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445:, Hopkins continued his work on the nutritional value of vitamins. His efforts were especially valuable in a time of food shortages and rationing. He agreed to study the nutritional value of margarine and found that it was, as suspected, inferior to butter because it lacked the vitamins A and D. As a result of his work, vitamin-enriched margarine was introduced in 1926.
78:
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In 1912 Hopkins published the work for which he is best known, demonstrating in a series of animal feeding experiments that diets consisting of pure proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and water fail to support animal growth. This led him to suggest the existence in normal diets of tiny
421:
of the connection between lactic acid and muscle contraction was one of the central achievements of his work on the biochemistry of the cell. He and
Fletcher showed that oxygen depletion causes an accumulation of lactic acid in the muscle. Their work paved the way for the later discovery by
403:. In 1910 he became a Fellow of Trinity College, and an Honorary Fellow of Emmanuel College. In 1914 he was elected to the Chair of Biochemistry at Cambridge University, thus becoming the first Professor in that discipline at Cambridge. His Cambridge students included neurochemistry pioneer
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quantities of as yet unidentified substances that are essential for animal growth and survival. These hypothetical substances he called "accessory food factors", later renamed vitamins. It was this work that led his being awarded (together with
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Simoni, R. D.; Hill, R. L.; Vaughan, M. (2002). "On glutathione. II. A thermostable oxidation-reduction system (Hopkins, F. G., and Dixon, M. (1922) J. Biol. Chem. 54, 527–563)".
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Hopkins had for a long time studied how cells obtain energy via a complex metabolic process of oxidation and reduction reactions. His study in 1907 with
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515:(FRS), Great Britain's most prestigious scientific organisation; his knighthood by King George V in 1925; and the award in 1935 of the
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in July 1902, and at the same time was given a readership in biochemistry at
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Online catalogue of
Hopkins' personal and working papers (part of the Manuscript collections held at Cambridge University Library)
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In 1898, he married Jessie Anne
Stephens (1861–1937); they had one son and two daughters, the younger of whom,
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was not, at that time, recognised as a separate branch of science. He was a lecturer in chemical physiology at
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460:. The structure was controversial for many years but in 1929 he concluded that it was a tripeptide of
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extracted from various animal tissues. At the time he proposed that the compound was a dipeptide of
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Observations on the functions of peroxidase systems and the chemistry of the adrenal cortex
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908:"Feeding experiments illustrating the importance of accessory factors in normal dietaries"
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488:(USA) in 1924. During his life, in addition to the Nobel Prize, Hopkins was awarded the
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that a carbohydrate metabolic cycle supplies the energy used for muscle contraction.
30:"Frederick Hopkins" redirects here. For the English Jesuit and Catholic bishop, see
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355:(through evening classes at Birkbeck College) and the medical school at
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Hopkins is credited with the discovery and characterisation in 1921 of
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Gowland
Hopkins died on 16 May 1947 in Cambridge and is buried at the
874:
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Kendall, Edward C.; McKenzie, Bernard F.; Mason, Harold L. (1929).
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After graduating, Hopkins then taught physiology and toxicology at
622:
472:. This conclusion agreed with that from the independent work of
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Cameron Prize for
Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh
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from 1894 to 1898. In 1898, while attending a meeting of the
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Cameron Prize for
Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh
347:. However, he soon transferred to Alexandra Park College in
1090:
Her
Brilliant Career - Ten Extraordinary Women of the 1950s
546:, became a prominent archaeologist and married the author
720:"Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, O.M., F.R.S. (1861–1947)"
511:
Other significant honours were his election in 1905 as a
41:. For the suspected mass shooter in South Carolina, see
395:. He earned a doctorate in physiology (D.Sc.) from the
4305:
Foreign associates of the
National Academy of Sciences
1125:
A Guide to
Churchill College, Cambridge: text by Dr.
486:
Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences
183:
Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences
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763:. No. 36081. London. 5 March 1900. p. 11.
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778:. No. 36829. London. 25 July 1902. p. 5.
528:British Association for the Advancement of Science
519:, Great Britain's most exclusive civilian honour.
