Frederick William IV of Prussia

660: 988:, of which Austria had been part for centuries. Accepting the imperial dignity would also have meant an open foreign policy snub of Austria and probably have provoked a war. Even more important was the fact that, in the King's opinion, the imperial dignity could only be conferred by the princes or a college of electors, as had been the case until 1806. As a representative of the principle of monarchical legitimacy, he detested the idea of a unilateral taking of power that would have violated the historical rights of other German monarchs. The crown offered by representatives of the people was furthermore unacceptable to Frederick William, whose monarchical self-image was based on the traditional idea of divine right and who rejected the idea of popular sovereignty. In a letter dated 13 December 1848, Frederick William stated to the Prussian ambassador to England, 1745: 1884: 1569: 912: 1905: 1400: 784:, initiated an apparent change of course by placing Frederick William IV at the head of the revolution, whereas the truth was that he lacked the means to pursue a policy independent of the citizens' movement. The King announced that he would support the formation of an all-German parliament, one of the revolution's key demands. On 21 March 1848, he rode through the city wearing a black, red and gold armband – the colours of the revolution – and had an officer dressed in civilian clothes carry a similarly coloured flag in front of him. The King repeatedly stopped to make improvised speeches to affirm his alleged support for German unity. 1414: 1326: 5463: 1864: 646:, who wrote in 1805: "The only lasting constitution is the monarchy of the estates, tempered by priests and nobility, and it is also the oldest and best." In the view of the "political romantics", the structure of the estates took the natural inequality of man into account. Individuals should fulfil the tasks and duties that serve the good of society as a whole in the place assigned to them by God. In the Prussian constitutional question, Frederick William IV was not striving for the realisation of a constitutional monarchy but rather a state governed by the Christian estates. He made this clear to the governor of the 1945: 249: 42: 1510: 1591: 1274: 1470: 1013: 964:

civil service and the military remained firmly under control of the king. It also contained a number of liberal elements such as jury courts and a catalogue of fundamental rights that included freedom of religion, speech and the press. It was a more liberal system than had existed in Prussia before 1848, but it was still a conservative form of government in which the monarch, the aristocracy, and the military retained most of the power. The constitution of 1850 remained in effect, with numerous amendments, until the dissolution of the Prussian kingdom in 1918.

1407: 1613: 1527: 391: 719:, notably by using government bonds to promote the expansion of the railway network. The rapid industrial growth was accompanied by social tensions to which the King did not respond with any significant policies beyond donations to private social associations. In 1844, for example, he provided the Association for the Welfare of the Working Class with 15,000 thalers. The next year he issued a General Prussian Industrial Code that included a ban on strikes and prison sentences of up to a year for conspiring to encourage one. 456: 1767: 1225: 1643: 1383: 1361: 1664: 578: 1813: 1548: 1435: 1712: 839: 758: 1972: 1783: 788: 857:, which convened in Berlin on 22 May. Frederick William IV submitted a draft constitution in which the balance of power continued to favour the king's dominant position in the state. It stipulated that the army and bureaucracy were answerable to the king and not the National Assembly. It also enshrined his view that he was "King by the grace of God" and that the constitution was merely an "agreement between the crown and the people". 1306: 1101: 1925: 908:, who came from the conservative military camp, as minister president of Prussia. Unlike previous minister presidents during the revolutionary period, Brandenburg was closer to the King than to the National Assembly. The National Assembly sent 25 deputies to the King on 2 November to protest against Brandenburg's appointment. He cancelled the audience after the deputies had read out their request. 1685: 1490: 1180: 695:

Parliament. Discrimination based on the estates should be abolished and the citizenry guaranteed legal protection against arbitrary measures by the state. If their demands were not fulfilled, they concluded, the parliament would be forced to reject the King's spending plans. Frederick William stopped attending parliamentary sessions and on 26 June 1847 dissolved the United Parliament.

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reform of the state along the lines of the French constitutional-parliamentary model superfluous. He believed that he derived his close ties to his people from the divine right of grace, which gave him a "sacred insight into the needs of his subjects". Any restriction of his de facto absolutist power seemed to him to be an irresponsible obstruction of his divinely ordained mission.

1834: 777:, with 300 casualties among the demonstrators at the hands of Prussian troops, the King rejected any responsibility and instead spread the false report of a foreign conspiracy in his manifesto 'To my dear Berliners': "A gang of villains, mostly consisting of foreigners, ... has become the ghastly author of bloodshed." 1037:, who took control of the city on 9 May. Seven hundred revolutionaries were taken prisoner and 250 killed in the fighting. The suppression of the uprising in Saxony strengthened Prussia's negotiating position in its attempt to establish a united German federal state of princes under Prussian leadership. 698:

With the failure of the First United Parliament, the government not only lost its ability to act on fiscal policy – the Prussian National Debt Act of January 1820 stipulating that the government could only take on new debt if it was co-guaranteed by the "imperial estates" remained in force – but also

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at the head of 13,000 soldiers and sixty guns. That Wrangel met with no resistance was due in part to the disillusionment of the craftsmen and industrial workers with the revolution. It had done nothing to change their economic hardship, which had led to isolated riots. Although the middle and upper

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In his opening speech, Frederick William reiterated that he did not want a "piece of paper" to come between himself and the people and replace the "old, sacred loyalty with it". He told the deputies of the limits he saw on their duties: "... it is not your job to represent opinions, to want to bring

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As a result of the concessions, liberals initially overlooked the fact that Frederick William IV was not of one mind with them. The King intended his policy of reconciliation to restore trust in a medieval-feudal relationship of loyalty between the Prussian people and the monarch, making the liberal

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that weighted votes based on the amount of taxes paid, with the result that the wealthy had far more influence than the poor. The constitution reserved to the king the power of appointing all ministers, re-established the conservative district assemblies and provincial diets and guaranteed that the

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The majority of the deputies nevertheless did not see themselves as representatives of the estates but of the Prussian people. On 20 April 1847, the parliament sent an address to the King calling for a regular convocation. Laws, they wrote, should only come into force with the consent of the United

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Frederick William IV was deeply religious. Influenced by Romanticism and the Pietist revivalist movement, he envisioned a Christian state and believed that only Christianity could protect his subjects from revolutionary utopias and reverse the secularisation, growing materialism and other processes

980:

would have required German-speaking Austria to have a separate constitution, government and administration from the rest of the Empire. On 28 March 1849, the Assembly elected Frederick William IV as Emperor of the Germans, but he refused the crown. In a letter to a confidant, he wrote: "I can call

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With the imperial crown offered to him by the parliamentarians of the Frankfurt National Assembly in hand, Prussian king Frederick William IV decides whether or not to accept it by counting off the buttons on his jacket: "Should I take it? Should I not? Should I?! Buttons, you want me to! Well,

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In his final years, the King was affected by a serious illness, the symptoms of which, from the perspective of the medical knowledge of the era, appeared to be a "mental illness". According to current medical knowledge, Friedrich Wilhelm suffered from a "cerebral vascular disease", a "cerebral

1201:'s term acting as deputy for the King had been extended three times, the ailing Frederick William signed a regency charter for him on 7 October 1858, based on an expert opinion from the royal personal physicians. The charter included the formal possibility of a resumption of official duties. 677:

As his alternative to parliamentary-style popular legislatures, Frederick William IV focussed his attention on the Provincial Estates, the representative bodies of the eight Prussian provinces, which had been founded in 1823. In 1847 he summoned all representatives of the Prussian provincial

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Frederick William IV's accession to the throne came with great expectations among liberals and nationalists. By beginning his reign with a policy of reconciliation, the new king fulfilled their hopes during his first six months on the throne. Through an amnesty enacted on 10 August 1840, all

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Such an imaginary hoop baked from dirt and weeds – should a legitimate king of Prussia be pleased with it? I tell you bluntly: If the thousand-year-old crown of the German nation, which has been dormant for 42 years, is to be awarded once again, it is I and those like me who will award

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when he found its constitutional proposals too radical. At the urging of his ministry, which wanted to prevent a renewal of unrest, he imposed a constitution with a parliament and a strong monarch. He then used the Prussian military to help put down revolutionary forces throughout the

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The Prussian National Assembly rejected the Camphausen government's draft constitution on 20 June 1848. Left-wing forces then began to assert themselves more and more clearly. The words "by the grace of God" were removed from the draft on 12 October, openly calling into question the

356:. When Queen Louise died in 1810 when Frederick William was 14, he saw it as a punishment from God and linked it directly to his outlook on life. He believed that only by leading a life more pleasing to God would he be able to absolve himself of the guilt he felt for her death. 654:

I feel myself entirely by the grace of God and will feel that way with His help until the end. Without envy I leave splendour and artifice to so-called constitutional princes, who have become a fiction, an abstract concept to the people through a piece of paper .

