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4079:
4066:
4065:
4058:
4006:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3978:
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3973:
3959:
3957:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3850:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3722:
3721:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3680:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3632:
3628:
3619:
3617:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3578:
3570:
3568:
3547:
3546:
3533:
3526:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3482:
3473:
3456:
3441:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3185:
3183:
3182:. 27 April 1833
3170:
3169:
3165:
3150:
3146:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3103:
3071:
3000:Southern Gothic
2996:
2953:
2873:debuted at the
2809:Jim Rose Circus
2695:". Charles had
2622:Peter the Great
2585:
2548:Fedor Jeftichew
2520:
2473:
2421:
2394:London Hospital
2350:
2300:Abraham Lincoln
2288:Zip the Pinhead
2223:
2198:Achondroplastic
2162:amusement parks
2101:medieval period
2097:
2024:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1866:Polyculturalism
1762:Civil liberties
1734:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1703:Reappropriation
1603:
1602:Countermeasures
1595:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1520:Racial steering
1486:Numerus clausus
1390:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1105:Ethnic conflict
1040:Corrective rape
995:
987:
986:
985:
984:
983:
632:
621:
620:
619:
618:
617:
470:
460:
459:
458:
457:
456:
348:HIV/AIDS stigma
210:
202:
201:
200:
199:
198:
147:Mental disorder
89:
81:
80:
79:
78:
77:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7487:
7485:
7477:
7476:
7471:
7461:
7460:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7440:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7416:
7415:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7394:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7344:Reverse racism
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7314:Prisoner abuse
7311:
7306:
7304:Power distance
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7222:Ethnic penalty
7219:
7218:
7217:
7215:Neurodiversity
7212:
7202:
7200:Dehumanization
7197:
7192:
7190:Cisnormativity
7187:
7182:
7177:
7171:
7169:
7168:Related topics
7165:
7164:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7090:
7089:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7048:
7046:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7026:State religion
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6965:
6964:
6962:Nuremberg Laws
6959:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6904:Ghetto benches
6901:
6899:Gerrymandering
6896:
6891:
6886:
6884:Gender pay gap
6881:
6880:
6879:
6874:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6843:
6841:
6838:Discriminatory
6835:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6667:Lavender scare
6664:
6662:Kill Haole Day
6659:
6657:Indian rolling
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6622:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6543:Eliminationism
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6478:Cancel culture
6475:
6470:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6452:
6450:
6449:Manifestations
6446:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6345:Middle Eastern
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6097:
6095:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6082:Zoroastrianism
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6013:
6012:
6011:
6009:Untouchability
6006:
5996:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5943:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5835:Leprosy stigma
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5540:
5537:Discrimination
5535:
5533:
5532:
5525:
5518:
5510:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5487:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5447:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5425:
5423:Disability art
5420:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5057:
5055:
5048:
5044:
5043:
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5033:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5011:
5006:
5001:
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4990:
4988:
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4983:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4905:
4903:James G Mundie
4896:
4893:Sideshow World
4890:
4884:
4878:
4871:
4870:External links
4868:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4858:. (In French:
4852:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4834:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4784:
4758:
4731:
4705:
4691:
4671:
4657:
4637:
4610:
4583:
4560:
4533:
4511:
4500:on 27 May 2013
4485:
4468:"999 EYES BIO"
4459:
4433:
4413:
4398:
4380:
4371:
4341:
4323:
4316:
4295:
4288:
4265:
4243:
4223:
4201:
4181:
4159:
4152:
4134:
4127:
4109:
4102:
4084:
4077:
4056:
3996:
3989:
3971:
3943:
3936:
3918:
3911:
3893:
3886:
3868:
3861:
3840:
3833:
3815:
3808:
3790:
3783:
3765:
3758:
3740:
3733:
3710:
3706:Durbach (2009)
3698:
3686:
3674:
3662:
3650:
3638:
3626:
3586:
3531:
3524:
3503:
3491:
3480:
3454:
3439:
3418:
3411:
3390:
3383:
3362:
3355:
3337:
3330:
3312:
3300:
3293:
3275:
3268:
3250:
3243:
3222:
3215:
3197:
3163:
3144:
3131:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3067:
2995:
2992:
2961:Black Scorpion
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2924:Black Scorpion
2919:
2915:
2914:
2895:Jesse Stitcher
2864:
2860:
2859:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2736:Joseph Merrick
2733:
2729:
2728:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2675:The original "
2673:
2669:
2668:
2661:Sarah Baartman
2658:
2654:
2653:
2646:Anna Ioannovna
2642:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2593:Duckbill tribe
2584:
2581:
2519:
2516:
2508:the Depression
2472:
2469:
2451:, mesmerists,
2449:snake charmers
2420:
2417:
2381:Joseph Merrick
2349:
2346:
2324:New York Times
2296:Commodore Nutt
2265:Queen Victoria
2222:
2219:
2215:medicalization
2109:King Charles I
2096:
2093:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1911:Reverse racism
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1881:Prisoner abuse
1878:
1873:
1871:Power distance
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1789:Ethnic penalty
1786:
1785:
1784:
1782:Neurodiversity
1779:
1769:
1767:Dehumanization
1764:
1759:
1757:Cisnormativity
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1733:Related topics
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1577:State religion
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1513:Nuremberg Laws
1510:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1455:Ghetto benches
1452:
1450:Gerrymandering
1447:
1442:
1437:
1435:Gender pay gap
1432:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1212:Lavender scare
1209:
1207:Kill Haole Day
1204:
1202:Indian rolling
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1090:Eliminationism
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1025:Cancel culture
1022:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1010:
999:
998:
997:
996:
994:Manifestations
993:
992:
989:
988:
982:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
884:Middle Eastern
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
825:
824:
819:
814:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
720:
719:
714:
709:
699:
694:
689:
688:
687:
682:
677:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
636:
635:
634:
633:
627:
626:
623:
622:
616:
615:
613:Zoroastrianism
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
589:
588:
578:
577:
576:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
544:
543:
542:
540:Untouchability
537:
527:
522:
521:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
490:
485:
480:
474:
473:
472:
471:
466:
465:
462:
461:
455:
454:
449:
444:
443:
442:
437:
432:
422:
421:
420:
415:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
358:Leprosy stigma
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
214:
213:
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:
203:
197:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
165:
164:
159:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
93:
92:
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:
76:
75:
70:
65:
60:
54:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
32:Discrimination
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7486:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7466:
7464:
7449:
7441:
7439:
7431:
7430:
7427:
7421:
7418:
7414:
7411:
7410:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7398:Social stigma
7396:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7166:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7043:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7021:State atheism
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6957:Jim Crow laws
6955:
6954:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6942:One-drop rule
6940:
6938:
6936:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6857:Blood quantum
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6836:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6804:Victimisation
6802:
6800:
6799:Trans bashing
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6769:Religious war
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6749:Racialization
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6620:Glass ceiling
6618:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6563:Ethnic hatred
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6498:Counter-jihad
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6447:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6284:
6283:United States
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6147:
6146:United States
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6089:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6067:Protestantism
6065:
6063:
6060:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6048:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6001:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5982:LDS or Mormon
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5936:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5912:Transmisogyny
5910:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5900:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5815:Gerontophobia
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5735:Anti-intersex
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5710:Anti-albinism
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5551:Institutional
5549:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5531:
5526:
5524:
5519:
5517:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5496:
5488:
5486:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5284:Social issues
5282:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
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5248:
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5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5026:Special needs
5024:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5009:Mainstreaming
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4973:Medical model
4971:
4969:
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4960:
4958:
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4391:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4359:
4355:
4353:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4338:Penguin Books
4335:
4334:
4327:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4309:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4227:
4224:
4211:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4197:Penguin Books
4194:
4190:
4185:
4182:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4155:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4135:
4130:
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4120:
4113:
4110:
4105:
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4057:
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4036:
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4028:
4024:
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4016:
4015:
4010:
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4001:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3982:
3975:
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3897:
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3495:
3492:
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3484:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3440:0-8131-7179-2
3436:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3380:
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3363:
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3333:
3327:
3323:
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3304:
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3296:
3290:
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3279:
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3265:
3261:
3254:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3236:
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3227:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3167:
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3161:
3157:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
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3083:
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3078:
3076:
3073:
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3068:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3029:Tree of Night
3025:
3024:Truman Capote
3021:
3017:
3016:Petrified Man
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2962:
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2950:
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2941:
2937:
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2925:
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2917:
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2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2856:Lobster Twins
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2840:Mancow Muller
2837:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2799:
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2734:
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2726:
2722:
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2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2677:Siamese twins
2674:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2577:Frank Lentini
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2486:
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2478:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2460:
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2454:
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2418:
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2407:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
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2377:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2306:. During the
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2284:microcephalic
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2245:New York City
2242:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:little people
2227:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2147:United States
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:Social stigma
1963:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
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1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
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1879:
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1874:
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1869:
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1864:
1862:
1859:
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1800:
1797:
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1775:
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1760:
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1634:
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1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:State atheism
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1508:Jim Crow laws
1506:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1493:One-drop rule
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1408:Blood quantum
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1349:Victimisation
1347:
1345:
1344:Trans bashing
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1314:Religious war
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1294:Racialization
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1165:Glass ceiling
1163:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1110:Ethnic hatred
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1045:Counter-jihad
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
991:
990:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
823:
822:United States
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
686:
685:United States
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
631:
625:
624:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
598:Protestantism
596:
594:
591:
587:
584:
583:
582:
579:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
553:
550:
549:
548:
545:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
531:
528:
526:
523:
519:
516:
514:
513:LDS or Mormon
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
469:
464:
463:
453:
450:
448:
445:
441:
438:
436:
435:Transmisogyny
433:
431:
428:
427:
426:
423:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
338:Gerontophobia
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
258:Anti-intersex
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
233:Anti-albinism
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
206:
205:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
85:
84:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
58:Institutional
56:
55:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
7232:Gender-blind
7119:Human rights
6947:Racial quota
6934:
6914:Jewish quota
6894:Gerontocracy
6889:Gender roles
6867:Disabilities
6852:Blood purity
6824:Wife selling
6814:White flight
6794:Slut-shaming
6774:Scapegoating
6692:Murder music
6587:
6365:Palestinians
6178:South Africa
6163:Black people
6141:South Africa
5962:Christianity
5952:Baháʼí Faith
5880:Sectarianism
5820:Heterosexism
5785:Ephebiphobia
5750:Antisemitism
5745:Anti-Masonry
5612:Hair texture
5387:Anthropology
5377:Deaf studies
5367:Crip as verb
5245:Mobility aid
5205:Reach Canada
4978:Social model
4859:
4855:
4824:
4801:. Retrieved
4798:The Guardian
4797:
4787:
4775:. Retrieved
4771:
4761:
4749:. Retrieved
4744:
4734:
4722:. Retrieved
4708:
4696:. Retrieved
4681:
4674:
4662:. Retrieved
4647:
4640:
4628:. Retrieved
4623:
4613:
4601:. Retrieved
4596:
4586:
4574:. Retrieved
4563:
4551:. Retrieved
4547:The Guardian
4546:
4536:
4524:. Retrieved
4514:
4502:. Retrieved
4498:the original
4488:
4476:. Retrieved
4472:the original
4462:
4450:. Retrieved
4446:the original
4436:
4422:John Calkins
4416:
4401:
4387:
4383:
4374:
4362:. Retrieved
4358:the original
4351:
4344:
4331:
4326:
4307:
4279:
4256:. Retrieved
4246:
4231:
4226:
4214:. Retrieved
4204:
4192:
4184:
4172:. Retrieved
4162:
4143:
4137:
4118:
4112:
4093:
4087:
4068:
4021:(1): 30–31.
