Freedom of movement - Knowledge (XXG)

604:, and over three months with evidence of "sufficient resources... not to become a burden on the social assistance system". If the citizen does not have a travel document, the member state must afford them every facility in obtaining the documents. Under no circumstances can an entry or exit visa be required. There are some security limitations and public policy restrictions on extended stays by EU residents. For instance, a member state may require that persons register their presence in the country "within a reasonable and non-discriminatory period of time". In general, however, the burden of notification and justification lies with the state. EU citizens also earn a right to permanent residence in member states they have maintained an uninterrupted five-year period of legal residence. This residency cannot be subject to any conditions, and is lost only by two successive years absence from the host nation. Family members of EU residents, in general, also acquire the same freedom of travel rights as the resident they accompany, though they may be subject to a short-stay visa requirement. Furthermore, no EU citizen may be declared permanently 1798:

obtain simultaneously. Permanent registration is obligatory and gives the right for property ownership, temporary registration can be received for a period of time due to rental contract. However, administrative procedures developed "in implementation" of the registration law imposed some conditions on registration which effectively made it depend on the landlord's assent. Since landlords are often not willing to register tenants or guests in their properties due to tax payments, many internal migrants are prevented from performing their legal duty to register. Before 2004, it was common for police to fine those having failed to register within 3 working days at a place of stay. In 2004, the maximum permitted registration lag was raised to 90 days making prosecution infeasible, removing practical obstacles to free movement.

238: 739: 1369:, Syria has argued that because of this constitutional protection: "in Syria, no laws or measures restrict the liberty of movement or choice of residence of citizens". Legislative Decree No. 29 of 1970 regulates the right of foreigners to enter, reside in and leave the territory of Syria, and is the controlling document regarding the issuance of passports, visas, and diplomatic travel status. The document specifically states "The latter provision is intended merely to ensure that our country is not the final destination of stateless persons." 1253: 1053: 836: 925: 1416: 1899:. The new basic legal prohibitions could include: road tolls and other curbs on freedom of travel and private vehicle ownership and use; personal identity cards (internal passports, citizenship licenses) that must be produced on demand for individuals to access public services and facilities; and legal requirements for citizens to register changes of address or partner with the state authorities. 875: 573: 1678: 4152:"ORDER OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION of June 9, 2003 No. 335 ORDER OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION June 9, 2003 No. 335 About approval of the Regulations on establishment of form of the visa, procedure and conditions of its registration and issue, prolongation of term of its action, its recovery in case of loss, and also procedure for cancellation of the visa" 1943:, an agreement between governments made in 1999, affirms that "All governments believe that the freedom of movement of Canadians to pursue opportunities anywhere in Canada is an essential element of Canadian citizenship." In the Agreement, it is pledged that "Governments will ensure that no new barriers to mobility are created in new social policy initiatives." 1674:"Every citizen has the right to reside and travel freely in any part of the country, except for such general limitations as may be established by law for reasons of health or security. No restriction may be imposed for political reasons. Every citizen is free to leave the territory of the republic and return to it, notwithstanding any legal obligations." 315:, the inconvenience goes even further as the legislation there does not formally recognize residency permits as valid visas; thus, foreign citizens lawfully residing in Russia need to obtain "exit-entry" visas in order to do a trip abroad. This, in particular, affects foreign students, whose original entry visas expire by the time they return home. 124:, registration). In some countries, freedom of movement has historically been limited for women, and for members of disfavored racial and social groups. Circumstances, both legal and practical, may operate to limit this freedom. For example, a nation that is generally permissive with respect to travel may restrict that right during time of 171:. There is also a rule of law that a landowner whose property has no public access can be awarded an easement to cross private land if necessary to reach his own property. Conversely, public nuisance laws prevent alternate use of public streets designated for public transit from being used for block parties and playing basketball. 1824:), but that does not "free him from the obligations stipulated by the Russian citizenship". Russian citizens possessing foreign citizenship may not enter or leave Russia on foreign travel documents. Russian consular offices do not grant visas to foreign passport holders who are (or are suspected to be) Russian citizens. 1264:, which has quasi-constitutional status, declares that "there shall be no deprivation or restriction of the liberty of a person by imprisonment, arrest, extradition or otherwise"; that "all persons are free to leave Israel"; and that "every Israeli national has the right of entry into Israel from abroad". In practice, 1797:

system in 1993, new legislation on registration of residence was passed. Unlike propiska, which was a permit to reside in a certain area, registration of residence as worded in the law is merely notification. According to the Russian legislation, there are two types of registration which a person may

1508:

The ideals of the Charter are, in principle, supported by all signatory governments, though they are not rigorously followed. There have been attempts to have intellectuals recognized as having special freedom of movement rights, to protect their intellectual ideals as they cross national boundaries.