423:

of 1813/1814 that pushed the French out of Germany. In his experience with war, which showed him to be an indifferent soldier, the boundaries between patriotism and religious fervour became blurred. He saw the conflict as a crusade against the ideas of the

628:

formed their own church in 1830, claiming to represent the "true" Lutheran Church, and were consequently subjected to state persecution. In 1845 Frederick William lifted the ban on the formation of Old Lutheran churches and released imprisoned pastors.

443:, played a part in his developing a conservative worldview at an early age. In 1815, when he was twenty, the Crown Prince exerted his influence to structure the proposed new constitution of 1815, which was never enacted, in such a way that the 637:

As part of his policy of reconciliation, Frederick William IV was interested in finding a solution to the question of a constitution for Prussia. At the core of his political philosophy was the doctrine of the organic nation of the

3925:

Bussmann, Walter (1981). "Vom Heiligen Römischen Reich deutscher Nation zur Gründung des Deutschen Reiches" [From the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation to the Founding of the German Empire]. In Bussmann, Walter (ed.).

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railway. He did not want to levy new taxes or take out loans without the United Parliament's consent, envisioning that their approval would not restrict his power but strengthen it by eliminating future constitutional demands.

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in May 1849 by refusing to accept the Frankfurt Constitution. He wrote a letter to the Prussian king urging him to put down the uprising by force. On 5 May 1849, Frederick William sent Prussian troops to Dresden under Colonel

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would hold the greatest power. He was against the liberalisation of Germany and aspired to unify its many states within what he viewed as a historically legitimate framework, inspired by the ancient laws and customs of the

1194:

arteriosclerosis", which "could not be described as a mental illness". It is likely that psychopathological abnormalities occurred before the strokes he suffered, making him barely able to perform his government offices.

292:

In spite of his conservative political philosophy, he initially pursued a moderate policy of easing press censorship, releasing political prisoners and reconciling with the Catholic population of the kingdom. During the

3038:

Kroll, Frank Lothar (2014). "Staatsideal, Herrschaftsverständnis und Regierungspraxis" [The Ideal of the State, the Understanding of Sovereignty and Government Practice]. In Meiner, Jörg; Werquet, Jan (eds.).

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Sprecher, Eva (1995). "Betrachtungen zum Eisenbahnbau unter Friedrich Wilhelm IV." [Reflections on Railway Building under Frederick William IV]. In Betthausen, Peter; Kahlau, Irene; Noack, Karl-Heinz (eds.).

1063:, did not participate in the Erfurt Union from the outset, Frederick William IV began to lose interest in the project. By the winter of 1849, the Kingdoms of Hanover and Saxony had withdrawn their consent as well. 5645: 904:. The break with the crown culminated on 31 October when the Assembly abolished nobility, titles and privileges. Frederick William IV then launched a political counterattack. On 1 November he appointed his uncle 5635: 659: 1070:. With the backing of the conservative opponents of the Erfurt Union in the Prussian government, Austria was able to revive the German Confederation, which had been inactive since the 1848 revolutions. In the 943:. Although Frederick William IV personally opposed the idea of introducing a constitution, the majority of his ministry urged him to take the step in order to prevent protests from flaring up again. The first 1098:

be reinstated as France's eastern border. The ensuing diplomatic crisis stoked German nationalism and led the German Confederation to improve its defences in the west. The tension ended when Thiers resigned.

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Frederick William IV riding through the streets of Berlin on 21 March 1848. The caption reads "His Majesty Frederick William IV of Prussia in the streets of his capital proclaims the unity of the German

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The next day he secretly wrote to his brother William: "I had to voluntarily raise the Reich colours yesterday in order to save everything. If the gamble is successful ... I will take them down again!"

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In addition to the 1848 revolution and the constitutional question that dominated Frederick William IV's reign, there were a number of other notable political events during his time on the throne:

715:

and Berlin slowly developed into centres of industrialisation. In spite of his politically backward-looking attitude, Frederick William supported the technological progress brought about by the

412:'s insistence that Prussia be reorganised through a "revolution from above". For Friedrich Wilhelm, the "bureaucratic absolutism of a Hardenberg" meant moving away from the "principle of the 367:

in 1793 helped create the conditions for Frederick William's later political orientation towards historical continuity and tradition. Since there was a danger that he and his younger brother

4033:

Blasius, Dirk (1997). "Friedrich Wilhelm IV. Persönlichkeit, Amt und Krankheit" [Frederick William IV. Personality, Office and Illness]. In Krüger, Peter; Schoeps, Julius H. (eds.).

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that were then underway with the aim of modernising the state from within. His tutor Friedrich Delbrück had instilled in him a disgust of revolutionaries, so that he had no sympathy for

5670: 262: 1248:. On 4 November 1860, he lost consciousness after another stroke, and on 2 January 1861 he died. In accordance with his testamentary instructions from 1854, the King was buried in the 1066:

In contrast to Prussia, Austria wanted to restore the German Confederation and opposed Prussia's Erfurt Union plans. Saxony, Hanover, Bavaria and Württemberg sided with Austria in the

1044:. The three monarchs committed themselves for a period of one year to work together to realise a conservative imperial constitution based on the Prussian three-class electoral system. 5675: 5575: 4251: 5170: 514:, which opened its gates in 1844 as the first of its kind in Germany. Other projects during his reign – often involving his close collaboration with the architects – included the 5685: 4423: 605:, the King announced in June 1840 that within the Ministry of Culture he would set up a department for Catholic affairs which was to consist exclusively of Catholic councillors. 678:

parliaments to Berlin. He was prepared to give the United Parliament the right to discuss the financing of railways, canals and roads – specifically a request for a 25 million

5180: 2326: 1822: 486:

according to the Catholic rite, and the other in person in Berlin. The couple had a harmonious marriage, but after Louise had a miscarriage in 1828, it remained childless.

4940: 754:, the King hoped to appease the people's revolutionary sentiments, but before he could implement his plans, they were overtaken by the events of the revolution in Berlin. 404:

After Prussia's defeat and the family's return to Berlin, Frederick William's education was adapted more to prepare him for governing. He was generally dismissive of the

5625: 5615: 5462: 5175: 5043: 1074:, Prussia declared its willingness to return to the German Confederation without Austria having assured it of legal equality in the leadership of the Confederation. 593:

was arrested in a conflict over the law on mixed marriages. In order to reconcile with the Catholic population, Frederick William IV authorised the founding of the

5630: 5620: 4691: 4339: 2294: 1557: 1213: 919:, resisting the demands of the National Assembly for a constitution: "No sheet of paper shall come between me and my people." From Satyrische Zeitbilder #28, 1848 285:

on the throne", he was deeply religious and believed that he ruled by divine right. He feared revolutions, and his ideal state was one governed by the Christian

5401: 5099: 1498: 248: 236: 5680: 3126:

Von der Kirchengesellschaft zur Kirche in der Gesellschaft. Frömmigkeit, staatliches Handeln und die frühe Politisierung der preußischen Katholiken (1815–1871)

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of Austria had made it clear in November 1848 that he would not accept the title of "Emperor of the Germans" from the Frankfurt National Assembly because the

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on 24 February 1848 triggered a revolutionary movement throughout Europe. Frederick William IV called for a congress of German states that was to meet in

620:

were united, Friedrich Wilhelm's father had created an institution for all Protestants in his kingdom that was directly dependent on the sovereign as the

4845: 5196: 4976: 3504:

Richter, Günter (1987). "Zwischen Revolution und Reichsgründung" [Between Revolution and the Founding of the Empire]. In Ribbe, Wolfgang (ed.).

