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357:" hypothesis). The basic features of this hypothesis were later confirmed; however, the exact amount (and thus the importance) of ices in a comet is an active field of research, with most of the recently obtained data pointing to a low contribution of ices to a comet's mass (dubbed the "
261:, graduating in 1927. Recollecting his path from mathematics to astronomy, Whipple stated in a 1978 autobiography that his "mathematics major veered through physics and finally focused on astronomy where time, space, mathematics, and physics had a common meeting ground."
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297:. He also discovered or co-discovered five other non-periodic comets, the first of which was C/1932 P1 Peltier-Whipple, independently discovered by the famed amateur astronomer
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339:, including being the Phillips Professor of Astronomy between 1968 and 1977. During these years (in the early 1950s), he wrote a series of influential papers entitled
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where he obtained his PhD in
Astronomy in 1931. While in graduate school, he helped map the orbit of the then newly discovered
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Keller, Horst Uwe; Küppers, M; et al. (2005). "Deep Impact
Observations by OSIRIS Onboard the Rosetta Spacecraft".
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Fred
Lawrence Whipple Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections
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to track them. These groups were the only ones in the US prepared and ready to make observations when the
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392:(1980). He also appeared in the BBC's coverage of the Giotto encounter with Halley's Comet, in 1986.
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George Field, "Fred
Whipple", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2007)
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in 1931 and studied the trajectories of meteors, confirming that they originated within the
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Recipients of the
President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service
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Whipple, Fred L. (1950). "A Comet Model. I. The acceleration of Comet Encke".
198:
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388:
Whipple made at least one media appearance, in the science documentary film
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rather than from interstellar space. In 1933, he discovered the periodic
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349:. In these papers, he proposed the "icy conglomerate" hypothesis of
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Whipple, Fred L. (1955). "A Comet Model. III. The
Zodiacal Light".
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Center for
Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian press release
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Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal
Astronomical Society
896:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
658:"A Comet Model. II. Physical Relations for Comets and Meteors"
582:
Whipple, Fred L. (1978). "The Earth as part of the
Universe".
1058:
Londoner's WWII diary, 6 Feb 1943, observing
Whipple's comet
433:
President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service
328:
for this in 1948. He also invented a "meteoroid bumper" or "
127:
President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service
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Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
335:
From 1950 until 1977 he was a professor of Astronomy at
385:
retired in 1955, and remained in this post until 1973.
264:
After taking a class in astronomy, he enrolled at the
197:(November 5, 1906 – August 30, 2004) was an American
205:
for more than 70 years. Among his achievements were
151:
141:
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53:
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1122:UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
919:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1940) Whipple
217:" hypothesis of comets, and the invention of the
48:Fred Lawrence Whipple at age 95 in 2001 or 2002
361:" hypothesis). He also anticipated the era of
1187:Members of the American Philosophical Society
585:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
241:, as the son of a farmer. An early bout with
8:
1117:University of California, Los Angeles alumni
917:Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(1940) Whipple".
460:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
245:ended his ambition of being a professional
166:
31:
1177:Fellows of the American Geophysical Union
992:
767:
683:
237:Whipple was born on November 5, 1906, in
828:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
548:
259:University of California at Los Angeles
557:"Minor Planet Discoverers (by number)"
1015:, with 13 library catalog records
406:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
379:Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
257:, then majored in mathematics at the
7:
1063:F. L. Whipple Oral History Interview
492:(1990), namesake and first recipient
377:in 1957. He became director of the
301:, while his last, and brighter, was
606:10.1146/annurev.ea.06.050178.000245
470:Astronomical Society of the Pacific
312:, he invented a device for cutting
303:C/1942 X1 (Whipple–Fedtke–Tevzadze)
1162:Harvard College Observatory people
1152:People from Belmont, Massachusetts
266:University of California, Berkeley
25:
1092:20th-century American astronomers
1067:Smithsonian Institution Archives
476:Henry Norris Russell Lectureship
121:
42:
904:American Academy of Achievement
800:"SAO Directors: 1834 - Present"
454:American Academy of Achievement
395:Whipple died in 2004, aged 97.