4018:
4012:
3980:
3974:
3964:– via
3958:. Retrieved
3952:
3946:
3927:
3921:
3902:
3896:
3877:
3871:
3852:
3824:
3818:
3799:
3793:
3774:
3768:
3749:
3743:
3724:
3701:
3689:
3677:
3665:
3653:
3641:
3629:
3618:, retrieved
3614:the original
3605:
3569:. Retrieved
3555:
3515:
3501:, p. 73
3494:
3483:
3430:
3427:Nickell, Joe
3421:
3402:
3374:
3346:
3340:
3321:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3284:
3278:
3259:
3253:
3234:
3206:
3200:
3191:
3184:. Retrieved
3166:
3152:
3147:
3139:
3134:
3122:. Retrieved
3080:Comprachicos
3062:The Guardian
3060:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3045:The musical
3044:
3037:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3012:Eudora Welty
3007:
2997:
2987:The Guardian
2985:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2907:Stalking Cat
2883:Melinda Maxi
2848:Kathy Stiles
2824:Grady Stiles
2813:Lollapalooza
2780:
2767:Tod Browning
2713:microcephaly
2602:
2556:
2552:Globe Museum
2544:
2525:
2521:
2501:
2489:
2474:
2461:
2445:
2441:beer gardens
2435:, georamas,
2422:
2411:World's Fair
2409:
2405:
2402:
2378:
2351:
2342:
2330:
2322:
2312:
2269:
2250:
2239:
2226:P. T. Barnum
2224:
2221:P. T. Barnum
2211:
2207:choreography
2203:
2186:microcephaly
2178:
2170:dime museums
2155:
2144:
2125:
2121:Genoa, Italy
2105:early modern
2098:
2056:
2054:
2049:Coney Island
2041:
1799:Gender-blind
1678:Human rights
1498:Racial quota
1485:
1465:Jewish quota
1445:Gerontocracy
1440:Gender roles
1418:Disabilities
1403:Blood purity
1369:Wife selling
1359:White flight
1339:Slut-shaming
1319:Scapegoating
1237:Murder music
904:Palestinians
717:South Africa
702:Black people
680:South Africa
493:Christianity
483:Baháʼí Faith
403:Sectarianism
343:Heterosexism
308:Ephebiphobia
273:Antisemitism
268:Anti-Masonry
127:Hair texture
7134:Nonviolence
7129:LGBT rights
7094:Empowerment
7062:Anti-racism
6984:Segregation
6929:No kid zone
6729:Persecution
6642:Hate speech
6593:Gay bashing
6568:Ethnic joke
6523:Dog whistle
6468:Blood libel
6158:Azerbaijani
6062:Neopaganism
6055:Persecution
6021:Persecution
6004:Persecution
5967:Catholicism
5902:Transphobia
5885:Supremacism
5840:Lesbophobia
5755:Aporophobia
5715:Anti-autism
5566:Taste-based
5561:Statistical
5460:Paralympics
5455:Deaflympics
5265:Prosthetics
4956:Main topics
4816:Works cited
4429:Regan Books
3124:17 December
2811:played the
2626:Kunstkammer
2425:dime museum
2419:Dime Museum
2304:White House
2085:fire-eating
1693:Nonviolence
1688:LGBT rights
1653:Empowerment
1621:Anti-racism
1535:Segregation
1480:No kid zone
1274:Persecution
1187:Hate speech
1138:Gay bashing
1115:Ethnic joke
1070:Dog whistle
1015:Blood libel
697:Azerbaijani
593:Neopaganism
586:Persecution
552:Persecution
535:Persecution
498:Catholicism
425:Transphobia
408:Supremacism
363:Lesbophobia
278:Aporophobia
238:Anti-autism
73:Taste-based
68:Statistical
7463:Categories
7408:Stereotype
7403:Speciesism
7284:Oppression
7279:Oikophobia
7175:Allophilia
7159:Toleration
7016:Sodomy law
6909:Internment
6829:Witch-hunt
6707:Blackhawks
6637:Hate group
6625:Hate crime
6598:Gendercide
6588:Freak show
6578:Excellence
6538:Employment
6508:Defamation
6440:Vietnamese
6435:Venezuelan
6325:Lithuanian
5994:Falun Gong
5929:Xenophobia
5924:Vegaphobia
5907:Non-binary
5865:Pedophobia
5830:Homophobia
5642:Skin color
5602:Disability
5575:Attributes
5556:Structural
5450:Parasports
4987:Approaches
4963:Disability
4949:Disability
4258:13 October
4233:Freak Show
3583:required.)