2084: 297:, he was initially forced to accommodate the people's revolutionary sentiments, although he rejected the title of Emperor of the Germans offered by the 5447: 865: 428:

and the French Revolution. In many pieces of correspondence from the period, the Crown Prince wrote about religious experiences using elements of the

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Under the pretext of removing the National Assembly from the pressure of the Berlin streets, the King told the deputies that they would be moved to

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revivalist movement, including the subjective experience of God, the power of personal prayer and individual striving for salvation and redemption.

5165: 5079: 4971: 4935: 4909: 1244:

On 24 November 1859, the king suffered a stroke that paralysed his left side. Since he was no longer able to be transported, the court remained at

911: 561:"political criminals" were released, politically motivated investigations and court proceedings were discontinued, and press censorship was eased. 359:

Frederick William's early childhood fell during a period in which the European monarchies were confronted with the revolutionary challenge of the

314: 466:

He was a draftsman interested in both architecture and landscape gardening and was a patron of several great German artists, including architect

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in Prussia, marking the end of Frederick William IV's idea of government. Prince Regent William dismissed the reactionary minister president

4914: 905: 815: 774: 728: 294: 5690: 5650: 5109: 5094: 2172: 1016:

March/April 1850: states that had delegates elected to the Erfurt Parliament (yellow), states part of the Four Kings Alliance (dark red)

989: 4431: 478:. Since she was a Roman Catholic, the preparations for the marriage included difficult negotiations which ended with her conversion to 5322: 5208: 4904: 4122: 4046: 3909: 3880: 3599: 3372: 3343: 2993: 2964: 2906: 2877: 2761: 2732: 2602: 2558: 2026: 1536: 5595: 5432: 5394: 5130: 4675: 4093: 3939: 3517: 3302: 2935: 1872: 956: 1622: 868:

of the German Confederation to form a national constitutional assembly which would write a new constitution for the Confederation.

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of Hanover and Friedrich August II of Saxony, however, only heeded the KIng's request while absolutist Austria was tied up with

538:, in the ancestral homelands of the dynasty which became part of Prussia in 1850. He also enlarged and redecorated his father's 5495: 5240: 4966: 4930: 2525: 2052: 1652: 1021: 3130:

From a Church Society to Church in Society. Piety, State Action and the Early Politicisation of Prussian Catholics (1815–1871)

1909: 5605: 5485: 4883: 4838: 2352: 1256:

after his heart had been removed and buried separately alongside his parents in the mausoleum in Charlottenburg Palace Park.

960: 948: 940: 894: 890: 352:, Frederick William was his mother's favourite son. He was educated by private tutors, including the historian and statesman 349: 222: 1346: 332:

From 1857 to 1861, he suffered several strokes and was left incapacitated until his death. His brother and heir-presumptive

4062: 1112:. Its construction between 1846 and 1867 was begun by Friedrich Wilhelm IV on the site of the family's two earlier castles. 5515: 5038: 3481:[Proclamation of His Majesty the King of Prussia Frederick William IV "To my dear Berliners" (full German text)]. 1803: 1716: 1456: 823: 475: 459: 190: 3896:

Greiling, Werner (2001). "Zwischen Märzunruhen und Maiaufstand" [Between the March Unrest and the May Uprising].

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from the liberal-nationalist camp. He also dismissed the courtiers who had belonged to Frederick William IV's camarilla.

372: 5387: 5252: 5125: 1163: 1049: 1034: 869: 499: 4635:

Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri

4541:[Chronological list of knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit from its origin to its extinction (1578–1830)]. 2548: 313:

Frederick William IV had an artistic nature and an interest in architecture. He extended the building ensembles of the

5580: 5410: 5053: 1950: 1518: 1233: 589:

In contrast to his father, Frederick William was sympathetic to Catholicism. Under Frederick William III in 1825, the

326: 170: 4539:"Liste chronologique des chevaliers de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit depuis son origine jusqu'à son extinction (1578–1830)" 1040:

The basis for the union was the Three Kings' Alliance of 26 May 1849 between Prussia, the Kingdom of Saxony and the

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of modernisation that he considered harmful. For Friedrich Wilhelm, religion and politics were inextricably linked.

383:

on 17 October 1806. After their parents arrived on 9 December 1806, they fled together from the advancing troops to

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the opinions of the times to the fore. ... That is completely un-German and, beyond that, completely impractical."

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Berlin – eine Biografie. Menschen und Schicksale von den Askaniern bis Helmut Kohl und zur Hauptstadt Deutschlands

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God to witness that I do not want it, for the simple reason that Austria will then be separated from Germany."

924: 819: 585:

in 1856. King Frederick William IV provided the impetus to complete it over 600 years after construction began.

927:

on 9 November and adjourned until 27 November. After the majority refused to comply, the King ordered General

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classes sympathised with the workers, they did not want a violent social upheaval and sided with the King.

419:

The high point of Frederick William's youth was his participation in the campaigns against Napoleon in the

301:

in 1849, believing that it did not have the right to make such an offer. In December 1848 he dissolved the

5532: 5480: 5452: 4864: 4806: 2528:. Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany: Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur des Landes Brandenburg 1794: 1601: 977: 546: 390: 1136:

in southern Germany, the ancestral home of the Hohenzollerns, was created and annexed to Prussia in 1850.

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On the Road to the Basic Law. Contributions to the Constitutional Understanding of Modern Protestantism

853:

The second United Parliament called by Frederick William on 2 April 1848 announced elections to form a

4206: 4202: 1224: 1129:. Prussia led troops into Denmark but had to back down under pressure from the European great powers. 321:, and the cultural landscape of the Upper Middle Rhine Valley, and he supported the completion of the 5565: 5560: 1749: 1731: 1574: 1447: 1331: 873: 751: 639: 516: 413: 307: 298: 286: 17: 4225: 5490: 5360: 4899: 4815: 4790: 3479:"Proklamation Sr. Majestät des Königs von Preußen Friedrich Wilhelm IV. "An Meine lieben Berliner"" 2809:

Berlin – a Biography. People and Fates from the Ascanians to Helmut Kohl and the Capital of Germany

1982: 1889: 1854: 1845: 1494: 1371: 1229: 1209: 1167: 1159: 1118: 1105: 732: 647: 535: 384: 3588:

Auf dem Weg zum Grundgesetz. Beiträge zum Verfassungsverständnis des neuzeitlichen Protestantismus

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Stiftung Preußische Schlösser und Gärten Berlin-Brandenburg (1992–2012). Hartmut Dorgerloh (ed.).