438:) the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
387:in March 1900, when he received the academic rank
4365:Presidents of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
793:. No. 36783. London. 2 June 1902. p. 9.
522:From 1930 to 1935, he served as president of the
4310:Honorary members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
646:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
643:(1948). "Frederick Gowland Hopkins. 1861–1947".
4350:Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England
852:
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4360:Members of the American Philosophical Society
4330:Presidents of the British Science Association
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4295:People educated at the City of London School
307:(20 June 1861 – 16 May 1947) was an English
4345:Sir William Dunn Professors of Biochemistry
1155:Works by or about Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1092:. Great Britain: Virago. pp. 219–257.
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1116:(New York: Harper & Row, 197), p. 243.
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4290:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
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526:and, in 1933, served as president of the
351:and completed his further study with the
4255:Alumni of University of London Worldwide
837:"Hopkins, Frederick Gowland (HPKS900FG)"
37:For the British political activist, see
1202:Professional and academic associations
613:(PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
578:
567:List of presidents of the Royal Society
353:University of London External Programme
4173:Robert John Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh
724:Notes and Records of the Royal Society
690:Certificate from the college shown on
4340:Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
1271:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
555:Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground
343:, Sussex, and initially attended the
313:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7:
4265:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
857:Barclay CJ, Curtin NA (April 2022).
323:. He also discovered the amino acid
984:"On Glutathione: A Reinvestigation"
982:Hopkins, Frederick Gowland (1929).
957:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
4260:Alumni of the University of London
4245:Academics of King's College London
805:"Freemasons and the Royal Society"
25:
43:Florence, South Carolina shooting
4315:Presidents of the Royal Society
4250:Alumni of King's College London
4168:George Frederick Charles Searle
4320:Recipients of the Copley Medal
1218:President of the Royal Society
924:10.1113/jphysiol.1912.sp001524
603:Szent-Györgyi, Albert (1929).
532:American Philosophical Society
329:President of the Royal Society
27:English biochemist (1861–1947)
1:
4285:Members of the Order of Merit
4143:Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins
3231:Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer
1037:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)77022-1
1004:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)77062-2
557:in Cambridge, with his wife.
296:Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins
4300:Fellows of the Royal Society
4178:Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker
3319:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
2363:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
1141:. Accessed 24 January 2023.
841:A Cambridge Alumni Database
789:"University intelligence".
774:"University intelligence".
759:"University intelligence".
513:Fellow of the Royal Society
385:Emmanuel College, Cambridge
276:Other notable students
4381:
1184:Biography by N.J.T. Thomas
843:. University of Cambridge.
419:Sir Walter Morley Fletcher
36:
29:
4133:Sir Martin Onslow Forster
3887:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
3871:Charles Scott Sherrington
3255:Charles Scott Sherrington
3247:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
3041:
2930:
2921:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1560:Charles Scott Sherrington
1536:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1224:
1214:
1206:
1201:
1194:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1175:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1164:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
912:The Journal of Physiology
289:
216:
75:
59:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
3927:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
3263:Charles Algernon Parsons
2550:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
530:. He was elected to the
335:Education and early life
4335:English Nobel laureates
4275:British Nobel laureates
4153:Ernest William MacBride
4148:George William Lamplugh
4128:Sir Arthur Mostyn Field
3748:Benjamin Collins Brodie
3724:Marquess of Northampton
906:Hopkins, F. G. (1912).
319:, for the discovery of
238:University of Cambridge
39:Frederick Jesse Hopkins
4240:People from Eastbourne
4199:Hendrik Antoon Lorentz
4138:Edwin Stephen Goodrich
3692:William Hyde Wollaston
3391:Geoffrey Ingram Taylor
3175:Pierre Paul Émile Roux
2936:Nobel Prize recipients
2907:Physiology or Medicine
2834:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
1331:Santiago Ramón y Cajal
1139:Trinity College Chapel
1088:Cooke, Rachel (2013).
