532:. Jelinek wrote, "The performance of the Renaissance fund is legendary, but I have no idea whether any methods we pioneered at IBM have ever been used. My former colleagues will not tell me: theirs is a very hush-hush operation!" Methods very similar to those developed for achieving speech recognition are at the base of most machine translation systems in use today. Observers have said that Pierce's paradigm, according to which engineering achievements in this area would be built on scientific progress, has been inverted, with the achievements in engineering being at the base of a number of scientific findings.
858:"Every time we fire a phonetician/linguist, the performance of our system goes up" and dated it to an IEEE Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding workshop held in 1985. According to Steve Young, "the story goes that one day one of his linguists resigned, and Fred decided to replace him not by another linguist but by an engineer. A little while later, Fred noticed that the performance of his system improved significantly. So he encouraged another linguist to find alternative employment, and sure enough performance improved again."
306:, despite having missed several years of schooling because education of Jewish children had been forbidden since 1942. His mother, anxious that her son should get a good education, made great efforts for their emigration, especially when it became clear he would not be allowed to even attempt the graduation examination. His mother hoped her son would become a physician, but Jelinek dreamed of being a lawyer. He studied engineering in evening classes at the
404:'s Center for Language and Speech Processing, where he was director and Julian Sinclair Smith Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering. He was still working there at the time of his death; Jelinek died of a heart attack at the close of an otherwise normal workday in mid-September 2010. He was survived by his wife, daughter and son, sister, stepsister, and three grandchildren, including Sophie Gold Jelinek.
459:. Jelinek often accompanied her to Chomsky's lectures, and even discussed the possibility of changing orientation with his adviser. Fano was "really upset", and after the failure of his project with Hockett at Cornell, he did not return to this field of research until starting work at IBM. The scope of research at IBM was considerably different from that of most other teams. According to
273:
to VilĂ©m and Trude JelĂnek. His father was Jewish; his mother was born in
Switzerland to Czech Catholic parents and had converted to Judaism. JelĂnek senior, a dentist, had planned early to escape Nazi occupation and flee to England; he arranged for a passport, visa, and the shipping of his dentistry
419:
wrote in 1956 that this trendiness was dangerous. He said, "Our fellow scientists in many different fields, attracted by the fanfare and by the new avenues opened to scientific analysis, are using these ideas in their own problems ... It will be all too easy for our somewhat artificial
291:
It is generally believed that scientific talent reveals itself in early youth. ... This was certainly not my case. I somehow slid into my scientific profession. My mother wished for me to become a physician, just like my father. ... I myself wanted to be a lawyer, defender of the unjustly accused.
857:
and James H. Martin, Jelinek himself recalled the quote as "Anytime a linguist leaves the group the recognition rate goes up" and dated it to
December 1988 (Wayne, Pennsylvania), further noting that the quote did not appear in the published proceeding, whereas Roger K. Moore gave the wording as
528:. In the 1980s, although the broader problem of speech recognition remained unsolved, they sought to apply the methods developed to other problems; machine translation and stock value prediction were both seen as options. A group of IBM researchers went on to work for
463:, "While was leading IBM's effort to solve the general dictation problem during the decade or so following 1972, most other U.S. companies and academic researchers were working on very limited problems ... or were staying out of the field entirely".
420:
prosperity to collapse overnight when it is realized that the use of a few exciting words like information, entropy, redundancy, do not solve all our problems." During the next decade, a combination of factors shut down the application of information theory to
451:
later said that the field was filled with "mad inventors or untrustworthy engineers". He said that the underlying linguistic problems must be solved before attempts at NLP could be reasonably made. These elements essentially halted research in the field.
380:
during a sabbatical, he began full-time work there in 1972—at first on leave for
Cornell, but permanently from 1974. He remained there for over twenty years. Although at first he had been offered a regular research job, upon his arrival he learned that
523:
to participating teams, shared common goals, data, and precise evaluation metrics. The
Continuous Speech Recognition Group's research, which required large amounts of data to train the algorithms, eventually led to the creation of the
318:. About his choice of specialty, he said: "Fortunately, to electrical engineering there belonged a discipline whose aim was not the construction of physical systems: the theory of information". He obtained his Ph.D. in 1962, with
535:
Jelinek's works won "best paper" awards on several occasions, and he received a number of company awards while he worked at IBM. He received the
Society Award for "outstanding technical contributions and leadership" from the
504:, specifically trigrams. Even though "it was obvious to everyone that this model was hopelessly impoverished", it was not improved upon until Jelinek presented another paper in 1999. The same trigram approach was applied to
983:
1832:
345:). His flight back to the U.S. had a stopover in Munich, during which he called her to propose. Tobolová was considered a dissident and the authorities were not happy with her film. Jelinek asked for help from
544:
Medal for
Scientific Achievement in 1999. He was a recipient of an IEEE Third Millennium Medal in 2000, the European Language Resources Association's first Antonio Zampolli Prize in 2004, the 2005
1714:
545:
117:
393:. Despite his team's successes in this area, Jelinek's work remained little known in his home country because Czech scientists were not allowed to participate in key conferences.