5471: 4713: 4685: 4170: 1474: 1440: 1388: 1366: 1278: 1056: 1041: 643: 531: 420: 353: 142: 3451:

Phantome des Terrors. Die Angst vor der Revolution und die Unterdrückung der Freiheit, 1789–1848

577: 4538: 4671: 4633: 4604: 4569: 4333: 4118: 4089: 4042: 3989: 3964: 3935: 3905: 3876: 3823: 3734: 3677: 3648: 3595: 3554: 3513: 3458: 3429: 3368: 3339: 3298: 3218: 3162: 3133: 3085: 3048: 3018: 2989: 2960: 2931: 2902: 2873: 2844: 2812: 2757: 2728: 2656: 2627: 2598: 2554: 1771: 1596: 1418: 1205: 1025: 985: 861: 827: 814:, as a counter to Camphausen's government. The courtly interest group, which included General 801: 601:. Half of the funding for it came from the Prussian state treasury. For negotiations with the 598: 582: 471: 449: 425: 360: 322: 138: 4509: 4470: 4407: 4374: 4276: 4183: 984:

The exclusion of Austria would have ruined Frederick William IV's vision of the renewal of a

800:

On 29 March 1848, Frederick William appointed a liberal government led by Minister President

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Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers

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Volk, Reich und Nation. Texte zur Einheit Deutschlands in Staat, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft

1753: 1310: 932: 838: 757: 405: 4360: 4299: 2928:

Germany's Tranquility, Security and Order. The Beginnings of the Political Police 1806–1866

787: 4868: 4771: 4492: 1868: 1648: 1532: 805: 527: 444: 439:, and his devotion to the movement, which in the German states featured nostalgia for the 266: 87: 52: 4524:

Kongelig Dansk Hof-og Statscalender Statshaandbog for det danske Monarchie for Aaret 1860

2924:

Deutschlands Ruhe, Sicherheit und Ordnung. Die Anfänge der politischen Polizei 1806–1866

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then modified the constitution with the King's cooperation, and on 31 January 1850, the

699:

faced increased doubts within Prussia about the legitimacy of the existing state order.

5536: 1839: 1818: 1413: 1249: 1237: 1091: 830:, the future chancellor of a united Germany, joined the group towards the end of 1848. 762: 550: 539: 495: 494:

Frederick William became king of Prussia on the death of his father in 1840. Through a

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Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch für die Herzogthümer Anhalt-Dessau und Anhalt-Köthen: 1851

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People, Reich and Nation. Texts on the Unity of Germany in State, Economy and Society

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and the only one that was a principality. In 1842, he gave his father's menagerie at

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Phantoms of Terror. The Fear of Revolution and the Suppression of Freedom, 1789–1848

1100: 1514: 1478: 1087: 1007: 773:. Although the Berlin barricade battle was one of the most costly incidents of the 522: 380: 202: 101: 4354: 4293: 4219: 2982:

1848. Die ungewollte Revolution. Die revolutionären Bewegungen in Europa 1830–1849

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in 1848, with the rebellion's black, red and gold flag prominent in the background

3820:

In Arcadia. Frederick William IV of Prussia. A Biographical Survey of the Country

3816:

In Arkadien. Friedrich Wilhelm IV. von Preußen. Eine biographische Landvermessung

4169:(1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" 1788: 1232:

containing the sarcophagi of Frederick William IV and his wife Elisabeth in the

1140: 939:

On 5 December the King dissolved the Prussian National Assembly and imposed the

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The Great Chronicle of World History: Industrialisation and National Awakening

3788: 3756:[The Prussian Three-Class Franchise]. Deutsches Historisches Museum]. 2986:

1848. The Unwanted Revolution. The Revolutionary Movements in Europe 1830–1849

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from 7 June 1840 until his death on 2 January 1861. Also referred to as the "

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Die große Chronik-Weltgeschichte: Industrialisierung und nationaler Aufbruch

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Anarchie und guter Wille. Friedrich Wilhelm IV. und die preußische Monarchie

1245: 1197:

The strokes, which began on 14 July 1857, affected his speech centre. After

1148: 1122: 781: 613: 364: 232: 154: 4167:

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3875:] (in German). Paris: Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle. p. 120. 1558:

Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown

1823:

Senator Grand Cross of the Constantinian Order of St. George, with Collar

1143:

of 1853, Prussia, which until then had had access to the sea only on the

1126: 1121:

in 1848 was a conflict between German forces and Denmark over control of

4319:

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4041:] (in German). Potsdam: Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg. p. 116. 2513:. Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation Berlin-Brandenburg. p. 4. 4376:

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2988:] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch. p. 71. 2866:

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2843:] (in German). Lindenberg: Kunstverlag Josef Fink. pp. 21–23. 2708:] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: H.W. Fichter Edition. p. 24. 1690: 1669: 1253: 747: 712: 429: 278: 197: 5379: 4428:

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2597:] (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 46. 808:. The following day, the King founded a secret secondary cabinet, the 4823: 3934:] (in German). Vol. 5. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta. p. 513. 3361:

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1929: 1766: 1703: 679: 273:; 15 October 1795 – 2 January 1861), the eldest son and successor of 3506:

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2721:

Der Erzengel Michael in der deutschen Kunst des 19. Jahrhunderts

2447:

Countess Maria Louise Albertine of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg

860:

At the beginning of April, a national pre-parliament sitting at

5383: 4827: 3904:] (in German). Halle an der Saale: Stekovics. p. 333. 3739:

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3428:] (in German) (2nd ed.). Munich: Piper. p. 273. 3403:

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might be captured by the French after the Prussians lost the

5641:

Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences

4039:

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3338:] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. p. 23. 336:

served as regent after 1858 and then succeeded him as king.

5646:

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4590:

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4035:

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3553:] (in German). Berlin: Zeit-Reise Verlag. p. 104. 3291:

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959:

elected by all male Prussians over 25 years of age using a

826:, talked the King out of his short-term plans to abdicate. 5636:

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4655:(in Spanish). En la Imprenta Nacional. 1835. p. 72. 4088:] (in German). Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta. p. 281. 502:(1840–1857), which at the same time was a canton in the 4543:

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4256:

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3260: 3258: 3045:

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834:

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5661:

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4117:] (in German). Berlin: Lukas Verlag. p. 201. 3822:] (in German). Berlin: Lukas Verlag. p. 368. 3676:] (in German) (5th ed.). Munich: C. H. Beck. 3192: 3190: 2553:. Milton Park, UK: Taylor & Francis. p. 227. 915:

Caricature of Frederick William IV, helped by General

4356:

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3161:] (in German). Grambin: Haff-Verlag. p. 29. 3047:] (in German). Berlin: Lukas-Verlag. p. 26. 2572: 2570: 885:

End of the National Assembly and imposed constitution

597:

in 1840 to promote and finance the completion of the

5656:

Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William

4221:

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3594:] (in German). Münster: Lit Verlag. p. 39. 3512:] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. p. 616. 3457:] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. p. 523. 3297:] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. p. 399. 3159:

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2930:] (in German). Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 195. 2269:

Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

1055:

Since eight individual German states, including the

482:. There were two wedding ceremonies – one in Munich 5470: 5417: 5315: 5261: 5189: 5118: 5067: 5031: 4985: 4954: 4923: 4892: 4876: 4863:The generations are numbered from the ascension of 4620:

Kawalerowie i statuty Orderu Orła Białego 1705–2008

4258:(in German), Coburg, Gotha: Meusel, 1843, p. 6 3647:] (in German). Munich: Oldenbourg. p. 68. 3217:] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. p. 86. 2327:

Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen

876:'s first session on 18 May, 132 were from Prussia. 452:, which had been dissolved under Napoleon in 1806. 243: 228: 218: 208: 196: 186: 161: 148: 132: 128: 120: 115: 107: 99: 86: 76: 66: 58: 51: 34: 3017:] (in German). Munich: Pantheon. p. 503. 555:Orden Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste 553:, the Order Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts ( 2872:] (in German). Berlin: Siedler. p. 166. 557:). The civil order is still being awarded today. 4652:Guía de forasteros en Madrid para el año de 1835 4199:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden 4147:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Preußen 2901:] (in German). Berlin: Siedler. p. 91. 1204:The signing of the Regency Charter heralded the 769:The sound of the fighting could be heard in the 5671:Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion 3551:A Travel in Time: 1,200 Years of Life in Berlin 2626:] (in German). Gernsbach: Katz. p. 4. 5676:Prussian Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars 5576:19th-century Calvinist and Reformed Christians 5359:born after the abolishment of monarchy by the 4666:Per Nordenvall (1998). "Kungl. Maj:ts Orden". 4568:. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 509. 4455:Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1860 4252:"Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" 4239:Braunschweigisches Adreßbuch für das Jahr 1858 4136: 4134: 4115:The Churches of the Potsdam Cultural Landscape 3898:König Johann von Sachsen. Zwischen zwei Welten 3867:Krebs, Gilbert; Poloni, Bernard, eds. (1994). 3155:Neues historisches Lexikon. Edition Vorpommern 2295:Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 707:During the reign of Frederick William IV, the 5395: 4839: 4795:7 June 1840 – 5 December 1848 3641:Das Jahrhundert der Restaurationen: 1814–1906 3367:] (in German). Bonn: Dietz. p. 291. 3084:(in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. p. 88. 2624:Frederick William IV. The Other Prussian King 2620:Friedrich Wilhelm IV. Der andere Preußenkönig 1423:Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order 549:, he founded the separate civil class of the 8: 5686:Children of Frederick William III of Prussia 4776:7 June 1840 – 2 January 1861 3988:(in German). Cologne: Anaconda. p. 67. 3735:"The Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia" 3113:]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 1636. 3107:Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Band 6 2727:] (in German). Munich: Utz. p. 45. 2173:Princess Frederica Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt 2002:Ancestors of Frederick William IV of Prussia 1170:that led to Prussia cede its historic claim. 1162:(1856–1857) was dispute over control of the 809: 530:at Potsdam as well as the reconstruction of 394:Portrait of Crown Prince Frederick William, 4527:, p.27 (in Danish). Retrieved 12 March 2020 3111:Religion in History and the Present. Vol. 6 2811:] (in German). Mainz: Nünnerich Asmus. 761:Painting of a barricade battle in Berlin's 5402: 5388: 5380: 4846: 4832: 4824: 4726: 4690:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4338:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4111:Die Kirchen der Potsdamer Kulturlandschaft 3011:Preußen. Aufstieg und Niedergang 1600–1947 2509:Dorgerloh, Hartmut, ed. (18 August 2011). 2007: 1998: 1338:Grand Cross of the House Order of Fidelity 780:On 21 March 1848, the King, or rather his 642:, which was based on philosophers such as 498:, he was also the sovereign prince of the 40: 31: 3902:King Johann of Saxony. Between two Worlds 3733:Robinson, James Harvey (September 1894). 3720: 2702:Friedrich Wilhelm IV., Künstler und König 2205:Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken 1795:Grand Cross of the Military William Order 1090:of 1840 arose when French Prime Minister 750:on 25 March. By discussing reform of the 5626:German Calvinist and Reformed Christians 5616:German people of the Revolutions of 1848 5335:Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia 4315:"Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" 4069:(in German). 11 October 1858. p. 1. 3708: 2389:Prince George William of Hesse-Darmstadt 1099: 1011: 910: 756: 576: 454: 4008: 3614: 3573: 3547:Zeit Reise – 1200 Jahre Leben in Berlin 3545:Schwibbe, Michael; Huth, Peter (2008). 3317: 3276: 3249: 2501: 2085:Duchess Luise of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 1448:Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order 1214:Karl Anton von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen 375:on 14 October 1806, they were taken to 289:rather than a constitutional monarchy. 4683: 4331: 3782:Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia 3696: 3645:The Century of Restorations: 1814–1906 3422:Preußen. Geschichte eines Königreiches 2415:Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt 2368: 2353:Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 2248: 2244: 2234: 2147:Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt 2126: 2016: 2012: 1962:Grand Cross of St. Ferdinand and Merit 986:Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation 595:Cologne Cathedral Building Association 5631:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain 5621:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter 4379:. Beck und Fränkel. 1844. p. 19. 4020: 3854: 3842: 3801: 3754:"Das Preußische Dreiklassenwahlrecht" 3626: 3532: 3387: 3264: 3237: 3196: 3181: 3067: 2830: 2828: 2706:Frederick William IV, Artist and King 2700:Giersberg, Hans-Joachim, ed. (1995). 2687: 2675: 2649:Luise von Preußen: Königin der Herzen 2444: 2434: 2430: 2418: 2412: 2402: 2386: 2376: 2372: 2356: 2350: 2340: 2324: 2314: 2310: 2298: 2292: 2282: 2266: 2256: 2252: 2228: 2218: 2202: 2192: 2188: 2176: 2170: 2160: 2144: 2134: 2130: 2114: 2108: 2098: 2082: 2072: 2068: 2056: 2050: 2040: 2024: 2020: 663:Portrait of Frederick William IV, by 177:, Potsdam (Heart in the Mausoleum at 18:Frederick William IV, King of Prussia 7: 3928:Handbuch der Europäischen Geschichte 2576: 1674:Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold 1623:Grand Cross of the Civil Merit Order 1519:Princely House Order of Hohenzollern 1183:Photograph of Frederick William IV, 5666:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 3332:Die deutsche Revolution von 1848/49 1804:Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion 1754:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 990:Christian Charles Josias von Bunsen 460:Queen Elisabeth Ludovica of Prussia 5354: 5339: 5327: 5304: 5292: 5273: 5245: 5100:Prince Friedrich Heinrich Albrecht 4811:7 June 1840 – 1857 4668:Kungliga Serafimerorden: 1748–1998 4508:(in French). Vol. 1. p. 2653:Louise of Prussia: Queen of Hearts 2027:Prince Augustus William of Prussia 315:Berlin-Potsdam Residence Landscape 25: 4321:(in German), Darmstadt, p. 8 3752:Peter, Jelena (1 February 2000). 3215:The Long Road to the West. Part 1 3211:Der lange Weg nach Westen. Teil 1 3209:Winkler, Heinrich August (2014). 2837:Die preußischen Könige und Kaiser 1537:Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau 1347:Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion 27:King of Prussia from 1840 to 1861 5461: 5371:Forfeit rights to the succession 4731:Frederick William IV of Prussia 4395:. Schellenberg. 1860. p. 7. 4241:. Braunschweig 1858. Meyer. p. 5 4201:(1838), "Großherzogliche Orden" 3336:The German Revolution of 1848/49 3295:Civil Society and a Strong State 3015:Prussia. Rise and Fall 1600–1947 2111:Frederick William III of Prussia 1970: 1943: 1923: 1903: 1882: 1862: 1832: 1811: 1781: 1765: 1743: 1710: 1683: 1662: 1641: 1611: 1589: 1567: 1546: 1525: 1508: 1488: 1468: 1433: 1412: 1405: 1398: 1381: 1359: 1324: 1304: 1272: 906:Frederick William of Brandenburg 682:bond for building the Berlin to 624:(high bishop). In response, the 275:Frederick William III of Prussia 247: 213:Frederick William III of Prussia 5681:German revolutions of 1848–1849 5556:Frederick William IV of Prussia 2951:von Sternburg, Wilhelm (2005). 