1215:

article 31, "Hong Kong residents shall have freedom of movement within the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and freedom of immigration to other countries and regions. They shall have freedom to travel and to enter or leave the Region. Unless restrained by law, holders of valid travel documents

285:

Having a passport issued does not guarantee the right to exit the country. A person may be prohibited to exit a country on a number of reasons, such as being under investigation as a suspect, serving a criminal sentence, being a debtor in default, or posing a threat to national security. This applies

1384:

There are certain restrictions on movement placed on Women, for example Syrian law now allows males to place restrictions on certain female relatives. Women over the age of 18 are entitled to travel outside of Syria, however a woman's husband may file a request for his wife to be banned from leaving

1470:

including marriage. It is possible to travel from the West Bank to Gaza only if the person pledges to permanently relocating to Gaza. Gazan residents are only admitted to Israel in exceptional humanitarian cases. Since 2008, they are not allowed to live or stay in Israel because of marriage with an

723:

The Nordic Passport Union allows citizens of the Nordic countries – Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland – to travel and reside in another Nordic country without any travel documentation (e.g. a passport or national identity card) or a residence permit. Since 25 March 2001, all five states

206:

Though travelling to and from countries is generally permitted (with some limitations), most governments restrict the length of time that temporary visitors may stay in the country. This can be dependent on country of citizenship and country travelled to among other factors. In some instances (such

1462:

Checkpoints exist throughout and at entrances and exits to the West Bank that limit the movement of non-Israelis on the basis of nationality, age, and sex among other criteria. While many such checkpoints are static, many are random, or move around frequently. Full closures of the West Bank to any

1376:

for restrictions to freedom of movement. In August 2005, Amnesty International released an "appeal case", citing several freedom of movement restrictions including exit restriction without explanation, refusal to issue passports to political dissidents, detention, restriction from entering certain

416:

It shall be lawful to any person, for the future, to go out of our kingdom, and to return, safely and securely, by land or by water, saving his allegiance to us, unless it be in time of war, for some short space, for the common good of the kingdom: excepting prisoners and outlaws, according to the

530:

While the treaty sets out the freedom of movement in broad and absolute terms, part four of Article 12 of the ICCPR admits that these freedoms may be restricted for a variety of reasons in the public interest. This clause is often cited to justify a wide variety of movement restrictions by almost

516:(3) The above-mentioned rights shall not be subject to any restrictions except those provided by law, are necessary to protect national security, public order, public health or morals or the rights and freedoms of others, and are consistent with the other rights recognized in the present Covenant. 181:

are typically able to restrict the movements of minor children under their care, and of other adults who have been legally deemed incompetent to govern their own movement. Employers may legally set some restrictions on the movements of employees, and terminate employment if those restrictions are

2208:(2013), p. 206: "reedom of movement did not only amount to the right to travel freely, to take up residence and to work, but also involved the enjoyment of a legal status characterised by security of residence, the right to family reunification and the right to be treated equally with nationals". 274:

Most countries require that their citizens leave the country on a valid passport, travel document issued by an international organization or, in some cases, identification document. Conditions of issuance and the governments' authority to deny issuance of a passport vary from country to country.