1372:
396:
After the 1989 fall of communism, Jelinek helped establish scientific relationships, regularly visiting to lecture and helping to persuade IBM to establish a computing centre at
1797:
992:
496:. According to Young, the basic noisy channel approach "reduced the speech recognition problem to one of producing two statistical models". Whereas New Raleigh Grammar was a
1043:
490:
was introduced in their first model, New
Raleigh Grammar, which was published in 1976 as the paper "Continuous Speech Recognition by Statistical Methods" in the journal
1847:
1792:
1787:
565:
541:
455:
Jelinek had begun to develop an interest in linguistics after the immigration of his wife, who initially enrolled in the MIT linguistics program with the help of
1402:
1782:
724:———————-; John D. Lafferty and Robert L. Mercer. (1990) "Basic methods of probabilistic context free grammars". Technical Report RC 16374 (72684), IBM.
230:
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turned out not to be very useful for speech recognition, tagging methods developed during these projects are now used in various NLP applications.
439:
which stated, "probabilistic models give no insight into the basic problems of syntactic structure". This accorded well with the philosophy of the
1842:
1433:
934:
315:
234:
87:
361:, a group of Czech dissidents were allowed to emigrate in January 1961. Thanks to the lobbying, the future Milena Jelinek was one of them.
311:
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218:. He is well known for his oft-quoted statement, "Every time I fire a linguist, the performance of the speech recognizer goes up".
1343:
1216:
1055:
921:
Speech and language processing: an introduction to natural language processing, computational linguistics, and speech recognition
889:'Every time I fire a linguist, my performance goes up', and other myths of the statistical natural language processing revolution
390:
376:. However these fell through and during the next ten years he continued to study information theory. Having previously worked at
632:
561:
1570:
249:. At IBM, his team advanced approaches to computer speech recognition and machine translation. After IBM, he went to head the
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report, which recommended that the government should stop funding research into machine translation. ALPAC chairman
1726:
925:. Prentice Hall series in artificial intelligence (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. p.
525:
709:———————- (1990). "Self-Organized Language Modeling for Speech Recognition". In Alex Waibel & Kai-Fu Lee, eds.
286:
in 1941, but
Frederick, his sister and mother—thanks to the latter's background—escaped the concentration camps.
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401:
307:
254:
165:
849:
Although its fame and iconic status are undisputed (it was for example used as the title of a 1998 speech by
1522:
492:
440:
1827:
1373:"Milena Jelinek – member of golden generation of Czech filmmakers now teaching screenwriting at Columbia"
1257:
1777:
1772:
896:
486:, in this case the acoustic signal—which some observers considered a daring approach. The concept of
434:
292:
But my career is the result of political circumstances, academic possibilities, and lucky accidents.
675:
Brown, P.; J. Cocke, S. Della Pietra, V. Della Pietra, F. Jelinek, R, Mercer and P. Roossin (1988).
1754:
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The incremental research techniques developed at IBM eventually became dominant in the field after
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and applied for a visa, hoping to see his former acquaintances again. He met with his old friend
303:
238:
207:
157:
143:
808:
EMNLP '03 Proceedings of the 2003 conference on
Empirical methods in natural language processing
613:———————- (1969). "Tree encoding of memoryless time-discrete sources with a fidelity criterion".
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research of the time, which promoted rule-based approaches. The other factor was the 1966
358:
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676:
330:
853:), its context is unknown and its specific wording and dating are unclear. According to
810:. East Stroudsburg, Penn.: Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 160–167.
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Expanded version of a presentation at NLDB'99. Klagenfurt, Austria, June 17–19, 1999 (
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He was not a pioneer of speech recognition, he was the pioneer of speech recognition.
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Coling 88: Proceedings of the 12th conference on
Computational linguistics, volume 1
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278:. However, Vilém decided to stay at the last minute and was eventually sent to the
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891:(Speech). 15th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Madison, Wisconsin.
