Illinois Freedom of Information Act

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happened to be in the possession of city officials. Under common law, whether a document was considered a public record was based on the purpose of the law that related to that type of document. A record may be considered a public record for one purpose, but not another. Judges also considered whether the requester had an "interest" in what was sought, and whether the record was "required to be kept". Common law was used to balance the public's right to know against competing interests, such as the rights to privacy and due process of the subject of the information, along with the government's ability to conduct its business efficiently and without undue interference. Due to a lack of guidance from the General Assembly, the courts often weighed these factors differently, arriving at inconsistent decisions for each case. Also, the Constitution of Illinois ensures that the financial records of local governments are open to disclosure, but since the Constitution also protects an individual's personal privacy, courts addressing constitutional questions were again faced with the balancing tests similar to common law.

910:, considered recommendations for ethics reforms over a 100-day period that culminated in a final report issued in April 2009. The commission's recommendations included rewriting FOIA and imposing tougher sanctions for violations. The following month, the commission and the attorney general's office agreed on a joint proposal that would have given Lisa Madigan's office broad authority to settle disputes, impose criminal penalties for willful violations of FOIA, and narrow the exemptions from disclosure. However, staff of Michael Madigan and other legislative leaders circulated an opposing proposal, taking Lisa Madigan's aides by surprise and drawing objections from the Illinois Press Association. The legislative leaders' proposal would have limited the attorney general's authority to only state agencies overseen by the governor, eliminated the proposed criminal penalties, and maintained or broadened existing exemptions from disclosure. 1422:, the Supreme Court ruled that employment contracts must be released to the public, even when contained within a personnel file, because they bear on the public duties of public employees. Job applications and resumes of public employees are also subject to disclosure, as they bear on the employees' abilities to perform their duties satisfactorily. Other disclosable information includes employee timesheets, requests for time off, administrative evaluations, student evaluations of teachers (with student information redacted), complaints against employees (with complainant information redacted), records of dismissals, and settlement agreements with former employees. On the other hand, this exemption covers: dates of birth, marital status, records relating to maternity leave, medical information, personal appointments on an employee calendar, and past salary history from private employers. 1497:

non-commercial FOIA requests within five business days. Public bodies may extend their deadlines by an additional five business days under certain circumstances, and must explain to the requester the reason for the extension. Also, requesters and public bodies may reach their own agreements to grant more time for public bodies to comply with the request. Failing to respond by the statutory deadline is considered a denial of the FOIA request, and public bodies can no longer impose fees if they subsequently provide the requested records after the deadline. The Better Government Association, analyzing PAC data from April 2010 through March 2018, found that there were 4,668 cases in which public bodies initially failed to meet the deadlines to respond, and ultimately responded only after PAC intervention. Top offenders included the Chicago Police Department,

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law exemption for "preliminary documents". Courts no longer had to resort to common law balancing tests as frequently as before, unless privacy issues or preliminary documents were involved. FOIA became the exclusive disclosure statute for agencies not already subject to other disclosure statutes, and raised the minimum standards for disclosure above those previously granted under the common law. As concessions to the Illinois Municipal League, the bill was clarified to say that public bodies would not have to keep additional records beyond what was already required, and that requesters would pay for copying costs. By the time the bill passed both houses of the General Assembly, the Illinois Municipal League had secured 11 amendments. The Illinois Press Association, dissatisfied with the large number of compromises, "washed their hands of the process".

1771:. Binding opinions also establish precedent for other public bodies issuing FOIA denials under similar circumstances. Binding opinions are rare, as they are issued for only less than half of one percent of complaints submitted to the PAC. Since binding opinions are subject to legal challenge in the courts, the PAC is intentionally conservative in issuing them, seeing itself as an alternative to litigation. The PAC generally issues binding opinions on "issues of broad public interest", and is careful to research each case to ensure that its opinions are upheld upon judicial review. Journalists and news organizations are more likely than private citizen requesters to receive a binding opinion. 323:. FOIA was finally enacted in 1984, after lengthy negotiations between the legislature, executive, and civic organizations lobbying for or against the law. FOIA became the exclusive disclosure statute that filled the gaps left by other statutes, and it expanded the public's right to access information. However, the law was criticized for its weak enforcement provisions, with public bodies facing few incentives to comply. An overhaul of FOIA became effective in 2010, turning the Illinois law into one of the most liberal and comprehensive public records statutes throughout the United States. The new law strengthened FOIA's enforcement provisions and authorized the PAC to resolve disputes. 1066: 1285: 1105:

compilation of information that is not already available in an existing record, nor are they required to answer questions, or to explain to requesters the significance or meaning of the information provided. Public records may be stored in a wide range of formats, including paper, electronic, photographs, and audio or video recordings. When the records are available in an electronic format, public bodies must provide the records in the format specified by the requester. In some cases, the requested format might not be feasible to the public body, in which case the public body may opt to provide the records in a different electronic format, or on paper.

1746: 1180: 439: 687:, proposed changes that expanded the types of records excluded from FOIA, mainly involving police. Internal audits became exempt from disclosure, and the changes further restricted the disclosure of student records, employee grievances, disciplinary cases, and internal audits. The amendatory veto altered the "balance of interests", such that the burden on public bodies no longer had to "strongly" outweigh the public's interest in the information to deny the request. Thompson also moved the effective date of the law from January 1 to July 1, 1984, to give public bodies more time to prepare. 1553:

to charge fees that cover the actual costs of copying or providing the required storage media. For "voluminous" requests, the public body may require fees to be paid in full before processing the request. If the requester fails to collect or accept the records, the public body may still charge the fees, considered a debt owed by the requester. Public bodies may waive fees if disclosure is in the "public interest", meaning that the information concerns the welfare or rights of the general public, and disclosure does not provide a personal or commercial benefit.

1472: 1540:, municipal officials urged Raoul, by then serving as Attorney General, to extend the deadline to respond to FOIA requests, as public bodies were operating with fewer employees and struggled to maintain core services. However, Raoul's office contended that it did not have the authority to suspend FOIA deadlines during the pandemic. In May 2020, the General Assembly considered a bill that would have postponed all FOIA deadlines by 30 days. The proposal was controversial, and it failed by one vote in the House of Representatives. 391:, which provides: "Reports and records of the obligation, receipt and use of public funds of the State, units of local government and school districts are public records available for inspection by the public according to law." This constitutional provision has been implemented through the State Records Act and Local Records Act, which require agencies to permit inspection and copying of records related to public funds. Certain statutes have also required specific officials to make their records open to public inspection. 612: 337:... generally prefer not to reveal their activities to the public. If this were not a truism, no FOIA would be needed. Our legislature enacted the FOIA in recognition that (1) blanket government secrecy does not serve the public interest and (2) transparency should be the norm, except in rare, specified circumstances. The legislature has concluded that the sunshine of public scrutiny is the best antidote to public corruption, and Illinois courts are duty-bound to enforce that policy. 925:. The Senate concurred in the House's amendment on May 28, 2009. Quinn signed the bill, enacted as Public Act 96–542 on August 17, 2009. The legislation became effective on January 1, 2010, issuing the most sweeping changes to FOIA since the original enactment in 1984. The amendments roughly doubled the size of the Act based on its word count. The Illinois FOIA became considered one of the most liberal and comprehensive public records statutes throughout the United States. 1239:

limited or prohibited this practice altogether. Public bodies cannot include confidentiality provisions in settlement agreements to evade disclosure, and such provisions are unenforceable. Subsequently, the General Assembly passed Public Act 99–478 to require the disclosure of severance agreements in addition to settlement agreements. If any settlement or severance agreements contain a non-disclosure provision, such provisions are contrary to FOIA and unenforceable.

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body" once they have convened a meeting to conduct public business. By this interpretation, if a constituent sends a message to a city council member at home on their personal device, that message would not be subject to FOIA even if it pertains to public business. However, messages sent and received by elected officials during a city council meeting are public records, regardless of whether they communicated via personal devices not owned by the city.

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than 500 pages. Similar to commercial requests, voluminous requests do not include those made by news, non-profit, scientific, or academic organizations. When treating the request as voluminous, the public body must allow the requester 10 business days to narrow the request. The public body will then respond to the request within five business days, but if the request remains voluminous, then the deadline is extended by an additional 10 business days.

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allowing public bodies to charge the actual costs of copying the records. Additionally, the initial version of the bill allowed for a waiver of fees if the requester was "indigent". Thompson's amendatory veto struck this provision, noting that there was no objective criteria to determine whether a person is indigent. In 1997, FOIA was amended to require fee waivers or fee reductions when the FOIA request is not for "personal or commercial benefit".

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encourage frank and open discussion among agency officials, or between agencies and outside consultants, before a final decision is made. The exemption applies when the information is "pre-decisional", occurring before the adoption of policy, and "deliberative", relating to the formulation of policy. The underlying agency policy or action must also be "substantive". The final decision, and any factual information, would be subject to disclosure.

751:(PAC), who could mediate disputes and write letters to encourage public bodies to comply with FOIA. However, the PAC had no formal enforcement powers, and its capacities were merely advisory and non-binding. This left the practical burden on requesters to pursue lengthy, time-consuming litigation. Requesters were not likely to appeal to the courts, creating a natural deterrent that public bodies leveraged to avoid full compliance. 587:, and the Illinois Press Association. In August 1981, Common Cause and the Better Government Association conducted a survey of 126 state agencies, to assess how those agencies respond to requests for records. The study found that 72 agencies had no written policy on public access to records, 82 lacked a policy on response times, and 35 had no records that were required to be disclosed under the statutes in effect at the time. 1297:

personal information, records related to administrative enforcement proceedings, and preliminary drafts containing recommendations or opinions. (Enumerated below in more detail.) Section 7.5 contains "statutory" exemptions, referring to independent statutes that exempt specific types of information from disclosure under FOIA. For example, performance evaluations for all public employees are exempt under section 7.5.

1699:, the Appellate Court for the Second District noted that the legislature had removed the word "substantially", which modified the verb "prevail". Since this change had not aligned with a 2007 amendment to the federal FOIA that used the phrase "substantially prevail", the court concluded that the General Assembly had intended to narrow the circumstances under which plaintiffs recover attorney's fees. Under 44: 1695:

design, or with a dishonest purpose". The new law also stated that awards of attorney's fees are mandatory when requesters "prevail" in litigation (compared to "substantially prevail" under the prior version of FOIA), a provision intended to promote accountability and discourage frivolous denials. Still, there is conflicting case law that leaves uncertainty and confusion among FOIA litigants. In

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along with instructions on how to submit a FOIA request. FOIA officers are required by the statute to record the date that the FOIA request was received, note the deadline to respond, maintain a copy of the FOIA request until the request has been granted or denied, and create a file to retain the original request, the response, written communications with the requester, and other communications.

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treated as commercial requests cannot appeal to the PAC, except for the limited purpose of reviewing whether the FOIA request was made for a commercial purpose. Similarly, people whose requests are considered voluminous may ask the PAC to review only whether the request was properly determined to be voluminous. The PAC will review whether the FOIA request was properly denied, and may issue a

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performance evaluations from disclosure. In 2011, more than three dozen bills were introduced in the General Assembly to amend FOIA, most with the goal of reducing disclosure requirements as a backlash to Public Act 96-542. The proposals included bills that would have reduced the rights of "vexatious" requesters, added more exemptions to FOIA, or allowed public bodies to charge higher fees.

