706:
1304:
1386:
824:
elections proved to be disastrous for the Whig Party, as Scott was defeated by a wide margin and the Whigs lost several congressional and state elections. Hale won just under five percent of the vote, performing most strongly in
Massachusetts, Vermont, and Wisconsin. Though much of this drop in support was caused by the return of Barnburners to the Democratic Party, many individuals who had voted for Van Buren in 1848 sat out the 1852 election. In the aftermath of the decisive defeat of the Whigs, many Free Soil leaders predicted an impending realignment that would result in the formation of a larger anti-slavery party that would unite Free Soilers with anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats.
1327:
559:. Unlike some Northern Whigs, Wilmot and other anti-slavery Democrats were largely unconcerned by the issue of racial equality, and instead opposed the expansion of slavery because they believed the institution was detrimental to the "laboring white man." The Wilmot Proviso passed the House with the support of both Northern Whigs and Northern Democrats, breaking the normal pattern of partisan division in congressional votes, but it was defeated in the Senate, where Southerners controlled a proportionally higher share of seats. Several Northern congressmen subsequently defeated an attempt by President Polk and Senator
981:
651:". Because Van Buren had favored the gag rule and had generally accommodated pro-slavery leaders during his presidency, many Liberty Party leaders and anti-slavery Whigs were unconvinced as to the sincerity of Van Buren's anti-slavery beliefs. Historian A. James Reichley writes that, while resentment stemming from his defeat at the 1844 Democratic National Convention may have played a role in his candidacy, Van Buren ran on the grounds that "the long-term welfare of , and the nation, required that the shed its Calhounite influence, even at the cost of losing an election or two."
1034:
599:
5091:
960:
banner, 'Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, and Free Men,' and under it we will fight on, and fight forever, until a triumphant victory shall reward our exertions". Unlike the
Liberty Party, the 1848 Free Soil Party platform did not address fugitive slaves or racial discrimination, nor did it call for the abolition of slavery in the states. The party nonetheless earned the support of many former Liberty Party leaders by calling for abolition wherever possible, the chief goal of the Liberty Party. The Free Soil platform also called for lower
5084:
587:
917:, escalated in 1855 and 1856, pushing many moderate Northerners to join the nascent Republican Party. As cooperation between Northern and Southern Whigs appeared to be increasingly impossible, leaders from both sections continued to abandon the party. In September 1855, Seward led his faction of Whigs into the Republican Party, effectively marking the end of the Whig Party as an independent and significant political force. In May 1856, after denouncing the Slave Power in a speech on the Senate floor, Senator Sumner was
866:, in 1853 Senator Douglas proposed a bill to create an organized territorial government in a portion of the Louisiana Purchase that was north of the 36°30′ parallel, and thus excluded slavery under the terms of the Missouri Compromise. After pro-slavery Southern senators blocked the passage of the proposal, Douglas and other Democratic leaders agreed to a bill that would repeal the Missouri Compromise and allow the inhabitants of the territories to determine the status of slavery. In response, Free Soilers issued the
687:
electoral vote and a plurality of the popular vote, improving on Clay's 1844 performance in the South and benefiting from the defection of many
Democrats to Van Buren in the North. Van Buren won ten percent of the national popular vote and fifteen percent of the popular vote in the Northern states; he received a popular vote total five times greater than that of Birney's 1844 candidacy. Van Buren was the first third-party candidate in U.S. history to win at least ten percent of the national popular vote. In
4805:
361:
51:
647:, on June 22; they were joined by a smaller number of Whigs and Democrats from outside New York. Though initially reluctant to accept to run for president, former President Van Buren accepted the group's presidential nomination. Van Buren endorsed the position that slavery should be excluded from the territories acquired from Mexico, further declaring his belief that slavery was inconsistent with the "principles of the
5323:
717:
3714:
725:
proposed that the lands of the
Mexican Cession be admitted as states without first organizing territorial governments; thus, slavery in the area would be left to the discretion of state governments rather than the federal government. In January 1850, Senator Clay introduced a separate proposal which included the admission of California as a free state, the
804:. The Whig national convention also adopted a platform that endorsed the Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Act. Scott and his advisers had initially hoped to avoid openly endorsing the Compromise of 1850 in order to court Free Soil support, but, as a concession to Southern Whigs, Scott agreed to support the Whig platform. The
1128:
positions on economic issues, such as support for high tariffs and federally-funded infrastructure projects. After 1860, the
Republican Party became the dominant force in national politics. Reflecting on the new electoral strength of the Republican Party years later, Free Soiler and anti-slavery activist
763:
Though the fugitive slave act and its enforcement outraged anti-slavery activists, most
Northerners viewed it as a necessary trade-off for sectional peace with the South, and there was a backlash in the North against the anti-slavery agitation. The Free Soil Party suffered from this backlash, as well
1044:
Former
President Martin Van Buren of New York and Senator John P. Hale of New Hampshire served as the two presidential nominees of the party, while Charles Adams of Massachusetts and Congressman George Washington Julian served as the party's vice-presidential nominees. Salmon P. Chase, Preston King,
988:
During the 1848 election, the Free Soil Party fared best in New York, Vermont, and
Massachusetts. Though some anti-slavery Democrats found Cass acceptable or refused to vote for a ticket featuring Charles Francis Adams, about three-fifths of the support for Van Buren's candidacy came from Democrats.
959:
The 1848 Free Soil platform openly denounced the institution of slavery, demanding that the federal government "relieve itself of all responsibility for the existence and continuance of slavery" by abolishing slavery in all federal districts and territories. The platform declared: "e inscribe on our
1127:
rejoined the
Democratic Party. Like their Free Soil predecessors, Republican leaders in the late 1850s generally did not call for the abolition of slavery, but instead sought to prevent the extension of slavery into the territories. The Republicans combined the Free Soil stance on slavery with Whig
876:
was passed into law in May 1854. The act deeply angered many
Northerners, including anti-slavery Democrats and conservative Whigs who were largely apathetic towards slavery but were upset by the repeal of a thirty-year-old compromise. Pierce's forceful response to protests stemming from the capture
823:
of Indiana. The party adopted a platform that called for the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Act and described slavery as "a sin against God and a crime against man." Free Soil leaders strongly preferred Scott to Pierce, and Hale focused his campaign on winning over anti-slavery Democratic voters. The
1221:
In 2014, the party's name was used for the American Free Soil Party with a focus on justice for immigrants, as well as combating discrimination. On February 15, 2019, the American Free Soil Party won ballot access for its first candidate to run under its banner in a partisan race when Dr. James W.
950:
won the election with a majority of the electoral vote and 45 percent of the popular vote; Frémont won most of the remaining electoral votes and took 33 percent of the popular vote, while Fillmore won 21.6 percent of the popular vote and just eight electoral votes. Frémont carried New England, New
884:
Throughout 1854, Democrats, Whigs, and Free Soilers held state and local conventions, where they denounced the Kansas–Nebraska Act. Many of the larger conventions agreed to nominate a fusion ticket of candidate opposed to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and some adopted portions of the Free Soil platform
527:
had defied party leaders by denouncing the annexation of Texas, causing him to lose re-election in 1845. Hale joined with anti-slavery Whigs and the Liberty Party to create a new party in New Hampshire, and he won election to the Senate in early 1847. In New York, tensions between the anti-slavery
446:
his key priority. Most leaders of both parties opposed opening the question of annexation in 1843 due to their fear of stoking the debate over slavery; the annexation of Texas was widely viewed as a pro-slavery initiative because it would add another slave state to the union. Nonetheless, in April
1226:. The following day, the party held its national convention and nominated its 2020 presidential ticket, former Southwick Commissioner Adam Seaman of Massachusetts and Dr. Enrique Ramos of Puerto Rico for president and vice president, respectively. On November 5, Clifton lost his race 47% to 53%.