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956:"Report on the Workshop on the Evaluation of Natural Language Processing Systems"
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After completing his graduate studies, Jelinek, who had developed an interest in
1707:
520:
365:
350:
319:
187:
177:
729:
Speech Recognition and Understanding: Recent advances, trends, and applications
487:
690:. Budapest: John Von Neumann society for computing sciences. pp. 71–76.
651:
639:(1974). "Optimal decoding of linear codes for minimizing symbol error rate".
625:
590:
1434:"Frederick Jelinek, 77, pioneer in speech and text understanding technology"
951:
823:
669:
67:
1044:"Frederick Jelinek 1932–2010: The Pioneer of Speech Recognition Technology"
783:
771:
Chelba, Ciprian; Frederick Jelinek (2000). "Structured Language Modeling".
1179:"Frederick Jelinek, Who Gave Machines the Key to Human Speech, Dies at 77"
695:
1507:
1490:
657:———————- (1976). "Continuous speech recognition by statistical methods".
607:
415:
was a fashionable scientific approach in the mid '50s. However, pioneer
1547:. International Speech Communication Association. 1999. Archived from
582:. McGraw-Hill series in systems science. New York: McGraw-Hill. 689p.
1597:"IEEE James L. Flanagan Speech and Audio Processing Award recipients"
595:———————- (1969). "Fast sequential decoding algorithm using a stack".
501:
326:
283:
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45:
1221:(Speech). Charles University, Prague, Czechoslovakia. Archived from
587:
389:, and became head of the Continuous Speech Recognition group at the
325:
In 1957, Jelinek paid an unexpected visit to Prague. He had been in
867:
As he put it, "she didn't want to emulate my father's big mistake."
794:
1622:
654:. (received Information Theory Society Golden Jubilee paper award)
516:
444:
1625:(Press release). Charles University in Pragues. November 22, 2001
580:
Probabilistic Information Theory: Discrete and memoryless models
991:. INTERSPEECH-2005. Lisbon, September 4–8, 2005. Archived from
804:
Training Connectionist Models for the Structured Language Model
377:
274:
materials. The couple planned to send their son to an English
1048:
Speech and Language Processing Technical Committee Newsletter
500:, their next model, called Tangora, was broader and involved
257:
for 17 years, where he was still working on the day he died.
1833:
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
731:. NATO ASI series. Series F, Computer and systems sciences,
564:
in 2006 and was made one of twelve inaugural fellows of the
519:, in the mid-80s, returned to NLP research and imposed that
282:, where he died in 1945. The family was forced to move to
229:
and emigrated with his family to the United States in the
1573:. European Language Resources Association. Archived from
985:
Results from a Survey of Attendees at ASRU 1997 and 2003
385:
had recently been promoted to head of the newly opened
233:
of the communist regime. He studied engineering at the
1403:"Frederick Jelinek, speech recognition pioneer, dies"
802:
Xu, Peng; Ahmad Emami and Frederick Jelinek (2003). "
97:
Advancement of natural language processing techniques
727:
Reprinted in Laface, Pietro; Renato De Mori (1992).
548:, and the 2009 Lifetime Achievement Award from the
546:
James L. Flanagan Speech and Audio Processing Award
337:—whose screenplay had been the basis for the movie
183:
171:
153:
139:
111:
101:
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83:
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27:
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677:"A statistical approach to language translation"
508:in single words. Although the identification of
735:. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 345–360.
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1279:
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1208:
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1200:
806:". In Michael Collins and Mark Steedman, eds.
566:International Speech Communication Association
1366:
1364:
1337:
1335:
1333:
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202:(18 November 1932 – 14 September 2010) was a
8:
1545:"1999 ESCA Medal for Scientific Achievement"
1798:Czechoslovak emigrants to the United States
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400:. In 1993, he retired from IBM and went to
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1115:. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. p. v.
1112:Statistical Methods for Speech Recognition
917:Jurafsky, Daniel; James H. Martin (2009).
751:Statistical Methods for Speech Recognition
265:Jelinek was born on November 18, 1932, as
17:
1506:
1342:Hershenson, Roberta (December 31, 1989).
1311:
550:Association for Computational Linguistics
428:. One factor was the 1957 publication of
297:—Talking about his life in a 2001 speech.
251:Center for Language and Speech Processing
245:. In 1961, he married Czech screenwriter
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1215:Jelinek, Frederick (November 22, 2001).
