167:
103:
251:
or its health is or is likely to be permanently injured" commits a criminal offence. Each province is responsible for its legal framework. Red Cross Canada is offering a training course for children between the age of 9 and 13 (Stay Safe!) to improve their capacity to respond to an emergency case if they stay home alone, suggesting that parents use their own discretion when it comes to their own individual children. The Red Cross babysitting course targets the 11 to 15 years old, suggesting at this age children are able to supervise younger children effectively and safely.
43:
225:...nothing in this Act shall...prohibit a child from traveling to and from school on foot or by car, bus, or bike when the parents of the child have given permission; or expose parents to civil or criminal charges for allowing their child to responsibly and safely travel to and from school by a means the parents believe is age appropriate.
157:
and her related website (April 2008) describe what she sees as the horrors of mainstream schooling, parenting, and organised activities, highlighting the unnecessary protection from risk that limits children's opportunity to mature properly into independent adults, and the unnecessary training, even
254:
In
Ontario, the law is very vague concerning the age at which children might be left alone. Parents are responsible for their children until they are 16 years old but it does not mean that they should be under constant parental supervision. While a staying home age is not specified, parents are not
250:
There is no legal consensus about when parents can leave their children unsupervised in Canada. However, according to section 218 of the
Criminal Code of Canada, a person who "unlawfully abandons or exposes a child who is under the age of ten years, so that its life is or is likely to be endangered
241:
became the first state to enact legislation which explicitly protected parents' right to "free range" their children. This was followed by
Oklahoma and Texas. Colorado and Kansas have also enacted such laws, and many other states have relaxed their policies to favor childhood independence.
113:
is the concept of raising children in the spirit of encouraging them to function independently and with limited parental supervision, in accordance with their age of development and with a reasonable acceptance of realistic personal risks. It is seen as the opposite of
166:
152:
has written about the problems of overparenting and overprotection of kids with a particular emphasis on allowing kids to have appropriate levels of freedom and responsibility for their age while still keeping them safe. Her book,
199:, have firm laws that stipulate a child under 8 should not be left home alone. Only two states specify a minimum age for leaving a child home alone. These include Illinois which requires children to be 14 years old, and in
148:. The book, which was released in 1946 and soon became a best seller, encouraged free-range parenting with the hopes of implementing Freudian philosophy into child-rearing. American journalist
692:
388:
617:
494:
53:
144:
759:
393:
1182:
102:
183:
In the United States, free-range parenting is limited by laws in many states restricting children's autonomy, such as how old a child must be to
466:
195:, based on states' child labor laws, will investigate reports of any child under the age of 12 being left alone, whereas other states, like
517:
878:
348:
87:
664:
565:
1009:
1153:
943:
752:
1090:
264:
1112:
913:
848:
214:
were investigated by their local Child
Protective Services when their children walked home from a park unsupervised.
69:
732:
863:
745:
1147:
1049:
873:
334:
65:
417:"Child abuse and neglect experts' determination of when a child being left home alone constitutes child neglect"
1142:
1132:
974:
797:
389:"Maryland parent investigation raises issue: What age to allow children 'free range' to walk, stay home alone?"
495:"President About to Sign First Federal Free-Range Kids Legislation: Parents Can Let Their Kids Walk to School"
207:
varies greatly depending on the State Law in place, the age of the children and if an injury occurred or not.
627:(Report). Montreal: McGill University, Centre for Research on Children and Families. Information Sheet #144E.
843:
812:
31:
187:
alone. In
Massachusetts, such issues are generally addressed on a case-by-case basis. Some states, such as
1106:
1137:
1085:
1059:
727:
171:
269:
1117:
853:
340:
728:
Neglect or
Nurture? The Value of 'Free-Range' Parenting & Childhood Freedom, The Takeaway 4/2015
918:
817:
782:
229:
A caveat adds, "...nothing in this section 10 shall be construed to preempt State or local laws."
1203:
923:
792:
669:
639:
518:"passes 'free-range parenting' law, allowing kids to do some things without parental supervision"
158:
in using flash cards for preschoolers, thereby limiting their opportunities for personal growth.
1159:
1127:
1014:
858:
768:
448:
354:
344:
184:
115:
1080:
1034:
999:
903:
898:
868:
802:
438:
428:
290:
211:
1095:
1064:
1019:
908:
471:
1164:
989:
938:
928:
888:
443:
416:
330:
302:
196:
170:
Youngster returning to school after going home during recess to get an ice cream cone;
149:
139:
135:
119:
1197:
1054:
1024:
984:
964:
933:
893:
807:
336:
Free-Range Kids: Giving Our
Children the Freedom We Had Without Going Nuts with Worry
155:
Free Range Kids: Giving Our
Children the Freedom We Had without Going Nuts with Worry
124:
Free-Range Kids: Giving Our
Children the Freedom We Had Without Going Nuts with Worry
542:
1004:
994:
822:
697:
285:
1039:
827:
307:
296:
217:
In
December 2015, however, new federal law contained an amendment added by Sen.