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amendments, and formed a task force under Currie's leadership to review the future of FOIA. However, negotiations between the Illinois Municipal League and the Press Association collapsed, leaving the task force at an impasse. A representative of the attorney general's office then formed a new joint committee, which excluded the Municipal League, to discuss the proposed amendments.

1451:, the adjudication of student or employee grievances and disciplinary cases, and course or research materials used by faculty members. However, despite having lobbied for these special exemptions, universities invoke them less frequently than more generic exemptions, such as invasions of personal privacy, preliminary drafts, and attorney–client communications. 1714:. In that case, the court found that the General Assembly had intended to expand the ability of plaintiffs to recover attorney's fees, even when the lawsuit is resolved prior to a court order. However, the court also determined that non-profit organizations with salaried attorneys cannot be reimbursed for their legal expenses in enforcing FOIA requests. 1171:

disclosure, then the court had to look to other sources, such as specific statutes governing the agency in question, prior to making its determination. Courts could also refer to case law under the federal FOIA, which has a very broad interpretation of what constitutes a public record. The enumerated list of examples was removed by Public Act 96-542.

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not include those made by news, non-profit, scientific, or academic organizations. Public bodies cannot deny requests solely because they have a commercial purpose. Although the original legislation effective in 1984 stated that FOIA was not intended "for the purpose of furthering a commercial enterprise," this statement was in the

1080:", which includes records "pertaining to the transaction of public business, regardless of physical form or characteristics, having been prepared by or for, or having been or being used by, received by, in the possession of, or under the control of any public body". Records related to public funds, payrolls, arrest reports, and 691:

vetoes more extensively than Thompson did, and his actions often created policy disagreements with the General Assembly. Currie considered Thompson's veto a "substantial rewrite" of House Bill 234, and an "invasive abuse of the amendatory veto". The Freedom of Information Council, the Illinois News Broadcasters Association, and

634:, who previously opposed FOIA, reversed his position to support the bill after making changes. Madigan's support may have been secured by Currie's influence and Washington's reforms in Chicago. After consideration by the judiciary committee, the bill passed the House on May 25, 1983, and proceeded to the 1837:

In an amendatory veto, the Governor makes specific changes and recommendations to the bill. The bill returns to the General Assembly, along with a message indicating that the Governor would approve the bill if the changes are made. The General Assembly can agree to the changes with a simple majority,

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from the courts, along with an insular culture at the police department. The Better Government Association's investigation did not find similar patterns of FOIA denials by other public bodies. FOIA's mandatory awards of attorney's fees has prompted a small number of attorneys, such as the Loevy &

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powers. However, lawsuits may last for months, or even years, before records are released. Cases may be appealed to the Appellate Court, and then to the Supreme Court. However, the Supreme Court only rarely agrees to consider FOIA appeals, due to their relatively low priority compared to other cases.

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Public Act 96-542 required public bodies to seek pre-approval from the PAC prior to denying records based on the personal privacy or preliminary drafts exemptions, even without the requesters initiating their own complaints. Once this requirement became effective in 2010, pre-approval of FOIA denials

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Starting in 2010, Public Act 96-542 set limits on the amount of fees that may be charged to a requester. For black-and-white copies on letter or legal size paper, the first 50 pages are free, and additional pages may cost up to 15 cents per page. For other types of records, public bodies may continue

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Requesters cannot be compelled to explain the purpose of their requests, except to determine whether the records will be used for a "commercial purpose". If the request is for commercial purposes, the deadline for the public body to respond increases from 5 to 21 business days. Commercial requests do

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Under the original version of FOIA, public bodies were given seven working days to comply with a request, and were allowed to extend their deadlines by an additional seven days under certain circumstances. These timelines were shortened by Public Act 96-542, which required public bodies to respond to

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All public bodies are required to appoint at least one FOIA officer, who is responsible for receiving and responding to FOIA requests. FOIA officers also complete annual training offered by the PAC. Public bodies are required to publicly display the names and contact information of its FOIA officers,

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This exemption is modeled after the "deliberative process" exemption in the federal FOIA. Therefore, case law involving the federal FOIA is used to help interpret this exemption in Illinois law. The Appellate Court has held that this exemption is intended to protect internal agency communications and

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FOIA provides an exemption from disclosure for preliminary drafts, notes, or recommendations in which opinions are expressed or policies are formed. However, records that are publicly cited and identified by the head of the public body are not exempt from disclosure. The bill originally passed by the

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FOIA's many exemptions form the longest part of the statute. In 1988, there were 29 exemptions from disclosure listed in the statute. By 2011, FOIA contained roughly 45 exemptions from disclosure, codified in sections 7 and 7.5 of the act. Section 7 contains exemptions that cover private information,

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of Illinois reported issues with accessing building inspection reports and draft city ordinances. Exemptions under the State Records Act and Local Records Act were vague, but the laws did provide exemptions against invasions of privacy. Furthermore, common law recognized an exemption for "preliminary

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Common law granted taxpaying residents of a village or school district the right to inspect and copy records. However, appellate case law also held that private financial records submitted to a city government by franchise applicants were not public records, as they were private business records that

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has noted that this appeals process has sometimes helped requesters receive the information they had initially been denied. In other cases, the explanation of the denial by the head of the public body may have satisfied the requester, who would then opt not to litigate further. This helped alleviate

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Public bodies may deny requests as "unduly burdensome" if fulfilling the request would interfere with the public body's operations in a way that outweighs the public's interest in disclosure. However, the public body must first work with the requester to attempt to narrow the scope of the request. A

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Any person may submit a FOIA request, including people who live outside Illinois. Most FOIA requests come from non-journalists. Requesters may make their FOIA request in writing, such as by postal mail, email, fax, or in person. Public bodies may also accept oral requests, but are not required to do

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The textual definition of "public bodies" in FOIA is nearly identical to "public bodies" under the Open Meetings Act, a related Illinois statute that requires meetings to be open to the public. However, the scope of "public bodies" is broader under FOIA, and includes individual officers and agencies

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In 2015, the Center for Public Integrity reviewed every state's public records laws, giving Illinois a grade of "F". The group contended that the state's enforcement of FOIA is weak, and that public bodies often claim the exemption for requests that are "unduly burdensome". Still, Illinois ranked as

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Two weeks after Public Act 96-542 became effective, the General Assembly quickly passed a law that exempted the performance evaluations of school superintendents, principals, and teachers from disclosure. By the end of 2010, the General Assembly passed another law that exempted all public employees'

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The law was detailed and comprehensive in its attempt to fill the gaps left by the State Records Act and Local Records Act. The new law defined the scope of FOIA's provisions, and specified the process through which a person can request records from a public body. The new statute codified the common

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Pursuant to the fundamental philosophy of the American constitutional form of government, it is declared to be the public policy of the State of Illinois that all persons are entitled to full and complete information regarding the affairs of government and the official acts and policies of those who

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If a request is denied, the public body must issue its denial in writing, and provide the legal reasons for withholding the information. The denial letter must include the names and titles of each person responsible for denying the FOIA request. The public body must also notify the requester of the

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was the first decision by an Illinois court addressing whether the private emails of government officials are subject to FOIA. In that case, the Appellate Court found that members of a city council do not constitute a "public body" when acting individually, but they do act collectively as a "public

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A court could easily check this listing to determine whether a record clearly fell within one of the examples provided in the statute. If so, then the General Assembly intended its disclosure. On the other hand, if the record fit neither the listed examples of public records nor the exemptions from

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An audit conducted by the Better Government Association in 2006 revealed that 62% of public bodies did not comply with FOIA, and 39% did not respond to FOIA requests at all. The Better Government Association also conducted a survey in 2008 with the National Freedom of Information Coalition, ranking

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began to enact disclosure provisions into various statutes, but such provisions were non-uniform and pertained only to specific agencies. Not all agencies were covered by disclosure requirements, and in those cases where a statute did not apply, the courts came to rely on common law to preserve the

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Under the original version of FOIA, if a public body denies a FOIA request, the requester must first appeal to the head of the public body. The statute gave no deadline to appeal, but the Illinois Municipal League advised public bodies to set a 14-day limit. If the head of the public body affirmed

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in response to a FOIA request, since the foundation was performing governmental functions on the college's behalf. On the other hand, school districts are not required to disclose records held by the Illinois High School Association, since the association does not perform governmental functions on

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urged the legislature to pass the bill as amended. The General Assembly ultimately did not consider whether Thompson had exceeded his veto powers, accepting the amendments on November 2, 1983. With Thompson's certification on December 27, 1983, the law was enacted as Public Act 83–1013. Thompson's

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When the PAC declines to issue a binding opinion, it is no longer bound by any statutory deadlines to resolve the matter. It may issue a non-binding or advisory opinion, resolve the dispute through mediation, or decide to take no further action on the matter. Requesters often wait months or years

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to successful plaintiffs. However, Thompson's amendatory veto required that the requester "substantially prevail" in litigation, that the records were "of clearly significant interest to the general public", and that the public body lacked "any rational legal basis" for denying the request. Thus,

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With the enactment of Public Act 98–1129, effective December 3, 2014, public bodies may also extend the deadlines for "voluminous" requests. These are requests that seek more than five different categories of records within a period of 20 days, or requests that seek multiple records totaling more

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so. Public bodies cannot require requesters to use a specific form. When a requester seeks documents under FOIA provisions that were subsequently amended, the version of FOIA in effect at the time of the request is controlling, unless the legislature specifies that the amendments are retroactive.