1268:

orders are liberally issued by Israel courts, including on non-custodial fathers who are not in arrears in child support. In March 2012 a corruption scandal led to the arrest of two officials for allegedly having taken bribes to circumvent court ordered "no exit" travel abroad bans. Freedoms of

103:

Some people and organizations advocate an extension of the freedom of movement to include a freedom of movement – or migration – between the countries as well as within the countries. The freedom of movement is restricted in a variety of ways by various governments and may even vary within the

259:

ranks countries based on the number of other countries its citizens are free to enter without visa. Most countries in the world require visas or some other form of entrance permit for non-citizens to enter their territory. Those who enter countries in defiance of regulations requiring such

1015:

Citizens of certain countries in the Caribbean (Antigua and Barbuda, Commonwealth of Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines) may enter, reside, study and work in each respective country indefinitely without a visa.

1205:

had to gain permission from the government before travelling to Hong Kong or Macau, but this requirement was officially abolished for each SAR after its respective handover. Since then, restrictions imposed by the SAR governments have been the limiting factor on travel.

1577:

are free to travel without any police control on the national territory. Although until the 1980s any person (either tourists or French citizens) had to fill up an information sheet then given to the police, writing on it its personal situation before booking a

708:

together with some non-member states. The arrangement allows visa-free travel between the countries in this area, in general without border controls. A foreign national who holds a visa issued by any of these countries can travel freely within the area.

772:

includes a freedom of movement area between its member states and five other associate states. Citizens don't require a passport to travel through other Mercosur or associate countries. Freedom of movement also extends to certain associated countries

1994:

did not invest the federal government with the authority to protect freedom of movement. Under the "privileges and immunities" clause, this authority was given to the states, a position the Court held consistently through the years in cases such as

1494:

Every individual shall have the right to leave any country including his own, and to return to his country. This right may only be subject to restrictions, provided for by law for the protection of national security, law and order, public health or

1364:

states "Every citizen has the right to liberty of movement within the territory of the State unless prohibited therefrom under the terms of a court order or public health and safety regulations.". In its mandated report on human rights to the

1235:

Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India though reasonable restrictions can be imposed on this right in the interest of the general public, for example, restrictions may be imposed on movement and travelling, so as to control

1805:

The case of obtaining access to classified documents while working for the state or the military, during the time when access is granted and up to 5 years afterwards. This limitation is commonly included as a provision in one's contract of

4412:

Australia's government yesterday announced plans to regulate travel to terrorist hotbeds such as Iraq and Syria as part of a raft of counterterrorism measures aimed at addressing the domestic threat posed by war-hardened homegrown Islamic

1339:

was possible on a limited scale from 2003 until 2008, when a road was opened (bus tours, no private cars). Freedom of Movement within North Korea is also limited, as citizens are not allowed to move around freely inside their country.

963:(GCC) citizens do not need a visa to enter each others countries and they also have the right to work in each GCC country. GCC citizens can use a GCC national identity card (rather than a passport) to travel between these states. 190:

Governments may generally sharply restrict the freedom of movement of persons who have been convicted of crimes, most conspicuously in the context of imprisonment. Restrictions may also be placed on convicted criminals who are on

1319:

that the airline had engaged in discrimination by refusing to sell tickets to Israeli citizens. Direct flights between the US and Kuwait are not affected by this decision as Israeli citizens are not allowed to enter Kuwait.

3966: 669:

Such freedom of movement shall entail the abolition of any discrimination based on nationality between workers of the Member States as regards employment, remuneration and other conditions of work and employment.

104:

territory of a single country. Such restrictions are generally based on public health, order, or safety justifications and postulate that the right to these conditions preempts the notion of freedom of movement.

1933: 488: 3589: 3547: 1749:

states that "1.Every who legally stays in the territory of the Russian Federation shall have the right to free travel, choice of place of stay or residence. 2.Everyone may freely leave the Russian Federation.

1186: 859:

allow citizens of each country to move between, and work within, the two countries with few limitations. The arrangements also extend to holders of permanent resident and resident return visas of Australia.

2195:(2014), p. 73: "Freedom of movement within a country encompasses both the right to travel freely within the territory of the State and the right to relocate oneself and to choose one's place of residence". 681:(c) to stay in a Member State for the purpose of employment in accordance with the provisions governing the employment of nationals of that State laid down by law, regulation or administrative action; 2642: 684:(d) to remain in the territory of a Member State after having been employed in that State, subject to conditions which shall be embodied in implementing regulations to be drawn up by the Commission. 3624:"African [Banjul] Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, adopted June 27, 1981, OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 I.L.M. 58 (1982), entered into force Oct. 21, 1986: [excerpts] . . " 4366: 1291:

generally respects them in practice. Citizens have the right to travel freely both within the country and abroad, to change their place of residence, to emigrate, and to repatriate voluntarily.