3101:References
2887:The Enigma
2842:presented
2740:Tom Norman
2518:Disability
2453:hypnotists
2437:cosmoramas
2374:Nottingham
2354:Tom Norman
2348:Tom Norman
2174:vaudeville
2061:biological
2057:freak show
1975:Stereotype
1970:Speciesism
1851:Oppression
1846:Oikophobia
1742:Allophilia
1718:Toleration
1567:Sodomy law
1460:Internment
1374:Witch-hunt
1252:Blackhawks
1182:Hate group
1170:Hate crime
1143:Gendercide
1134:Freak show
1125:Excellence
1085:Employment
1055:Defamation
979:Vietnamese
974:Venezuelan
864:Lithuanian
525:Falun Gong
452:Xenophobia
447:Vegaphobia
430:Non-binary
388:Pedophobia
353:Homophobia
157:Skin color
117:Disability
88:Attributes
63:Structural
7474:Sideshows
7381:Christian
7309:Prejudice
7257:Masculism
7205:Diversity
6999:religious
6974:Redlining
6573:Ethnocide
6533:Education
6425:Ukrainian
6360:Pakistani
6350:Mongolian
6273:Australia
6255:Hungarian
6210:Colombian
6190:Bulgarian
6072:Rastafari
6026:Ahmadiyya
5939:Religious
5917:Trans men
5875:Pregnancy
5810:Gayphobia
5805:Fatphobia
5700:Acephobia
5695:Arophobia
5679:Viewpoint
5397:Education
5392:Geography
5036:education
4999:Inclusion
4520:"credits"
4241:. pp. 25.
4199:, pp. 53.
4035:0022-4529
3085:Geek show
3075:Human zoo
3048:Side Show
2980:BodyShock
2867:Ken Harck
2863:2000–2010
2852:Grady III
2758:troubles.
2751:1912–1935
2720:1860–1905
2704:1849–1867
2688:1842–1883
2672:1829–1870
2657:1810–1815
2618:1704–1718
2527:Ugly laws
2504:burlesque
2497:Hawaiians
2493:blackface
2477:sideshows
2465:carnivals
2457:cannibals
2433:panoramas
2385:Leicester
2337:paralyzed
2308:Civil War
2292:Anna Swan
2190:atavistic
1948:Christian
1876:Prejudice
1824:Masculism
1772:Diversity
1550:religious
1525:Redlining
1120:Ethnocide
1080:Education
964:Ukrainian
899:Pakistani
889:Mongolian
812:Australia
794:Hungarian
749:Colombian
729:Bulgarian
603:Rastafari
557:Ahmadiyya
468:Religious
440:Trans men
398:Pregnancy
333:Gayphobia
328:Fatphobia
223:Acephobia
218:Arophobia
194:Viewpoint
7469:Circuses
7438:Category
7420:The talk
7356:Snobbery
7274:Net bias
7104:Feminism
7031:Ugly law
6872:Catholic
6840:policies
6687:Mortgage
6682:Lynching
6613:examples
6608:Genocide
6528:Economic
6513:Democide
6473:Bullying
6390:Romanian
6355:Nigerian
6305:Japanese
6235:Georgian
6220:Filipino
6153:Assyrian
6126:Armenian
6116:American
6111:Albanian
6093:National
6077:Yazidism
5999:Hinduism
5957:Buddhism
5860:Nepotism
5855:Misogyny
5850:Misandry
5775:Cronyism
5770:Clannism
5765:Biphobia
5705:Adultism
5622:Language
5485:Category
5402:Journals
5382:Eugenics
5362:Bodymind
5169:Students
5116:Services
4603:13 April
4599:. London
4597:Guardian
4576:13 April
4553:13 April
4549:. London
4526:14 March
4504:14 March
4478:13 April
4452:14 March
4364:14 March
4216:14 March
4174:14 March
4051:20939141
4043:40802107
3600:(2007),
3449:65377460
3429:(2005).