1155:
emerged; these Radical Republicans generally went farther than other Republicans in advocating for racial equality and the immediate abolition of slavery. Many of the leading Radical Republicans, including Giddings, Chase, Hale, Julian, and Sumner, had been members of the Free Soil Party. Some
724:
The Free Soil Party continued to exist after 1848, fielding candidates for various offices. At the state level, Free Soilers often entered into coalition with either of the major parties to elect anti-slavery officeholders. To sidestep the issue of the Wilmot Proviso, the Taylor administration
686:
in the House of Representatives, but Van Buren did not win a single electoral vote. However, the nomination of Van Buren alienated many Whigs; except in northern Ohio, most Whig leaders and newspapers rallied around Taylor's candidacy. Ultimately, Taylor won the election with a majority of the
627:
of Louisiana for president. With the strong backing of slave state delegates, Taylor defeated Henry Clay to win the Whig presidential nomination. For vice president, the Whigs nominated Millard Fillmore of New York, a conservative Northerner. The nomination of Taylor, a slaveholder without any
901:
movement, which formed the American Party. While the Republican Party almost exclusively appealed to Northerners, the Know Nothings gathered many adherents in both the North and South; some individuals joined both groups even while they remained part of the Whig Party or the Democratic Party.
936:
convened in Philadelphia in June 1856. A committee chaired by David Wilmot produced a platform that denounced slavery, the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and the Pierce administration. Though Chase and Seward were the two most prominent members of the nascent party, the Republicans instead nominated
475:. Polk went on to defeat Clay in a close election, taking 49.5 of the popular vote and a majority of the electoral vote. The number of voters casting a ballot for Birney increased tenfold from 6,200 in 1840 (0.3 percent of popular vote) to 62,000 (2.3 percent of the popular vote) in 1844.
495:
1363:
989:
About one-fifth of those who voted for Van Buren were former members of the Liberty Party, though a small number of Liberty Party members voted for Gerrit Smith instead. Except in New Hampshire and Ohio, relatively few Whigs voted for Van Buren, as slavery-averse Whigs like
336:
and outraged many Northerners, contributing to the collapse of the Whigs and spurring the creation of a new, broad-based anti-slavery Republican Party. Most Free Soilers joined the Republican Party, which emerged as the dominant political party in the United States in the
909:, as voters provided support to a wide array of new parties opposed to the Democratic Party. Most victorious congressional candidates who were not affiliated with the Democratic Party had campaigned either independently of the Whig Party or in fusion with another party. "
675:. With the backing of most Democratic delegates, about half of the Whig delegates, and a small number of Liberty Party leaders, Van Buren defeated John P. Hale to win the fledgling party's presidential nomination. For vice president, the Free Soil Party nominated
945:
became a three-sided contest between Democrats, Know Nothings, and Republicans. During his campaign, Fillmore minimized the issue of nativism, instead attempting to use his campaign as a platform for unionism and a revival of the Whig Party. Ultimately, Democrat
658:
convened in Buffalo early August. Anti-slavery leaders made up a majority of the attendees, but the convention also attracted some Democrats and Whigs who were indifferent on the issue of slavery but disliked the nominee of their respective party. Salmon Chase,
941:, the son-in-law of Thomas Hart Benton and a political neophyte. The party campaigned on a new version of an old Free Soil slogan: "Free Speech, Free Press, Free Men, Free Labor, Free Territory, and Frémont". With the collapse of the Whig Party, the
705:
1004:
In New England, many trade unionists and land reformers supported the Free Soil Party, though others viewed slavery as a secondary issue or were hostile to the anti-slavery movement. Other Free Soil Party supporters were active in the
407:. Months after the 1840 election, the party re-nominated Birney for president, established a national party committee, and began to organize at the state and local level. Support for the party grew in the North, especially among
518:
broke out on the northern side of the Rio Grande, Polk convinced Congress to declare war against Mexico. Though most Democrats and Whigs initially supported the war, Adams and some other anti-slavery Whigs attacked the war as a
812:, a Northerner sympathetic to the Southern view on slavery. Free Soil leaders had initially considered supporting Scott, but they organized a national convention after Scott accepted the pro-Compromise Whig platform.
4271:
618:
of Kentucky; Cass and Butler had both opposed the Wilmot Proviso. Shortly after the Democrats nominated Cass, a group of Whigs made plans for a convention of anti-slavery politicians and activists in case the
551:, which would ban slavery in any newly acquired lands. Though broadly supportive of the war, Wilmot and some other anti-slavery Northern Democrats had increasingly come to view Polk as unduly favorable to
4817:
3789:
764:
as the desertion of many anti-slavery Democrats (including Van Buren himself), many of whom believed that sectional balance had been restored following Van Buren's candidacy and the Compromise of 1850.
756:, who demanded the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Act. The first of several prominent episodes concerning the enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law occurred in late 1850, when Boston abolitionists helped
1049:, and Benjamin Butler played crucial roles in leading the first party convention and drafting the first party platform. Among those who attended the first Free Soil convention were poet and journalist
737:
territories, a ban on the importation of slaves into the District of Columbia for sale, and a more stringent fugitive slave law. Free Soilers strongly opposed this proposal, focusing especially on the
4907:
773:
1123:
The Free Soil Party essentially merged into the Republican Party after 1854. However, Martin Van Buren (who had already returned to the Democratic Party in November 1852), his followers and the
574:, which provided for the cession of Alta California and New Mexico. Though many senators had reservations about the treaty, the Senate approved it in a 38-to-14 vote in February 1848. Senator
308:
Though Van Buren and many other Free Soil supporters rejoined the Democrats or the Whigs after the 1848 election, Free Soilers retained a presence in Congress over the next six years. Led by
4106:
4808:
5363:
1164:
1156:
Radical Republicans sought to replace Lincoln as the 1864 Republican presidential nominee with either Chase or Frémont, but Lincoln ultimately won re-nomination and re-election.
578:'s effort to reach a compromise over the status of slavery in the territories was defeated in the House, ensuring that slavery would be an important issue in the 1848 election.
5353:
5144:
3782:
290:
nominated presidential candidates who were unwilling to rule out the extension of slavery into the Mexican Cession, anti-slavery Democrats and Whigs joined with members of the
897:
still clung to their partisan affiliation, others began to label themselves as Republicans. Another political coalition appeared in the form of the nativist and anti-Catholic
3752:
5368:
5348:
4915:
929:
nominated former President Fillmore for president, but many Northerners deserted the American Party after the party platform failed to denounce the Kansas–Nebraska Act.
4658:
4813:
3971:
752:, which was based on Clay's earlier proposal. The Whig Party became badly split between pro-Compromise Whigs like Fillmore and Webster and anti-Compromise Whigs like
655:
4983:
3775:
5373:
4978:
4125:
539:
In August 1846, Polk asked Congress to appropriate $ 2 million (~$ 60.7 million in 2023) in hopes of using that money as a down payment for the purchase of
4099:
837:
1303:
964:, reduced postal rates, and improvements to harbors. The 1852 party platform more overtly denounced slavery, and also called for the diplomatic recognition of
5358:
5073:
4937:
4896:
4306:
4498:
3742:
3722:
1550:
4864:
4583:
4508:
3038:
227:
872:, a manifesto that attacked the bill as the work of the Slave Power. Overcoming the opposition of Free Soilers, Northern Whigs, and many Democrats, the
431:
became increasingly open to working within the political system. In a reflection of the rise of anti-slavery sentiment, several Northern states passed
4528:
3737:
3013:
5154:
5068:
5023:
5018:
4743:
4568:
4503:
4351:
4092:
3950:
3923:
3909:
3882:
3868:
3841:
3827:
1464:
1347:
1288:
1183:
1175:
1144:
942:
777:
460:
404:
325:
271:
5043:
4885:
4673:
4663:
4356:
4296:
4073:
3986:
5132:
4633:
4291:
4256:
4116:
1385:
5378:
5198:
4336:
3670:
3575:
3406:
3355:
3233:
3212:
2787:
4998:
4648:
4428:
3934:
720:
In this 1850 political cartoon, the artist attacks abolitionist, Free Soil and other sectionalist interests of 1850 as dangers to the Union
1132:
wrote that "the feeble cause I espoused at Cincinnati in 1832... on the broad shoulders of a strong party which was marching to victory."