2841:The Prussian Kings and Emperors 2231:Frederick William IV of Prussia 2053:Frederick William II of Prussia 1855:Knight of St. George, 4th Class 1579:Grand Cross of the White Falcon 1479:Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order 843:that's exactly why I won't!!", 729:German revolutions of 1848–1849 520:(Old National Gallery) and the 295:German revolutions of 1848–1849 4281:. Berenberg. 1837. p. 20. 4149:(in German), Berlin, p. 3 3955:Wienecke-Janz, Detlef (2008). 1499:Grand Cross of the Golden Lion 1315:Grand Cross of Albert the Bear 895:Constitution of Prussia (1850) 891:Constitution of Prussia (1848) 650:not long after his coronation: 223:Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 111:26 May 1849 – 29 November 1850 1: 5571:19th-century kings of Prussia 4564:M. Wattel; B. Wattel (2009). 3932:Handbook of European Historyt 3758:Deutsches Historisches Museum 3426:Prussia. History of a Kingdom 3124:Rathgeber, Christina (2016). 1393:Grand Cross of Henry the Lion 1184: 968:Refusal of the imperial title 844: 824:Anton of Stolberg-Wernigerode 668: 476:Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria 395: 191:Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria 157:, Potsdam, Kingdom of Prussia 5366: 5280: 5233: 5201: 4486:"A Szent István Rend tagjai" 4424:"Großherzoglicher Hausorden" 3080:Kroll, Frank-Lothar (2008). 2980:Mommsen, Wolfgang J (2000). 2953:Die Geschichte der Deutschen 2748:Kroll, Frank-Lothar (1990). 2526:"König Friedrich Wilhelm IV" 742:The overthrow of the French 610:Protestant Church in Prussia 62:7 June 1840 – 2 January 1861 46:Frederick William IV in 1847 4638:. Eredi Botta. p. 111. 3586:Friedrich, Norbert (1999). 3359:Hachtmann, Rüdiger (1997). 3009:Clark, Christopher (2008). 2647:Schönpflug, Daniel (2010). 1914:Knight of the Golden Fleece 1776:Grand Cross of the Redeemer 723:The Revolution of 1848/1849 633:The constitutional question 327:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 5707: 5691:German patrons of the arts 5651:19th-century German people 5229:Prince Alexander Ferdinand 5171:Prince Friedrich Sigismund 4537:Teulet, Alexandre (1863). 4109:Kitschke, Andreas (2017). 4080:Lenger, Friedrich (2003). 3814:Senn, Rolf Thomas (2013). 3670:Die Revolution von 1848/49 3289:Nipperdey, Thomas (1983). 2957:The History of the Germans 2893:Barclay, David E. (1995). 2362: 2246: 2120: 2014: 1894:Knight of the Annunciation 1653:Grand Cross of St. Stephen 1005: 888: 855:Prussian National Assembly 726: 545:In 1842, on the advice of 410:Karl August von Hardenberg 303:Prussian National Assembly 5529: 5459: 5350: 4915:Prince Augustus Ferdinand 4861: 4804: 4788: 4778: 4769: 4761: 4756: 4729: 4670:(in Swedish). Stockholm. 4475:. Guttenberg. p. 30. 4313:Hessen-Darmstadt (1858), 3674:The Revolution of 1848/49 3330:Siemann, Wolfram (1985). 2922:Siemann, Wolfram (1985). 2835:Feldhahn, Ulrich (2011). 2803:Letzner, Wolfram (2016). 2432: 2424: 2396: 2374: 2370: 2334: 2312: 2304: 2276: 2254: 2250: 2212: 2190: 2182: 2154: 2132: 2128: 2092: 2070: 2062: 2034: 2018: 1873:Knight of the White Eagle 1723:Knight of the Holy Spirit 1517:: Cross of Honour of the 1285:Knight of the Black Eagle 1164:Principality of Neuchâtel 864:decided to work with the 703:The Industrial Revolution 608:With the founding of the 500:Principality of Neuchâtel 124:18 May 1848 – 30 May 1849 39: 5596:Crown princes of Prussia 5181:Prince Friedrich Leopold 5176:Prince Frederick Charles 5110:Prince Friedrich Wilhelm 5095:Prince Friedrich Leopold 4491:22 December 2010 at the 4406:Staat Oldenburg (1858). 4065:[From Prussia]. 3984:Ullrich, Volker (2015). 3153:Deya, Hannelore (2013). 2864:Bußmann, Walter (1990). 1147:, purchased land on the 1134:Province of Hohenzollern 1110:Province of Hohenzollern 925:Brandenburg an der Havel 820:Ernst Ludwig von Gerlach 435:Frederick William was a 373:Battle of Jena–Auerstedt 152:2 January 1861 (aged 65) 4905:Prince Augustus William 4632:Luigi Cibrario (1869). 4292:Staat Hannover (1857). 3639:Sellin, Volker (2014). 3449:Zamoyski, Adam (2016). 2782:Encyclopedia Britannica 1957:Knight of St. Januarius 1602:Knight of the Rue Crown 1035:Friedrich von Waldersee 468:Karl Friedrich Schinkel 5533:Elector of Brandenburg 5323:Prince Georg Friedrich 5209:Prince Louis Ferdinand 5131:Prince Eitel Friedrich 4941:Prince Louis Ferdinand 4706:The Knights of England 4458:. Heinrich. p. 4. 4412:. Schulze. p. 30. 4359:. Waisenhaus. p. 4353:Hessen-Kassel (1858). 4182:Anhalt-Köthen (1851). 3420:Oster, Uwe A. (2010). 2778:"Punctation of Olmütz" 2589:Blasius, Dirk (1992). 1934:Knight of the Seraphim 1695:Knight of the Elephant 1241: 1190: 1113: 1078:Other political events 1061:Kingdom of Württemberg 1017: 999: 978:Frankfurt Constitution 920: 850: 810: 793: 766: 674: 657: 586: 547:Alexander von Humboldt 463: 462:at an unspecified date 401: 270: 5606:House of Hohenzollern 5501:Frederick William III 5224:Prince Wilhelm Viktor 5141:Prince August Wilhelm 5105:Prince Joachim Albert 5044:Prince Friedrich Karl 4962:Frederick William III 4765:Frederick William III 4736:House of Hohenzollern 4298:. Berenberg. p. 4224:. Landesamt. p. 3668:Hein, Dieter (2015). 2618:Herre, Franz (2007). 1732:Knight of St. Michael 1294:Iron Cross, 2nd Class 1227: 1182: 1103: 1022:Frederick Augustus II 1015: 994: 961:three-class franchise 945:Parliament of Prussia 931:to march through the 929:Friedrich von Wrangel 914: 902:divine right of kings 841: 804:and Finance Minister 790: 760: 717:Industrial Revolution 662: 652: 591:Archbishop of Cologne 580: 474:. In 1823 he married 458: 416:" that he advocated. 393: 346:Frederick William III 271:Friedrich Wilhelm IV. 179:Charlottenburg Palace 71:Frederick William III 5591:Princes of Neuchâtel 5506:Frederick William IV 5496:Frederick William II 5300:Prince Franz Wilhelm 5126:Crown Prince Wilhelm 4993:Frederick William IV 4931:Frederick William II 4704:Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) 4609:. 1858. p. 221. 4545:(in French) (2): 117 4469:Württemberg (1858). 2719:Galle, Maja (2002). 2550:A History of Prussia 1983:Knight of the Garter 1846:Knight of St. Andrew 1575:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 1457:Knight of St. George 1372:Knight of St. Hubert 1151:, where the city of 1072:Punctation of Olmütz 1068:Four Kings' Alliance 1050:uprisings in Hungary 949:Constitution of 1850 941:Constitution of 1848 874:Frankfurt Parliament 752:German Confederation 640:estates of the realm 517:Alte Nationalgalerie 308:German Confederation 299:Frankfurt Parliament 287:estates of the realm 258:Frederick William IV 35:Frederick William IV 5486:Frederick William I 5411:Monarchs of Prussia 5361:Weimar Constitution 5241:Prince Wilhelm-Karl 4884:Frederick William I 4807:Prince of Neuchâtel 4799:Annexed to Prussia 4791:Grand Duke of Posen 4504:H. Tarlier (1854). 4188:. Katz. p. 10. 2547:Koch, H.W. (2014). 2511:Palaces and Gardens 1890:Kingdom of Sardinia 1634:Foreign decorations 1298:Service Award Cross 1210:Otto von Manteuffel 1168:Swiss Confederation 1119:First Schleswig War 1106:Hohenzollern Castle 1030:uprising in Dresden 870:Elections were held 816:Leopold von Gerlach 733:Revolutions of 1848 648:province of Prussia 536:Hohenzollern Castle 504:Swiss Confederation 5581:People from Berlin 5472:Kingdom of Prussia 4855:Princes of Prussia 4606:Almanacco di corte 4434:on 5 December 2019 4143:"Königliches Haus" 2784:. 