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However, public bodies do not include child death review teams, the Illinois Child Death Review Teams Executive Council, regional youth advisory boards, or the Statewide Youth Advisory Board. Additionally, FOIA does not apply to quasi-governmental bodies, such as economic development or strategic

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in the General Assembly often opposed FOIA initiatives in the mid-1970s, referring the matters back to legislative committees to avoid consideration. These actions reflected Chicago's secretive political climate. Daley, mayor of Chicago from 1955 through 1976, kept few records in writing, and was

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Public bodies may charge fees for providing copies of records, according to a standard fee schedule that must be publicly available. The bill initially proposed in 1983 stated that public bodies could charge a maximum of 50 cents per page, but this provision was deleted by the Senate in favor of

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Other exemptions affecting schools and universities include: formulae, designs, drawings, and research data if disclosure would produce private gain or public loss; and test questions, scoring keys, and other examination data. Personal student information may also be exempt from disclosure under

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agreements are public records subject to disclosure. Prior to Public Act 96-542, public bodies often withheld settlement agreements under the privacy exemption, or by incorporating restrictions into the agreements to evade disclosure. With the enactment of Public Act 96-542, the General Assembly

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Requesters were also allowed to submit complaints to the PAC, which became a more viable alternative to litigation because it leveled the "playing field" between two government agencies, rather than pitting private citizens against public bodies with more resources. The General Assembly formally

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on September 23, 1983, which weakened the bill by expanding exemptions and removing criminal penalties for non-compliance, among other things. In total, Thompson made over 50 changes to the bill, around half of which were substantive. The changes were influenced by the Illinois Municipal League,

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An investigation by the Better Government Association showed that the city of Chicago paid $ 2.4 million in attorney's fees to requesters who had prevailed in FOIA litigation from 2010 through 2021. Roughly 90 percent of the city's payouts involved FOIA denials by the Chicago Police Department,

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FOIA does not require public bodies to create new records that do not already exist, though other statutes may already require certain records to be maintained. A requester must seek a particular record, rather than general information or statistics. Public bodies are not obligated to provide a

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Thompson's usage of the amendatory veto during his administration had been controversial; in 1983 alone, he issued amendatory vetoes for 351 out of 918 acts he signed into law. After the Illinois Constitution of 1970 granted this power for the first time, no other governor had issued amendatory

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The requester may also appeal to the PAC within 60 days of the FOIA denial. Unlike litigation, the PAC review process is available at no cost to the requester. However, FOIA requests to the General Assembly or its subsidiary bodies may not be appealed to the PAC. People whose FOIA requests are

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Public Act 96-542 introduced civil penalties between $ 2,500 and $ 5,000 per violation if the court finds that the public body "willfully and intentionally" violated FOIA. The Appellate Court has held that a public body "willfully and intentionally" violates FOIA when it acts "deliberately, by

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FOIA does not require public bodies to withhold information, and asserting an exemption is at the discretion of the public body. All public records are presumed to be open to the public. If a public body wishes to claim that specific information is exempt from disclosure, it "has the burden of

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Currie, when introducing House Bill 234 to the General Assembly in 1983, stated that the legislature intended to make the courts subject to FOIA, in addition to the executive and legislative branches. However, the judicial branch is omitted from the definition of "public body", so the court in

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Since the public policy of Illinois has promoted access to public records, the enactment of FOIA did not drastically change the substance of Illinois law. FOIA is significant because it provides a comprehensive statutory statement of longstanding public policy, provides a codified balancing of

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and information about the workings of their government. The courts have also recognized a common law duty to disclose public records, balanced against an individual's right to privacy and the interests of the government. Access to records concerning the use of public funds is guaranteed by the

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ruled that the judiciary is exempt. Therefore, FOIA does not apply to courts and entities that report to the chief judge, such as a probation department. The Illinois Courts Commission, an adjudicative body of the judiciary, is also exempt. However, court proceedings and related documents are

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Illinois was the last state in the United States to enact freedom of information legislation. Before FOIA became effective, statutes granted limited access to records held by certain officials or governmental bodies, and courts recognized the public's right to access other records, subject to

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The Illinois Municipal League opposed the changes as "overly burdensome" and "unworkable". It further contended that the updated version of FOIA resulted in a "confusing and complex system for FOIA responses", and presented a "legal thicket" that is overwhelming to officials who process FOIA

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Over the nine years after FOIA's enactment, the exemptions were amended numerous times. In 1989, the Illinois Press Association approached Madigan to raise concerns after 15 bills had been introduced that the association felt would have weakened FOIA. Madigan agreed to impose a moratorium on

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Once a person submits a request to inspect public records, the public body is required to respond within deadlines specified by FOIA. Under certain circumstances, the public body may charge fees for providing the records. Public bodies may deny access to certain types of information, such as

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were required to disclose their work-related emails stored on personal accounts. In 2020, the Appellate Court ordered the release of correspondence held on private devices of several Chicago officials, including Emanuel (who by then was no longer the mayor), his staff, and the public health

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of employee grievances or disciplinary cases, except that when discipline is imposed, the final decision is subject to disclosure. If there was an investigation that did not lead to an adjudicatory proceeding, then those records do not relate to an "adjudication" and are not covered by the

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The PAC may issue a binding opinion within 60 days of receiving the complaint, and this timeline may be extended by an additional 21 days. If the PAC issues a binding opinion, the result is binding on the requester and the public body, but either side may continue to appeal in court under

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recognized and granted additional enforcement powers to the PAC, by amending the Attorney General Act at the same time as FOIA. With these changes, the PAC could issue subpoenas and file lawsuits in the circuit courts to force compliance with a binding opinion or prevent a FOIA violation.

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Even with the disclosure requirements codified into law, FOIA was criticized for its weak enforcement provisions. Public bodies were unlikely to face repercussions when denying or ignoring FOIA requests. Starting in 2004, requesters could seek assistance from the Attorney General's

1276:, the police union, claiming that releasing misconduct records older than 5 years would violate the union's collective bargaining agreement. The Appellate Court ruled that the agreement's requirement to destroy records was unenforceable, as it would cause the city to violate FOIA. 1113:

When it enacted the original version of FOIA, the General Assembly replaced the common law test with a more explicit listing of the types of documents that are to be considered public records. Enumerated examples of public records included, but were explicitly not limited to:

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FOIA defines "head of the public body" as "the president, mayor, chairman, presiding officer, director, superintendent, manager, supervisor or individual otherwise holding primary executive and administrative authority for the public body, or such person's duly authorized

902:, daughter of Michael Madigan, worked on draft legislation to amend FOIA with the Illinois Press Association, the Illinois Campaign for Political Reform, the Better Government Association, and Citizen Advocacy Center. The Illinois Reform Commission, appointed by Governor 655: 5625: 1620:

the denial, or failed to respond within 7 days, then the requester could file litigation in court. Public bodies were advised to appoint other employees to initially handle FOIA requests, so that the head could focus on appeals and obtain legal advice as needed. The

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eventually comprised a large portion of the PAC's workload. Of the complaints received by the PAC in 2010, 63 percent were requests for pre-approval of a FOIA denial. This requirement was repealed by the end of 2011 to ease the workload of the PAC and public bodies.

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The General Assembly enacted the State Records Act in 1957, and the Local Records Act in 1961. However, neither statute provided general access to records. The State Records Act was primarily concerned with the financial records of the state government. In 1979, the

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Public bodies may not charge for staff's time spent searching for and reviewing the records. An Illinois task force on local government found FOIA compliance to be an unfunded mandate, and agencies have reported high personnel costs to hire full-time FOIA officers.

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to obtain more information. Requesters may not appeal through the PAC and the courts at the same time. If the PAC is already reviewing the matter when a lawsuit is filed, then the requester must notify the PAC, who will stop its review and take no further action.

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The Better Government Association, analyzing PAC data from April 2010 through March 2018, found that there were 1,345 cases in which the PAC found that the public body incorrectly asserted a FOIA exemption, approximately 30% of cases in which the PAC made a

642:. The bill passed on June 27, 1983, after being considered by the executive committee. The House concurred in the Senate's amendments the following day. Illinois became the last state in the United States to enact freedom of information legislation. 4869: 1087:

Records of a public body's contractors are subject to disclosure, provided that the records directly relate to a governmental function. Public bodies cannot contract out their governmental functions to evade disclosure under FOIA. In 2017, the

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is not subject to FOIA because it is neither a public body nor a subsidiary of a governmental unit. FOIA also does not apply to private universities, even though they may receive research grants and financial support from governmental sources.

921:, the final legislation was introduced in the House of Representatives by Michael Madigan on May 27, 2009, as a floor amendment to Senate Bill 189. The bill passed the House the same day, then proceeded to the Senate, where it was sponsored by 1775:

before their appeals are reviewed by the PAC. Of the more than 28,000 appeals filed with the PAC from January 2010 through August 2018, over 3,800 appeals took more than one year to resolve, and about 500 took more than four years to resolve.

404:... Such access is necessary to enable the people to fulfill their duties of discussing public issues fully and freely, making informed political judgments and monitoring government to ensure that it is being conducted in the public interest. 965:

published a report on the PAC in 2018, labeling it "an overwhelmed and inconsistent enforcement system". The PAC has rarely used its full authority to enforce FOIA, and violators have faced few consequences for ignoring the PAC's opinions.

3627: 3901: 6090: 534:

organization for municipalities, opposed FOIA as burdensome and disruptive to local government. Other opponents included lobbying organizations for law enforcement and county officials. Impediments to reform included a strong

3223: 736:, conducted a study of the public access laws of all 50 states. The study considered measures including openness for labor negotiations, employment matters, and security issues. Illinois ranked higher than half of states. 1412:

outweighs any legitimate public interest in obtaining the information". On the other hand, information that relates to the public duties of a public employee or official is not considered an invasion of personal privacy.

4826: 3858: 1305:, considered to be the seminal case regarding FOIA, the Supreme Court held that as long as a public body can prove that the information falls within the scope of an exemption specified by FOIA, then the information is 1850:

Senate Bill 189 was originally introduced to address an unrelated matter regarding gubernatorial appointments. House Floor Amendment No. 2 replaced the entire bill with new legislation that later became the final

1625:

the workload of the courts. However, this process was also viewed as "perfunctory" and repealed by Public Act 96-542, which allowed requesters to file litigation immediately after receiving the initial denial.

408:

However, FOIA further states that it is not intended to cause an invasion of personal privacy, to allow commercial interests to impose a burden on public resources, or to disrupt the other responsibilities of

1346:

Law enforcement records that, if disclosed, would interfere with a pending or "contemplated" proceeding, disclose the identity of a confidential source, or endanger the life or physical safety of any person.

940:, expressed concerns about "sweeping" exemptions that still remained, including the privacy or preliminary drafts exemptions. He was also concerned about large amount of power given to the attorney general. 602:

that he would issue a Freedom of Information order for city government. After the election, Washington's chief of staff signed Chicago's FOI order on May 16, 1983, and it became effective on August 6, 1983.

6160: 424:

interpretations of the federal FOIA guide the Illinois courts in interpreting the state FOIA, though Illinois courts have also noted that the state and federal FOIAs may still be interpreted differently.

275:". All records related to governmental business are presumed to be open for inspection by the public, except for information specifically exempted from disclosure by law. The statute is modeled after the 1677:

In 1995, it was estimated that litigation could cost requesters $ 2,000–4,000 at the lowest level, and $ 30,000–45,000 for appeals. The bill initially proposed in 1983 gave the court discretion to award

291:, preliminary drafts and other pre-decisional materials, and other types of information specifically enumerated by FOIA and other statutes. When a FOIA request is denied, requesters may file suit in the 5609: 4859: 2940: 699:

to challenge the governor's amendatory veto power, but other proponents of the bill did not want to risk losing the case, which would have caused the bill to die. The Freedom of Information Coalition,

1057:

who do not hold meetings. However, officials who are merely members of public bodies (such as members of a city council) are not separately considered "public bodies" in their individual capacities.

1418: 929:

requests. The Illinois States Attorneys Association also objected, as the Attorney General and the PAC acquired an expanded role under the new law. The Association suggested that the role of the

5399: 1431:

General Assembly contained a more limited exemption, which Thompson found to have a chilling effect on internal debate within agencies. His amendatory veto expanded the scope of this exemption.

3619: 579:, served as chief drafter of the new law, consulting the federal FOIA, similar laws in other states, and relevant case law. Other contributors to the draft legislation included counsel for the 5009: 3893: 5502: 3390: 1343:. Public bodies can withhold people's names under this exemption if such disclosure would reveal personal financial information, such as eligibility for scholarships or financial assistance. 1339:

numbers, except when disclosure is required by law or when the information is compiled without possible attribution to a person. Biometrics include fingerprints and voice patterns, but not

1718:

including denials of access to police shooting videos. The requesters were often the media, citizen activists, and relatives or attorneys on behalf of people injured or killed by police.

