244:
feral, stray, and free-ranging dogs is sometimes a matter of degree, and a dog may shift its status throughout its life. In some unlikely but observed cases, a feral dog that was not born wild but lived with a feral group can become rehabilitated to a domestic dog with an owner. A dog can become a stray when it escapes human control, by abandonment or being born to a stray mother. A stray dog can become feral when it is forced out of the human environment or when it is co-opted or socially accepted by a nearby feral group. Feralization occurs by the development of a fear response to humans. Feral dogs are not reproductively self-sustaining, suffer from high rates of juvenile mortality, and depend indirectly on humans for their food, their space, and the supply of co-optable individuals.
394:. Their choice of primary prey species depends on what is abundant and easy to catch. They usually hunt in the early morning and early evening, when they locate individual prey animals by sight, approach them silently, and then pursue them. Wild dogs that depend primarily on rubbish may remain in the immediate vicinity of the source, while those that depend on livestock or wild prey may travel up to 20 km (12 mi). In a Perth study most of the 1400 dogs involved in livestock attacks were friendly and approachable family pets—very few were aggressive to people.
182:
331:
people may approach dwellings or people. Wild dogs are attracted to places where they can scavenge food, and deliberately or inadvertently feeding them can make them dependent on humans. Wild dingoes in remote areas live in packs, often of 3–12 animals, with a dominant (alpha) male and female controlling breeding. Packs establish territories which usually do not overlap. Wild dogs, particularly dingoes, visit the edge of their territory regularly. This checking of the boundaries is termed the dog's
358:, wild dogs can be found on grazing land, on the fringes of towns, in rural-residential estates, or in forests and woodlands—anywhere there is food, water and shelter. They will eat whatever is easiest to obtain when they are hungry, animal or vegetable matter. They will hunt for live prey, or will eat road-killed animals, dead livestock, and scraps from compost heaps or rubbish. They mostly take small prey such as
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response when approached by strangers is to run away (52%) or respond aggressively (11%). Little is known about these dogs, or the dogs in developed countries that are feral, stray or that are in shelters, as the majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes.
342:
After a nine-week gestation, four to six pups are born in a den that provides protection from the elements and other animals. Dens may be in soft ground under rocks, logs or other debris, or in logs or other hollows. Pups are suckled for 4-6 weeks and weaned at four months. They become independent of
243:
Feral dogs differ from other dogs because they did not have close human contact early in their lives (socialization). Feral dogs live in a wild state with no food and shelter intentionally provided by humans and show a continuous and strong avoidance of direct human contact. The distinction between
123:
for the 17–24% of dogs that live as pets in the developed countries, in the developing world pet dogs are uncommon but there are many village, community or feral dogs. Most of these dogs live out their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common
239:
The term "feral" can be used to describe those animals that have been through the process of domestication but have returned to a wild state. "Domesticated" and "socialized" (tamed) do not mean the same thing, as it is possible for an individual animal of a domesticated species to be feral and not
160:
A free-ranging dog is a dog that is not confined to a yard or house. Free-ranging owned dogs are cared for by one owner or a community of owners, and are able to roam freely. This includes "village dogs", which live in rural areas and human habitations. These are not confined. However, they rarely
330:
Wild dogs rest during the day, often not far from water, and their travel routes to and from resting or den sites may be well defined. They are usually timid and do not often stray into urban areas unless they are encouraged. Those with a recent domestic background or regular close contact with
321:
Another point of view regards domestication as a process that is difficult to define. It regards dogs as being either socialized and able to exist with humans, or unsocialized. There exist dogs that live with their human families but are unsocialized and will treat strangers aggressively and
314:, in which two organisms live in close association but without depending on each other for survival. They will both hunt and sleep together. The dingo is therefore comfortable enough around humans to associate with them, but is still capable of living independently, much like the
161:
leave the village vicinity. This also includes "rural free-ranging dogs", which also live in rural areas and human habitations. These are owned or are associated with homes, and they are not confined. These include farm and pastoral dogs that range over particular areas.