3332: 4393: 1917: 452:

of 1861. At the time, most of the inhabitants of Russia, not only the serfs but also townsmen and merchants, did not have freedom of movement and were confined to their places of residence.

1471:

Israeli. Israelis who want to visit their partner in Gaza need permits for a few months, and Israelis can visit their first‐degree relatives in Gaza only in exceptional humanitarian cases.

1239:

Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India, which is subject to reasonable restrictions by the State in the interest of the general public, or for protection of the

2967: 2938: 1542: 1295:

may be forfeited by naturalization in a foreign country or by failure of persons born with dual nationality to elect citizenship at the required age. The law does not permit forced

1545:. Freedom of movement is guaranteed to "everyone" in regard to leaving the country but is limited to citizens when entering it or staying in it. Citizens also have a right to a 1537:

in the 1950s, these laws were expanded to prohibit all non-whites from remaining in cities for longer than 72 hours. Beyond the African Charter on Human and People's Rights, the

619: 601: 163:

In some jurisdictions, questions have arisen as to the extent to which a private owner of land can exclude certain persons from land which is used for public purposes, such as a

38: 4447: 544: 503: 473: 2037:

The State Department refused to issue passports to citizens who declined to swear that they were not Communists. This practice was ended following the 1958 Supreme Court Case

3853:

Szmagalska-Follis, Karolina (1 September 2009). "Are the European Union's New Boundaries like the Iron Curtain? 1989, Borders and Freedom of Movement in Poland and Ukraine".

1636: 1501:

A non-national legally admitted in a territory of a State Party to the present Charter, may only be expelled from it by virtue of a decision taken in accordance with the law.

1498:

Every individual shall have the right, when persecuted, to seek and obtain asylum in other countries in accordance with laws of those countries and international conventions.

307:

Currently, some countries require that foreign citizens have valid visas upon leaving the country if they needed one to enter. For example, a person who overstayed a visa in

4247:

A Framework to Improve the Social Union for Canadians: An Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Governments of the Provinces and Territories, February 4, 1999

4902: 1459:, Israeli freedom of movement was limited by law. Israel says that the regime of restrictions is necessary to protect Israelis both in Israel proper and in the West Bank. 1479:

Freedom of movement laws and restrictions vary from country to country on the African continent, however several international agreements beyond those prescribed by the

1038:

has been criticized for allegations of restrictions to freedom of movement. These include restrictions on movement by political dissidents, women, and migrant workers.

487: 1932:

programs that favour residents who have lived in the region for longer. Section 6 mobility rights are among the select rights that cannot be limited by the Charter's

3741: 112:

Restrictions on international travel on people (immigration or emigration) are commonplace. Within countries, freedom of travel is often more limited for minors, and

4119: 4020: 3984: 3951: 3368: 2875:

Maurer-Fazio, M., Connelly, R., & Tran, N. T. (2015). Negative native-place stereotypes and discriminatory wage penalties in China's migrant labour markets. In

1648: 977:

Freedom of movement between Russia and Belarus for local citizens exists similar to that which exists for British and Irish citizens within the Common Travel Area.

229:

dispute, a court may place restrictions on the movement of a minor child, thereby restricting the ability of the parents of that child to travel with their child.

3708: 3207: 1737:(including foreign citizens who are, who can be claimed to or are suspected to hold Polish citizenship) to enter and depart Poland using Polish travel documents. 2942: 1146: 350:

have been required to deposit their passports with the police. Each trip abroad must be approved by the government, which is more difficult for members of the

510:(1) Everyone lawfully within the territory of a State shall, within that territory, have the right to liberty of movement and freedom to choose his residence. 1952: 4829: 2606: 1316: 802: 527:, which is charged with interpreting the treaty, issued its guidelines for Article 12 of the ICCPR in its "General Comment No. 27: Freedom of Movement". 222:

Furthermore, restrictions on the right to relocate or live in certain areas of a country have been imposed in several countries, most prominently China.