843:
5159:
5058:
5048:
5028:
5013:
4899:
4588:
4573:
4241:
4221:
4196:
3981:
3976:
3811:
1773:
1136:
1070:
933:
868:
805:
611:
464:
384:
368:
294:
161:
148:
1326:
427:, which prevented the House of Representatives from considering abolitionist petitions. Meanwhile, long-time abolitionist leaders like
4708:
4543:
4538:
4513:
4488:
4316:
4231:
3823:
3452:
1191:
532:
factions of the Democratic Party rose, as the Hunkers allied with the Whigs to defeat the re-election campaign of Democratic Governor
400:
3709:– comprehensive list of abolitionist and anti-slavery activists and organizations in the United States, including the Free Soil Party
2999:
1057:, the latter of whom was part of a small group of African Americans to attend the convention. In September 1851, Julian, Congressman
796:
Enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act damaged Fillmore's standing among Northerners and, with the backing of Senator Seward, General
4738:
4598:
4563:
4180:
3644:
3623:
3594:
3552:
3524:
3429:
3374:
3309:
3290:
3271:
3252:
3193:
3172:
3153:
3101:
1848:
1763:
1094:
926:
664:
380:
291:
4638:
5107:
4993:
4918:
4713:
4623:
4593:
4558:
4331:
4236:
4149:
4142:
3893:
1793:
1600:
1584:
961:
890:
851:
672:
463:, both announced their opposition to annexation, and the Senate blocked the treaty. To the surprise of Clay and other Whigs, the
287:
264:
256:
171:
3837:
781:
691:, Salmon Chase won election to the Senate and about a dozen Free Soil candidates won election to the House of Representatives.
324:, which temporarily settled the issue of slavery in the Mexican Cession. Hale ran as the party's presidential candidate in the
980:
5099:
4888:
4857:
4578:
4493:
4201:
3757:
2957:
700:
2985:
1171:, calling for ambitious reforms designed to promote the political and economic equality of African Americans in the South.
780:
approached, Free Soilers cast about for a candidate. Potential candidates with national stature like Van Buren and Senator
4926:
4823:
4553:
4548:
4251:
4048:
2745:
1160:
833:
801:
620:
3703:– Indianapolis Free Soil newspaper that ran from 1848 to 1854; digitized by the Indianapolis Marion County Public Library
1190:, and the reduction of tariff rates. Former Free Soiler Charles Francis Adams led on several presidential ballots of the
667:
led the drafting of a platform that not only endorsed the Wilmot Proviso but also called for the abolition of slavery in
5272:
5138:
4945:
4668:
4341:
2971:
1797:
1210:
906:
688:
392:
260:
204:
198:
31:
1033:
598:
4768:
4748:
4728:
4408:
4175:
4160:
1710:
1664:
1618:
769:
571:
503:
489:
416:
388:
302:
682:
Some Free Soil leaders were initially optimistic that Van Buren could carry a handful of Northern states and force a
5249:
5175:
4718:
4688:
4423:
4286:
3662:
2750:
1605:
1589:
412:
283:
232:
5090:
2904:
5326:
4850:
4783:
4733:
4608:
4478:
4418:
4261:
4211:
3864:
3223:
1512:
1500:
1316:
1187:
1186:
bid. Aside from defeating Grant, the party's central goals were the end of Reconstruction, the implementation of
863:
676:
660:
222:
59:
5083:
3462:
Chamberlain, Adam (2014). "Voter Coordination and the Rise of the Republican Party: Evidence from New England".
729:
by Texas of some of its northern and western territorial claims in return for debt relief, the establishment of
586:
275:
4773:
1506:
1375:
1143:
defeated Chase, Seward, and other candidates to win the party's presidential nomination. After Lincoln won the
918:
820:
628:
history in the Whig Party, spurred anti-slavery Whigs to go through with their convention, which would meet in
355:
873:
847:
329:
5053:
4703:
4246:
4216:
4058:
3111:
Downey, Matthew T. (1967). "Horace Greeley and the Politicians: The Liberal Republican Convention in 1872".
1840:
1124:
1086:
1010:
757:
529:
138:
4518:
2930:
5313:
5300:
4988:
4376:
4366:
4321:
4311:
4206:
4053:
3727:
3017:
1198:. Many other former Free Soilers remained in the Republican Party, including former Free Soil Congressman
1129:
1102:
1018:
1014:
894:
819:, the party nominated a ticket consisting of Senator John P. Hale of New Hampshire and former Congressman
552:
376:
3070:
5254:
4643:
4628:
4473:
4468:
4346:
4032:
1098:
423:
remained within the Whig Party, but increasingly supported anti-slavery policies like the repeal of the
3767:
1809:
President Taylor died July 9, 1850, about one year and four months into the term, and was succeeded by
614:
after the party nominated a ticket consisting of Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan and former Congressman
379:
and most other abolitionists of the 1830s had generally shunned the political system, a small group of
510:
Following the annexation of Texas in 1845, President Polk began preparations for a potential war with
5208:
5127:
5122:
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A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War, and the Conquest of the American Continent
1488:
1223:
1058:
951:
York, and parts of the Midwest, but Buchanan nearly swept the South and won several Northern states.
730:
432:
5033:
4763:
4483:
4463:
4381:
4371:
4361:
4326:
4226:
1768:
969:
683:
648:
564:
556:
333:
297:
to form the new Free Soil Party. Running as the Free Soil presidential candidate, former President
4084:
5232:
5192:
5149:
4603:
4458:
3487:
3479:
3332:
3128:
1168:
1152:
1148:
1118:
1054:
1037:
749:
745:
738:
523:" plot designed to expand slavery across North America. Meanwhile, former Democratic Congressman
338:
321:
3901:
3185:
The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War
938:
855:
543:
in a treaty with Mexico. During the debate over the appropriations bill, Democratic Congressman
5266:
5260:
4778:
4301:
4266:
4017:
3905:
3666:
3640:
3619:
3590:
3571:
3548:
3520:
3448:
3425:
3402:
3370:
3351:
3319:
Shortreed, Margaret (1959). "The Antislavery Radicals: From Crusade to Revolution 1840-1868".
3305:
3286:
3267:
3248:
3229:
3208:
3189:
3168:
3149:
3097:
3032:
2783:
1844:
1800:. However, the party did not call for abolition of slavery in states where it already existed.
1476:
1419:
629:
615:
494:
420:
181:
1135:
Former Free Soiler Salmon Chase was a major candidate for the presidential nomination at the
744:
Taylor died in July 1850 and was succeeded by Vice President Fillmore. Fillmore and Democrat
435:
that forbid state authorities from cooperating in the capture and return of fugitive slaves.
5003:
4873:
4753:
4683:
4678:
4653:
4413:
4276:
4063:
3878:
3860:
3698:
3608:
3471:
3324:
3120:
1810:
1703:
1431:
1310:
1293:
1179:
1074:
1006:
994:
914:
886:
668:
591:
456:
443:
298:
143:
76:
55:
984:
Free Soil performance in the 1848 election; darker shades of green indicate greater support
50:
5308:
5203:
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5038:
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4613:
4533:
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4007:
3942:
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3819:
3545:
American Abolitionism: Its Direct Political Impact from Colonial Times into Reconstruction
3517:
Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War
2972:"Rev. Dr. James Clifton, ASFP National Director, Running for Millersburg, IN Town Council"
1836:
Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War
1749:
1425:
1140:
1090:
1066:
1046:
990:
910:
809:
709:
644:
633:
575:
540:
515:
499:
448:
396:
364:
309:
279:
248:
81:
3681:
5293:
5278:
5225:
4968:
4758:
4012:
3946:
3654:
3418:
3395:
3142:
1657:
1524:
1482:
1443:
1195:
1178:, a breakaway group of Republicans who launched an unsuccessful challenge to President
1174:
In 1872, a disproportionate number of former Free Soilers helped found the short-lived
1078:
998:
947:
922:
797:
765:
753:
734:
726:
624:
607:
548:
472:
408:
317:
1865:
514:, which still regarded Texas as a part of its republic. After a skirmish known as the
360:
5342:
5112:
4022:
3634:
3564:
3533:
Foner, Eric. "Politics and prejudice: The Free Soil party and the Negro, 1849-1852."