737:10.1098/rsnr.1962.0014
659:10.1098/rsbm.1948.0022
484:Hopkins was elected a
3796:George Gabriel Stokes
3199:Horace Tabberer Brown
3103:Alfred Russel Wallace
1832:Dickinson W. Richards
1516:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
474:Edward Calvin Kendall
377:Physiological Society
361:King's College London
359:which is now part of
345:City of London School
130:City of London School
4118:John Edward Campbell
3780:William Spottiswoode
3772:Joseph Dalton Hooker
3625:Earl of Macclesfield
3407:Edgar Douglas Adrian
3047:Josiah Willard Gibbs
2255:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1616:Albert Szent-Györgyi
1068:search.amphilsoc.org
1064:"APS Member History"
718:Needham, J. (1962).
405:Judah Hirsch Quastel
397:University of London
363:School of Medicine.
339:Hopkins was born in
311:who was awarded the
284:Albert Szent-Györgyi
262:Judah Hirsch Quastel
32:Frederick C. Hopkins
4355:Vitamin researchers
4325:Royal Medal winners
4270:English biochemists
4158:Francis Wall Oliver
4123:William Henry Dines
4113:William Arthur Bone
3895:William Henry Bragg
3788:Thomas Henry Huxley
3764:George Biddell Airy
3279:William Henry Bragg
3111:George William Hill
3095:Albert A. Michelson
2647:William C. Campbell
2558:Elizabeth Blackburn
2395:Robert F. Furchgott
2387:Stanley B. Prusiner
2379:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
2279:George H. Hitchings
2243:Joseph L. Goldstein
2203:Bengt I. Samuelsson
2032:Earl Sutherland Jr.
1228:William Henry Bragg
817:on 24 December 2018
641:Dale, Henry Hallett
590:"Frederick Hopkins"
428:Otto Fritz Meyerhof
367:Career and research
331:from 1930 to 1935.
4034:Venki Ramakrishnan
3983:Sir Michael Atiyah
3951:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
3903:Henry Hallett Dale
3502:Viscount Brouncker
3351:Thomas Hunt Morgan
3335:Henry Hallett Dale
3311:John Scott Haldane
3295:George Ellery Hale
2915:Christiaan Eijkman
2707:William Kaelin Jr.
2703:Peter J. Ratcliffe
2446:Leland H. Hartwell
2335:Richard J. Roberts
2215:Barbara McClintock
2159:Godfrey Hounsfield
2060:Nikolaas Tinbergen
1992:Marshall Nirenberg
1960:Charles B. Huggins
1749:Tadeusz Reichstein
1737:António Egas Moniz
1532:Christiaan Eijkman
1189:Chemical genealogy
1166:on Nobelprize.org
1129:, pp. 62-63 (2009)
627:uk.bl.ethos.648034
480:Awards and honours
436:Christiaan Eijkman
327:, in 1901. He was
317:Christiaan Eijkman
252:Sir Michael Foster
4217:
4216:
4108:John George Adami
4052:
4051:
3879:Ernest Rutherford
3510:Joseph Williamson
3449:
3448:
3215:Ernest Rutherford
3034:Copley Medallists
3000:
2999:
2776:
2775:
2741:Ardem Patapoutian
2590:Ralph M. Steinman
2586:Jules A. Hoffmann
2574:Robert G. Edwards
2542:Harald zur Hausen
2466:H. Robert Horvitz
2367:Eric F. Wieschaus
2303:E. Donnall Thomas
2287:J. Michael Bishop
2275:Gertrude B. Elion
2147:Hamilton O. Smith
2072:Christian de Duve
1808:Frederick Robbins
1685:Alexander Fleming
1624:Corneille Heymans
1470:Frederick Banting
1375:Allvar Gullstrand
1234:
1233:
1225:Succeeded by
1210:Ernest Rutherford
500:in 1922, and the
293:
292:
258:Doctoral students
244:Academic advisors
218:Scientific career
101:, Sussex, England
18:Frederick Hopkins
16:(Redirected from
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4280:Knights Bachelor
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2877:Frank B. Kellogg
2830:(United Kingdom)
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2722:Michael Houghton
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2699:Gregg L. Semenza
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2687:James P. Allison
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2679:Michael W. Young
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2663:Yoshinori Ohsumi
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2353:
2347:Alfred G. Gilman
2341:
2329:
2317:
2305:
2293:
2291:Harold E. Varmus
2281:
2265:
2257:
2245:
2233:
2217:
2209:
2193:
2177:
2167:Baruj Benacerraf
2161:
2149:
2133:
2117:
2094:
2078:
2062:
2046:
2034:
2026:
2010:
1994:
1984:Robert W. Holley
1978:
1962:
1950:
1934:
1922:
1906:
1890:
1888:Georg von Békésy
1882:
1870:
1858:
1856:Joshua Lederberg
1842:
1834:
1828:Werner Forssmann
1818:
1810:
1794:
1782:
1774:
1755:
1739:
1727:
1719:
1717:Bernardo Houssay
1703:
1695:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1598:
1590:
1574:
1566:
1554:
1546:
1544:Karl Landsteiner