73:, and to leave the country and return to it. The right includes not only visiting places, but changing the place where the individual resides or works. 4370: 486: 468:

was established on October 24, 1945. The new international organization recognized the importance of freedom of movement through documents such as the

5328: 5249: 1839:

Freedom of movement and residence and the right to leave the Republic of Serbia may be restricted by the law if this is necessary for the conduct of

1504:

The mass expulsion of non-nationals shall be prohibited. Mass expulsion shall be that which is aimed at national, racial, ethnic or religious groups.

523:

The ICCPR entered into force for the initial ratifying states on 23 March 1976, and for additional states following their ratification. In 1999, the

3791: 1969:

which states, "The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States." As far back as the

1895:

It has been proposed that a range of specific state restrictions on freedom of movement should be prohibited under a new or comprehensively amended

4819: 5318: 5154: 3350: 2020: 1921: 1562:

Many countries mention freedom of movement in their constitutional texts, but France does not. Freedom of movement in France is ruled both by the

1269:

movement in Israel are not similarly protected and a source of much controversy in the Palestinian West Bank and, to a lesser extent, Gaza Strip.

1225: 331: 3314: 4955: 4895: 1620:

France is one of the most welcomed countries in the world. Citizens are indeed able to travel to 186 destinations in the world, making France

4834: 4230: 3684: 1563: 1456: 1378: 524: 469: 89: 2971: 2946: 2668:"Online Burma Library > Main Library > Human Rights > Freedom of Movement > Freedom of Movement, violations of in Burma/Myanmar" 5123: 3728: 2495: 1990:

75 U.S. 168 (1869), the Court defined freedom of movement as "right of free ingress into other States, and egress from them." However, the

1261: 3124: 2838:

Keung Wong, Daniel Fu; Li, Chang Ying; Song, He Xue (1 January 2007). "Rural migrant workers in urban China: living a marginalised life".

1243:

because certain safeguards, as are envisaged here, seem justified to protect indigenous and tribal peoples from exploitation and coercion.

5282: 5234: 5005: 4803: 4283:

Duster, Michael J. "Criminal Justice System Reform Symposium: Note: Out of Sight, Out of Mind: State Attempts to Banish Sex Offenders."

1865:

The freedom of a citizen to travel abroad may be restricted due to his / her citizenship duty or criminal investigation or prosecution.

1466:

Residents of Gaza are only allowed to travel to the West Bank in exceptional humanitarian cases, particularly urgent medical cases, but

1491:

Every individual shall have the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of a State provided he abides by the law.

4342: 3387: 1991: 705: 4221:"The Legal Protection Of Democracy & Freedom: The Case For A New Written Constitution & Bill Of Rights", in Lewis F. Abbott, 910:, to travel freely in this area. The arrangements also extend to certain foreign nationals who hold visas issued by these countries. 4888: 4511: 4350: 4296:"Note: Membership Has Its Privileges and Immunities: Congressional Power to Define and Enforce the Rights of National Citizenship." 4259: 4058: 3247: 2391: 2028: 1614: 347: 4921:

What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights

2348: 1782:

In the interests of justice (imprisonment, bailiff's order, arrest, undertaking not to leave during a criminal investigation etc.).

4078: 1757:

Freedom of movement of Russian citizens around the country is legally limited in a number of situations, including the following:

4053: 1962: 1940: 3581: 3540: 3481: 211:

who are at risk of immediate bodily harm on return to their country or those seeking asylum), indefinite stay may be allowed on

4464: 1410: 848: 840: 830: 597: 477: 3814:"Project Turnstone : Freedom of Movement and Passenger Experiences with Safety and Border Control in the Baltic Sea Area" 237: 5323: 5287: 5184: 4940: 2578: 2552: 2257: 1769: 1594: 1440: 992: 567: 738: 417:

laws of the land, and of the people of the nation at war against us, and Merchants who shall be treated as it is said above.

3762: 3095:"Coalition for The Children and Family, Father's Rights Israel, Discrimination Against Men - הקואליציה למען הילדים והמשפחה" 2709:

Chan, Kam Wing; Zhang, Li (December 1999). "The "hukou" system and rural-urban migration in China: processes and changes".