22 November 2023 1475:Hesse and by Rhine 1265:German decorations 1242: 1191: 1114: 1094:demanded that the 1057:Kingdom of Bavaria 1042:Kingdom of Hanover 1018: 921: 880:Counter-revolution 866:Federal Convention 851: 794: 767: 675: 644:Friedrich Schlegel 612:in 1817, in which 587: 532:Stolzenfels Castle 464: 445:landed aristocracy 421:Wars of Liberation 402: 354:Friedrich Ancillon 143:Kingdom of Prussia 5611:German landowners 5543: 5542: 5448:Frederick William 5377: 5376: 5253:Prince Karl Franz 4822: 4821: 4779:Succeeded by 4575:978-2-35077-135-9 3995:978-3-499-50602-4 3986:Otto von Bismarck 3970:978-3-577-09073-5 3829:978-3-86732-163-1 3683:978-3-406-45119-5 3654:978-3-486-76504-5 3560:978-3-00-024613-5 3483:documentArchiv.de 3464:978-3-406-69766-1 3435:978-3-492-26491-4 3224:978-3-406-66080-1 3168:978-3-942916-83-7 3139:978-3-11-044693-7 3091:978-3-406-53626-7 3054:978-3-86732-176-1 3024:978-3-570-55060-1 2850:978-3-89870-615-5 2818:978-3-945751-37-4 2662:978-3-406-59813-5 2633:978-3-938047-22-4 2492: 2491: 2488: 2487: 1869:Kingdom of Poland 1850:15 September 1801 1772:Kingdom of Greece 1717:Kingdom of France 1419:Ernestine duchies 862:Frankfurt-am-Main 828:Otto von Bismarck 802:Ludolf Camphausen 599:Cologne Cathedral 583:Cologne Cathedral 534:on the Rhine and 472:Felix Mendelssohn 450:Holy Roman Empire 361:French Revolution 323:Cologne Cathedral 255: 254: 139:Kronprinzenpalais 100:President of the 16:(Redirected from 5698: 5601:Prussian princes 5586:Kings of Prussia 5465: 5433:Albert Frederick 5419:Duchy of Prussia 5404: 5397: 5390: 5381: 5370: 5358: 5343: 5331: 5308: 5296: 5284: 5277: 5249: 5237: 5219:Prince Frederick 5205: 5161:Prince Sigismund 5085:Prince Sigismund 5054:Prince Alexander 5013:Prince Frederick 4848: 4841: 4834: 4825: 4816:Neuchâtel Crisis 4762:Preceded by 4752: 4745: 4727: 4716: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4689: 4681: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4601: 4595: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4534: 4528: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4501: 4495: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4452:Sachsen (1860). 4449: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4337: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4215: 4209: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4179: 4173: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4141:Preußen (1839), 4138: 4129: 4128: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4077: 4071: 4070: 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775:March Revolution 673: 670: 622:summus episcopus 569:Religious policy 406:Prussian reforms 400: 397: 265: 251: 44: 32: 21: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5525: 5466: 5457: 5413: 5408: 5378: 5373: 5372: 5364: 5363: 5352: 5346: 5337: 5325: 5316:11th generation 5311: 5302: 5290: 5278: 5271: 5262:10th generation 5257: 5243: 5231: 5214:Prince Hubertus 5199: 5185: 5156:Prince Waldemar 5136:Prince Adalbert 5114: 5090:Prince Waldemar 5063: 5027: 5023:Prince Waldemar 5018:Prince Adalbert 4981: 4950: 4946:Prince Augustus 4919: 4888: 4872: 4869:King in Prussia 4857: 4852: 4810: 4794: 4784: 4775: 4772:King of Prussia 4767: 4746: 4744:15 October 1795 4740: 4739: 4732: 4725: 4720: 4719: 4703: 4699: 4682: 4678: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4536: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4517: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4493:Wayback Machine 4484: 4480: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4451: 4450: 4446: 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February 1824 1727:5 February 1824 1711: 1709: 1699:19 January 1840 1684: 1682: 1678:18 January 1850 1663: 1661: 1649:Austrian Empire 1642: 1640: 1631: 1612: 1610: 1590: 1588: 1587: 1568: 1566: 1547: 1545: 1526: 1524: 1507: 1487: 1469: 1467: 1434: 1432: 1431: 1411: 1404: 1397: 1382: 1380: 1360: 1358: 1357: 1325: 1323: 1305: 1303: 1289:15 October 1805 1273: 1271: 1262: 1234:Church of Peace 1222: 1187: 1177: 1080: 1010: 1004: 970: 897: 889:Main articles: 887: 882: 847: 836: 806:David Hansemann 740: 735: 727:Main articles: 725: 705: 671: 635: 571: 528:Orangery Palace 526:in Berlin, the 492: 398: 342: 261: 237:Prussian United 182: 153: 137: 136:15 October 1795 53:King of Prussia 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5704: 5702: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5548: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5537:German Emperor 5530: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5477: 5475: 5468: 5467: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5443:George William 5440: 5438:John Sigismund 5435: 5430: 5424: 5422: 5415: 5414: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5399: 5392: 5384: 5375: 5374: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5332: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5297: 5285: 5269:Prince Michael 5265: 5263: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5238: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5197:Prince Wilhelm 5193: 5191: 5190:9th generation 5187: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5151:Prince Joachim 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5122: 5120: 5119:8th generation 5116: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5071: 5069: 5068:7th generation 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5035: 5033: 5032:6th generation 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5003:Prince Charles 5000: 4995: 4989: 4987: 4986:5th generation 4983: 4982: 4980: 4979: 4977:Prince William 4974: 4969: 4964: 4958: 4956: 4955:4th generation 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4927: 4925: 4924:3rd generation 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4896: 4894: 4893:2nd generation 4890: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4880: 4878: 4877:1st generation 4874: 4873: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4843: 4836: 4828: 4820: 4819: 4812: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4777: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4757:Regnal titles 4754: 4753: 4751:2 January 1861 4733: 4730: 4724: 4723:External links 4721: 4718: 4717: 4697: 4676: 4658: 4641: 4624: 4622:(2008), p. 289 4612: 4596: 4581: 4574: 4556: 4529: 4515: 4496: 4478: 4461: 4444: 4415: 4398: 4382: 4366: 4345: 4305: 4284: 4268: 4243: 4231: 4210: 4191: 4174: 4159: 4130: 4124:978-3867322485 4123: 4101: 4094: 4072: 4067:Wiener Zeitung 4054: 4048:978-3930850679 4047: 4025: 4023:, p. 165. 4013: 4001: 3994: 3976: 3969: 3947: 3940: 3917: 3911:978-3932863646 3910: 3888: 3882:978-2910212025 3881: 3859: 3857:, p. 592. 3847: 3845:, p. 293. 3835: 3828: 3806: 3794: 3771: 3744: 3725: 3721:Friedrich 1999 3713: 3711:, p. 535. 3701: 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All are now 277:, was king of 253: 252: 245: 241: 240: 230: 226: 225: 220: 216: 215: 210: 206: 205: 200: 194: 193: 188: 184: 183: 175:Sanssouci Park 171:Friedenskirche 165: 163: 159: 158: 150: 146: 145: 134: 130: 129: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 116:German Emperor 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 97: 96: 93:Prince William 90: 84: 83: 78: 74: 73: 68: 64: 63: 60: 56: 55: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5703: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5516:Frederick III 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5469: 5464: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 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4285: 4280: 4279: 4272: 4269: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4192: 4187: 4186: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4160: 4148: 4144: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4102: 4097: 4095:3-608-60015-9 4091: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4063:"Aus Preußen" 4058: 4055: 4050: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4014: 4011:, p. 20. 