132:
There is confusion with the terms used to categorize dogs. Dogs can be classed by whether they possess an owner or a community of owners, how freely they can move around, and any genetic differences they have from other dog populations due to long-term separation.
423:
Increasing numbers of free-ranging dogs have become a threat to the snow leopard and young brown bears on the
Tibetan Plateau because dog packs chase these animals away from food. Free-ranging dogs are often vectors of zoonotic diseases such as
115:
Dogs living with humans is a dynamic relationship, with a large proportion of the dog population losing contact with humans at some stage over time. This loss of contact first occurred after domestication and has reoccurred throughout history.
414:
deaths, contributing up to 99% of all rabies transmissions to humans. Rabies causes tens of thousands of deaths every year, mainly in Asia and Africa. More than 15 million people receive post-bite rabies vaccines to prevent the disease.
338:
Wild dogs are often heard howling during the breeding season which, for pure dingoes, occurs once a year. Hybrid dogs have two oestrus cycles each year, although they may not always successfully raise young in each cycle.
152:) selectively bred, kept and fed by humans. They can be pets, guard dogs, livestock guardian dogs or working dogs. Domestic dogs may also behave like wild dogs if they are not adequately controlled or are free roaming.
343:
their parents when they are 6 weeks to 2 months old, with those becoming independent at the later time having a higher rate of survival. Increased food supplied by people also enables more pups to survive to maturity.
286:
defines wild dogs as any dogs that are not domesticated, which includes dingoes, feral dogs and hybrids. Yearling wild dogs frequently disperse more than 100 km (62 mi) from the place where they were born.
210:
Free-ranging unowned dogs are stray dogs. They get their food and shelter from human environments, but they have not been socialized and so they avoid humans as much as possible. Free-ranging unowned dogs include
279:. They believe that these have a history of independence from humans and should no longer be considered as domesticated. Others disagree, and propose that the dingo was once domesticated and is now a feral dog.
107:, village dogs, stray dogs, feral dogs, etc., and may be owned or unowned. The global dog population is estimated to be 900 million, of which around 20% are regarded as owned pets and therefore restrained.
682:
Lord, Kathryn; Feinstein, Mark; Smith, Bradley; Coppinger, Raymond (2013). "Variation in reproductive traits of members of the genus Canis with special attention to the domestic dog (Canis familiaris)".
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defensively as might a wild wolf. There also exists a number of cases where wild wolves have approached people in remote places, attempting to get them to play and to form companionship.
1600:
644:
Lescureux, Nicolas; Linnell, John D.C. (2014). "Warring brothers: The complex interactions between wolves (Canis lupus) and dogs (Canis familiaris) in a conservation context".
355:
578:
Høgåsen, H.R; Er, C; Di Nardo, A; Dalla Villa, P (2013). "Free-roaming dog populations: A cost-benefit model for different management options, applied to
Abruzzo, Italy".
145:, and are not allowed to roam. They are restricted to particular outdoor or indoor areas. They have little impact on wildlife unless going with humans into natural areas.
1019:
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219:, subsisting on left over food from human, garbage or other dogs' food as their primary food sources. Free-ranging unowned dogs also include feral dogs.
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Jackson, Stephen M.; Groves, Colin P.; Fleming, Peter J.S.; Aplin, KEN P.; Eldridge, Mark D.B.; Gonzalez, Antonio; Helgen, Kristofer M. (2017).
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said that there are 200 million stray dogs worldwide and that a "rabies epidemic" was causing a global public health issue. In 2013, the
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The life of
Frederick the Second, King of Prussia: To which are added observations, Authentic Documents, and a Variety of Anecdotes
616:
Gompper, Matthew E. (2013). "The dog–human–wildlife interface: assessing the scope of the problem". In
Gompper, Matthew E. (ed.).