672:

It shall entail the right, subject to limitations justified on grounds of public policy, public security or public health:

393:

from traveling there without his permission. However, Augustus would also allow more liberty to travel at times. During a

135:

national and regional official minimum wage tariff barriers to labour-market entry (free movement or migration of workers);

4484: 4474: 1530: 1308: 1069: 426: 319: 4469: 2034:), it is unlawful for a United States citizen to enter or exit the United States without a valid United States passport. 289:

In some countries prohibition to leave may take the form of revocation of a previously issued passport. For example, the

5313: 5224: 2811: 2232: 2102: 1924:. The rights specified include the right of citizens to leave and enter the country and the right of both citizens and 1844: 1794: 1776: 1538: 1349: 154:

motor vehicle normative road and highway design, in which pedestrian and bicycle access is severely restricted or absent

3204: 5050: 4960: 4683: 2110: 1970: 986: 449: 3999: 3469:

Syria: Unable to Move: Freedom of Movement restricted for Human Rights Defenders (and Others) | Amnesty International

3603:

So near and yet so far—Implications of Israeli‐Imposed Seclusion of Gaza Strip on Palestinians’ Right to Family Life

2109:. It is possible that this may have influenced the development of a common identity in the island, which has led to 1570:

of 1990, promoting freedom of movement and no more borders controls for European citizen on the European territory.

596:

of 29 April 2004. Union residents are given the right to enter any member state for up to three months with a valid

199:. Persons who have been charged with crimes and have been released on bail may also be prohibited from traveling. A 4927: 2098: 2065: 1966: 2625:"Parliamentary question | Answer to Question No E-3822/00 | E-3822/2000(ASW) | European Parliament" 2536: 5272: 5214: 4824: 4544: 3448: 3215: 1585:

Since the Schengen Agreement in 1990, freedom of movement slightly spread to 25 countries of the European Union (

1526: 1444: 1397:

no longer allow women to appear in public alone, they must be accompanied by a male relative/guardian known as a

1124:

as measures of wellbeing and economic progress are based almost exclusively on conditions for those with a local

1093: 647: 386: 4311: 1287:

provides for the freedom of movement within the country, foreign travel, immigration, and repatriation, and the

1169:

in Tibet have a far easier time acquiring the necessary permits to live in urban areas than ethnic Tibetans do.

5229: 5194: 5139: 5025: 4708: 3813: 3301: 1178: 960: 929: 919: 655: 635: 290: 245:

not to destroy their travel documents, in order to be able to adjudicate their eligibility to enter the country

219:, where citizens of any country in the EU and EFTA generally enjoy indefinite stay in other EU/EFTA countries. 3333:"Kuwait Airways drops New York to London route after being criticised for refusing to take Israeli passengers" 2603: 1643:

in order to ensure freedom of movement in the specific circumstance of a woman traveling abroad to receive an

1252: 3230: 2762:

Cheng, Tiejun; Selden, Mark (September 1994). "The origins and social consequences of China's hukou system".

2072:

proposed regulating the rights of Australian citizens to travel to and from designated areas associated with

4935: 2069: 2011: 1751: 1699: 1652: 1202: 1154: 1150: 733: 651: 242: 4102:"FEDERAL LAW NO. 114-FZ OF AUGUST 15, 1996 ON THE PROCEDURE FOR EXITING AND ENTRING THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION" 4035:"FEDERAL LAW OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION of March 28, 1998 No. 53-FZ About conscription and military service" 4965: 4950: 4713: 4648: 3753:

According to the official website of the French Republic; see the second sentence on the fourth paragraph.

2624: 2137: 1913: 1855: 1786: 1746: 1734: 1354: 1328: 643: 639: 445: 216: 42: 3934:"LAW OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION NO. 4730-I OF APRIL 1, 1993 ON THE STATE BORDER OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION" 2105:(part of France), freedom of movement is allowed between both halves of the island as stated in the 1648 2064:

had immigration controls separate from those of the remainder of Australia and a permit was required for

5277: 5085: 5075: 5040: 4793: 4768: 4723: 4673: 4622: 4504: 4234: 4169: 3601: 2292: 2090: 2004: 1896: 1668: 1655:

on 25 May 2018, which ensures the right to an abortion, this previous amendment is no longer necessary.