4725: 6073: 4976: 4647: 4207: 1879: 1707:; not when the public body releases the records prior to any judicial intervention. On the other hand, the Appellate Court for the First District reached the opposite conclusion in 3215: 1335:, passwords, medical records, personal finance information, personal telephone numbers, and personal email addresses. Private information also includes home addresses and personal 844: 4516:"Four Easy Pieces to Balance Privacy and Accountability in Public Higher Education: A Response to Wrongdoing Ranging from Petty Corruption to the Sandusky and Penn State Tragedy" 994: 3467: 3142: 2768: 1301:

proving by clear and convincing evidence that it is exempt." Thus, the law is broadly interpreted in favor of openness and disclosure, and exemptions are strictly construed. In

626:

took over sponsorship of the bill. Currie, a Democrat from Chicago, had endorsed Washington in the mayoral race and supported his reforms. She introduced House Bill 234 to the

3850: 4041: 1907: 5826: 3109: 1599: 743:

The procedures for responding to requests remained stable. By 1993, one lawyer concluded that public bodies had implemented FOIA with "minimal disruptions of operations".

395:

competing interests recognized by common law, and establishes procedures to promote public inspection of records. The purpose of FOIA is codified in section 1 of the act:

5857: 371:

of the Constitution recognized the importance of an informed populace to democratic government. Because the Constitution doesn't expressly provide for a "right to know",

461:. The courts also recognized the legislature's authority to grant access to records in 1867, and the public's right to copy records in 1907. In the following years, the 360: 3317: 1686: 1336: 1268:—such as a public body and its unionized employees—may not negotiate additional exemptions that alter the disclosure requirements of FOIA. After the court's ruling in 449:

The first Illinois statutes concerning public access to records involved county offices. A law enacted in 1887 granted public access to records in the possession of a

3581: 4336: 2985: 5356: 2843: 1633:

Unlike the Open Meetings Act, FOIA does not authorize state's attorneys to bring charges for violations. Instead, requesters enforce FOIA on their own, acting as

6015: 1731:

Loevy law firm, to specialize in filing public records litigation. Loevy & Loevy filed over 100 such lawsuits against the city of Chicago from 2019 to 2022.

482:

that while the Local Records Act requires the preservation of public records, it does not impose an obligation on agencies to allow access to those records. The

5055: 2566: 1257:, the Appellate Court ordered the Chicago Police Department to release its misconduct investigation and disciplinary files, as the records were not part of an 4001: 2930: 5647: 5723: 5686: 3512: 712:

actions led directly to a report by a task force on the governor's amendatory veto power, established by Madigan in 1984. The task force concluded that the

5677: 3794: 1525:

that it had no legal force. Public bodies in local government have considered FOIA requests from large commercial entities to be among the most burdensome

1289: 280: 6114: 6081: 5913: 5714: 4905: 4581: 3175: 417: 276: 6035:

Stewart, Daxton R. "Chip" (2010). "Let the Sunshine in, Or Else: An Examination of the Teeth of State and Federal Open Meetings and Open Records Laws".

4383: 5391: 3076: 1404:

FOIA provides an exemption from disclosure for "personal information" that, if disclosed, would constitute a "clearly unwarranted invasion of personal

5903: 4297: 1460: 1328: 4999: 3452:"What constitutes being a "public body" subject to the provisions of FOIA – Better Government Association v. Illinois High School Association, et al" 755:

Illinois among the 38 out of 50 states receiving a grade of "F" for their versions of FOIA. In addition, the public was contending with a history of

5492: 3380: 2641: 695:

in Champaign wanted the legislature to override, though Currie felt she didn't have the votes needed to do so. Madigan wanted to use the bill as a

303:(PAC), which issues binding opinions on rare occasions, typically opting to resolve disputes through non-binding opinions or other informal means. 5792: 5783: 5085: 4572: 2834: 2785: 594:

became the 49th state to enact a public records law, leaving Illinois as the only remaining state without a FOIA. In the same year, reform-minded

4715: 364: 1750: 1603: 1214: 1081: 3350: 487:

documents", applying to records that were "part of an investigation or decision making process upon which final action had not been taken".

5347: 4964: 4631: 4195: 1019: 1003: 268: 515: 5755: 5577: 5469: 2058: 5809: 3451: 3132: 1498: 1065: 1015: 768: 555:

FOIA was introduced during every legislative session from 1974 through 1982, but rejected each time. Supporters included the ACLU and

3729: 1408:", which means "disclosure of information that is highly personal or objectionable to a reasonable person and in which the subject’s 936:

Transparency advocates praised the revisions, but still found certain provisions to be inadequate. David Kidwell, a reporter for the

5959: 5048:"Attorney General Pre-Authorization No Longer Required Under Illinois FOIA Law for Personal Information and Predecisional Materials" 1896:

Child death review teams and the Illinois Child Death Review Teams Executive Council are created by the Child Death Review Team Act

1157:

Applications for contracts, permits, grants, or agreements, except for trade secrets and commercial information that is confidential

998: 729: 627: 235: 4031: 1392: 1272:, Chicago officials intended to comply by releasing the police misconduct records. However, the city then faced a lawsuit from the 5984: 5804: 5652: 3099: 1349:

Business trade secrets or commercial information that is proprietary or confidential, and disclosure would cause competitive harm.

6144: 3827: 1740: 1723: 1040: 748: 576: 530:, was a member of the minority party and had trouble gaining supporters for the bill. The Illinois Municipal League, a statewide 300: 1657:

review of the records to determine whether the information is exempt from disclosure. FOIA cases take precedence on the court's

5843: 4077: 1510: 4529: 4972: 4903:

Sweet, Dean; Bickel, Roger H.; Kane, Robert John; Bertschy, Timothy L. (1998). "Survey of Illinois Law: Administrative Law".

4643: 4440: 4328: 4289: 4203: 3790: 3463: 2562: 1097: 1025: 918: 789: 483: 6111:

A Decade of Decisions: An Evaluation of the Implementation of the Illinois Freedom of Information Act by Public Universities

3570: 3309: 2106: 2077: 1362: 544:

known to make decisions in a way that was difficult to monitor. This trend continued with the mayors after Daley's tenure,

4720: 4320: 3507: 2980: 2935: 1537: 1444: 764: 599: 572: 531: 443: 5888: 5597: 3166:"Public records: Illinois' leading lawmakers privately circulate proposal to undercut effort for better open records law" 2975: 1205:

was unclear, as a legal expert noted that "executive branch employees" act on the public body's behalf. In May 2016, the

5980: 5342: 5231: 5167: 5163: 4787: 4783: 1621: 1574:

must review 28,000 pages of records due to the significant public interest in records related to racial discrimination.

1456: 1206: 1193: 1007: 540: 316: 5227: 2826: 2005: 559:, who formed the Illinois Freedom of Information Coalition. The coalition included 26 civic organizations, such as the 438: 6007: 5848: 5613: 5551: 4632:"FOIA Corner: Two of the Illinois Supreme Court's recent decisions concerning the Illinois Freedom of Information Act" 598:

became the mayor of Chicago. Washington, an advocate for increased public participation in government, pledged during

4036: 5047: 2547: 1709: 1641:, and there is no deadline for the requester to file suit. When litigation is filed, the court considers the matter 6165: 5537: 3997: 3822: 3725: 3345: 1745: 1571: 1377: 1292:

partially redacted the minutes of a school board meeting that was closed to the public under the Open Meetings Act.

1011: 630:

on February 9, 1983. Currie held several meetings in early 1983 and negotiated with opponents of the bill. Speaker

244: 5706: 3894:"Appeals panel agrees: Public employees' private messages may fall under FOIA, if they're talking public business" 1213:

may be subject to disclosure, even when stored on private devices. Later that year, the Attorney General ruled in

6011: 5884: 5750: 5669: 5081: 3992: 3720: 3689: 3620:"Second District Appellate Court upholds ruling forcing College of DuPage and its foundation to release subpoena" 3502: 2761:"Law Stories: Tales from Legal Practice, Experience, and Education: When Freedom of Information Came to Illinois" 2636: 2513: 1476: 1273: 1218: 584: 527: 475: 462: 312: 52: 3776: 1691:

are not entitled to an award of their fees. The court also could not impose civil penalties on the public body.

1284: 1101:

behalf of a school district. In particular, coordinating athletic events is not a function required by statute.

5569:

Bartley, James P.; Uhler, Scott F.; Melody, Thomas M.; Smith, Gregory T.; Milluzzi, Mallory A. (October 2021).

3987: 2512:. Vol. 83rd Illinois General Assembly, 1983 Session. Springfield, Illinois: Legislative Reference Bureau, 2163: 1634: 1591: 1089: 388: 343: 3165: 1570:

court can still order disclosure when it is in the public interest; in 2021 the Appellate Court held that the

4373: 5742: 3066: 1638: 1231: 733: 564: 292: 4281: 6140: 5223: 5159: 4779: 4564: 3137: 3104: 1506: 1324: 1179: 988: 953:

the 15th most transparent state under the criteria used by the Center for Public Integrity. Additionally,

903: 808: 756: 568: 264: 5493:"The flip side of FOIA: Mountains of paper, small government staffs and — for some — an attitude problem" 6147:, which includes educational materials, training to FOIA officers, and binding opinions on FOIA disputes 6003: 5844:"Denial of Public Access to Building Inspection Reports in Illinois: When Is a Public Record not Public" 2631: 1825: 1502: 1448: 1265: 706: 684: 611: 5911:

McGill, Norman L. (1985). "Freedom of Information Act – Illinois Adopts a New Public Records Statute".

5775: 5077: 2760: 2023: 1683:

awards of attorney's fees became unlikely, except for the most severe violations. Attorneys proceeding

5936: 4431: 3781: 1666: 1340: 1119: 1070: 623: 615: 580: 560: 458: 141: 17: 5000:"FOIA for beginners: A state law guarantees access to public records. But it isn't always that easy" 3934: 4170: 1988: 1838:

override the Governor's veto with a three-fifths majority, or let the bill expire by doing nothing.

1191:

Emails and other communications stored on private electronic devices may be subject to disclosure.

1151:

Opinions concerning the rights of the state, the public, a governmental agency, or a private person

838: 545: 124: 4429:

Keller, Paul N. (2005). "Disclosure of Government Documents: The Deliberative-Process Exemption".

3851:"Atty Gen declares city workers' emails, texts to be public info, but raises more legal questions" 6060: 5776:"The Sun Peeking Around the Corner: Illinois' New Freedom of Information Act as a National Model" 4360: 3418: 3340: 2214: 1984: 1222:

commissioner, as such communications are presumed to be used by or prepared for the public body.