1538:
1526:
1518:
1510:
1508:Johannes Fibiger
1491:
1490:
1484:
1482:Willem Einthoven
1476:
1464:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1437:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1393:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1347:Élie Metchnikoff
1341:
1339:Alphonse Laveran
1333:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1297:
1289:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1237:
1207:Preceded by
1199:
1171:
1159:Internet Archive
1142:
1136:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1112:J.B. Priestley,
1110:
1104:
1103:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1040:. Archived from
1039:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
988:
979:
973:
972:
952:
946:
945:
935:
918:(5–6): 425–460.
903:
897:
896:
886:
875:10.1113/JP281556
869:(7): 1555–1578.
854:
845:
844:
833:
827:
826:
824:
822:
816:
810:. Archived from
809:
801:
795:
794:
786:
780:
779:
771:
765:
764:
756:
750:
749:
739:
715:
694:
692:Harringay Online
688:
682:
677:
671:
670:
637:
631:
630:
600:
594:
593:
586:
544:Jacquetta Hawkes
306:
270:Antoinette Pirie
248:Thomas Stevenson
113:
94:
92:
80:
70:
50:
21:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4194:Ludimar Hermann
4182:
4163:Sir David Prain
4096:
4083:
4053:
4048:
4040:
4032:
4024:
4016:
4008:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3973:
3965:
3957:
3949:
3941:
3933:
3925:
3917:
3911:Robert Robinson
3909:
3901:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3861:
3855:William Crookes
3853:
3845:
3837:
3831:William Huggins
3829:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3778:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3746:
3740:Lord Wrottesley
3738:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3706:
3698:
3690:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3639:
3631:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3599:
3588:
3580:
3574:Charles Montagu
3572:
3564:
3556:
3550:Earl of Carbery
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3489:
3480:
3450:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3383:Joseph Barcroft
3381:
3375:Robert Robinson
3373:
3365:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3287:Arthur Schuster
3285:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3239:Albert Einstein
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3191:William Bayliss
3189:
3183:Hendrik Lorentz
3181:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3071:William Crookes
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3031:
3001:
2996:
2934:
2926:
2901:
2882:
2879:(United States)
2863:
2839:
2814:
2807:
2777:
2772:
2757:
2746:
2731:
2726:Charles M. Rice
2718:Harvey J. Alter
2712:
2696:
2684:
2675:Michael Rosbash
2671:Jeffrey C. Hall
2668:
2660:
2644:
2635:May-Britt Moser
2628:
2612:
2607:Shinya Yamanaka
2600:
2579:
2571:
2566:Jack W. Szostak
2555:
2539:
2534:Oliver Smithies
2523:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2482:Peter Mansfield
2475:
2470:John E. Sulston
2459:
2443:
2432:
2416:
2408:
2392:
2384:
2372:
2359:Edward B. Lewis
2356:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2268:
2263:Susumu Tonegawa
2260:
2248:
2236:
2220:
2212:
2196:
2180:
2164:
2152:
2136:
2123:Roger Guillemin
2120:
2115:Daniel Gajdusek
2111:Baruch Blumberg
2108:
2097:
2088:Renato Dulbecco
2084:David Baltimore
2081:
2065:
2052:Karl von Frisch
2049:
2037:
2029:
2013:
1997:
1981:
1972:Haldan Hartline
1965:
1953:
1937:
1925:
1909:
1904:Maurice Wilkins
1893:
1885:
1873:
1868:Arthur Kornberg
1861:
1845:
1837:
1821:
1813:
1797:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1758:
1742:
1730:
1722:
1706:
1698:
1682:
1673:Joseph Erlanger
1670:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1621:
1613:
1601:
1593:
1577:
1569:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1529:
1524:Charles Nicolle
1521:
1513:
1505:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1372:
1367:Albrecht Kossel
1364:
1356:
1344:
1336:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1273:
1264:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1044:on 4 March 2016
1017:
1016:
1012:
986:
981:
980:
976:
954:
953:
949:
905:
904:
900:
856:
855:
848:
835:
834:
830:
820:
818:
814:
807:
803:
802:
798:
788:
787:
783:
773:
772:
768:
758:
757:
753:
717:
716:
697:
689:
685:
678:
674:
653:(17): 115–126.
