370:). Of this discovery he wrote: "So, ruminating on the subject, I wondered if I might not be able to add my little mite to the culture of the world by translating at least one of these Codes. Here was the germ of the thought of the translation of the Justinian Code, although I did not realize at the time the difficulties that lay ahead." Blume appears to have begun translating the Codex Justinianus into English in 1920. After being appointed to the court, he continued to work on the translation in his spare time. He noted in his correspondence that he "...devoted to it substantially every evening until eleven o'clock at night or later, and every Saturday afternoon and Sunday with few exceptions." Blume appears to have completed his first draft of the translation in 1923 or 1924, but he continued to study Roman law, revise his translation, and to annotate it extensively. The typed manuscripts of his
401:. In 1933, Pharr wrote to Blume the first of what would be many letters. Pharr asked the justice to join Pharr's "Project for a Variorum Translation into English of the Entire Body of Roman Law," with Blume's translation of the Code to be used as the basis for the project's version of that document. Pharr indicated the project would translate into English: "1) Brunes, "Fontes Iuris Romani"; 2) other inscriptional material; 3) the pre-Justinian collections of Roman jurisprudence; 4) the Theodosian Code and novels; 5) other pre-Jusinian legislation; 6) the Corpus Juris Civilis; 7) the most important legal materials culled from classical authors such as Cicero, Pliny and Aulus Gellius; 8) papyri material." In the end, Professor Pharr's ambitious project resulted in only two works: "The Theodosian Code" (1952) and "Ancient Roman Statutes" (1961)
393:), wrote scholarly articles about Roman law and used Roman law in his judicial opinions. According to one study, he wrote some 700 opinions in the course of his judicial career, and in 19 cases he cited Roman law 79 times and made reference to Roman law or history in 12 other cases. It apparently was these activities that brought him to the attention of
336:
When the regular
Republicans triumphed, Blume understood that his prospects in Wyoming politics would be limited. Years later Blume wrote about the day after the election: "I decided on that day that I would quit politics and spend the time which I had devoted to it to something else." Blume read
468:
translation based on Blume's. When
Justice Blume retired from the Wyoming Supreme Court in 1963, after 43 years on the bench, the Annual Survey of American Law called him "...the last of that line of judicial giants, famed in American legal history, who moved west in the vanguard of civilization,
957:. For further discussion of the work of Scott, Blume, and Pharr on Roman law translation see Kearley, Timothy G., "From Rome to the Restatement: S.P. Scott, Fred Blume, Clyde Pharr, and Roman Law in Early Twentieth-Century," available at Social Science Research Network
919:
reported having used Blume's translation for his own work on
Justinian's Thirteen Edicts. Linda Jones Hall, "Clyde Pharr, the Women of Vanderbilt, and the Wyoming Judge: The Story Behind the Translation of the Theodosian Code in Mid-Century America,"
1000:
See, for example, Sirks, Boudewijn, "The Codex of
Justinian," 85 "Tijdschrift Voor Rechtsgeschiedenis" 363 (2017), and Bond, Sarah, "A New Version of the Codex of Justinian," 68 "Classical Review" 119 (2018). See also Kearley, supra note 21 at
442:
translation that it was "of much higher quality than anything else that has been done in this field....We are finding both his translation and his notes invaluable in the interpretation of many difficult and obscure passages of the
420:. By 1939, Blume ceased work on the Code translation as his hopes for publication faded. However, in 1943, Pharr renewed contact with Blume and asked him to send him his manuscript. Justice Blume sent Pharr a draft of his
872:
Id. at 17. Hall provides a detailed account of the work of Pharr and his graduate students on the
Theodosian Code and Novels. She concludes that Pharr relied heavily on his graduate students' work and on Blume's draft
507:
was not well received.) A new
English translation of the Code, created by a ten-person editorial panel and based on Blume's, was published in October 2016. This new translation has been well received by scholars.
1036:
953:. Reprinted in 1973 by the AMS Press. For a description of Scott's life and work, see Timothy G. Kearley "The Enigma of Samuel Parsons Scott," 10 Roman Legal Tradition 1 (2014) available at
301:, where a German-speaking attorney hired him as an office assistant and let him live in a back room of his office. After completing high school in Audubon, Blume enrolled at the
321:, where J.L. Stotts had offered him a partnership in his law practice. Having already been a city attorney, he turned his focus to a legislative career, serving one term in the
981:
541:"Argument from Roman Law in Political Thought, 1200-1600," 28 A.B.A. J. 337 (1942) (reviewing Myron Piper Gilmore, ARGUMENT FROM ROMAN LAW IN POLITICAL THOUGHT (1941).
499:
web site. A 2nd edition, containing numerous editions and corrections, was published in 2009. (The only other
English translation of Justinian's Code was made by
1031:
849:"Clyde Pharr, the Women of Vanderbilt, and the Wyoming Supreme Court Justice: the Story behind the Translation of the Theodosian Code in Mid-Century America"
1066:
348:, on which he would serve until his retirement in 1963. He served as chief justice during three periods: 1927–31, 1937–39, and 1945–47. He also became a
341:. He became especially interested in Roman law and started building an extensive library that eventually would amount to approximately 2,300 volumes.