4010: 4005: 4002: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3977: 3972: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3948: 3943: 3941:3-12-907570-4 3937: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3918: 3913: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3889: 3884: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3836: 3831: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3807: 3804:, p. 40. 3803: 3798: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3783: 3775: 3772: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3726: 3723:, p. 39. 3722: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3709:Zamoyski 2016 3705: 3702: 3699:, p. 69. 3698: 3693: 3690: 3685: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3661: 3656: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3608: 3603: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3567: 3562: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3526: 3521: 3519:3-406-31591-7 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3497: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3466: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3442: 3437: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3381: 3376: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3352: 3347: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3311: 3306: 3304:3-406-09354-X 3300: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3282: 3279:, p. 82. 3278: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3243: 3240:, p. 27. 3239: 3234: 3231: 3226: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3202: 3199:, p. 70. 3198: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3184:, p. 69. 3183: 3178: 3175: 3170: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3146: 3141: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3098: 3093: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3061: 3056: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3031: 3026: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3005: 3002: 2997: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2973: 2968: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2944: 2939: 2937:3-484-35014-8 2933: 2929: 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Retrieved 4542: 4532: 4522: 4518: 4505: 4499: 4481: 4471: 4464: 4454: 4447: 4436:, retrieved 4432:the original 4427: 4418: 4408: 4401: 4391: 4385: 4375: 4369: 4355: 4348: 4323:, retrieved 4318: 4308: 4294: 4287: 4277: 4271: 4260:, retrieved 4255: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4220: 4213: 4198: 4194: 4184: 4177: 4166: 4162: 4151:, retrieved 4146: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4066: 4057: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4016: 4009:Blasius 1992 4004: 3985: 3979: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3850: 3838: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3797: 3787:– via 3781: 3774: 3762:. Retrieved 3757: 3747: 3738: 3728: 3716: 3704: 3692: 3673: 3669: 3663: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3622: 3615:Richter 1987 3610: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3574:Barclay 1995 3569: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3528: 3509: 3505: 3499: 3487:. Retrieved 3482: 3473: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3383: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3318:Barclay 1995 3313: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3277:Mommsen 2000 3272: 3250:Barclay 1995 3245: 3233: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3177: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3129: 3125: 3119: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3081: 3075: 3063: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3014: 3010: 3004: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2840: 2836: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2786:. Retrieved 2781: 2772: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2724: 2720: 2714: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2683: 2671: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2549: 2542: 2530:. 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also 3764:3 April 1691:Denmark 1670:Belgium 1441:Hanover 1367:Bavaria 1279:Prussia 1260:Honours 1254:Potsdam 1206:New Era 1166:in the 1139:In the 1108:in the 748:Dresden 713:Silesia 430:Pietist 414:estates 369:William 334:William 279:Prussia 169:of the 5428:Albert 4747: 4674: 4572: 4203:pp. 28 4121: 4092: 4045: 3992: 3967: 3938: 3908: 3879: 3826: 3784: 3680: 3651: 3598: 3557: 3516: 3461: 3432: 3371: 3342: 3301: 3221: 3165: 3136: 3088: 3051: 3021: 2992: 2963: 2934: 2905: 2876: 2847: 2815: 2760: 2731: 2659: 2630: 2601: 2557: 1975: 1948: 1930:Sweden 1887: 1837: 1816: 1786: 1704:France 1688: 1667: 1646: 1616: 1597:Saxony 1594: 1572: 1551: 1533:Nassau 1530: 1438: 1386: 1364: 1329: 1145:Baltic 1026:Saxony 955:and a 680:thaler 267:German 219:Mother 209:Father 187:Spouse 162:Burial 88:Regent 5531:also 4749:Died: 4742:Born: 4714:p. 56 4171:p. 15 4113:[ 4084:[ 4037:[ 3959:[ 3930:[ 3900:[ 3871:[ 3818:[ 3672:[ 3643:[ 3590:[ 3549:[ 3508:[ 3453:[ 3424:[ 3405:[ 3363:[ 3334:[ 3293:[ 3213:[ 3157:[ 3128:[ 3109:[ 3043:[ 3013:[ 2984:[ 2955:[ 2926:[ 2897:[ 2868:[ 2839:[ 2807:[ 2752:[ 2723:[ 2704:[ 2651:[ 2622:[ 2593:[ 1910:Spain 1332:Baden 1230:crypt 1096:Rhine 1020:King 385:Memel 198:House 167:Crypt 121:Reign 108:Reign 59:Reign 4692:link 4672:ISBN 4570:ISBN 4551:2020 4440:2020 4340:link 4327:2020 4264:2020 4155:2020 4119:ISBN 4090:ISBN 4043:ISBN 3990:ISBN 3965:ISBN 3936:ISBN 3906:ISBN 3877:ISBN 3824:ISBN 3766:2023 3678:ISBN 3649:ISBN 3596:ISBN 3555:ISBN 3514:ISBN 3491:2023 3459:ISBN 3430:ISBN 3369:ISBN 3340:ISBN 3299:ISBN 3219:ISBN 3163:ISBN 3134:ISBN 3086:ISBN 3049:ISBN 3019:ISBN 2990:ISBN 2961:ISBN 2932:ISBN 2903:ISBN 2874:ISBN 2845:ISBN 2813:ISBN 2790:2024 2758:ISBN 2729:ISBN 2657:ISBN 2628:ISBN 2599:ISBN 2555:ISBN 2534:2012 2445:15. 2387:14. 2325:13. 2267:12. 2203:11. 2145:10. 1877:1829 1827:1856 1657:1833 1627:1818 1606:1839 1461:1839 1452:1826 1376:1823 1351:1830 1342:1830 1228:The 1158:The 1132:The 1125:and 1117:The 1104:The 1086:The 893:and 731:and 616:and 581:The 149:Died 133:Born 4867:as 2413:7. 2351:3. 2293:6. 2229:1. 2171:5. 2109:2. 2083:9. 2051:4. 2025:8. 1252:in 1024:of 997:it. 379:in 5552:: 5367:^• 5355:^§ 5340:^§ 5328:^§ 5305:^§ 5293:^§ 5281:^• 5274:^§ 5246:^§ 5234:^• 5202:^• 4708:, 4688:}} 4684:{{ 4510:37 4426:, 4361:15 4336:}} 4332:{{ 4317:, 4300:32 4254:, 4207:42 4205:, 4145:, 4133:^ 3737:. 3257:^ 3189:^ 2827:^ 2780:. 2569:^ 1985:, 1981:: 1953:: 1936:, 1932:: 1916:, 1912:: 1896:, 1892:: 1875:, 1871:: 1848:, 1842:: 1825:, 1821:: 1797:, 1791:: 1774:: 1756:, 1752:: 1734:, 1725:, 1719:: 1706:: 1697:, 1693:: 1676:, 1672:: 1655:, 1651:: 1625:, 1621:: 1604:, 1600:: 1581:, 1577:: 1560:, 1556:: 1539:, 1535:: 1501:, 1497:: 1481:, 1477:: 1459:, 1450:, 1444:: 1425:, 1421:: 1391:: 1374:, 1370:: 1349:, 1340:, 1334:: 1317:, 1313:: 1287:, 1281:: 1236:, 1185:c. 1052:. 992:: 845:c. 711:, 669:c. 667:, 396:c. 329:. 317:, 310:. 269:: 173:, 5403:e 5396:t 5389:v 4847:e 4840:t 4833:v 4710:I 4694:) 4680:. 4592:, 4578:. 4553:. 4512:. 4363:. 4342:) 4302:. 4228:. 4226:7 4127:. 4098:. 4051:. 3998:. 3973:. 3944:. 3914:. 3885:. 3832:. 3791:. 3768:. 3686:. 3657:. 3604:. 3563:. 3522:. 3493:. 3467:. 3438:. 3377:. 3348:. 3307:. 3227:. 3171:. 3142:. 3094:. 3057:. 3027:. 2998:. 2969:. 2940:. 2911:. 2882:. 2853:. 2821:. 2792:. 2766:. 2737:. 2665:. 2636:. 2607:. 2563:. 2536:. 387:. 260:( 239:) 235:( 20:)

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Knowledge

Frederick William IV of Prussia

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