639:
638:
634:
602:
601:
597:
588:
587:
580:
575:
563:
548:J. B. Priestley
540:
482:
369:
337:
298:
282:
268:
264:
250:
212:
136:Alma mater
121:
115:
111:
102:
96:
90:
88:
71:
62:
60:
57:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4378:
4376:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4222:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4059:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4038:
4030:
4026:Sir Paul Nurse
4022:
4014:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3991:Sir Aaron Klug
3987:
3979:
3971:
3963:
3955:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3808:
3800:
3792:
3784:
3776:
3768:
3760:
3752:
3744:
3736:
3728:
3720:
3716:Duke of Sussex
3712:
3708:Davies Gilbert
3704:
3696:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3669:
3661:
3653:
3645:
3637:
3633:Earl of Morton
3629:
3621:
3613:
3605:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3554:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3439:James Chadwick
3435:
3427:
3423:Archibald Hill
3419:
3411:
3403:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3331:
3323:
3315:
3307:
3303:Theobald Smith
3299:
3291:
3283:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3251:
3243:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3187:
3179:
3171:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3119:Francis Galton
3115:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2854:
2852:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2831:
2824:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2763:Katalin Karikó
2755:
2744:
2729:
2710:
2694:
2682:
2666:
2658:
2642:
2626:
2619:Randy Schekman
2610:
2598:
2577:
2569:
2553:
2546:Luc Montagnier
2537:
2526:Mario Capecchi
2521:
2509:
2502:Barry Marshall
2497:
2485:
2478:Paul Lauterbur
2473:
2462:Sydney Brenner
2457:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2423:Paul Greengard
2419:Arvid Carlsson
2414:
2406:
2390:
2382:
2370:
2354:
2351:Martin Rodbell
2342:
2330:
2327:Edwin G. Krebs
2323:Edmond Fischer
2318:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2271:James W. Black
2266:
2258:
2246:
2234:
2231:César Milstein
2227:Georges Köhler
2218:
2210:
2199:Sune Bergström
2194:
2191:Torsten Wiesel
2187:David H. Hubel
2178:
2162:
2150:
2143:Daniel Nathans
2134:
2127:Andrew Schally
2118:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2079:
2063:
2047:
2040:Gerald Edelman
2035:
2027:
2024:Julius Axelrod
2011:
2008:Salvador Luria
2004:Alfred Hershey
1995:
1979:
1963:
1951:
1940:François Jacob
1935:
1923:
1907:
1891:
1883:
1871:
1859:
1843:
1835:
1824:André Cournand
1819:
1811:
1795:
1783:
1780:Selman Waksman
1775:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1745:Edward Kendall
1740:
1728:
1720:
1704:
1701:Hermann Muller
1696:
1680:
1677:Herbert Gasser
1668:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1632:Gerhard Domagk
1627:
1619:
1611:
1599:
1591:
1588:William Murphy
1580:George Whipple
1575:
1567:
1555:
1547:
1539:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1477:
1465:
1458:Archibald Hill
1453:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1394:
1391:Charles Richet
1386:
1378:
1370:
1362:
1354:
1342:
1334:
1322:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1172:
1161:
1150:
1149:External links
1147:
1144:
1143:
1131:
1118:
1114:The Edwardians
1105:
1098:
1080:
1055:
1030:(2): 657–674.