907: 4864: 4565:"The School FOIA Project: Uncovering Racial Disparities in School Discipline and How to Respond" 2931:"Curiosity Killed the Cat: A report on compliance with the Illinois' Freedom of Information Act" 1935: 1416:

Personnel records are normally considered to be private and exempt from disclosure. However, in

1118:

Administrative manuals, procedural rules, and staff instructions, except for records related to

5598:"Collision Course of Legal Obligations: FOIA, Collective Bargaining and Privacy Considerations" 6052: 5945: 5922: 5818: 5617: 4860:"Restore Illinois commission bill passes after removal of remote session, FOIA delay language" 4831: 4827:"Mayors ask Illinois Attorney General for more time to respond to requests for public records" 4520: 4072: 3715: 3047: 2777: 1679: 1670: 1248: 1235: 1093: 961: 930: 671: 659: 595: 511: 296: 88: 5461: 1948: 1911: 759:, considered at the time to be one of the most corrupt states in the United States. Governor 6044: 5570: 2868: 1802: 1595: 1526: 1471: 1409: 725: 713: 536: 523: 212: 6129: 5707:"Survey of Illinois Law: New Freedom of Information Act – Peeking Behind the Paper Curtain" 1966: 1906:. Regional youth advisory boards and the Statewide Youth Advisory Board are created by the 1792: 1669:

relief, ordering the disclosure of records. The court's orders are enforceable through its

1201:

Regarding employees (rather than elected members) of the public body, the applicability of

506:

The first version of FOIA was introduced to the General Assembly in 1974 by Representative

62: 5559: 5546: 5497: 5392:"Firm Has Filed More Than 100 Lawsuits Against Lightfoot Administration Over FOIA Denials" 5004: 4378: 3724:. Legislative Information System. January 1, 2010. § 10, amending section 2(c) of FOIA (5 3170: 3071: 1768: 1583: 1463:

to withhold documents concerning students, as that law does not prohibit such disclosure.

1130: 858: 760: 701: 696: 635: 631: 450: 442:

Records of the board of trustees of Illinois Industrial University and its successor, the

5957:

Ourth, Joe R. (1987). "The Illinois Amendatory Veto: Defining and Enforcing the Limits".

5576:(Report). Klein, Thorpe and Jenkins, Ltd. and the Illinois Association of School Boards. 1897: 1861: 5973: 5642: 5419: 5417: 3817: 3038:

Ericson, Brooke (Fall 2009). "Illinois revises transparency laws on heels of scandal".

1719: 1658: 1644: 1587: 1077: 1031:

subsidiary bodies, such as committees and subcommittees, of the aforementioned entities

823: 639: 383: 260: 147: 109: 3996:. Legislative Information System. June 1, 2016. § 5, amending section 2.20 of FOIA (5 6154: 6064: 5934:

McManus, Ed (November 1988). "Meetings and Records in Illinois: How Open Are They?".

3381:"Citizens Count on the Illinois Freedom of Information Act but Keep Getting Shut Out" 3067:"Illinois corruption: State commission to propose ways Illinois can fight corruption" 1479:. Public bodies may recommend, but not require, that requesters use a specified form. 980: 507: 499: 410: 372: 356: 272: 5460:

Kidwell, David; Germuska, Joe; Groskopf, Christopher; Boyer, Brian (April 1, 2011).

4067: 5873: 5610:

University of Illinois School of Labor and Employment Relations at Urbana Champaign

4515: 4374:"Wheaton Warrenville school board to release records, Illinois Supreme Court rules" 4321:"Quick Takes on Illinois Supreme Court Opinions Issued Thursday, November 30, 2023" 2756: 1443:

During negotiations for the bill originally passed in 1983, representatives of the

1369: 1258: 1253: 1210: 1184: 1124: 1034:

School Finance Authorities created under the Downstate School Finance Authority Law

899: 556: 454: 5078:"Attorney General Madigan: New Sunshine Laws Created More Government Transparency" 3430: 3428: 3426: 2871:(1985). "The Costs and Benefits of Openness: Sunshine Laws and Higher Education". 6048: 5533: 2134: 2132: 1703:, a plaintiff "prevails" only when receiving the requested records pursuant to a 1323:

Private information, which includes unique identifiers and personal data such as

4716:"Analysis: Illinois Law Hasn't Stopped Public Agencies From Withholding Records" 1704: 1385: 1053:

generally open to the public, through other laws like the Clerks of Courts Act.

922: 864: 680: 591: 5743:"Illinois Freedom of Information Act: Frequently Asked Questions by the Public" 43: 6027: 5877: 5343:"A Tiger with No Teeth: The Case for Fee Shifting in State Public Records Law" 5212:"Questions and Answers on Library Law: The Freedom of Information Act, Part 3" 5147: 4768:"Questions and Answers on Library Law: The Freedom of Information Act, Part 2" 4282:"Quick Takes on Illinois Supreme Court Opinions Issued Thursday, May 18, 2023" 3385: 1662: 1332: 1187:

to disclose messages related to public business stored on his private devices.

955: 549: 376: 308: 6056: 5949: 5926: 5822: 5621: 5211: 4767: 3051: 2781: 1127:

opinions and orders, except for student or school employee disciplinary cases

1727: 1652: 539:

in Illinois, especially in Chicago, the state's largest city. Chicago-based

3133:"Lawmakers concerned about progress of reform commission's recommendations" 1288:

Public bodies may redact information that is exempt from disclosure. Here,

495: 4196:"Job evaluations and personnel files under the Freedom of Information Act" 1320:

Information specifically exempted from disclosure by state or federal law.

654: 3671: 3669: 1759: 1518: 1381: 1365:. However, attorney billing invoices are generally subject to disclosure. 1209:

clarified the matter when it ruled that personal emails of Chicago Mayor

421: 256: 1308: 367:

depends on freedom to collect information about which to speak, and the

4319:

Buragas, Amelia (December 2, 2023). Niemann, Celeste Antoinette (ed.).

3777:"Aldermen's texts, tweets during council meetings are 'public records'" 3571:"Citizen Advocacy Center Guide to Illinois' Freedom of Information Act" 1405: 1355: 519: 368: 320: 288: 250: 5148:"Questions and Answers on Library Law: The Freedom of Information Act" 4280:

Reagan, Michael T. (May 18, 2023). Niemann, Celeste Antoinette (ed.).

1166:

Grants or contracts with another public body or a private organization

771:

in December 2008 that led to his impeachment and removal from office.

5670:"Illinois's Freedom of Information Act: More Access or More Hurdles?" 1459:

in Illinois has ruled that public bodies may not rely on the federal

382:

Illinois law has recognized the public's right to access and inspect

299:

if they prevail in the litigation. Requesters may also appeal to the

263:

in the state. The law applies to executive and legislative bodies of

1726:, speculated that these FOIA denials are driven by a lack of clear 1521:, not in the body of the act. Therefore, the Supreme Court held in 1163:

All other information required by law to be made publicly available

1160:

Reports prepared by consultants and contractors for the public body

1069:

Members of the public inspecting the journal of proceedings of the

987:

legislative, executive, administrative, and advisory bodies of the

5974:

A Citizen's Guide to Using the Illinois Freedom of Information Act

5447: 5423: 5304: 4605: 3434: 2138: 1744: 1470: 1283: 1178: 1148:

Employment and compensation information for personnel and officers

1064: 653: 610: 494: 437: 1661:. If the court finds that FOIA has been violated, it may provide 259:

statute that grants to all persons the right to copy and inspect

4922: 4920: 4694: 4692: 4263: 4261: 3958: 3956: 3954: 1388:, user guides, and design documentation of computerized systems. 692: 675: 663: 618:

sponsored the FOIA legislation that would eventually be enacted.

93: 2019:

Stern v. Wheaton-Warrenville Community Unit School District 200

1419:

Stern v. Wheaton-Warrenville Community Unit School District 200

1352:

Procurement proposals and bids until a final selection is made.

1145:

Information dealing with receipt or expenditure of public funds

3164:

Rueff, Ashley; Kidwell, David; Becker, Robert (May 21, 2009).

622:

Catania left the General Assembly in 1982, and Representative

221: 5998:– via Fox River & Countryside Fire/Rescue District. 1358:

of meetings closed to the public under the Open Meetings Act.

638:. There, the bill was sponsored by Assistant Majority Leader 5210:

Uhler, Scott; Petsche, Janet; Allison, Rinda (Spring 1999).

5146:

Uhler, Scott; Petsche, Janet; Allison, Rinda (Spring 1998).

4766:

Uhler, Scott; Petsche, Janet; Allison, Rinda (Winter 1999).

3818:"FOIA issue of emails on private devices goes back to court" 2548:"Freedom of Information Act — Recent & proposed changes" 2386: 2384: 1931:

Copley Press v. Administrative Office of the Illinois Courts

1050:

Copley Press v. Administrative Office of the Illinois Courts

2001:

Lieber v. Board of Trustees of Southern Illinois University

1303:

Lieber v. Board of Trustees of Southern Illinois University

413:

aside from their duty to provide access to public records.

281:

freedom of information legislation in the other U.S. states

227: 6130:

Full text of the Freedom of Information Act (5 ILCS 140/1

5571:

Letting the Sunshine In: School Board Meetings and Records

2976:"Report: Grading the United States on FOIA responsiveness" 4950: 4746: 4683: 4617: 4550: 4228: 3675: 3545: 2888: 2886: 2808: 2806: 2739: 2737: 2700: 2698: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2425: 2423: 2359: 2357: 1039:

planning groups. The Supreme Court held in 2017 that the

224: 5129: 5127: 4667: 4665: 3310:"Recently overhauled laws on open records face backlash" 3279: 3277: 1376:

Administrative or technical information associated with

6161:

Freedom of information legislation in the United States

4032:"Chicago spends millions keeping public records secret" 3195: 3193: 2685: 2683: 2589: 2587: 2296: 2294: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2073:

Uptown People’s Law Center v. Department of Corrections

1697:

Rock River Times v. Rockford Public School District 205

1637:. The requester may appeal by filing litigation in the 1316:

Noteworthy exemptions include, but are not limited to:

1261:

that would have otherwise been exempt from disclosure.