948:
The Civil Law, including the Twelve Tables, the
Institutes of Gaius, the Rules of Ulpian, the Enactments of Justinian, and the Constitutions of Leo...
469:
helped mold the jurisprudence of the youthful states...and injected into the mainstream of
American law, the sprightly breeze of a favonian current."
937:
1051:
1041:
936:
at
University of Wyoming. In 2013, an English translation of Kroll's Latin Preface to the Novels, by Miller and Kearley, was added to the site. See
447:." Blume also acted as an editorial consultant for Pharr's project and sent him his own translations of part of Book X and of Books XIV-XVI of the
333:
293:, Germany. In 1887, at the age of 12, Blume immigrated by himself to the US. He joined his elder brother, Wilhelm, who had already immigrated to
1071:
1061:
550:"Roman Law, An Historical Introduction" 5 OKLA. L. REV. 264 (1952) (reviewing Hans Julius Wolff, ROMAN LAW, AN HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION (1951).
317:
Blume was admitted to the practice of law in Iowa in 1899. In 1905, following several years practicing in Iowa, Blume moved with his wife to
1046:
496:
1056:
1026:
603:
Golden, Michael (1993). "Journey for the Pole: The Life and Times of Fred H. Blume, Justice of the Wyoming Supreme Court (pts. 1–2)".
386:
989:
969:
762:
464:
Professor Pharr continued his project at the University of Texas, but he was unable to find the subvention he needed to produce a
960:. For a newer work that includes consideration of Charles Sumner Lobingier and Charles Phineas Sherman, see Kearley, Timothy G.,
322:
188:
107:
627:
533:
490:
338:
297:. Five years later, Fred set off on his own, intending to work in Kansas as a farm hand. However, he fortuitously stopped in
787:
639:
409:
432:
which proved extremely valuable for Pharr and his assistants in translating the Theodosian Code and Novels. In the first
422:
529:"Epitome of the Roman Law," 24 A.B.A. J. 660 (1938) (reviewing Charles Phineas Sherman, EPITOME OF THE ROMAN LAW (1937)).
329:(1909–13) as a Republican. A turning point in his life came in 1912 when he supported the progressive wing of the party--
523:"Human Rights and Property Rights and other Facts in the History of Private Law," 1930 WYO. ST. BAR ASS'N. REP. 67.
458:
19:
This article is about former Wyoming Supreme Court justice Fred H. Blume. For musicologist Friedrich Blume, see
302:
200:
571:
485:
378:
268:
345:
242:, as he referred to himself, was a German-born American attorney and judge. He served as a justice of the
398:
243:
372:
360:
In 1919, while developing his library, he learned that there was no English translation of either the
1021:
1016:
916:
705:
Evjen, Harold (1980). "Rome on the Range: Roman Law and Justice Blume of the Wyoming Supreme Court".
504:
500:
438:
428:
274:
262:
848:
461:
as first volume in "The Corpus of Roman Law" series; Blume is specially noted by Pharr in preface.
413:
832:
503:, who did not work from the most authoritative Latin versions and whose translation of the entire
344:
In 1921, he was appointed to the Wyoming Supreme Court to fill the vacancy caused by the death of
962:
Roman Law, Classical Education, and Limits on Participation in America into the Twentieth-Century
954:
722:
390:
330:
985:
965:
805:"The Roman Legal Tradition and American Law: The Riccobono Seminar of Roman Law in Washington"
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758:
635:
465:
405:
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318:
256:
933:
804:
714:
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251:
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448:
444:
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362:
294:
99:
20:
982:
The Codex of Justinian. A New Annotated Translation, with Parallel Latin and Greek Text,
477:
Justice Blume died at age 96 in 1971 with his magnum opus unpublished. However, in 2007
751:
326:
306:
290:
165:
126:
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726:
298:
436:
draft that Pharr mailed to his editorial consultants in 1944, he wrote of Blume's
875:
718:
394:
385:
While he worked on his translation, Justice Blume also taught Roman law at the
707:
Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Romanistische Abteilung
538:" (Address to the Riccobono Seminar on Roman Law, Washington D.C., May 1938) .
195:
349:
951:
305:(now the University of Iowa) in 1895. He graduated in 1898 as a member of
572:"Justice Fred Blume and the Translation of Justinian's Code (2nd ed.)"
958:
247:
753:
The Theodosian code and novels, and the Sirmondian constitutions
526:"Legitimation under the Roman Law," 5 TULANE L. REV. 256 (1931).
246:
for 42 years, from 1922 to 1963, and by himself translated from
833:
https://romanlegaltradition.org/contents/2002/RLT-RANDAZZO1.PDF
520:"Human Rights and Property Rights," 64 U.S. L. REV. 581 (1930).
955:
http://romanlegaltradition.org/contents/2014/RLT10-KEARLEY.PDF
227:
553:"Address to New Members of the Bar," 8 WYO. L. J. 41 (1954).