1848:Natural language processing researchers
1793:Statistical natural language processing
1788:American people of Czech-Jewish descent
1432:Sneiderman, Phil (September 20, 2010).
1401:Dresser, Michael (September 19, 2010).
1235:Honoris causa degree acceptance speech.
1037:
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1021:
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641:IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
615:IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
597:IBM Journal of Research and Development
1691:ISCA Medal for Scientific Achievement
1427:
1425:
1423:
1001:
894:
302:After the war, Jelinek entered in the
1571:"In Honour of Prof. Antonio Zampolli"
754:. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 283p.
333:, who introduced him to film student
316:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
235:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
88:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7:
1296:"The Dawn of Statistical ASR and MT"
1141:"Prof. Frederick Jelinek, 1932–2010"
1068:Adapted from a speech given in 2006.
786:(received 2002 "Best Paper" award).
713:. San Mateo: Morgan Kaufmann. 629p.
628:. (received 1971 "Best Paper" award)
312:National Committee for a Free Europe
1783:American people of Bohemian descent
1344:"Czech Couple Keep Eye on Homeland"
887:Hirschberg, Julia (July 29, 1998).
482:as an information theory problem—a
1177:Lohr, Steve (September 24, 2010).
1078:RejĹľek, Jan (September 17, 2010).
14:
1717:Speech and Audio Processing Award
314:that allowed him to study at the
280:Theresienstadt concentration camp
126:Lifetime Achievement Award (2009)
1823:IBM Research computer scientists
1818:MIT School of Engineering alumni
1813:Johns Hopkins University faculty
1525:. IEEE Signal Processing Society
1371:Willoughby, Ian (June 9, 2008).
391:Thomas J. Watson Research Center
357:. Following the inauguration of
1294:Jelinek, Fred (December 2009).
562:National Academy of Engineering
310:and received stipends from the
1666:IEEE Signal Processing Society
1252:Jan, Jelinek (June 13, 2006).
1052:IEEE Signal Processing Society
1042:Young, Steve (November 2010).
773:Computer Speech & Language
711:Readings in speech recognition
538:IEEE Signal Processing Society
1:
1843:Speech processing researchers
424:(NLP) problems—in particular
387:IBM Haifa Research Laboratory
1623:"Dr. h. c. prof. F. Jelinek"
1313:10.1162/coli.2009.35.4.35401
1139:Hajic, Jan (November 2010).
560:in 2001, was elected to the
212:automatic speech recognition
1746:Lifetime Achievement Award
1649:at Johns Hopkins university
1109:Jelinek, Frederick (1997).
578:Jelinek, Frederick (1968).
422:natural language processing
237:and taught for 10 years at
216:natural language processing
148:natural language processing
1864:
1808:Harvard University faculty
1803:Cornell University faculty
1458:Quoted in Liberman (2010).
1440:. Johns Hopkins University
826:. (won "best paper" award)
526:Linguistic Data Consortium
241:before accepting a job at
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1495:Computational Linguistics
1300:Computational Linguistics
964:Computational Linguistics
368:, had plans to work with
353:, the latter who lobbied
193:
132:
1491:"Obituary: Fred Jelinek"
1008:: CS1 maint: location (
982:Moore, Roger K. (2005).
901:: CS1 maint: location (
652:10.1109/TIT.1974.1055186
626:10.1109/TIT.1969.1054355
530:Renaissance Technologies
402:Johns Hopkins University
308:City College of New York
255:Johns Hopkins University
166:Johns Hopkins University
1467:Quoted in Young (2010).
824:10.3115/1119355.1119376
686:. In DĂ©nes Vargha, ed.
682:August 7, 2011, at the
670:10.1109/PROC.1976.10159
659:Proceedings of the IEEE
493:Proceedings of the IEEE
441:artificial intelligence
118:James L. Flanagan Award
1715:IEEE James L. Flanagan
1599:. IEEE. Archived from
784:10.1006/csla.2000.0147
470:
294:
696:10.3115/991635.991651
635:, Frederick Jelinek,
572:Selected publications
1508:10.1162/coli_a_00032
1260:on September 3, 2006
435:Syntactic Structures
221:Jelinek was born in
1755:William Aaron Woods
608:10.1147/rd.136.0675
498:hidden Markov model
473:—Steve Young (2010)
426:machine translation
408:Research and legacy
1838:People from Kladno
1647:Institutional page
1254:"Curriculum Vitae"
558:Charles University
540:for 1997, and the
480:speech recognition
413:Information theory
398:Charles University
374:Cornell University
370:Charles F. Hockett
239:Cornell University
208:information theory
158:Cornell University
144:Information theory
60:September 14, 2010
1761:
1760:
1752:Succeeded by
1727:James D. Johnston
1724:Succeeded by
1697:Succeeded by
1674:Succeeded by
1603:on April 15, 2013
1551:on August 2, 2009
1489:(December 2010).