1373: 1361: 1284: 1278: 1117: 1047: 718: 148:

protectionist local/regional barriers to housebuilding and therefore settlement in particular districts;

1801:

The Russian citizens' right to leave Russia may be legally suspended on a number of reasons including:

1142:" from Chinese authorities. Currently, the issuance of the "one-way permit" is limited to 150 per day. 3094: 1997: 1765:(mainly nuclear research centers). Special permits are necessary for both visiting and settling there. 364:

require all resident foreigners, but not citizens, to obtain an exit visa before leaving the country.

37:"Free movement of persons" redirects here. For the freedom of movement within the European Union, see 5204: 5164: 5045: 4869: 4849: 4733: 4678: 4668: 4612: 4539: 1983:(1823), freedom of movement has been judicially recognized as a fundamental Constitutional right. In 1840: 1817: 1723: 1715: 956: 626: 593: 397:

in 6 AD, he attempted to relieve strain on the food supply by granting senators the liberty to leave

3914: 3607: 5254: 4975: 4945: 4859: 4854: 4753: 4643: 2895: 2816: 2764: 2711: 2132: 2106: 1975: 1925: 1889: 1632: 1590: 1288: 1211: 895: 589: 250: 4194: 2407:

Habicht, Jasper (2 January 2019). "Exit restrictions in the context of Chinese civil litigation".

215:

grounds, but in most other cases, stay is generally limited. One notable exception to this is the

5292: 5169: 5095: 4990: 4788: 4773: 4419: 4316: 3878: 3702: 3280: 3272: 3055: 3012: 3004: 2920: 2789: 2781: 2744: 2728: 2500: 2454: 2432: 2167: 2024: 1929: 1859: 1833: 1567: 1097: 887: 879: 869: 540: 498:(2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country. 495:(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each State. 405: 343: 269: 116:

can modify this right as it applies to persons charged with or convicted of crimes (for example,

4101: 1357:

are prohibited from exiting the country without special visas issued by government authorities.

3832: 3508: 145:

obligations on persons to register changes of address or of partner with the state authorities;

99:"Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country." 96:"Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state." 5199: 5159: 5112: 5060: 4985: 4783: 4743: 4658: 4627: 4534: 4346: 4226: 4113: 4014: 3978: 3945: 3870: 3775: 3690: 3680: 3264: 3177: 3047: 2912: 2855: 2736: 2424: 2387: 1958: 1229: 1113: 1052: 606: 550: 437: 422: 85: 3415: 3297: 3073: 2987:

Cheng, T.; Selden, M. (1994). "The Origins and Social Consequences of China's Hukou System".

5189: 5105: 5070: 4778: 4748: 4738: 4703: 4617: 4607: 4597: 4561: 4556: 4497: 4339:

Arise, Africa! Roar, China! Black and Chinese Citizens of the World in the Twentieth Century

4054:"The Demise and Resurrection of the Propiska: Freedom of Movement in the Russian Federation" 3862: 3765:

For some reasons, police controls are still recommended. See Title II, chapter 1, article 2.

3384: 3256: 3151: 3039: 3030:

Skeldon, Ronald (1 March 1994). "Turning Points in Labor Migration: The Case of Hong Kong".

2996: 2904: 2847: 2773: 2720: 2416: 2379: 2323: 2218: 2162: 1985: 1843:, protection of public order and peace, prevention of the spread of infectious diseases, or 1821: 1419:

Palestinians queue to pass through a checkpoint between neighborhoods in the city of Hebron.

1240: 1101: 996: 899: 843:

covers movement of respective citizens of Australia and New Zealand between those countries.

584:, residents are guaranteed the right to freely move within the EU's internal borders by the 200: 1331:

is tightly controlled. The standard route to and from North Korea is by plane or train via

835: 553:, restrictions on freedom of movement were implemented by many of the world's governments. 5267: 5219: 5179: 5080: 5030: 4763: 4758: 4698: 4653: 4602: 4432: 3585: 3468: 3402: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3211: 2688: 2610: 2157: 2152: 1719: 1703: 1077: 1007:

may enter, reside, study and work in each respective country indefinitely without a visa.