613:
Golden provides a detailed account of Justice Blume's life.
547:"Contractual Obligations," 1936 WYO. ST. BAR PROC. 110.
382:
translation together amount to more than 4,500 pages.
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Emigrants from the German Empire to the United States
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517:"The Roman Lawyer," 1922 WYO. BAR ASS'N. REP. 40.
78:Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Wyoming
544:"Bracton and His Time," 2 WYO. L. J. 43 (1947).
632:10,000 Famous Freemasons From A To J Part One
8:
238:; January 9, 1875 – September 26, 1971), or
408:on Roman Law, a law society meeting at the
25:
757:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
630:in Denslow, William R.; Truman, Harry S.
915:Kearley, supra note 1 at 547. However,
562:
489:, and his Riccobono Seminar address, "
1032:Justices of the Wyoming Supreme Court
984:Cambridge University Press, p. 2963,
842:
840:
782:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
634:, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, p.109.
457:translation was published in 1951 by
7:
535:The Code of Justinian, and its Value
497:University of Wyoming College of Law
492:The Code of Justinian, and its Value
418:The Code of Justinian, and its Value
397:, a professor of Greek and Latin at
387:Northwestern University Law School
14:
1067:20th-century American translators
887:Kearley, supra note 1 at 545-547.
451:, which proved very helpful. The
964:. (Veterrimus Publishing, 2022)
934:Annotated Justinian Code website
389:(at the invitation of its dean,
323:Wyoming House of Representatives
217:
108:Wyoming House of Representatives
1052:People from Nienburg (district)
1042:Northwestern University faculty
339:history of Western civilization
325:(1907–09) and two terms in the
950:17 vols. (1932), available at
897:Reid, John (1962). "Forward".
410:Catholic University of America
1:
1062:People from Sheridan, Wyoming
924:vol. 5, (2012), p.41, n. 167.
899:Annual Survey of American Law
739:Kearley, supra note 1 at 537.
650:Kearley, supra note 1 at 530.
404:In 1938, Blume addressed the
366:or the "Code of Justinian" (
980:Bruce W. Frier, ed. (2016),
570:Kearley, Timothy G. (2007).
480:The Annotated Justinian Code
1047:Wyoming Progressives (1912)
719:10.7767/zrgra.1980.97.1.213
1088:
459:Princeton University Press
18:
1072:Latin–English translators
1057:People from Audubon, Iowa
1027:University of Iowa alumni
605:Land and Water Law Review
512:Writings by Justice Blume
206:
143:
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66:
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803:Randazzo, Salvo (2002).
495:" were published at the
423:Annotated Justinian Code
373:Annotated Justinian Code
303:State University of Iowa
287:Friedrich Heinrich Blume
201:State University of Iowa
40:Chief Justice of Wyoming
778:Johnson, Allan (1961).
337:extensively about the
269:Novellae Constitutiones
922:Roman Legal Tradition,
473:Posthumous publication
346:Charles E. Blydenburgh
856:Roman Legal Tradition
809:Roman Legal Tradition
780:Ancient Roman Statues
749:Pharr, Clyde (1952).
399:Vanderbilt University
244:Wyoming Supreme Court
917:William Sims Thurman
847:Hall, Linda (2012).
505:Corpus Juris Civilis
501:Samuel Parsons Scott
331:Theodore Roosevelt's
275:Corpus Juris Civilis
272:), two parts of the
579:Law Library Journal
414:Salvatore Riccobono
356:Translation efforts
213:Fred Heinrich Blume
391:John Henry Wigmore
176:September 26, 1971
466:Codex Justinianus
406:Riccobono Seminar
368:Codex Justinianus
334:Bull Moose Party.
319:Sheridan, Wyoming
257:Codex Justinianus
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628:"Fred H. Blume"
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95:Appointed by
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1022:1971 deaths
1017:1875 births
695:Id. at 547.
677:Id. at 534.
668:Id. at 531.
659:Id. at 529.
395:Clyde Pharr
376:and of his
1011:Categories
862:(1): 1–42.
819:2008-01-06
789:1584772913
640:1417975784
589:2009-02-13
585:: 525, 529
558:References
486:The Novels
426:, and the
282:Early life
196:Alma mater
189:Republican
159:1875-01-09
727:131037564
168:, Germany
139:1909–1913
135:In office
120:1907–1909
116:In office
89:1921–1963
85:In office
73:1945–1947
69:In office
62:1937–1939
58:In office
51:1927–1931
47:In office
815:: 123–44
260:and the
905:(xiii).
291:Winzlar
252:English
166:Winzlar
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968:
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429:Novels
379:Novels
313:Career
263:Novels
852:(PDF)
723:S2CID
575:(PDF)
350:Mason
250:into
248:Latin
1001:180.
986:ISBN
966:ISBN
903:1962
784:ISBN
759:ISBN
636:ISBN
266:(or
254:the
173:Died
153:Born
715:doi
416:on
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