3069:See also
2911:Ozz Fest
2771:Pre-Code
2707:In 1849
2665:Khoekhoe
2568:Michigan
2564:diseases
2429:dioramas
2415:viewed.
2261:Napoleon
2257:Hercules
2166:circuses
2119:born in
2081:sideshow
2073:tattooed
1987:The talk
1923:Snobbery
1841:Net bias
1663:Feminism
1582:Ugly law
1423:Catholic
1389:Policies
1232:Mortgage
1227:Lynching
1158:examples
1153:Genocide
1075:Economic
1060:Democide
1020:Bullying
929:Romanian
894:Nigerian
844:Japanese
774:Georgian
759:Filipino
692:Assyrian
665:Armenian
655:American
650:Albanian
630:national
608:Yazidism
530:Hinduism
488:Buddhism
383:Nepotism
378:Misogyny
373:Misandry
298:Cronyism
293:Clannism
288:Biphobia
228:Adultism
137:Language
24:a series
22:Part of
7448:Commons
7227:Figleaf
6652:Housing
6420:Turkish
6370:Pashtun
6340:Mexican
6320:Kurdish
6300:Italian
6295:Israeli
6245:Haitian
6230:Finnish
6205:Chinese
6200:Chechen
6195:Catalan
6185:Bengali
6106:African
6091:Ethnic/
6050:Judaism
6041:Sunnism
6031:Shi'ism
5947:Atheism
5780:Elitism
5669:Species
5607:Genetic
5597:Dialect
5137:Support
4803:5 March
4777:5 March
4751:5 March
4724:5 March
4698:5 March
4664:5 March
4630:5 March
4354:(1932)"
4193:Mutants
3708:, p. 34
3696:, p. 30
3684:, p. 77
3660:, p. 72
3648:, p. 70
3636:, p. 69
3178:at the
2854:as the
2370:midgets
2358:showman
2302:at the
2181:showmen
2140:Ireland
2128:taverns
2095:History
2077:pierced
2038:in 1941
1794:Figleaf
1197:Housing
959:Turkish
909:Pashtun
879:Mexican
859:Kurdish
839:Italian
834:Israeli
784:Haitian
769:Finnish
744:Chinese
739:Chechen
734:Catalan
724:Bengali
645:African
628:Ethnic/
581:Judaism
572:Sunnism
562:Shi'ism
478:Atheism
303:Elitism
184:Species
122:Genetic
112:Dialect
7413:threat
7267:autism
7004:sexual
6994:racial
6877:Jewish
6734:Pogrom
6712:Chiefs
6702:Braves
6430:Uyghur
6405:Somali
6400:Slavic
6385:Romani
6380:Quebec
6375:Polish
6315:Korean
6310:Jewish
6278:Canada
6265:Indian
6250:Hazara
6225:Fulani
6136:France
6101:Afghan
6036:Sufism
5760:Audism
5688:Social
5617:Height
5054:Rights
5031:school
4832:
4772:Bustle
4689:
4655:
4352:Freaks
4314:
4286:
4150:
4125:
4100:
4075:
4049:
4041:
4033:
3987:
3960:10 May
3934:
3909:
3884:
3859:
3831:
3806:
3781:
3756:
3731:
3672:, p. 5
3620:19 May
3577:
3571:24 May
3522:
3447:
3437:
3409:
3381:
3353:
3328:
3291:
3266:
3241:
3213:
3186:3 June
3158:
3032:, and
2891:Katzen
2782:Freaks
2540:dwarfs
2471:Circus
2333:hoaxes
2272:albino
2235:giants
2158:mental
2151:Europe
2115:, two
2091:acts.