1407:The Baltimore Sun
1225:on March 16, 2008
998:on July 20, 2011.
936:978-0-13-187321-6
748:———————- (1997).
552:. He received an
478:Jelinek regarded
355:Nikita Khrushchev
200:Frederick Jelinek
197:
196:
134:Scientific career
42:November 18, 1932
22:Frederick Jelinek
1855:
1734:Preceded by
1705:Preceded by
1684:Preceded by
1659:Fumitada Itakura
1656:Preceded by
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1577:on July 21, 2011
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1256:. Archived from
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1058:on July 28, 2011
1054:. Archived from
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950:Palmer, Martha;
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851:Julia Hirschberg
847:
631:Bahl, Lalit R.;
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322:as his adviser.
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184:Notable students
173:Doctoral advisor
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1523:"Society Award"
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1438:The JHU Gazette
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1145:EACL Newsletter
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1004:cite conference
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907:Invited speech.
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886:
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872:
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855:Daniel Jurafsky
848:
844:
834:
829:
684:Wayback Machine
592: (review)
574:
510:parts of speech
476:
472:
410:
359:John F. Kennedy
335:Milena Tobolová
300:
296:
267:BedĹ™ich JelĂnek
263:
84:Alma mater
71:
70:, United States
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32:BedĹ™ich JelĂnek
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1487:Liberman, Mark
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1348:New York Times
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1629:December 17,
1627:. Retrieved
1617:
1607:December 21,
1605:. Retrieved
1601:the original
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1581:December 21,
1579:. Retrieved
1575:the original
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1555:December 21,
1553:. Retrieved
1549:the original
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1529:December 21,
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1444:December 16,
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1412:December 16,
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1381:Radio Prague
1376:
1353:December 17,
1351:. Retrieved
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1264:December 17,
1262:. Retrieved
1258:the original
1229:December 17,
1227:. Retrieved
1223:the original
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1189:December 16,
1187:. Retrieved
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1149:. Retrieved
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1091:December 17,
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243:IBM Research
227:World War II
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154:Institutions
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62:(2010-09-14)
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1778:2010 deaths
1773:1932 births
1708:Gunnar Fant
1686:Mario Rossi
1386:February 1,
897:cite speech
637:Josef Raviv
556:Ph.D. from
521:methodology
449:John Pierce
383:Josef Raviv
366:linguistics
351:Cyrus Eaton
320:Robert Fano
231:early years
188:Neil Sloane
178:Robert Fano
76:Citizenship
1767:Categories
1699:Louis Pols
1377:One on One
1080:"Nekrolog"
875:References
832:References
795:cs/0001023
767:(review 2)
633:John Cocke
488:perplexity
38:1932-11-18
952:Tim Finin
568:in 2008.
339:Easy Life
304:gymnasium
68:Baltimore
954:(1990).
764:(review)
680:Archived
588:68-11611
79:American
1322:1486422
502:n-grams
225:before
1668:Award
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506:phones
327:Vienna
284:Prague
271:Kladno
214:, and
140:Fields
120:(2005)
112:Awards
102:Spouse
48:, now
46:Kladno
1749:2009
1721:2005
1694:1999
1671:1997
1318:S2CID
996:(PDF)
989:(PDF)
959:(PDF)
837:Notes
791:arXiv
517:DARPA
445:ALPAC
1631:2010
1609:2010
1583:2010
1557:2010
1531:2010
1446:2010
1414:2010
1388:2014
1355:2010
1266:2010
1231:2010
1191:2010
1153:2010
1117:ISBN
1093:2010
1064:2010
1010:link
931:ISBN
903:link
812:ISBN
756:ISBN
737:ISBN
715:ISBN
700:ISBN
584:LCCN
542:ESCA
349:and
57:Died
28:Born
1744:ACL
1503:doi
1308:doi
820:doi
780:doi
692:doi
666:doi
648:doi
622:doi
604:doi
432:'s
378:IBM
372:at
269:in
253:at
124:ACL
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