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318:. Any free-ranging unowned dog can be socialized to become an owned dog, as some dingoes do when they join human families.
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canine adenovirus, parvovirus and parainfluenza, which can infect other dogs and also jump into species such as
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181:
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Slater, Margaret R (2001). "The role of veterinary epidemiology in the study of free-roaming dogs and cats".
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tame, and it is possible for an individual animal of a wild species to be socialized to live with humans.
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The existence of "wild dogs" is debated. Some authors propose that this term applies to the
Australian
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1997:
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835:(2010). "What did domestication do to dogs? A new account of dogs' sensitivity to human actions".
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The global dog population is estimated to be 900 million and rising. Although it is said that the
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Ortolani, A (2009). "Ethiopian village dogs: Behavioural responses to a stranger's approach".
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302:. Although the dingo exists in the wild, it associates with humans but has not been
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The
Routledge Handbook of Bioarchaeology in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands
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animals. The dingo's relationship with indigenous
Australians can be described as
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963:"Ch.9-The process of domestication:Tame versus feral and domestic versus wild"
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familiarisas carnivores: Their role and function in intraguild competition".
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1074:"The Wayward Dog: Is the Australian native dog or Dingo a distinct species?"
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Dogs: a
Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution
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Owned dogs are "family" dogs. They have an identifiable owner, are commonly
1210:. Department ofAgriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government. July 2016.
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935:. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, State of Queensland. July 2016.
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215:", which live in cities and urban areas. These have no owner but are
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1176:. CSIRO Publishing, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. pp. 287–290.
464:. In addition, they can interbreed with other members of the genus
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that is not confined to a yard or house. Free-ranging dogs include
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1291:"The Ecology of Stray Dogs: A Study of Free-Ranging Urban Animals"
743:"Ch.8-Intraspecific social organization in dogs and related forms"
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reports that dogs are responsible for the vast majority of human
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In 2011, a media article on the stray dog population by the US
378:. When hunting in packs, they will take larger animals such as
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Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
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Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
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colonists to arrive in
Australia established a settlement at
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1149:. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia. pp. 55–80.
967:
749:(2 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 172–173.
1296:
1045:"21–Dogs and People in South East Asia and the Pacific"
168:
A dog cared for by the community, in Alameda Central,
1147:
The Dingo Debate: Origins, Behaviour and Conservation
992:"Comparative social ecology of feral dogs and wolves"
91:Two urban free-ranging dogs outside Moscow, Russia
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Note that page numbers are not used in this journal
895:Vanak, ABI Tamim; Gompper, Matthew E (2009). "Dogs
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760:Laveaux, C.J. & King of Prussia, F. (1789).
639:
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482:, alongside those outside the genus such as the
30:"Stray dog" redirects here. For other uses, see
1205:"Wild dog facts:Biology, ecology and behaviour"
956:
954:
952:
298:in 1788 and recorded dingoes living there with
252:"Wild dog" redirects here. For other uses, see
1043:Greig, K; Walter, R; Matisoo-Smith, L (2016).
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1124:A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay
969:. Yale University Press. pp. 192–193.
618:Free-Ranging Dogs and Wildlife Conservation
50:It has been suggested that this article be
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1051:. Routledge, Oxford UK. pp. 471–475.
1047:. In Marc Oxenham; Hallie Buckley (eds.).
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620:. Oxford University Press. pp. 9–54.
1099:
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1277:by Luke Dollar, National Geographic 2016
1254:"Rabies - Fact Sheet N°99, Updated 2013"
1232:"The Global Stray Dog Population Crisis"
1219:Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY 3.0 AU)
1170:Jackson, Stephen; Groves, Colin (2015).
944:Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY 3.0 AU)
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747:Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition
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356:Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
284:Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
1293:(1973). Purdue University Press Books.
7:
930:"Wild dog facts: What is a wild dog"
1234:. National Animal Interest Alliance
486:, raising genetic purity concerns.