1139:

Final planning policies, recommendations, and decisions

400:

represent them as public officials and public employees

1391:

Names and information of individuals who applied for

1251:

are not exempt from public disclosure under FOIA. In

236: 218: 3054:– via Communication & Mass Media Complete. 1590:) determination. Top offenders included the City of 522:

and brought scrutiny to the administration of Mayor

453:, and other statutes granted access to records of a 5166:from the original on November 15, 2015 – via 4786:from the original on December 27, 2020 – via 874: 851: 837: 832: 822: 814: 803: 795: 788: 783: 215: 170: 157: 134: 123: 118: 108: 100: 83: 75: 58: 50: 36: 6008:A Guide to the Illinois Freedom of Information Act 5878:A Guide to the Illinois Freedom of Information Act 5230:from the original on October 30, 2015 – via 4372:Kidwell, David; Goldsborough, Bob (May 22, 2009). 1600:Illinois Department of Central Management Services 1566:right to appeal to the PAC or to file litigation. 1536:During the initial response in April 2020 to the 361:First Amendment to the United States Constitution 2546:Roth, Stephan; Romas-Dunn, Jeannie (June 2011). 1447:secured an exemption to protect: the privacy of 1142:Factual reports, inspection reports, and studies 4030:Shur, Alexander; Jackson, David (May 6, 2021). 3216:"Bill Status of SB0189 – 96th General Assembly" 2827:"Reconsidering the Amendatory Veto in Illinois" 1426:Preliminary drafts and pre-decisional materials 397: 333:We are not surprised that governmental entities 331: 6074:"Survey of Illinois Law: Local Government Law" 5981:Southern Illinois University Board of Trustees 5435: 5341:Hooper, Heath; Davis, Charles N. (Fall 2014). 5316: 5030: 4926: 4812: 4698: 4453: 4416: 4267: 4252: 3962: 3922: 3660: 2929:Stewart, Jay; Sprehe, Dan (October 26, 2006). 575:. Jeff Shaman, of the ACLU and a professor at 4965:"Demystifying "unduly burdensome" under FOIA" 1230:Section 2.20 of FOIA expressly provides that 716:had become ascendant in Illinois government. 8: 5648:Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press 1846: 1844: 1751:Illinois Public Access Opinion 16‑006 1096:had to produce records from its fundraising 991:, including boards, bureaus, and commissions 502:introduced initial FOIA legislation in 1974. 348:Better Government Association v. Blagojevich 315:in 1974, but faced repeated resistance from 6131: 5972:Paul Simon Public Policy Institute (2011). 3935:Freedom of Information Act (5 ILCS140/2.20) 3341:"Ten years after the state's FOIA overhaul" 3065:Long, Ray; Rueff, Ashley (April 28, 2009). 1968: 1950: 1913: 1899: 1881: 1863: 1804: 1794: 1684: 1650: 1642: 1306: 1290:Elmhurst Community Unit School District 205 898:Starting in January 2009, Attorney General 248: 64: 6115:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 4938: 4800: 4171:Freedom of Information Act (5 ILCS140/1.2) 3503:"How Illinois Courts Are Hidden From FOIA" 3450:Driscoll Jr., Patrick T. (December 2017). 2050:Rock River Times v. Rockford Public School 1908:Department of Children and Family Services 1331:numbers, employee identification numbers, 42: 5904:Community Consolidated School District 46 5602:Illinois Public Employee Relations Report 2632:"Illinois' Gubernatorial Veto Procedures" 1594:, University of Illinois system, City of 1475:Sample FOIA request form provided by the 1461:Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act 1109:Enumerated examples in original enactment 6082:Southern Illinois University Law Journal 5914:Southern Illinois University Law Journal 5715:Southern Illinois University Law Journal 5641:Craven, Donald M. (September 15, 2020). 5390:Hernandez, Acacia (September 19, 2022). 5280: 5268: 5256: 5192: 5180: 5118: 4906:Southern Illinois University Law Journal 4501: 4489: 4477: 4465: 4361:Freedom of Information Act (5 ILCS140/7) 3488: 3419:Freedom of Information Act (5 ILCS140/2) 2974:BGA; Davis, Charles (November 1, 2008). 2904: 2892: 2812: 2743: 2704: 2674: 2617: 2526: 2486: 2474: 2453: 2441: 2429: 2414: 2402: 2390: 2375: 2363: 2336: 2215:Freedom of Information Act (5 ILCS140/1) 2123: 2034: 2032: 1753:, issued by the Attorney General in 2016 6018:from the original on September 27, 2021 5784:Connecticut Public Interest Law Journal 5729:from the original on September 21, 2015 5678:Northern Illinois University Law Review 5583:from the original on September 18, 2022 5448:Paul Simon Public Policy Institute 2011 5424:Paul Simon Public Policy Institute 2011 5328: 5305:Paul Simon Public Policy Institute 2011 5041: 5039: 4709: 4707: 4606:Paul Simon Public Policy Institute 2011 4532:from the original on September 28, 2021 4356: 4354: 4146: 4061: 4059: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4004:from the original on September 20, 2020 3797:from the original on September 28, 2020 3557: 3533: 3470:from the original on September 27, 2021 3435:Paul Simon Public Policy Institute 2011 3100:"Reform commission issues final report" 3018: 2835:Northern Illinois University Law Review 2324: 2273: 2237: 2187: 2139:Paul Simon Public Policy Institute 2011 2093: 1878:Downstate School Finance Authority Law 1784: 1247:Records concerning investigations into 1154:Reports of proceedings of public bodies 5798:from the original on December 9, 2020. 5761:from the original on December 11, 2019 5692:from the original on December 26, 2020 5377: 5292: 5244: 5232:Northern Illinois University Libraries 5205: 5203: 5201: 5168:Northern Illinois University Libraries 5133: 5058:from the original on December 27, 2020 4979:from the original on December 27, 2020 4890: 4788:Northern Illinois University Libraries 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4728:from the original on December 30, 2021 4671: 4404: 4240: 4210:from the original on December 26, 2020 4181: 4158: 4110: 3974: 3945: 3750: 3702: 3648: 3630:from the original on December 29, 2018 3605: 3501:Van Pelt, Sophia (December 12, 2022). 3393:from the original on December 26, 2020 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3268: 3256: 3210: 3208: 3199: 3006: 2916: 2791:from the original on December 26, 2020 2644:from the original on September 4, 2019 2605: 2593: 2572:from the original on December 11, 2020 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2348: 2312: 2300: 2285: 2261: 2249: 2225: 2102:Better Government Ass'n v. Blagojevich 1084:are also considered "public records". 1022:, and all other municipal corporations 983:" in Illinois. Public bodies include: 780: 163: 33: 5990:from the original on December 7, 2020 5894:from the original on December 9, 2020 5655:from the original on October 26, 2020 5628:from the original on December 3, 2020 5402:from the original on October 11, 2022 5106: 5088:from the original on October 17, 2020 4573:Loyola University Chicago Law Journal 4339:from the original on December 6, 2023 4300:from the original on December 6, 2023 4134: 4122: 4098: 3879: 3762: 3587:from the original on February 1, 2017 3445: 3443: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3295: 3283: 3244: 3098:Colindres, Adriana (April 29, 2009). 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 2961: 2873:Journal of College and University Law 2728: 2716: 2689: 2662: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2210: 2208: 1606:, and the Chicago Police Department. 1604:Illinois Department of Transportation 1361:Attorney communications protected by 1175:Records on private electronic devices 1136:Policy statements and interpretations 906:and led by former federal prosecutor 18:Freedom of Information Act (Illinois) 7: 5967:(4): 691–730 – via HeinOnline. 5555: 5491:Kueppers, Courtney (April 9, 2021). 5472:from the original on October 3, 2013 4998:Kueppers, Courtney (April 2, 2021). 4386:from the original on August 23, 2022 4080:from the original on August 21, 2021 3904:from the original on August 30, 2020 3861:from the original on August 25, 2016 2943:from the original on October 2, 2020 2879:(2): 158–165 – via HeinOnline. 2849:from the original on October 8, 2021 2199: 2175: 2150: 416:The Illinois FOIA is modeled on the 6012:Attorney General, State of Illinois 5885:Attorney General, State of Illinois 5860:from the original on August 2, 2020 5046:Franczek P.C. (September 2, 2011). 4839:from the original on April 21, 2020 4294:Chapman v. Chicago Dept. of Finance 3816:O'Connor, John (October 11, 2015). 3131:Colindres, Adriana (May 15, 2009). 2825:Van Der Slik, Jack R. (July 1988). 1910:Statewide Youth Advisory Board Act 1226:Settlement and severance agreements 1215:Public Access Opinion 16‑006 516:1968 Democratic National Convention 311:. FOIA was first introduced to the 204:Illinois Freedom of Information Act 5810:Northwestern University Law Review 5643:"Open Government Guide – Illinois" 5505:from the original on June 18, 2021 5012:from the original on June 23, 2021 4872:from the original on June 10, 2020 4714:Haider, Annum (January 10, 2019). 4587:from the original on June 12, 2022 4194:Lenzini, Phillip B. (April 2006). 3892:Holland, Scott (August 17, 2020). 3732:from the original on July 29, 2021 3178:from the original on June 29, 2021 3079:from the original on June 24, 2021 2162:Article VIII, Section 1(c) of the 1499:Illinois Department of Corrections 765:scandals during his administration 355:The American understanding of the 277:federal Freedom of Information Act 96:agreed to by the General Assembly) 25: 6096:from the original on June 9, 2022 6010:(Report). Springfield, Illinois: 5960:University of Illinois Law Review 5829:from the original on May 23, 2020 5596:Brown, Jeffery M. (Summer 2017). 5462:"The process: What takes so long" 5359:from the original on May 25, 2015 4825:Rowland, Brett (April 13, 2020). 4650:from the original on July 4, 2022 4443:: 140–142 – via HeinOnline. 4044:from the original on May 26, 2021 3830:from the original on May 17, 2016 3775:Lasker, Adam W. (December 2013). 3515:from the original on May 17, 2023 3320:from the original on May 22, 2019 3226:from the original on June 7, 2022 3145:from the original on June 9, 2022 3112:from the original on June 9, 2022 2988:from the original on May 10, 2019 2630:Paprocki, Matt (August 2, 2017). 1076:FOIA requires the disclosure of " 730:Humphrey School of Public Affairs 666:, and later signed FOIA into law. 271:, and other entities defined as " 5979:(Report). Carbondale, Illinois: 5550: This article incorporates 5545: 5526: 4963:Miller, Robert L. (March 2017). 4521:Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 4066:Page, Lewis (October 17, 2015). 3379:Dumke, Mick (October 11, 2018). 3353:from the original on May 7, 2019 3339:Thomas, David (April 24, 2019). 3308:Kidwell, David (April 3, 2011). 2078:2014 IL App (1st) 130161 1741:Illinois Public Access Counselor 1724:University of Chicago Law School 1041:Illinois High School Association 577:DePaul University College of Law 466:public's access to information. 420:. The legislature intended that 307:limitations established through 279:and serves a similar purpose as 211: 5842:Kosnoff, Kathy Suzanne (1980). 4858:Nowicki, Jerry (May 24, 2020). 4514:Steinbuch, Robert (Fall 2012). 3849:Kidd, Karen (August 22, 2016). 2510:Legislative Synopsis and Digest 2109:, 818 (4th Dist. 2008). 2059:2012 IL App (2d) 110879 6109:Woodbury, Marsha Cook (1995). 5803:Koningisor, Christina (2020). 4973:Illinois State Bar Association 4951:Illinois Attorney General 2013 4747:Illinois Attorney General 2013 4684:Illinois Attorney General 2013 4644:Illinois State Bar Association 4630:Goeben, Barbara (April 2019). 4618:Illinois Attorney General 2013 4551:Illinois Attorney General 2013 4441:Illinois State Bar Association 4329:Illinois State Bar Association 4290:Illinois State Bar Association 4229:Illinois Attorney General 2013 4204:Illinois State Bar Association 3791:Illinois State Bar Association 3676:Illinois Attorney General 2013 3608:, Open Records § I.B.4, I.C.1. 3546:Illinois Attorney General 2013 3464:Illinois State Bar Association 2563:Illinois State Bar Association 1393:Firearm Owner's Identification 1183:A court ordered Chicago Mayor 919:96th Illinois General Assembly 790:96th Illinois General Assembly 510:. Her proposal came after the 29:Public records law in Illinois 1: 4941:, p. 1495 & nn. 180, 183. 4913:: 821 – via HeinOnline. 4721:Better Government Association 4333:Hart v. Illinois State Police 2981:Better Government Association 2936:Better Government Association 1538:COVID-19 pandemic in Illinois 1439:School and university records 1400:Invasions of personal privacy 1004:local governments in Illinois 847:, House Floor Amendment No. 2 573:Better Government Association 6049:10.1080/10811680.2010.489858 6037:Communication Law and Policy 3618:Myers, John (May 17, 2017). 2252:, pp. 81–82 & nn. 25–27. 