353:composition (later called the "
27:American astronomer (1906–2004)
1019:Bruce Medal entry with picture
931:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1941
413:American Philosophical Society
1:
1112:American planetary scientists
1031:"Dr. Comet", 2002 CNN article
480:American Astronomical Society
418:Elected to the United States
365:and organized the members of
538:, in Ipswich, Massachusetts)
420:National Academy of Sciences
277:Harvard College Observatory
249:player. Whipple studied at
203:Harvard College Observatory
156:Harvard College Observatory
1203:
1142:Hugo Award-winning writers
1127:Harvard University faculty
923:Springer Berlin Heidelberg
490:American Geophysical Union
452:Golden Plate Award of the
1157:People from Red Oak, Iowa
1107:Occidental College alumni
1036:Report of his death (BBC)
804:Harvard & Smithsonian
656:Whipple, Fred L. (1951).
161:
134:
41:
1097:Discoverers of asteroids
86:Cambridge, Massachusetts
967:"Fred Lawrence Whipple"
824:"Fred Lawrence Whipple"
760:10.1126/science.1119020
1041:Astronomy.com obituary
532:British Virgin Islands
373:unexpectedly launched
234:
1102:Discoverers of comets
702:Astrophysical Journal
663:Astrophysical Journal
622:Astrophysical Journal
363:artificial satellites
346:Astrophysical Journal
232:
195:Fred Lawrence Whipple
171:discovered: 1
36:Fred Lawrence Whipple
1172:Scientists from Iowa
852:search.amphilsoc.org
848:"APS Member History"
447:Meteoritical Society
383:Loyal Blaine Aldrich
326:Certificate of Merit
322:radar countermeasure
201:, who worked at the
1013:Library of Congress
985:2005PhT....58c..86B
900:www.achievement.org
752:2005Sci...310..281K
715:1955ApJ...121..750W
676:1951ApJ...113..464W
635:1950ApJ...111..375W
598:1978AREPS...6....1W
561:Minor Planet Center
534:(distinct from the
509:Whipple Observatory
502:Main-belt asteroid
367:Operation Moonwatch
324:. He was awarded a
255:Southern California
172:
1046:2012-03-16 at the
1024:2016-10-12 at the
563:. 4 September 2016
536:John Whipple House
435:, by US President
337:Harvard University
251:Occidental College
235:
213:discoveries, the "
167:
994:10.1063/1.1897572
940:978-3-540-00238-3
876:www.nasonline.org
872:"Fred L. Whipple"
526:Whipple House on
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136:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
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1048:Wayback Machine
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1009:Fred L. Whipple
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952:Further reading
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437:John F. Kennedy
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411:Elected to the
404:Elected to the
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390:Target...Earth?
233:Whipple in 1927
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106:Composition of
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78:August 30, 2004
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299:Leslie Peltier
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567:25 September
565:. Retrieved
560:
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504:1940 Whipple
394:
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371:Soviet Union
359:icy dirtball
344:
340:
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310:World War II
307:
281:Solar System
275:. He joined
270:dwarf planet
263:
236:
194:
193:
152:Institutions
135:
80:(2004-08-30)
29:
1137:2004 deaths
1132:1906 births
963:Hodge, Paul
629:: 375–394.
466:Bruce Medal
288:36P/Whipple
93:Nationality
1086:Categories
881:2023-01-11
857:2023-01-11
833:2023-01-11
809:2016-08-14
592:(1): 1–9.
543:References
199:astronomer
60:1906-11-05
1065:from the
497:Namesakes
375:Sputnik I
146:Astronomy
1044:Archived
1022:Archived
965:(2005).
786:28032857
778:16150976
292:asteroid
290:and the
207:asteroid
97:American
981:Bibcode
748:Bibcode
739:Science
711:Bibcode
709:: 750.
672:Bibcode
670:: 464.
631:Bibcode
594:Bibcode
530:in the
517:Arizona
488:of the
478:of the
468:of the
445:of the
314:tinfoil
308:During
937:
784:
776:
482:(1987)
472:(1986)
462:(1983)
456:(1981)
449:(1970)
439:(1963)
427:Awards
422:(1959)
415:(1956)
408:(1941)
399:Honors
247:tennis
142:Fields
129:(1963)
118:Awards
108:comets
782:S2CID
381:when
351:comet
318:chaff
316:into
285:comet
273:Pluto
243:polio
211:comet
935:ISBN
774:PMID
569:2016
320:, a
225:Life
209:and
186:list
75:Died
54:Born
1011:at
989:doi
927:doi
764:hdl
756:doi
744:310
719:doi
707:121
680:doi
668:113
639:doi
627:111
602:doi
515:in
511:on
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