3501:
3491:
1369:
1333:
878:
785:
468:
252:
3183:
3094:
Liberty Power: Antislavery Third Parties and the Transformation of American Politics
2777:
1362:
716:
5218:
4973:
4698:
4448:
4027:
4002:
3874:
3587:
The Liberty Party, 1840-1848: Antislavery Third-Party Politics in the United States
1530:
1470:
1449:
1437:
1352:
1199:
1062:
1050:
1022:
898:
893:
if the Kansas–Nebraska Act passed. Though many Democrats and Whigs involved in the
788:, another subject of speculation as a potential Free Soil candidate, died in 1851.
637:
544:
533:
524:
428:
313:
86:
68:
301:
won 10.1 percent of the popular vote, the strongest popular vote performance by a
3345:
2804:
1834:
4133:
3441:
2755:
1518:
1494:
1082:
842:
520:
3713:
3512:
3052:
2986:"American Free Soil Party Nominates Its 2020 Presidential Election Candidates"
816:
560:
452:
439:
1167:. Radical Republicans exercised an important influence during the subsequent
636:
agreed to attend the convention, though another faction of the party, led by
555:
interests, partly due to Polk's decision to compromise with Britain over the
4963:
4723:
1536:
459:, the two front-runners for the major party presidential nominations in the
3328:
913:", a struggle between anti-slavery and pro-slavery settlers for control of
17:
451:
reached a treaty with Texas providing for the annexation of that country.
424:
3706:
3483:
3475:
3302:
The Doom of Reconstruction: The Liberal Republicans in the Civil War Era
471:, and approved a platform calling for the acquisition of both Texas and
3132:
1392:
3336:
1163:, and the United States abolished slavery nationwide by ratifying the
3659:
Party Over Section: The Rough and Ready Presidential Election of 1848
511:
3124:
712:
of Ohio was one of the most prominent leaders of the Free Soil Party
4842:
3071:"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives, 1789 to Present"
2958:"Former Prohibition Party Member Reforms American Free Soil Party"
1032:
1009:
movement, and a disproportionate number of those who attended the
979:
965:
841:
715:
704:
597:
585:
493:
359:
3283:
Third Parties in America: Citizen Response to Major Party Failure
1151:. During the war, a faction of the Republican Party known as the
1040:
served as the secretary of the 1852 Free Soil National Convention
1013:
were associated with party. One leading women's rights activist,
3603:
Marshall, Schuyler C. "The Free Democratic Convention of 1852."
3281:
Rosenstone, Steven J.; Behr, Roy L.; Lazarus, Edward H. (2018).
3264:
The Life of the Parties: A History of American Political Parties
1159:
In 1865, the Civil War came to an end with the surrender of the
4846:
4088:
3771:
3566:
What Hath God Wrought: the Transformation of America, 1815–1848
2779:
Martin Van Buren and the emergence of American popular politics
1202:, who served as vice president from 1873 until his death 1875.
679:, the youngest son of the recently deceased John Quincy Adams.
654:
With mix of Democratic, Whig, and Liberty Party attendees, the
1069:. Other notable individuals associated with the party include
30:"Free Soil" redirects here. For the township in Michigan, see
1147:, several Southern states seceded, eventually leading to the
905:
Congressional Democrats suffered huge losses in the mid-term
3266:(Paperback ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
2413:
2411:
2242:
2240:
850:
in 1854, Free Soilers joined with other groups to form the
570:
In February 1848, Mexican and U.S. negotiators reached the
4809:
State and local political parties (without national body)
3347:
The Presidencies of Zachary Taylor & Millard Fillmore
1281:
3616:
Antislavery Politics in Antebellum and Civil War America
3205:
The Illustrated Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
320:
of Massachusetts, the Free Soilers strongly opposed the
3636:
Martin Van Buren: The Romantic Age of American Politics
3350:. The American Presidency. University Press of Kansas.
1276:
415:
in New England, upstate New York, Michigan, and Ohio's
328:, taking just under five percent of the vote. The 1854
1065:
organized a national Free Soil convention that met in
3000:"American Free Soil Party Candidate Gets 47% of Vote"
259:. The party was focused on opposing the expansion of
5145:
List of federal judges appointed by Martin Van Buren
3798:
Historical anti-slavery parties in the United States
3367:
The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln
808:, meanwhile, nominated former New Hampshire senator
5242:
5184:
5168:
5098:
4956:
4441:
4401:
4394:
4189:
4168:
4159:
4132:
4041:
3995:
3964:
3933:
3892:
3851:
3810:
3803:
1792:The Free Soil Party sought to exclude slavery from
889:, and agreed to establish a new party known as the
772:, but Free Soilers lost a net of five seats in the
632:, in August. A faction of the Liberty Party led by
278:and debates over the extension of slavery into the
210:
197:
187:
177:
167:
157:
131:
113:
95:
67:
39:
3683:The Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest
3563:
3500:
3440:
3417:
3394:
3141:
640:, refused to consider merging with another party.
547:of Pennsylvania offered an amendment known as the
502:(red), which was acquired from Mexico in the 1848
815:At the August 1852 Free Soil Convention, held in
3707:American Abolitionists and Antislavery Activists
2359:
2357:
774:1850 and 1851 House of Representatives elections
498:Free Soilers sought to exclude slavery from the
4984:United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary
3443:The Free Soilers: Third Party Politics, 1848–54
2905:"Henry Wilson, 18th Vice President (1873-1875)"
2854:
2852:
1213:, was named after the Free Soil party in 1848.
885:from 1848 and 1852. One of these groups met in
594:for president in the 1848 presidential election
5364:Defunct political parties in the United States
4979:1821 United States Senate election in New York
4126:List of political parties in the United States
3165:The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852-1856
4858:
4100:
3783:
1029:Party leaders and other prominent individuals
838:History of the United States Republican Party
784:declined to run, while Supreme Court Justice
367:was the two-time presidential nominee of the
8:
3285:(2nd ed.). Princeton University Press.
5354:1854 disestablishments in the United States
1813:, who served for the remainder of the term.
1551:Party divisions of United States Congresses
255:from 1848 to 1854, when it merged into the
4865:
4851:
4843:
4438:
4398:
4165:
4107:
4093:
4085:
3807:
3790:
3776:
3768:
49:
36:
2929:Boughner, Eliane Durnin (June 25, 1981).
2782:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 203.
1796:, thereby preventing the addition of new
1222:Clifton filed to run for town council in
760:, two fugitive slaves, escape to Canada.
5369:Political parties disestablished in 1854
5349:1848 establishments in the United States
5155:1840 United States presidential election
5069:1848 United States presidential election
5024:1836 United States presidential election
5019:1832 United States presidential election
2809:. Thomas Y. Crowell Company. p. 97.
1554:
1545:Congressional party divisions, 1849–1855
1238:
925:, outraging Northerners. Meanwhile, the
391:dedicated to the immediate abolition of
5044:Martin Van Buren National Historic Site
1825:
1785:
1458:Members of the House of Representatives
968:. Many Free Soilers also supported the
800:won the presidential nomination at the
4257:Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party
4117:political parties in the United States
3075:United States House of Representatives
3037:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3030:
1021:and a cousin of Free Soil Congressman
530:Barnburner and the conservative Hunker
371:, a forerunner of the Free Soil Party.