17:
1169:
1044:
1029:
948:
883:
433:
274:
358:
280:
452:
415:
Jennissen, Charles A.; Evans, Erin; Oral, Resmiye; Denning, Gerene (2018).
693:"Until what age do kids need direct supervision? Well, it depends: Keenan"
969:
218:
200:
192:
188:
52:
deal primarily with the United States and Canada and do not represent a
1100:
204:
1122:
979:
467:"What Kind Of Parent Are You? The Debate Over 'Free-Range' Parenting"
737:
566:"Children Protected by 'Reasonable Independence' Laws in 3 States"
165:
101:
722:
373:
238:
741:
590:
36:
203:, the minimum age is 8. The perception of what constitutes
255:
permitted to leave their children unattended in vehicles.
618:
Legal Age for Leaving Children Unsupervised Across Canada
106:
Children riding a horse to school, Glass House Mountains
61:
27:
Parenting method that encourages a child's independence
640:"Consolidated federal laws of canada, Criminal Code"
1073:
957:
836:
775:
543:"Why Utah now has first 'free-range' parenting law"
325:
323:
733:The Case for Free-Range Parenting, NYTimes, 3/2015
723:Free-range kids, website of author Lenore Skenazy
753:
50:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
616:Ruiz-Casares, M.; Radic, I. (January 2021).
145:The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care
30:For the TV episode Free Range Children, see
760:
746:
738:
442:
432:
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
387:Flynn, Anne-Gerard (January 20, 2015).
319:
1183:Index of youth rights–related articles
625:Canadian Child Welfare Research Portal
564:Martinko, Katherine (June 10, 2021).
7:
691:Keenan, Edward (September 7, 2017).
497:. Free Range Kids. December 10, 2015
118:. A notable text of the movement is
516:Pelletiere, Nicole (May 7, 2018).
32:Duncanville (TV series) § ep9
25:
162:Legal status in the United States
41:
1154:The Teenage Liberation Handbook
1091:Age of criminal responsibility
638:Branch, Legislative Services.
1:
591:"State policies and updates"
1113:Counterculture of the 1960s
849:Community youth development
665:"First Aid at Home Courses"
64:, discuss the issue on the
1220:
864:Positive youth development
29:
1178:
1148:Taking Children Seriously
1050:School-to-prison pipeline
874:Student-centered learning
434:10.1186/s40621-018-0144-0
265:Children's street culture
1143:Subcultures of the 1950s
1133:International Youth Year
798:Intergenerational equity
372:Skenazy, Lenore (2008).
138:in the pediatric world,
844:Anarchistic free school
813:Youth-adult partnership
644:laws-lois.justice.gc.ca
142:authored a book called
1107:The Catcher in the Rye
545:. BBC.com. May 7, 2018
374:"Free Range Kids blog"
246:Legal status in Canada
175:
107:
1138:LGBT student movement
1086:Age of consent reform
1060:Youth control complex
475:. NPR. April 26, 2015
341:John Wiley & Sons
281:Home zone/Play street
172:Chattaroy, Washington
169:
105:
854:Democratic education
788:Free-range parenting
116:helicopter parenting
111:Free-range parenting
70:create a new article
62:improve this article
919:Youth participation
914:Youth organizations
818:Youth mainstreaming
783:Evolving capacities
597:. February 26, 2024
421:Injury Epidemiology
212:parents in Maryland
924:Youth philanthropy
793:Future generations
670:Canadian Red Cross
270:Children's railway
210:In 2014 and 2015,
176:
134:Hoping to enhance
108:
1191:
1190:
1160:Teenage rebellion
1128:Hungry generation
1015:Helicopter parent
859:Popular education
769:Youth empowerment
277:in animal farming
233:Legal protections
98:
97:
90:
72:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
1211:
1081:Age of candidacy
1035:Parental respect
1000:Fear of children
975:Age restrictions
904:Youth leadership
899:Youth engagement
869:Student activism
803:Leaving the nest
762:
755:
748:
739:
710:
709:
707:
705:
688:
682:
681:
679:
677:
661:
655:
654:
652:
650:
635:
629:
628:
622:
613:
607:
606:
604:
602:
587:
581:
580:
578:
576:
561:
555:
554:
552:
550:
539:
533:
532:
530:
528:
513:
507:
506:
504:
502:
491:
485:
484:
482:
480:
463:
457:
456:
446:
436:
412:
406:
405:
403:
401:
384:
378:
377:
369:
363:
362:
327:
291:Meitiv incidents
93:
86:
82:
79:
73:
45:
44:
37:
21:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1174:
1096:Beat Generation
1069:
1065:Youth exclusion
1020:Infantilization
990:Eleutherophobia
953:
909:Youth-led media
832:
771:
766:
719:
714:
713:
703:
701:
690:
689:
685:
675:
673:
663:
662:
658:
648:
646:
637:
636:
632:
620:
615:
614:
610:
600:
598:
589:
588:
584:
574:
572:
563:
562:
558:
548:
546:
541:
540:
536:
526:
524:
515:
514:
510:
500:
498:
493:
492:
488:
478:
476:
472:Weekend Edition
465:
464:
460:
427:(Suppl 1): 16.