1010:
974:
947:
898:
846:
828:
796:
781:
766:
751:
730:(2): 117–126.
695:
683:
672:
632:
595:
577:
576:
574:
571:
570:
569:
562:
559:
539:
536:
517:Order of Merit
481:
478:
424:Archibald Hill
412:Joseph Needham
389:Master of Arts
373:Guy's Hospital
368:
365:
357:Guy's Hospital
336:
333:
315:in 1929, with
291:
290:
287:
286:
280:J.B.S. Haldane
277:
273:
272:
259:
255:
254:
245:
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
214:
213:
211:
210:
207:Order of Merit
204:
198:
192:
186:
180:
174:
167:
165:
161:
160:
147:
146:Known for
143:
142:
140:Guy's Hospital
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
116:
114:(aged 85)
108:
104:
103:
97:
86:
82:
81:
73:
72:
61:
58:
53:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4377:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4210:
4209:Hugo De Vries
4207:
4205:
4204:Henri Moissan
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4090:Royal Society
4087:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4068:
4066:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3975:George Porter
3972:
3968:
3967:Andrew Huxley
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3935:Howard Florey
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3863:J. J. Thomson
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3839:Lord Rayleigh
3836:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3813:
3812:Joseph Lister
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3756:Edward Sabine
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3732:Earl of Rosse
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3617:Martin Folkes
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3487:Royal Society
3484:
3477:
3472:
3470:
3465:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
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3368:
3364:
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3359:Paul Langevin
3356:
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3207:Joseph Larmor
3204:
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3196:
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3184:
3180:
3176:
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3160:
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3151:J. J. Thomson
3148:
3144:
3143:Ray Lankester
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3127:George Darwin
3124:
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3112:
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3100:
3096:
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3055:Joseph Lister
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2828:Arthur Harden
2826:
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2804:
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2100:
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2077:
2076:George Palade
2073:
2069:
2068:Albert Claude
2064:
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2057:
2056:Konrad Lorenz
2053:
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2044:Rodney Porter
2041:
2036:
2033:
2028:
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2020:Ulf von Euler
2017:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1985:
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1969:
1968:Ragnar Granit
1964:
1961:
1957:
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1945:
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1936:
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1920:Andrew Huxley
1917:
1913:
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1901:
1897:
1896:Francis Crick
1892:
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1884:
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1880:Peter Medawar
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1033:
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1024:J. Biol. Chem
1021:
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538:Personal life
537:
535:
533:
529:
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524:Royal Society
520:
518:
514:
509:
507:
506:Royal Society
503:
499:
496:in 1918, the
495:
494:Royal Society
491:
487:
479:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:glutamic acid
459:
455:
454:glutamic acid
451:
446:
444:
439:
437:
431:
429:
425:
420:
415:
413:
410:
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402:
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393:honoris causa
390:
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266:Malcolm Dixon
263:
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119:
109:
105:
100:
87:
83:
79:
74:
69:
65:
56:
51:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4042:Adrian Smith
4002:21st century
3886:
3823:20th century
3700:Humphry Davy
3684:19th century
3673:Joseph Banks
3665:John Pringle
3657:James Burrow
3641:James Burrow
3601:Isaac Newton
3593:18th century
3542:Samuel Pepys
3526:John Hoskyns
3494:17th century
3399:Oswald Avery
3367:Thomas Lewis
3327:Arthur Evans
3246:
3063:Eduard Suess
2966:
2920:
2752:Svante Pääbo
2737:David Julius
2691:Tasuku Honjo
2639:Edvard Moser
2631:John O'Keefe
2594:posthumously
2593:
2530:Martin Evans
2506:Robin Warren
2490:Richard Axel
2437:2001–present
2315:Bert Sakmann
2183:Roger Sperry
2175:George Snell
2171:Jean Dausset
2139:Werner Arber
2092:Howard Temin
2016:Bernard Katz
2000:Max Delbrück
1956:Francis Rous
1932:Feodor Lynen
1928:Konrad Bloch
1916:Alan Hodgkin
1900:James Watson
1876:Frank Burnet
1864:Severo Ochoa
1852:Edward Tatum
1840:Daniel Bovet
1753:Philip Hench
1665:Edward Doisy
1596:Hans Spemann
1584:George Minot
1564:Edgar Adrian
1552:Otto Warburg
1535:
1474:John Macleod
1443:August Krogh
1435:Jules Bordet
1351:Paul Ehrlich
1303:Niels Finsen
1287:Emil Behring
1215:
1179:Find a Grave
1134:
1121:
1113:
1108:
1089:
1083:
1071:. Retrieved
1067:
1058:
1046:. Retrieved
1042:the original
1027:
1023:
1013:
994:
990:
977:
960:
956:
950:
915:
911:
901:
866:
862:
840:
831:
819:. Retrieved
812:the original
799:
790:
784:
775:
769:
760:
754:
727:
723:
686:
675:
650:
644:
635:
610:
605:
598:
552:
541:
521:
510:
502:Copley Medal
483:
447:
440:
432:
416:
409:embryologist
407:and pioneer
392:
381:Biochemistry
370:
338:
295:
294:
234:Institutions
228:Biochemistry
217:
201:Albert Medal
189:Copley Medal
112:(1947-05-16)
95:20 June 1861
47:
4235:1947 deaths
4230:1861 births
3919:Lord Adrian
3804:Lord Kelvin
3609:Hans Sloane
3582:Lord Somers
3534:Cyril Wyche
3415:G. H. Hardy
3223:Horace Lamb
3167:James Dewar
3159:Ivan Pavlov
3135:Felix Klein
3036:(1901–1950)
2858:Thomas Mann
2811:Nobel Prize
2603:John Gurdon
2518:Craig Mello
2514:Andrew Fire
2427:Eric Kandel
2403:Ferid Murad
2311:Erwin Neher
2223:Niels Jerne
1988:Har Khorana
1976:George Wald
1944:André Lwoff
1912:John Eccles
1800:John Enders
1772:Max Theiler
1733:Walter Hess
1725:Paul Müller
1689:Ernst Chain
1359:Emil Kocher
1319:Robert Koch
1311:Ivan Pavlov
1295:Ronald Ross
1127:Mark Goldie
1048:10 February
997:: 269–320.
963:(24): e13.
490:Royal Medal
450:glutathione
443:World War I
401:Freemasonry
195:Nobel Prize
171:Royal Medal
158:glutathione
110:16 May 1947
4224:Categories
3649:James West
3483:Presidents
3343:Niels Bohr
3271:Max Planck
2845:Literature
2454:Paul Nurse
1788:Hans Krebs
1713:Gerty Cori
1661:Henrik Dam
1608:Otto Loewi
1604:Henry Dale
1222:1930–1935
619:1063377732
611:jisc.ac.uk
573:References
341:Eastbourne
325:tryptophan
309:biochemist
154:tryptophan
99:Eastbourne
91:1861-06-20
4018:Lord Rees
3959:Lord Todd
2860:(Germany)
2820:Chemistry
2813:laureates
2655:Tu Youyou
2207:John Vane
2102:1976–2000
1763:1951–1975
1709:Carl Cori
1499:1926–1950
1278:1901–1925
1267:Laureates
863:J Physiol
821:2 January
791:The Times
776:The Times
761:The Times
746:145795016
667:177244789
534:in 1937.
508:in 1926.