5374:Political parties established in 1848
5199:List of memorials to Martin Van Buren
3519:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2731:
2729:
2393:
2372:
2312:
2291:
2150:
1073:1876 Democratic presidential nominee
854:, which nominated political neophyte
590:The party nominated former President
7:
5133:Emerson's letter to Martin Van Buren
4999:1828 New York gubernatorial election
2255:Rosenstone et al. (2018), Appendix A
1113:Free Soilers in the Republican Party
881:further alienated many Northerners.
27:Precursor to the US Republican Party
5359:American abolitionist organizations
5160:1840 Democratic National Convention
5059:1848 Democratic National Convention
5049:1844 Democratic National Convention
5029:1835 Democratic National Convention
5014:1832 Democratic National Convention
4908:U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom
4900:Vice President of the United States
4242:Freedom Road Socialist Organization
3420:Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics
2171:Rosenstone et al. (2018), pp. 50–51
1137:1860 Republican National Convention
1017:, was the wife of Free Soil leader
934:1856 Republican National Convention
869:Appeal of the Independent Democrats
806:1852 Democratic National Convention
643:Meanwhile, Barnburners convened in
612:1848 Democratic National Convention
465:1844 Democratic National Convention
274:took place in the aftermath of the
4814:Presidential nominating convention
1192:1872 Liberal Republican convention
689:concurrent congressional elections
610:, the Barnburners bolted from the
305:up to that point in U.S. history.
25:
3144:The Presidency of Franklin Pierce
2956:Seaman, Adam (24 November 2018).
2931:"Free Soil Gets History Write-up"
1764:Origins of the American Civil War
1194:, but was ultimately defeated by
927:1856 American National Convention
862:Hoping to spur the creation of a
828:Formation of the Republican Party
438:Beginning in May 1843, President
387:in 1840. The Liberty Party was a
214:"Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men"
5322:
5321:
5108:Inauguration of Martin Van Buren
5089:
5082:
4919:United States Secretary of State
4804:
4803:
3712:
3547:. University of Virginia Press.
3503:Charles Francis Adams, 1807–1886
3447:. University of Illinois Press.
1384:
1361:
1325:
1302:
479:Formation of the Free Soil Party
419:. Other anti-slavery Whigs like
265:territories of the United States
3686:. Longmans, Green, and Company.
3424:. Kent State University Press.
3397:The Presidency of James K. Polk
3245:Free Soil: The Election of 1848
3113:The Journal of American History
3096:. University of Chicago Press.
2705:Wilentz (2005) pp. 623–624, 626
2642:Wilentz (2005) pp. 624–627, 661
467:rejected Van Buren in favor of
4889:President of the United States
3758:New International Encyclopedia
3680:Smith, Theodore Clark (1897).
3618:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
3401:. University of Kansas Press.
3369:. W. W. Norton & Company.
3148:. University Press of Kansas.
2960:. American Third Party Report.
2534:McPherson (1988), pp. 129–130.
1833:Foner, Eric (April 20, 1995).
701:Presidency of Millard Fillmore
395:. The Liberty Party nominated
1:
4824:Politics of the United States
4049:American Anti-Slavery Society
3585:Johnson, Reinhard O. (2009).
2806:Headlines in American History
1579:
1556:
834:Presidency of Franklin Pierce
802:1852 Whig National Convention
656:National Free Soil Convention
621:1848 Whig National Convention
5379:Slavery in the United States
5273:Angelica Singleton Van Buren
5139:United States v. The Amistad
4946:Attorney General of New York
4514:Democratic-Republican (1844)
4342:South Carolina Workers Party
3614:Mitchell, Thomas G. (2007).
3562:Howe, Daniel Walker (2007).
3507:. Stanford University Press.
3304:. Fordham University Press.
3262:Reichley, A. James (2000) .
3163:Gienapp, William E. (1987).
2078:McPherson (2003), pp. 53–54.
1211:Free Soil Township, Michigan
695:Between elections, 1849–1852
119:; 170 years ago
101:; 176 years ago
32:Free Soil Township, Michigan
3639:. Oxford University Press.
3570:. Oxford University Press.
3439:Blue, Frederick J. (1973).
3416:Blue, Frederick J. (1987).
3243:Rayback, Joseph G. (2015).
3207:. Oxford University Press.
3188:. Oxford University Press.
3167:. Oxford University Press.
2876:Shortreed (1959), pp. 79–80
2867:Shortreed (1959), pp. 67–68
2846:Reichley (2000) pp. 102–103
2819:Reichley (2000) pp. 96, 100
2803:Bray, Frank Chapin (1937).
2669:Rayback (2015), pp. 299–300
2264:Wilentz (2005) pp. 631, 637
2069:Wilentz (2005), pp. 597–598
2060:Wilentz (2005), pp. 593–595
2033:Wilentz (2005) pp. 593, 608
572:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
504:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
490:Presidency of James K. Polk
332:repealed the long-standing
5395:
5250:Family of Martin Van Buren
5176:Papers of Martin Van Buren
4938:U.S. Senator from New York
4272:National Progressive Party
4197:African People's Socialist
3663:University Press of Kansas
3393:Bergeron, Paul H. (1986).
3247:. University of Kentucky.
3203:McPherson, James (2003) .
2894:Downey (1967), pp. 744–747
2885:Slap (2010), pp. 24–26, 51
2751:Papers of Martin Van Buren
2687:Wilentz (2005) pp. 620–622
2678:Wilentz (2005) pp. 721–722
2660:Wilentz (2005) pp. 629–630
2633:Wilentz (2005) pp. 701–702
2597:Wilentz (2005) pp. 695–696
2588:Wilentz (2005) pp. 693–695
2579:Wilentz (2005) pp. 690–691
2552:Wilentz (2005) pp. 685–688
2498:Wilentz (2005) pp. 675–677
2489:Wilentz (2005) pp. 674–675
2480:Wilentz (2005) pp. 673–674
2471:Wilentz (2005) pp. 671–672
2444:Wilentz (2005) pp. 665–666
2417:Wilentz (2005) pp. 663–664
2363:Wilentz (2005) pp. 659–660
2351:Wilentz (2005) pp. 650–652
2342:Wilentz (2005) pp. 645–647
2324:Wilentz (2005) pp. 642–643
2273:Brooks (2016), pp. 171–173
2246:Wilentz (2005) pp. 628–631
2216:Wilentz (2005) pp. 627–629
2207:Wilentz (2005) pp. 624–626
2198:Wilentz (2005) pp. 623–624
2180:Wilentz (2005) pp. 618–620
2123:Wilentz (2005) pp. 615–616
2105:Wilentz (2005) pp. 613–614
2096:Merry (2009), pp. 424–426.
2087:Wilentz (2005) pp. 605–606
2051:Merry (2009), pp. 286–289.
2042:Merry (2009), pp. 283–285.
2024:Wilentz (2005) pp. 584–585
2015:Wilentz (2005) pp. 582–583
2006:Merry (2009), pp. 244–245.
1997:Merry (2009), pp. 240–242.
1988:Merry (2009), pp. 188–189.
1925:Wilentz (2005) pp. 550–551
1916:Wilentz (2005) pp. 554–555
1889:Wilentz (2005) pp. 478–479
1573:
1568:
1563:
1548:
1145:1860 presidential election
1116:
1089:, future Montana governor
943:1856 presidential election
831:
792:1852 presidential election
778:1852 presidential election
698:
602:1848 cartoon for Van Buren
487:
461:1844 presidential election
405:1840 presidential election
403:for vice president in the
353:
326:1852 presidential election
272:1848 presidential election
29:
5288:
5080:
4880:
4796:
4724:States Rights (Dixiecrat)
4123:
3543:Harrold, Stanley (2019).