27:Dog not confined to a yard or house
1275:Understanding Dogs to Protect Cats
25:
404:National Animal Interest Alliance
267:is debated as being a "wild dog".
2094:
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996:Ethology Ecology & Evolution
990:Boitani, L.; Ciucci, P. (1995).
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913:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2009.00148.x
859:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00104.x
806:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
41:
2126:Introduced mammals of Australia
961:Pierotti, R.; Fogg, B. (2017).
831:Udell, M. A. R.; Dorey, N. R.;
592:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.010
1173:Taxonomy of Australian Mammals
818:10.1016/j.applanim.2009.03.011
580:Preventive Veterinary Medicine
534:Preventive Veterinary Medicine
1:
1016:10.1080/08927014.1995.9522969
546:10.1016/S0167-5877(00)00201-4
1141:Smith, Bradley, ed. (2015).
697:10.1016/j.beproc.2012.10.009
666:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.01.032
1947:List of longest-living dogs
1256:. World Health Organization
2147:
1920:Origin of the domestic dog
1818:Breed-specific legislation
1659:Psychiatric assistance dog
251:
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121:"dog is man's best friend"
32:Stray dog (disambiguation)
29:
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1091:10.11646/zootaxa.4317.2.1
408:World Health Organization
254:Wild dog (disambiguation)
177:Free-ranging unowned dogs
67:Proposed since July 2024.
2062:List of individual dogs
2057:Domesticated silver fox
1649:Mobility assistance dog
775:Coppinger, Ray (2001).
646:Biological Conservation
277:dingo-feral dog hybrids
156:Free-ranging owned dogs
2067:List of fictional dogs
1381:Livestock guardian dog
783:. New York: Scribner.
300:indigenous Australians
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685:Behavioural Processes
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1790:Dog–cat relationship
1637:Medical response dog
764:. J. Derbett London.
741:Miklosi, A. (2015).
444:and can also spread
185:Two stray dogs from
1581:List of crossbreeds
1344:African village dog
1008:1995EtEcE...7...49B
658:2014BCons.171..232L
419:Conservation impact
1115:Tench, W. (1789).
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128:Categories of dogs
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1988:Rabies in animals
1915:Human–canine bond
1493:Bull-type terrier
976:978-0-300-22616-4
790:978-0-684-85530-1
450:African wild dogs
235:in the Caribbean.
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16:(Redirected from
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498:
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476:Ethiopian wolf
442:echinococcosis
420:
417:
399:
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348:
347:Feeding habits
345:
327:
324:
306:as have other
249:
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233:Navassa Island
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2072:Lists of dogs
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2068:
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2058:
2055:
2054:
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2041:Socialization
2039:
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2036:Housebreaking
2034:
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2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1993:Rage syndrome
1991:
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1870:Dogs in space
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1773:Body language
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1763:Communication
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1693:Detection dog
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1688:Companion dog
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1156:9781486300303
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1126:. J. Debrett.
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1025:on 2021-08-13
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901:Mammal Review
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843:(2): 327–45.
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540:(4): 273–86.
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438:leptospirosis
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398:Rabies impact
397:
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351:According to
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98:
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68:
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59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1998:Reproduction
1968:Conformation
1910:Fear of dogs
1860:Dog grooming
1853:2007 recalls
1838:Dog fighting
1785:Intelligence
1698:Fighting dog
1678:Carriage dog
1601:Most popular
1558:Turnspit dog
1366:Hairless dog
1348:
1284:Bibliography
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1226:
1172:
1165:
1146:
1123:
1110:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1048:
1038:
1027:. Retrieved
1020:the original
1002:(1): 49–72.