126:Education
120:, England
118:Cambridge
4092:elected
4010:Lord May
2898:(France)
2836:(Sweden)
2450:Tim Hunt
969:12055201
942:16993143
893:35114037
561:See also
466:cysteine
458:cysteine
321:vitamins
150:Vitamins
4187:Foreign
4101:Fellows
4094:in 1905
4088:of the
4086:Fellows
3485:of the
2888:Physics
1269:of the
1157:at the
933:1512834
884:9304278
504:of the
492:of the
470:glycine
441:During
349:Hornsey
4044:(2020)
4036:(2015)
4028:(2010)
4020:(2005)
4012:(2000)
3993:(1995)
3985:(1990)
3977:(1985)
3969:(1980)
3961:(1975)
3953:(1970)
3945:(1965)
3937:(1960)
3929:(1955)
3921:(1950)
3913:(1945)
3905:(1940)
3897:(1935)
3889:(1930)
3881:(1925)
3873:(1920)
3865:(1915)
3857:(1913)
3849:(1908)
3841:(1905)
3833:(1900)
3814:(1895)
3806:(1890)
3798:(1885)
3790:(1883)
3782:(1878)
3774:(1873)
3766:(1871)
3758:(1861)
3750:(1858)
3742:(1854)
3734:(1848)
3726:(1838)
3718:(1830)
3710:(1827)
3702:(1820)
3694:(1820)
3675:(1778)
3667:(1772)
3659:(1772)
3651:(1768)
3643:(1768)
3635:(1764)
3627:(1752)
3619:(1741)
3611:(1727)
3603:(1703)
3584:(1698)
3576:(1695)
3568:(1690)
3560:(1689)
3552:(1686)
3544:(1684)
3536:(1683)
3528:(1682)
3520:(1680)
3512:(1677)
3504:(1662)
3441:(1950)
3433:(1949)
3425:(1948)
3417:(1947)
3409:(1946)
3401:(1945)
3393:(1944)
3385:(1943)
3377:(1942)
3369:(1941)
3361:(1940)
3353:(1939)
3345:(1938)
3337:(1937)
3329:(1936)
3321:(1935)
3313:(1934)
3305:(1933)
3297:(1932)
3289:(1931)
3281:(1930)
3273:(1929)
3265:(1928)
3257:(1927)
3249:(1926)
3241:(1925)
3233:(1924)
3225:(1923)
3217:(1922)
3209:(1921)
3201:(1920)
3193:(1919)
3185:(1918)
3177:(1917)
3169:(1916)
3161:(1915)
3153:(1914)
3145:(1913)
3137:(1912)
3129:(1911)
3121:(1910)
3113:(1909)
3105:(1908)
3097:(1907)
3089:(1906)
3081:(1905)
3073:(1904)
3065:(1903)
3057:(1902)
3049:(1901)
2697:2019:
2685:2018:
2669:2017:
2661:2016:
2645:2015:
2629:2014:
2613:2013:
2601:2012:
2580:2011:
2572:2010:
2556:2009:
2540:2008:
2524:2007:
2512:2006:
2500:2005:
2488:2004:
2476:2003:
2460:2002:
2444:2001:
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2249:1986:
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2213:1983:
2197:1982:
2181:1981:
2165:1980:
2153:1979:
2137:1978:
2121:1977:
2109:1976:
2082:1975:
2066:1974:
2050:1973:
2038:1972:
2030:1971:
2014:1970:
1998:1969:
1982:1968:
1966:1967:
1954:1966:
1938:1965:
1926:1964:
1910:1963:
1894:1962:
1886:1961:
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1798:1954:
1786:1953:
1778:1952:
1770:1951:
1743:1950:
1731:1949:
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1514:1927:
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1480:1924:
1468:1923:
1456:1922:
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1397:1914:
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1381:1912:
1373:1911:
1365:1910:
1357:1909:
1345:1908:
1337:1907:
1325:1906:
1317:1905:
1309:1904:
1301:1903:
1293:1902:
1285:1901:
1096:
1073:24 May
967:
940:
930:
891:
881:
744:
665:
625:
617:
224:Fields
209:(1935)
203:(1934)
197:(1929)
191:(1926)
185:(1924)
179:(1922)
173:(1918)
164:Awards
2967:1929
2869:Peace
2809:1929
1216:45th
987:(PDF)
815:(PDF)
808:(PDF)
742:S2CID
663:S2CID
623:EThOS
391:(MA)
302:
66:
2992:1934
2987:1933
2982:1932
2977:1931
2972:1930
2962:1928
2957:1927
2952:1926
2947:1925
2942:1924
2849:1929
2759:2023
2748:2022
2733:2021
2714:2020
1653:1942
1646:1941
1639:1940
1489:1925
1450:1921
1427:1918
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