3499:Duberman, Martin (1968).
3344:Smith, Elbert B. (1988).
3222:Merry, Robert W. (2009).
3182:Holt, Michael F. (1999).
3092:Brooks, Corey M. (2016).
2735:McPherson (1988), p. 129.
2651:Gienapp (1987), pp. 53–54
2624:Holt (1999), pp. 978–980.
2615:Gara (1991), pp. 175–176.
2606:Holt (1999), pp. 961–962.
2570:Holt (1999), pp. 947–949.
2561:Holt (1999), pp. 907–910.
2543:Holt (1999), pp. 877–878.
2525:Holt (1999), pp. 843–846.
2516:Holt (1999), pp. 804–805.
2462:Gienapp (1987), pp. 32–33
2435:Holt (1999), pp. 754–755.
2405:Gienapp (1987), pp. 19–20
2384:Gienapp (1987), pp. 18–19
2333:Holt (1999), pp. 552–553.
2282:Holt (1999), pp. 437–438.
2234:Holt (1999), pp. 368–370.
2141:Holt (1999), pp. 323–326.
1979:Holt (1999), pp. 194–197.
1970:Holt (1999), pp. 172–173.
1961:Holt (1999), pp. 171–172.
1952:Holt (1999), pp. 170–171.
1943:Holt (1999), pp. 169–170.
1907:Holt (1999), pp. 155–156.
1575:
1571:House of Representatives
1570:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1317:Charles Francis Adams Sr.
1265:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
864:transcontinental railroad
846:After the passage of the
677:Charles Francis Adams Sr.
447:1844, Secretary of State
223:Politics of United States
218:
48:
5314:Richard Mentor Johnson →
5301:William Henry Harrison →
4317:Socialism and Liberation
3535:Journal of Negro History
3300:Slap, Andrew L. (2010).
3228:. Simon & Schuster.
2453:Holt (1999), pp. 760–761
2396:, pp. 237–239, 244.
2225:Holt (1999), pp. 340–343
2114:Holt (1999), pp. 335–338
1507:George Washington Julian
1391:
1368:
1332:
1309:
1176:Liberal Republican Party
1053:and abolitionist leader
821:George Washington Julian
665:Benjamin Franklin Butler
356:Presidency of John Tyler
5263:(maternal half-brother)
5054:Barnburners and Hunkers
4594:National States' Rights
4449:American (Know Nothing)
4297:Progressive Labor Party
4074:Radical Democracy Party
3743:Encyclopædia Britannica
2776:Joel H. Silbey (2002).
1870:Ohio History Connection
1841:Oxford University Press
1087:John Greenleaf Whittier
1081:, educational reformer
1011:Seneca Falls Convention
1001:largely backed Taylor.
758:Ellen and William Craft
748:led the passage of the
4989:Tariff of Abominations
4322:Serve America Movement
4312:Renew America Movement
4054:Anti-Nebraska movement
3746:(11th ed.). 1911.
3728:Encyclopedia Americana
3607:22.2 (1955): 146–167.
3464:Social Science History
3365:Wilentz, Sean (2005).
2858:Reichley (2000) p. 108
2828:Reichley (2000) p. 114
1864:Ohio History Central.
1235:Presidential elections
1130:Henry Brewster Stanton
1103:Richard Henry Dana Jr.
1071:Cassius Marcellus Clay
1041:
1019:Henry Brewster Stanton
1015:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
985:
955:Ideology and positions
895:anti-Nebraska movement
859:
858:for president in 1856.
721:
713:
603:
595:
507:
377:William Lloyd Garrison
372:
316:of New Hampshire, and
5074:Reformed Dutch Church
4729:Traditionalist Worker
4409:Democratic-Republican
4347:Social Democrats, USA
4337:Socialist Alternative
3717:Texts on Wikisource:
3537:50.4 (1965): 239-256.
2837:Wilentz (2005) p. 746
2723:Downey (1967), p. 731
2714:Wilentz (2005) p. 661
2696:Wilentz (2005) p. 663
2507:Wilentz (2005) p. 679
2303:Brooks (2016), p. 163
2189:Reichley (2000) p. 86
2162:Wilentz (2005) p. 617
1934:Wilentz (2005) p. 590
1898:Wilentz (2005) p. 548
1099:William Cullen Bryant
1036:
983:
845:
832:Further information:
719:
708:
699:Further information:
601:
589:
567:line to the Pacific.
497:
488:Further information:
433:personal liberty laws
363:
354:Further information:
60:Charles Francis Adams
5128:Treaty of New Echota
5123:Independent Treasury
4930:Governor of New York
4584:National Renaissance
4509:Constitutional Union
4069:North American Party
3965:National conventions
3935:National Union Party
3804:Presidential tickets
3753:Free-Soil Party, The
3633:Niven, John (1983).
3605:Pennsylvania History
3329:10.1093/past/16.1.65
3140:Gara, Larry (1991).
3057:United States Senate
2935:Ludington Daily News
2909:United States Senate
2746:"Van Buren Timeline"
1489:Joshua Reed Giddings
1224:Millersburg, Indiana
1188:civil service reform
1165:Thirteenth Amendment
1059:Joshua Reed Giddings
768:won election to the
276:Mexican–American War
139:Barnburner Democrats
5034:Second Party System
4784:Youth International
4734:Unconditional Union
4639:Populist (People's)
4549:Independence (2007)
4544:Independence (1906)
4504:Constitution (1952)
4479:American Vegetarian
4419:National Republican
4262:Legal Marijuana Now
4212:American Solidarity
3996:Other party leaders
3987:1864 National Union
3476:10.1017/ssh.2015.27
2426:Holt (1999), p. 741
2375:, pp. 239–247.
2315:, pp. 157–158.
2294:, pp. 111–112.
2132:Holt (1999), p. 333
1769:Second Party System
1408:Members of Congress
1153:Radical Republicans
970:temperance movement
874:Kansas–Nebraska Act
848:Kansas–Nebraska Act
684:contingent election
565:Missouri Compromise
557:partition of Oregon
444:annexation of Texas
334:Missouri Compromise
330:Kansas–Nebraska Act
5233:The Van Buren Boys
5193:Recarving Rushmore
5150:Gold Spoon Oration
4664:Progressive (1948)
4659:Progressive (1924)
4654:Progressive (1912)
4589:National Socialist
4569:Liberal Republican
4539:Human Rights Party
4499:Communist Workers'
4352:Socialist Equality
3321:Past & Present
3002:. 8 November 2019.
1169:Reconstruction era
1119:Third Party System
1095:Jonathan Blanchard
1055:Frederick Douglass
1042:
1038:Frederick Douglass
986:
860:
782:Thomas Hart Benton
750:Compromise of 1850
746:Stephen A. Douglas
739:fugitive slave law
722:
714:
623:nominated General
604:
596:
508:
399:for president and
373:
339:Third Party System
322:Compromise of 1850
5336:
5335:
5309:← John C. Calhoun
5275:(daughter-in-law)
5267:Abraham Van Buren
5261:James I. Van Alen
5255:Abraham Van Buren
4840:
4839:
4792:
4791:
4709:Social Democratic
4704:Silver Republican
4674:Radical Democracy
4669:Proletarian Party
4437:
4436:
4390:
4389:
4357:Socialist Workers
4247:Freedom Socialist
4217:Christian Liberty
4082:
4081:
4018:William H. Seward
3960:
3959:
3906:William L. Dayton
3672:978-0-7006-1640-4
3577:978-0-19-507894-7
3408:978-0-7006-0319-0
3357:978-0-7006-0362-6
3235:978-0-7432-9743-1
3214:978-0-19-974390-2
2789:978-0-7425-2243-5
2153:, pp. 22–23.