2065:humans
1980:threat
1834:autism
1555:sexual
1545:racial
1428:Jewish
1279:Pogrom
1257:Chiefs
1247:Braves
969:Uyghur
944:Somali
939:Slavic
924:Romani
919:Quebec
914:Polish
854:Korean
849:Jewish
817:Canada
804:Indian
789:Hazara
764:Fulani
675:France
640:Afghan
567:Sufism
283:Audism
209:Social
132:Height
7391:white
6744:Purge
6410:Tatar
6335:Māori
6330:Malay
6290:Irish
6240:Greek
6215:Croat
6173:China
6131:Asian
6016:Islam
5890:White
5627:Looks
5592:Class
5587:Caste
5544:Forms
5495:Lists
5200:MINDS
4718:(PDF)
4039:JSTOR
2607:1630s
2597:disks
2512:union
2366:Zulus
2319:harem
2136:magic
1958:white
1289:Purge
949:Tatar
874:Māori
869:Malay
829:Irish
779:Greek
754:Croat
712:China
670:Asian
547:Islam
413:White
142:Looks
107:Class
102:Caste
49:Forms
7386:male
7185:Bias
6630:LGBT
6415:Thai
6395:Serb
6260:Igbo
6121:Arab
5895:Male
5674:Size
5654:Rank
5174:CNIB
5159:SSDI
5154:Rail
5149:ODSP
5087:AODA
4830:ISBN
4805:2018
4779:2018
4753:2018
4726:2018
4700:2018
4687:ISBN
4666:2018
4653:ISBN
4632:2018
4605:2009
4578:2009
4555:2009
4528:2013
4506:2013
4480:2009
4454:2013
4410:IMDb
4366:2013
4312:ISBN
4284:ISBN
4260:2008
4218:2013
4176:2013
4148:ISBN
4123:ISBN
4098:ISBN
4073:ISBN
4047:PMID
4031:ISSN
3985:ISBN
3962:2024
3932:ISBN
3907:ISBN
3882:ISBN
3857:ISBN
3829:ISBN
3804:ISBN
3779:ISBN
3754:ISBN
3729:ISBN
3622:2010
3573:2010
3520:ISBN
3445:OCLC
3435:ISBN
3407:ISBN
3379:ISBN
3351:ISBN
3326:ISBN
3289:ISBN
3264:ISBN
3239:ISBN
3211:ISBN
3188:2009
3156:ISBN
3126:2012
3018:and
2977:and
2975:Five
2959:The
2931:2007
2918:2005
2905:and
2901:the
2897:and
2889:and
2835:1996
2820:1992
2805:1991
2794:1960
2778:film
2763:1932
2732:1884
2641:1739
2633:1738
2294:and
2282:, a
2179:The
2172:and
2149:and
2087:and
1953:male
1752:Bias
1175:LGBT
954:Thai
934:Serb
799:Igbo
660:Arab
418:Male
189:Size
169:Rank
6989:age
5659:Sex
5582:Age
5195:DPI
5190:CCD
5164:SSI
5144:DLA
5092:ADA
5080:Law
4994:IEP
4910:at
4408:at
4023:doi
3966:PBS
3562:doi
3036:'s
3026:'s
3014:'s
3006:'s
2877:in
2869:'s
2775:era
2769:'s
2742:in
2679:",
2562:or
2534:or
2259:to
2111:of
2075:or
1540:age
174:Sex
97:Age
7465::
4796:.
4770:.
4743:.
4622:.
4595:.
4545:.
4424:)
4298:^
4268:^
4195:,
4191:,
4059:^
4045:.
4037:.
4029:.
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4017:.
4011:.
3999:^
3843:^
3713:^
3608:,
3604:,
3589:^
3554:.
3534:^
3506:^
3457:^
3443:.
3393:^
3365:^
3225:^
3190:.
3174:.
3109:^
3042:.
3022:,
3010:,
2542:.
2431:,
2233:,
2168:,
2164:,
2142:.
2055:A
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5529:e
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4941:e
4934:t
4927:v
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4838:.
4807:.
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4755:.
4728:.
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4668:.
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4607:.
4580:.
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4220:.
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3993:.
3968:.
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3890:.
3865:.
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2858:.
2830:.
2773:-
2746:.
2652:.
2019:e
2012:t
2005:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