999:
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985:
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583:
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470:such as the
465:
430:toxocariasis
422:
401:
350:
341:
337:
332:
329:
320:
316:domestic cat
312:commensalism
308:domesticated
296:Port Jackson
289:
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238:
209:
159:
147:
140:
131:
118:
114:
96:
94:
66:
55:
2008:Vaccination
1905:Dog walking
1875:Dog licence
1848:dog biscuit
1833:Dog daycare
1823:Cynanthropy
1801:interaction
1654:Therapy dog
1642:Seizure dog
1632:Hearing dog
1393:Hunting dog
1371:Herding dog
1101:1885/186590
691:: 131–142.
652:: 232–245.
496:Dogs portal
282:Queensland
248:"Wild" dogs
213:street dogs
105:street dogs
2121:Feral dogs
2115:Categories
1900:Dog sports
1723:Police dog
1668:Attack dog
1622:Autism dog
1591:Crossbreed
1474:Sighthound
1452:Scenthound
1359:Street dog
1084:(2): 201.
1029:2018-06-25
907:(4): 265.
517:References
484:pampas fox
376:bandicoots
353:Queensland
290:The first
223:Feral dogs
217:commensals
204:See also:
143:socialized
137:Owned dogs
82:street dog
80:An Indian
57:Street dog
1895:Dog theft
1799:Human–dog
1718:Mercy dog
1703:Guard dog
1683:Catch dog
1627:Guide dog
1503:Schnauzer
1462:Coonhound
1440:Water dog
1425:Retriever
1386:Sheep dog
845:CiteSeerX
501:Feral cat
472:gray wolf
434:heartworm
380:kangaroos
372:wallabies
326:Behaviour
187:Kozhikode
2090:Category
2018:Training
1978:Dog food
1973:Diseases
1958:Breeding
1890:Dog show
1885:Dog park
1880:Dog meat
1843:Dog food
1828:Dog bite
1755:Behavior
1740:Sled dog
1713:Meat dog
1498:Pinscher
1467:Foxhound
1221:license.
946:license.
875:11627064
867:19961472
705:23124015
600:23973012
554:11259820
490:See also
478:and the
2050:Related
2026:Clicker
1953:Anatomy
1925:Therapy
1813:Baiting
1778:Howling
1768:Barking
1745:War dog
1708:Lap dog
1673:Bay dog
1546:Toy dog
1517:Bulldog
1512:Mastiff
1488:Terrier
1479:Longdog
1435:Spaniel
1420:Pointer
1415:Gun dog
1408:Lurcher
1354:Pye-dog
1078:Zootaxa
1004:Bibcode
713:9748685
654:Bibcode
364:possums
360:rabbits
292:British
150:dingoes
62:Discuss
2100:Portal
1935:Health
1568:Breeds
1551:Bichon
1457:Basset
1430:Setter
1376:Collie
1260:4 July
1238:4 July
1180:
1153:
1143:"Ch.3"
1055:
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873:
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847:
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474:, the
462:tigers
454:wolves
440:, and
426:rabies
412:rabies
392:horses
388:cattle
206:Estray
198:Kerala
191:Indian
111:Origin
52:merged
1943:Aging
1610:Roles
1539:Tugou
1534:Laika
1529:Husky
1524:Spitz
1447:Hound
1403:Feist
1336:Types
1208:(PDF)
1120:(PDF)
1023:(PDF)
933:(PDF)
897:Canis
871:S2CID
709:S2CID
511:Puppy
480:dingo
467:Canis
458:lions
384:goats
273:dingo
265:dingo
194:state
99:is a
54:with
1983:Odor
1963:Coat
1328:Dogs
1262:2014
1240:2014
1178:ISBN
1151:ISBN
1117:"11"
1082:4317
1053:ISBN
971:ISBN
863:PMID
785:ISBN
701:PMID
622:ISBN
596:PMID
550:PMID
460:and
390:and
374:and
368:rats
333:beat
275:and
170:CDMX
1398:Cur
1096:hdl
1086:doi
1012:doi
909:doi
855:doi
814:doi
810:119
693:doi
662:doi
650:171
588:doi
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506:Dog
196:of
189:in
101:dog
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