1866:"Free Soil Party"
1755:
1754:
1477:Alexander De Witt
1420:Lawrence Brainerd
1405:
1404:
1381:
1358:
1322:
1299:
1230:Electoral history
907:elections of 1854
877:of escaped slave
630:Buffalo, New York
616:William O. Butler
421:John Quincy Adams
263:into the western
241:
240:
228:Political parties
182:Buffalo, New York
16:(Redirected from
5386:
5325:
5324:
5294:← Andrew Jackson
5093:
5086:
5004:Petticoat affair
4994:Democratic Party
4949:
4941:
4933:
4922:
4911:
4903:
4892:
4874:Martin Van Buren
4867:
4860:
4853:
4844:
4807:
4806:
4719:Socialist (1901)
4439:
4399:
4377:Working Families
4332:Socialist Action
4327:Socialist (1973)
4277:Progressive Dane
4207:American Freedom
4166:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4086:
4064:Conscience Whigs
4033:Francis P. Blair
3894:Republican Party
3879:George W. Julian
3865:Charles F. Adams
3861:Martin Van Buren
3808:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3769:
3762:
3747:
3732:
3716:
3700:Free Soil Banner
3687:
3676:
3650:
3629:
3600:
3581:
3569:
3558:
3530:
3508:
3506:
3495:
3470:(3–4): 311–332.
3458:
3446:
3435:
3423:
3412:
3400:
3380:
3361:
3340:
3315:
3296:
3277:
3258:
3239:
3218:
3199:
3178:
3159:
3147:
3136:
3107:
3079:
3078:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3053:"Party Division"
3049:
3043:
3042:
3036:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3016:. Archived from
3010:
3004:
3003:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2847:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2754:. Archived from
2742:
2736:
2733:
2724:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1830:
1814:
1811:Millard Fillmore
1807:
1801:
1794:U.S. territories
1790:
1704:Millard Fillmore
1555:
1432:Francis Gillette
1395:
1388:
1379:
1376:George W. Julian
1372:
1365:
1356:
1336:
1329:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1297:
1294:Martin Van Buren
1283:
1278:
1239:
1184:1872 re-election
1180:Ulysses S. Grant
1075:Samuel J. Tilden
995:Thaddeus Stevens
915:Kansas Territory
891:Republican Party
887:Ripon, Wisconsin
852:Republican Party
673:U.S. territories
669:Washington, D.C.
592:Martin Van Buren
582:Election of 1848
457:Martin Van Buren
299:Martin Van Buren
288:Democratic Party
257:Republican Party
192:Free Soil Banner
172:Republican Party
168:Merged into
144:Conscience Whigs
127:
125:
120:
109:
107:
102:
77:Martin Van Buren
56:Martin Van Buren
53:
37:
21:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5284:
5238:
5204:Mount Van Buren
5180:
5164:
5118:Specie Circular
5094:
5088:
5087:
5078:
5064:Free Soil Party
5039:Seven Buildings
5009:Kitchen Cabinet
4952:
4944:
4936:
4925:
4914:
4906:
4895:
4884:
4876:
4871:
4841:
4836:
4833:
4829:Politics portal
4788:
4714:Socialist Labor
4694:Red Guard Party
4644:Personal Choice
4579:National (1917)
4474:American (1969)
4469:American (1924)
4454:Americans Elect
4433:
4395:Defunct parties
4386:
4185:
4155:
4128:
4119:
4113:
4083:
4078:
4037:
4008:Salmon P. Chase
3991:
3982:1860 Republican
3977:1856 Republican
3956:
3943:Abraham Lincoln
3929:
3920:Hannibal Hamlin
3916:Abraham Lincoln
3902:John C. Frémont
3888:
3853:Free Soil Party
3847:
3834:James G. Birney
3820:James G. Birney
3799:
3796:
3750:
3738:Free Soil Party
3735:
3723:Free-Soil Party
3720:
3695:
3690:
3679:
3673:
3655:Silbey, Joel H.
3653:
3647:
3632:
3626:
3613:
3597:
3584:
3578:
3561:
3555:
3542:
3527:
3511:
3498:
3461:
3455:
3438:
3432:
3415:
3409:
3392:
3388:
3386:Further reading
3383:
3377:
3364:
3358:
3343:
3318:
3312:
3299:
3293:
3280:
3274:
3261:
3255:
3242:
3236:
3221:
3215:
3202:
3196:
3181:
3175:
3162:
3156:
3139:
3125:10.2307/1893989
3110:
3104:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3014:"Archived copy"
3012:
3011:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2938:
2937:. Ludington, MI
2928:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2761:
2759:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1760:
1750:Franklin Pierce
1553:
1547:
1542:
1455:
1426:Salmon P. Chase
1410:
1378:
1355:
1319:
1296:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1237:
1232:
1219:
1208:
1141:Abraham Lincoln
1121:
1115:
1110:
1091:Sidney Edgerton
1067:Cleveland, Ohio
1047:Gamaliel Bailey
1031:
991:Abraham Lincoln
978:
976:Base of support
957:
939:John C. Frémont
921:by Congressman
911:Bleeding Kansas
856:John C. Frémont
840:
830:
810:Franklin Pierce
794:
710:Salmon P. Chase
703:
697:
645:Utica, New York
634:Salmon P. Chase
584:
576:John M. Clayton
541:Alta California
516:Thornton Affair
500:Mexican Cession
492:
486:
481:
449:John C. Calhoun
417:Western Reserve
397:James G. Birney
365:James G. Birney
358:
352:
347:
310:Salmon P. Chase
280:Mexican Cession
249:political party
245:Free Soil Party
237:
158:Split from
153:
123:
121:
118:
105:
103:
100:
91:
82:Salmon P. Chase
63:
62:campaign banner
44:
43:
42:Free Soil Party
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5392:
5390:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5341:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5297:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5279:John Van Buren
5276:
5270:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5104:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4969:Albany Regency
4966:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4942:
4934:
4923:
4912:
4904:
4893:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4847:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4811:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4769:Young Patriots
4766:
4761:
4759:White Panthers
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4634:People's Party
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4574:Liberty (1840)
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4529:Gold Democrats
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4429:National Union
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4172:
4170:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4146:
4138:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4089:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4042:Related groups
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4013:Charles Sumner
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3972:1848 Free Soil
3968:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3947:Andrew Johnson
3939:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3913:
3898:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3872:
3857:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3831:
3816:
3814:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3748:
3733:
3710:
3704:
3694:
3693:External links
3691:
3689:
3688:
3677:
3671:
3651:
3645:
3630:
3624:
3611:
3601:
3595:
3582:
3576:
3559:
3553:
3539:
3538:
3531:
3525:
3509:
3496:
3459:
3454:978-0252003080
3453:
3436:
3430:
3413:
3407:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3375:
3362:
3356:
3341:
3316:
3310:
3297:
3291:
3278:
3272:
3259:
3253:
3240:
3234:
3219:
3213:
3200:
3194:
3179:
3173:
3160:
3154:
3137:
3119:(4): 727–750.