414:
413:
409:
399:
397:
386:
385:
381:
371:
370:
366:
351:
331:Skenazy, Lenore
329:
328:
321:
316:
261:
248:
235:
181:
164:
132:
94:
83:
77:
74:
59:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Free range kids
15:
12:
11:
5:
1217:
1215:
1207:
1206:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1165:UK underground
1162:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1074:Related topics
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
961:
959:
955:
954:
952:
951:
946:
941:
939:Youth suffrage
936:
931:
929:Youth politics
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
889:Youth activism
886:
881:
879:Student rights
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
840:
838:
834:
833:
831:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
779:
777:
773:
772:
767:
765:
764:
757:
750:
742:
736:
735:
730:
725:
718:
717:External links
715:
712:
711:
683:
656:
630:
608:
582:
556:
534:
508:
486:
458:
407:
379:
364:
350:978-0470471944
349:
318:
317:
315:
312:
311:
310:
305:
303:Sudbury School
300:
293:
288:
283:
278:
272:
267:
260:
257:
247:
244:
234:
231:
227:
226:
221:stating that:
197:North Carolina
185:walk to school
180:
177:
163:
160:
150:Lenore Skenazy
140:Benjamin Spock
136:psychoanalysis
131:
128:
120:Lenore Skenazy
96:
95:
56:of the subject
54:worldwide view
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1216:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1055:Vicariousness
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1025:Intrusiveness
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
985:Control freak
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
965:Adultcentrism
963:
962:
960:
956:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
934:Youth service
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
894:Youth council
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
839:
835:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
808:Student voice
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
778:
774:
770:
763:
758:
756:
751:
749:
744:
743:
740:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
716:
700:
699:
694:
687:
684:
672:
671:
666:
660:
657:
645:
641:
634:
631:
626:
619:
612:
609:
596:
592:
586:
583:
571:
567:
560:
557:
544:
538:
535:
523:
519:
512:
509:
496:
490:
487:
474:
473:
468:
462:
459:
454:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
426:
422:
418:
411:
408:
396:
395:
390:
383:
380:
375:
368:
365:
360:
356:
352:
346:
342:
338:
337:
332:
326:
324:
320:
313:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
298:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
262:
258:
256:
252:
245:
243:
240:
232:
230:
224:
223:
222:
220:
215:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
178:
173:
168:
161:
159:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
129:
127:
125:
121:
117:
112:
104:
100:
92:
89:
81:
71:
67:
63:
57:
55:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1152:
1105:
1005:Gerontocracy
995:Ephebiphobia
823:Youth rights
787:
702:. Retrieved
698:Toronto Star
696:
686:
674:. Retrieved
668:
659:
647:. Retrieved
643:
633:
624:
611:
601:February 26,
599:. Retrieved
594:
585:
573:. Retrieved
569:
559:
547:. Retrieved
537:
525:. Retrieved
521:
511:
501:February 16,
499:. Retrieved
489:
477:. Retrieved
470:
461:
424:
420:
410:
398:. Retrieved
394:MassLive.com
392:
382:
367:
335:
295:
286:Latchkey kid
253:
249:
236:
228:
216:
209:
182:
179:Restrictions
154:
143:
133:
123:
110:
109:
99:
84:
75:
51:
1040:Paternalism
828:Youth voice
676:February 1,
400:February 1,
308:Unschooling
297:Old Enough!
1170:Voting age
1045:Patriarchy
1030:Narcissism
949:Youth work
944:Youth vote
884:Teen court
570:Treehugger
314:References
275:Free range
1204:Parenting
1010:Grounding
359:268790698
237:In 2018,
78:June 2024
66:talk page
1198:Category
970:Adultism
958:Barriers
776:Elements
595:Let Grow
575:June 10,
522:ABC News
453:29637427
333:(2009).
259:See also
219:Mike Lee
201:Maryland
193:Colorado
189:Delaware
130:Overview
126:(2009).
122:'s book
60:You may
1123:Hippies
1118:Greaser
1101:Beatnik
704:May 30,
649:May 30,
479:June 8,
444:5893514
205:neglect
980:Ageism
549:May 7,
527:May 7,
451:
441:
357:
347:
174:, 1970
837:Types
621:(PDF)
191:, or
68:, or
706:2018
678:2024
651:2018
603:2024
577:2021
551:2018
529:2018
503:2016
481:2015
449:PMID
402:2024
355:OCLC
345:ISBN
239:Utah
439:PMC
429:doi
1200::
695:.
667:.
642:.
623:.
593:.
568:.
520:.
469:.
447:.
437:.
423:.
419:.
391:.
353:.
343:.
339:.
322:^
761:e
754:t
747:v
708:.
680:.
653:.
605:.
579:.
553:.
531:.
505:.
483:.
455:.
431::
425:5
404:.
376:.
361:.
91:)
85:(
80:)
76:(
58:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