2107:386 Ill. App. 3d 808 1936:271 Ill. App. 3d 548 1712:v. Department of Corrections 1622:Illinois Commerce Commission 1511:Cook County State's Attorney 1207:Circuit Court of Cook County 1194:City of Champaign v. Madigan 933:should be expanded instead. 5774:Klaper, Sarah (Fall 2010). 5614:Chicago-Kent College of Law 166:(effective January 1, 2010) 6182: 5538:Illinois Compiled Statutes 5532:This article incorporates 5247:, Open Records § IV.E.4.a. 5080:(Press release). Chicago: 3823:The State Journal-Register 3346:Chicago Daily Law Bulletin 1738: 1710:Uptown People's Law Center 1572:Chicago Board of Education 883:Freedom of Information Act 679:along with a state judge. 583:, a representative of the 295:, and potentially recover 37:Freedom of Information Act 6141:"Public Access Counselor" 5751:Illinois Attorney General 5082:Illinois Attorney General 3993:Illinois General Assembly 3721:Illinois General Assembly 3690:Illinois General Assembly 3220:Illinois General Assembly 2799:– via Susan Bandes. 2514:Illinois General Assembly 1938: (2d Dist. 1995). 1378:automated data processing 1363:attorney–client privilege 1274:Fraternal Order of Police 1254:Kalven v. City of Chicago 1243:Police misconduct records 1219:Chicago Police Department 879: 720:Developments in 1985–2008 269:units of local government 192: 175: 162: 53:Illinois General Assembly 41: 4563:Naughton, James (2021). 4161:, Open Records § II.A.1. 4037:Crain's Chicago Business 3040:News Media & the Law 2164:Constitution of Illinois 1635:private attorney general 1368:Records relating to the 1313:exempt from disclosure. 628:House of Representatives 389:Constitution of Illinois 6145:Public Access Counselor 6067:– via HeinOnline. 5952:– via HeinOnline. 5929:– via HeinOnline. 5849:Chicago-Kent Law Review 5668:Harmon, Alyssa (2013). 4803:, p. 1502 & n. 225. 3753:, Open Records § I.C.6. 3692:. July 1, 1984. § 2(c). 3578:Citizen Advocacy Center 2024:233 Ill. 2d 396 2006:176 Ill. 2d 401 1735:Public Access Counselor 1615:Head of the public body 1492:Deadlines and responses 1325:Social Security numbers 944:Subsequent developments 749:Public Access Counselor 734:University of Minnesota 565:Chicago Bar Association 319:lawmakers representing 301:Public Access Counselor 6132: 6072:Sutkay, Laine (2016). 5805:"Transparency Deserts" 5705:Helle, Steven (2010). 5224:Illinois State Library 5160:Illinois State Library 4780:Illinois State Library 4068:"Seeing the Invisible" 3688:"Public Act 83-1013". 3138:Rockford Register Star 3105:Rockford Register Star 1969: 1951: 1914: 1900: 1882: 1864: 1826:76 Ill. 2d 107 1805: 1795: 1754: 1685: 1651: 1643: 1507:Chicago Public Schools 1480: 1457:federal district court 1445:University of Illinois 1307: 1293: 1188: 1073: 989:government of Illinois 757:corruption in Illinois 667: 619: 607:Enactment in 1983–1984 569:League of Women Voters 526:. However, Catania, a 503: 446: 444:University of Illinois 406: 339: 287:invasions of personal 249: 65: 5754:. September 9, 2013. 1947:Clerks of Courts Act 1860:Attorney General Act 1769:administrative review 1748: 1722:, a professor at the 1503:Illinois State Police 1474: 1449:scholarly peer review 1287: 1266:collective bargaining 1217:that officers of the 1182: 1068: 979:FOIA applies to all " 777:Overhaul in 2009–2010 685:Illinois State Police 674:issued an amendatory 662:issued an amendatory 657: 614: 498: 441: 5937:Illinois Bar Journal 5558:available under the 4893:, p. 88 & n. 87. 4749:, pp. 5, 10–11. 4432:Illinois Bar Journal 3826:. Associated Press. 3782:Illinois Bar Journal 2264:, p. 82 & n. 32. 1801:, Local Records Act 1341:photo identification 1120:information security 1071:Chicago City Council 886:Attorney General Act 624:Barbara Flynn Currie 616:Barbara Flynn Currie 600:the mayoral campaign 561:Chicago Urban League 518:, which was held in 459:board of supervisors 142:Barbara Flynn Currie 5436:Bartley et al. 2021 5348:Missouri Law Review 5331:, p. 266, 309. 5317:Bartley et al. 2021 5084:. January 6, 2011. 5031:Bartley et al. 2021 4927:Bartley et al. 2021 4865:Herald & Review 4813:Bartley et al. 2021 4699:Bartley et al. 2021 4454:Bartley et al. 2021 4417:Bartley et al. 2021 4268:Bartley et al. 2021 4253:Bartley et al. 2021 3988:"Public Act 99-478" 3963:Bartley et al. 2021 3923:Bartley et al. 2021 3716:"Public Act 96-542" 3661:Bartley et al. 2021 3009:, pp. 602–603. 2719:, pp. 692–693. 1949:(705 ILCS 105/0.01 1821:Lopez v. Fitzgerald 1028:units of government 833:Legislative history 491:Initial legislation 480:Lopez v. Fitzgerald 171:Related legislation 119:Legislative history 6006:(September 1999). 5876:(September 2004). 5536:material from the 5216:Illinois Libraries 5152:Illinois Libraries 4969:The Public Servant 4772:Illinois Libraries 4636:The Public Servant 4468:, pp. 43, 59. 4335:, 2023 IL 128275. 4296:, 2023 IL 128300. 4200:The Public Servant 3898:Cook County Record 3855:Cook County Record 3624:Cook County Record 3456:The Public Servant 2555:The Public Servant 2456:, pp. 32, 42. 2405:, pp. 34, 38. 1965:Open Meetings Act 1862:(15 ILCS 205/0.01 1791:State Records Act 1755: 1481: 1467:Requesting records 1294: 1189: 1074: 995:state universities 908:Patrick M. Collins 769:corruption charges 683:, director of the 668: 620: 504: 447: 434:Prior to enactment 92:(after amendatory 71:Public Act 83-1013 6166:Illinois statutes 6143:– Website of the 5426:, pp. 21–22. 5271:, pp. 52–53. 5259:, pp. 60–61. 5183:, pp. 55–56. 4832:The Center Square 4815:, pp. 30–31. 4492:, pp. 59–60. 4419:, pp. 35–36. 4243:, pp. 87–88. 4073:South Side Weekly 3705:, pp. 92–93. 2919:, pp. 68–69. 2869:Cleveland, Harlan 2677:, pp. 46–48. 2608:, p. 90, 94. 2529:, pp. 42–44. 2489:, pp. 43–44. 2444:, pp. 40–41. 2393:, pp. 33–34. 2351:, pp. 93–94. 2315:, pp. 84–85. 1880:(105 ILCS 5/1E-1 1527:unfunded mandates 1455:FOIA. However, a 1249:police misconduct 1203:City of Champaign 1094:College of DuPage 962:Chicago Sun-Times 896: 895: 889:Open Meetings Act 784:Public Act 96-542 672:James R. Thompson 660:James R. Thompson 596:Harold Washington 512:Watergate scandal 365:Freedom of speech 200: 199: 185:Open Meetings Act 182:Local Records Act 179:State Records Act 164:Public Act 96-542 104:December 27, 1983 89:James R. Thompson 16:(Redirected from 6173: 6135: 6118: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6095: 6078: 6068: 6031: 6025: 6023: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5989: 5978: 5968: 5953: 5930: 5907: 5901: 5899: 5893: 5882: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5856:(4): 1147–1173. 5838: 5836: 5834: 5817:(6): 1461–1547. 5799: 5797: 5780: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5760: 5747: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5728: 5711: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5691: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5582: 5575: 5549: 5530: 5529: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5338: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5207: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5043: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5017: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4915: 4914: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4763: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4711: 4702: 4696: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4586: 4569: 4560: 4554: 4553:, pp. 1, 3. 4548: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4369: 4363: 4358: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4231:, pp. 9–10. 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4063: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4027: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3586: 3575: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3447: 3438: 3432: 3421: 3416: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3376: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3212: 3203: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3035: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2881: 2880: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2848: 2831: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2790: 2776:(4): 1145–1147. 2765: 2757:Bandes, Susan A. 2753: 2747: 2741: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2693: 2687: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2571: 2552: 2543: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2505: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2212: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2127: 2121: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2055: 2046: 2040: 2036: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1981: 1975: 1972: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1917: 1903: 1894: 1888: 1885: 1876: 1870: 1867: 1858: 1852: 1848: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1798: 1789: 1701:Rock River Times 1690: 1656: 1649:and conducts an 1648: 1477:Attorney General 1410:right to privacy 1329:driver's license 1312: 1082:criminal records 1020:school districts 931:state's attorney 781: 726:Harlan Cleveland 714:executive branch 585:attorney general 546:Michael Bilandic 537:patronage system 524:Richard J. Daley 463:General Assembly 403: 359:is based on the 351: 336: 313:General Assembly 265:state government 254: 239: 234: 233: 230: 229: 226: 223: 220: 217: 68: 46: 34: 21: 6181: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6151: 6150: 6126: 6121: 6108: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6076: 6071: 6034: 6021: 6019: 6002: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5976: 5971: 5956: 5933: 5910: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5880: 5872: 5863: 5861: 5841: 5832: 5830: 5802: 5795: 5778: 5773: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5745: 5741: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5709: 5704: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5672: 5667: 5658: 5656: 5640: 5631: 5629: 5595: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5573: 5568: 5527: 5524: 5519: 5518: 5508: 5506: 5498:Chicago Tribune 5490: 5489: 5485: 5475: 5473: 5466:Chicago Tribune 5459: 5458: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5422: 5415: 5405: 5403: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5327: 5323: 5315: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5209: 5208: 5199: 5191: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5132: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5091: 5089: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5061: 5059: 5045: 5044: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5015: 5013: 5005:Chicago Tribune 4997: 4996: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4939:Koningisor 2020 4937: 4933: 4925: 4918: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4801:Koningisor 2020 4799: 4795: 4765: 4764: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4731: 4729: 4713: 4712: 4705: 4697: 4690: 4686:, pp. 4–5. 4682: 4678: 4670: 4663: 4653: 4651: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4567: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4535: 4533: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4389: 4387: 4379:Chicago Tribune 4371: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4342: 4340: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4301: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4266: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4213: 4211: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4065: 4064: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4029: 4028: 4017: 4007: 4005: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3907: 3905: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3735: 3733: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3667: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3604: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3536:, pp. 8–9. 3532: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3449: 3448: 3441: 3433: 3424: 3417: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3378: 3377: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3323: 3321: 3314:Chicago Tribune 3307: 3306: 3302: 3298:, p. 1104. 3294: 3290: 3286:, p. 1091. 3282: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3247:, p. 1094. 3243: 3239: 3229: 3227: 3214: 3213: 3206: 3198: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3171:Chicago Tribune 3163: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3072:Chicago Tribune 3064: 3063: 3059: 3037: 3036: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2964:, p. 1103. 2960: 2956: 2946: 2944: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2884: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2829: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2769:UMKC Law Review 2763: 2759:(Summer 2007). 2755: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2696: 2688: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2665:, p. 1089. 