3108:
3102:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3062:
3044:
3005:
2991:
2977:
2963:
2948:
2921:
2896:
2887:
2878:
2869:
2860:
2848:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2812:
2795:
2788:
2768:
2737:
2725:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2626:
2617:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2554:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2518:
2509:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2407:
2398:
2386:
2377:
2365:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2305:
2296:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1856:
1849:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1802:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:Zachary Taylor
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1525:Joseph M. Root
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1483:Charles Durkee
1480:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1444:Charles Sumner
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1268:(Birth–death)
1264:
1259:
1258:(Birth–death)
1253:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1218:
1217:Recent revival
1215:
1207:
1204:
1196:Horace Greeley
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1079:Charles Sumner
1030:
1027:
1007:women's rights
999:Horace Greeley
977:
974:
956:
953:
948:James Buchanan
923:Preston Brooks
829:
826:
798:Winfield Scott
793:
790:
766:Charles Sumner
754:William Seward
696:
693:
625:Zachary Taylor
608:John Van Buren
583:
580:
563:to extend the
549:Wilmot Proviso
485:
484:Wilmot Proviso
482:
480:
477:
473:Oregon Country
351:
348:
346:
343:
318:Charles Sumner
239:
238:
236:
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179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
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159:
155:
154:
152:
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146:
141:
135:
133:
132:Merger of
129:
128:
115:
111:
110:
97:
93:
92:
90:
89:
84:
79:
73:
71:
65:
64:
54:
46:
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41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5391:
5380:
5377:
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5328:
5319:
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5280:
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5230:
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5220:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5207:
5205:
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5200:
5197:
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5187:
5183:
5177:
5174:
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5167:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5113:Panic of 1837
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5092:
5085:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
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5042:
5040:
5037:
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5032:
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5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4868:
4863:
4861:
4856:
4854:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4764:White Patriot
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
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4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
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4732:
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4707:
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4700:
4697:
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4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
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4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4629:Patriot Party
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
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4577:
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4522:
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4517:
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4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4484:Black Panther
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4464:American Nazi
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:Third parties
4440:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:Major parties
4400:
4397:
4393:
4383:
4382:Workers World
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4372:Working Class
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4362:Transhumanist
4360:
4358:
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4353:
4350:
4348:
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4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
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4325:
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4315:
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4310:
4308:
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4303:
4300:
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4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4252:Forward Party
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4237:Freedom Party
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
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4194:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4161:Third parties
4158:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4134:Major parties
4131:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4110:
4105:
4103:
4098:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4023:Simon Cameron
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3952:
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3900:
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3880:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3839:
3838:Thomas Morris
3835:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3812:Liberty Party
3809:
3806:
3802:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3781:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3760:
3759:
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3696:
3692:
3685:
3684:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3646:9780195032383
3642:
3638:
3637:
3631:
3627:
3625:9780275991685
3621:
3617:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3596:9780807142639
3592:
3589:. LSU Press.
3588:
3583:
3579:
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3567:
3560:
3556:
3554:9780813942308
3550:
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3528:
3526:0-19-509497-2
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3376:0-393-05820-4
3372:
3368:
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3359:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3323:(16): 65–87.
3322:
3317:
3313:
3311:9780823227112
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3292:9780691190525
3288:
3284:
3279:
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3273:0-7425-0888-9
3269:
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3201:
3197:
3195:0-19-505544-6
3191:
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3180:
3176:
3174:9780198021148
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3020:on 2020-02-28
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2941:September 13,
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2772:
2769:
2758:on 2022-04-17
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2018:
2012:
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1994:
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1958:
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1826:
1820:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1779:
1775:
1774:Liberty Party
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
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1248:Running mate
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928:
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879:Anthony Burns
875:
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827:
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818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
791:
789:
787:
786:Levi Woodbury
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:32nd Congress
767:
761:
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469:James K. Polk
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385:Liberty Party
382:
381:abolitionists
378:
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369:Liberty Party
366:
362:
357:
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342:
341:(1856–1894).
340:
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295:Liberty Party
293:
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160:
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5185:Public image
5137:
5063:
4974:Tammany Hall
4749:Union (1936)
4744:Union (1861)
4739:Union (1850)
4604:New Alliance
4564:Labor (1996)
4559:Labor (1919)
4523:
4519:Farmer–Labor
4459:Anti-Masonic
4232:Constitution
4148:
4141:
4028:Edward Bates
4003:Gerrit Smith
3875:John P. Hale
3852:
3824:Thomas Earle
3756:
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1798:slave states
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1531:Gerrit Smith
1513:Preston King
1501:John W. Howe
1471:Walter Booth
1457:
1456:
1450:Henry Wilson
1438:John P. Hale
1412:
1411:
1353:John P. Hale
1266:Running mate
1220:
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1200:Henry Wilson
1173:
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1063:Lewis Tappan
1051:Walt Whitman
1043:
1023:Gerrit Smith
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653:
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638:Gerrit Smith
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569:
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538:
534:Silas Wright
525:John P. Hale
509:
437:
429:Lewis Tappan
401:Thomas Earle
383:founded the
374:
314:John P. Hale
307:
292:abolitionist
282:. After the
269:
244:
242:
191:
178:Headquarters
87:John P. Hale
4948:(1815–1819)
4940:(1821–1828)
4921:(1829–1831)
4910:(1831–1832)
4902:(1833–1837)
4891:(1837–1841)
4779:Young Lords
4599:Natural Law
4302:Prohibition
4181:Libertarian
4059:Barnburners
3513:Foner, Eric
3085:Works cited
2914:November 5,
1519:Horace Mann
1495:Edward Wade
1380:(1817–1899)
1357:(1806–1873)
1321:(1807–1886)
1298:(1782–1862)
1161:Confederacy
1125:Barnburners
1093:, educator
1083:Horace Mann
521:Slave Power
409:evangelical
389:third party
303:third party
18:Free Soiler
5343:Categories
5100:Presidency
4754:U.S. Labor
4689:Red Guards
4684:Readjuster
4679:Raza Unida
4624:Opposition
4489:Boston Tea
4414:Federalist
4150:Republican
4143:Democratic
3024:2019-11-10
2762:2022-05-21
2394:Smith 1988
2373:Smith 1988
2313:Smith 1988
2292:Smith 1988
2151:Smith 1988
1821:References
1715:1853–1855
1669:1851–1853
1623:1849–1851
1610:Free Soil
1594:Free Soil
1576:President
1549:See also:
1245:Candidate
1117:See also:
1077:, Senator
817:Pittsburgh
731:New Mexico
671:, and all
649:Revolution
561:Lewis Cass
453:Henry Clay
440:John Tyler
350:Background
284:Whig Party
5211:Van Buren
4964:Bucktails
4619:Nullifier
4614:New Union
4609:New Party
4534:Greenback
4524:Free Soil
4282:Marijuana
4227:Communist
4115:National
3515:(1995) .
3492:154174772
1875:August 3,
1601:Democrats
1585:Democrats
1558:Congress
1537:Amos Tuck
1256:Candidate
1242:Election
1206:Memorials
1149:Civil War
776:. As the
442:made the
312:of Ohio,
233:Elections
188:Newspaper
114:Dissolved
5327:Category
5257:(father)
5169:Writings
4649:Populist
4494:Citizens
4292:People's
4222:Citizens
4202:Alliance
3657:(2009).
3484:90017038
3033:cite web
1758:See also
1413:Senators
919:attacked
553:Southern
425:gag rule
286:and the
199:Ideology
5226:Amistad
4774:Workers
4554:Justice
4267:Liberal
4190:Smaller
3761:. 1905.
3731:. 1920.
3133:1893989
1613:Others
1566:Senate
1097:, poet
1085:, poet
962:tariffs
727:cession
606:Led by
411:former
393:slavery
375:Though
345:History
261:slavery
251:in the
205:slavery
122: (
104: (
96:Founded
5243:Family
5213:(1839)
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4699:Silver
4307:Reform
4287:Pirate
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1581:Total
1561:Years
1339:10.1%
1273:State
1263:State
1139:, but
1108:Legacy
1061:, and
997:, and
663:, and
512:Mexico
247:was a
211:Slogan
69:Leader
5281:(son)
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4367:Unity
4176:Green
3488:S2CID
3480:JSTOR
3333:JSTOR
3129:JSTOR
1780:Notes
1606:Whigs
1590:Whigs
1398:4.9%
1251:Vote
966:Haiti
413:Whigs
203:Anti-
5219:Burr
5209:USS
4957:Life
4916:10th
4818:List
4424:Whig
3951:1864
3924:1860
3910:1856
3883:1852
3869:1848
3842:1844
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3667:ISBN
3641:ISBN
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1440:(NH)
1434:(CT)
1428:(OH)
1422:(VT)
1348:1852
1289:1848
1271:Home
1261:Home
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455:and
270:The
243:The
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