2661: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2637:Illinois Policy 2629: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2550: 2545: 2544: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2507: 2506: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2401: 2397: 2389: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2362: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2327:, p. 1156. 2323: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2299: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2276:, p. 1150. 2272: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2248: 2244: 2236: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2213: 2206: 2198: 2194: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2161: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2130: 2122: 2113: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2084: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2030: 2017: 2016: 2012: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1987:, Section 7.5: 1982: 1978: 1964: 1960: 1946: 1942: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1912:(20 ILCS 527/1 1898:(20 ILCS 515/1 1895: 1891: 1877: 1873: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1842: 1836: 1832: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1803:(50 ILCS 205/1 1790: 1786: 1781: 1743: 1737: 1680:attorney's fees 1631: 1617: 1612: 1586:(as opposed to 1563: 1546: 1494: 1469: 1441: 1428: 1402: 1282: 1245: 1228: 1177: 1111: 1090:Appellate Court 1063: 977: 972: 946: 938:Chicago Tribune 892: 870: 859:Michael Madigan 828:January 1, 2010 818:August 17, 2009 779: 761:Rod Blagojevich 722: 705:, and Peoria's 702:Chicago Tribune 652: 650:Amendatory veto 632:Michael Madigan 609: 514:, and also the 493: 451:county recorder 436: 431: 401: 353: 344:Appellate Court 341: 334: 329: 297:attorney's fees 237: 214: 210: 188: 153: 91: 70: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6179: 6177: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6153: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6138: 6125: 6124:External links 6122: 6120: 6119: 6113:(PhD thesis). 6106: 6069: 6043:(3): 265–310. 6032: 6000: 5969: 5954: 5944:(3): 156–163. 5931: 5908: 5870: 5839: 5800: 5771: 5739: 5702: 5665: 5638: 5608:(3). Chicago: 5593: 5565: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5483: 5452: 5440: 5428: 5413: 5382: 5380:, p. 702. 5370: 5355:(4): 960–963. 5333: 5321: 5309: 5297: 5285: 5273: 5261: 5249: 5237: 5197: 5185: 5173: 5138: 5123: 5111: 5099: 5069: 5035: 5023: 4990: 4955: 4943: 4931: 4916: 4895: 4883: 4850: 4817: 4805: 4793: 4751: 4739: 4703: 4688: 4676: 4661: 4622: 4610: 4598: 4555: 4543: 4528:(1): 177–179. 4506: 4494: 4482: 4480:, p. 131. 4470: 4458: 4446: 4421: 4409: 4407:, p. 707. 4397: 4364: 4350: 4311: 4272: 4257: 4245: 4233: 4221: 4186: 4174: 4163: 4151: 4149:, p. 159. 4139: 4127: 4115: 4113:, p. 704. 4103: 4091: 4055: 4015: 3979: 3977:, p. 705. 3967: 3950: 3938: 3927: 3915: 3884: 3872: 3841: 3808: 3767: 3755: 3743: 3707: 3695: 3680: 3665: 3653: 3651:, p. 703. 3641: 3610: 3598: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3526: 3493: 3481: 3439: 3422: 3404: 3364: 3331: 3300: 3288: 3273: 3261: 3259:, p. 602. 3249: 3237: 3204: 3189: 3156: 3123: 3090: 3057: 3023: 3021:, p. 266. 3011: 2999: 2966: 2954: 2921: 2909: 2897: 2882: 2860: 2817: 2802: 2748: 2733: 2721: 2709: 2694: 2692:, p. 708. 2679: 2667: 2655: 2622: 2610: 2598: 2583: 2531: 2519: 2491: 2479: 2458: 2446: 2434: 2419: 2407: 2395: 2380: 2368: 2353: 2341: 2329: 2317: 2305: 2290: 2278: 2266: 2254: 2242: 2230: 2218: 2204: 2192: 2180: 2168: 2155: 2143: 2128: 2111: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2064: 2041: 2028: 2010: 1992: 1976: 1967:(5 ILCS 120/1 1958: 1940: 1922: 1889: 1871: 1853: 1840: 1830: 1812: 1793:(5 ILCS 160/1 1783: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1749:First page of 1739:Main article: 1736: 1733: 1720:John Rappaport 1630: 1627: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1592:East St. Louis 1562: 1559: 1545: 1542: 1493: 1490: 1468: 1465: 1440: 1437: 1427: 1424: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1389: 1374: 1366: 1359: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1321: 1281: 1278: 1244: 1241: 1227: 1224: 1176: 1173: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1128: 1122: 1110: 1107: 1078:public records 1062: 1061:Public records 1059: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1023: 1016:municipalities 1001: 992: 976: 973: 971: 968: 945: 942: 894: 893: 891: 890: 887: 884: 880: 877: 876: 872: 871: 869: 868: 862: 855: 853: 849: 848: 842: 835: 834: 830: 829: 826: 820: 819: 816: 812: 811: 805: 804:Signed by 801: 800: 797: 793: 792: 786: 785: 778: 775: 728:, dean of the 721: 718: 651: 648: 640:Terry L. Bruce 608: 605: 492: 489: 435: 432: 430: 427: 384:public records 330: 328: 325: 293:circuit courts 261:public records 198: 197: 190: 189: 187: 186: 183: 180: 176: 173: 172: 168: 167: 160: 159: 155: 154: 152: 151: 148:Terry L. Bruce 145: 138: 136: 132: 131: 130:House Bill 234 128: 121: 120: 116: 115: 112: 106: 105: 102: 98: 97: 85: 84:Signed by 81: 80: 77: 73: 72: 60: 56: 55: 48: 47: 39: 38: 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6178: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6123: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6083: 6075: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6029: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5986: 5982: 5975: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5961: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5915: 5909: 5905: 5890: 5886: 5879: 5875: 5874:Madigan, Lisa 5871: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5794: 5791:(1): 63–100. 5790: 5786: 5785: 5777: 5772: 5757: 5753: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5725: 5722:: 1089–1105. 5721: 5717: 5716: 5708: 5703: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5671: 5666: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5594: 5579: 5572: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5534:public domain 5521: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5487: 5484: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5456: 5453: 5450:, p. 21. 5449: 5444: 5441: 5438:, p. 45. 5437: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5386: 5383: 5379: 5374: 5371: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5322: 5319:, p. 47. 5318: 5313: 5310: 5307:, p. 23. 5306: 5301: 5298: 5295:, p. 95. 5294: 5289: 5286: 5283:, p. 54. 5282: 5281:Woodbury 1995 5277: 5274: 5270: 5269:Woodbury 1995 5265: 5262: 5258: 5257:Woodbury 1995 5253: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5238: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5195:, p. 52. 5194: 5193:Woodbury 1995 5189: 5186: 5182: 5181:Woodbury 1995 5177: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5139: 5136:, p. 86. 5135: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5121:, p. 50. 5120: 5119:Woodbury 1995 5115: 5112: 5109:, p. 40. 5108: 5103: 5100: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5070: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5033:, p. 30. 5032: 5027: 5024: 5011: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4994: 4991: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4932: 4929:, p. 31. 4928: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4907: 4899: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4884: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4854: 4851: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4828: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4740: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4717: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4701:, p. 28. 4700: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4677: 4674:, p. 72. 4673: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4611: 4608:, p. 10. 4607: 4602: 4599: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4574: 4566: 4559: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4544: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4510: 4507: 4504:, p. 43. 4503: 4502:Woodbury 1995 4498: 4495: 4491: 4490:Woodbury 1995 4486: 4483: 4479: 4478:Woodbury 1995 4474: 4471: 4467: 4466:Woodbury 1995 4462: 4459: 4456:, p. 37. 4455: 4450: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4398: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4312: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4273: 4270:, p. 39. 4269: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4255:, p. 35. 4254: 4249: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4222: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4187: 4184:, p. 67. 4183: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4140: 4137:, p. 20. 4136: 4131: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4104: 4101:, p. 16. 4100: 4095: 4092: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3994: 3989: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3968: 3965:, p. 44. 3964: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3948:, p. 70. 3947: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3931: 3928: 3925:, p. 26. 3924: 3919: 3916: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3885: 3882:, p. 10. 3881: 3876: 3873: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3842: 3829: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3812: 3809: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3771: 3768: 3765:, p. 14. 3764: 3759: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3744: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3696: 3691: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3663:, p. 27. 3662: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3642: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3599: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3527: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3504: 3497: 3494: 3491:, p. 21. 3490: 3489:Woodbury 1995 3485: 3482: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3352: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3335: 3332: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3271:, p. 65. 3270: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3238: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3202:, p. 75. 3201: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3160: 3157: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3134: 3127: 3124: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3101: 3094: 3091: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3061: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3003: 3000: 2987: 2983: 2982: 2977: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2955: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2932: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2910: 2907:, p. 56. 2906: 2905:Woodbury 1995 2901: 2898: 2895:, p. 27. 2894: 2893:Woodbury 1995 2889: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2861: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2828: 2821: 2818: 2815:, p. 49. 2814: 2813:Woodbury 1995 2809: 2807: 2803: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2746:, p. 48. 2745: 2744:Woodbury 1995 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2710: 2707:, p. 46. 2706: 2705:Woodbury 1995 2701: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2675:Woodbury 1995 2671: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2643: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2626: 2623: 2620:, p. 45. 2619: 2618:Woodbury 1995 2614: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2599: 2596:, p. 85. 2595: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2549: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2527:Woodbury 1995 2523: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2487:Woodbury 1995 2483: 2480: 2477:, p. 44. 2476: 2475:Woodbury 1995 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2454:Woodbury 1995 2450: 2447: 2443: 2442:Woodbury 1995 2438: 2435: 2432:, p. 42. 2431: 2430:Woodbury 1995 2426: 2424: 2420: 2417:, p. 34. 2416: 2415:Woodbury 1995 2411: 2408: 2404: 2403:Woodbury 1995 2399: 2396: 2392: 2391:Woodbury 1995 2387: 2385: 2381: 2378:, p. 40. 2377: 2376:Woodbury 1995 2372: 2369: 2366:, p. 38. 2365: 2364:Woodbury 1995 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2342: 2339:, p. 36. 2338: 2337:Woodbury 1995 2333: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2306: 2303:, p. 83. 2302: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2288:, p. 92. 2287: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2124:Woodbury 1995 2120: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2087: 2079: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2045: 2042: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1989:5 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