924: 907: 793:), citizens of which can also travel to their territories without the need of a passport. 256: 212: 31: 2383: 1876:

Britons have long enjoyed a comparatively high level of freedom of movement. Apart from

1617:, French people are free to go to one European country to another without restrictions. 1415: 5209: 5134: 5090: 4864: 4798: 4576: 4571: 4479: 4312:"Passport Revocations or Denials on the Ground of National Security and Foreign Policy" 2467: 2147: 2142: 2122: 2061: 2039: 1574: 1480: 1366: 1312: 1198: 1139: 1121: 1120:. The Hukou system has also led many municipal governments to disregard the welfare of 891: 631: 581: 465: 441: 327: 323: 308: 279: 178: 142:(internal passports, citizenship licenses) that must be carried and produced on demand; 139: 81: 65:

concept encompassing the right of individuals to travel from place to place within the

5307: 5239: 5174: 5055: 4718: 4693: 4688: 3882: 3578: 3551: 3485: 3284: 3245:

Ward, Robert E. (December 1956). "The Origins of the Present Japanese Constitution".

3016: 2851: 2793: 2436: 2127: 2060:. Various Australian laws restrict the right on various grounds. Until 1 July 2016, 1980: 1727: 1610: 1394: 1182: 1004: 699: 226: 164: 4151: 4034: 4000:"CRIMINAL-PROCEDURAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION NO. 174-FZ OF DECEMBER 18, 2001" 3623: 3059: 2924: 2748: 1484: 17: 5149: 5144: 5035: 4912: 4663: 3933: 3724: 3526: 2450: 2094: 1885: 1880:, the protection of rights and liberties in this field has tended to come from the 1677: 1448: 1428: 1265: 1073: 936: 689:

The provisions of this article shall not apply to employment in the public service.

610:

within the European Union, or permanently excluded from entry by any member state.

461: 390: 382: 357: 300:, further required that their citizens, and sometimes foreign travelers, obtain an 297: 77: 62: 3649:"The Kampala Declaration on Intellectual Freedom and Social Responsibility (1990)" 2582: 2556: 2420: 3648: 2031: 1928:

to move within its boundaries. However, the subsections protect poorer regions'

1401:. People who tried to leave ISIS territory were routinely tortured and executed. 5015: 4133: 3967:"FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW NO. 3-FKZ OF MAY 30, 2001 ON THE STATE OF EMERGENCY" 3896: 3797:. The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic. Archived from 2667: 1877: 1809:

Detention on being prosecuted as a defendant or suspicion of committing a crime.

1762: 1606: 1390: 1381:

issues regular reports on human rights in Syria, including freedom of movement.

1336: 1292: 1166: 1109: 1057: 972: 903: 856: 806: 476:(1966). Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the 409: 3043: 2812:"China 'hukou' system deemed outdated as way of controlling access to services" 1621: 874: 704:

A different arrangement amongst 29 European countries, covers some but not all

572: 519:(4) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of the right to enter his own country. 5020: 4246: 3866: 3351:"Kuwait Airways Pulls Profitable Flight to Avoid Doing Business With Israelis" 3125:"Israel Gets Rid of "the Best Interest of the Child Stuff" - Fearless Fathers" 3000: 2908: 2777: 2724: 2328: 2311: 1881: 1640: 1579: 1085: 821:. The countries have adopted a harmonized external border and visitor policy. 3874: 3694: 3268: 2916: 2859: 2428: 5000: 4839: 4581: 3798: 3385:

North Korea: Freedom of movement, opinion and expression - Information sheet

3372: 2889:

Chan, Kam Wing; Buckingham, Will (September 2008). "Is China abolishing the

2206:

Illiberal Liberal States: Immigration, Citizenship and Integration in the EU

2073: 2057: 2056:

No federal Australian legislation guarantees freedom of movement within the

1534: 1522: 1518: 1487:

Article 12 outlines various forms of movement-related freedoms. It asserts:

1452: 1432: 1315:

cancelled its route between New York and London following a decision by the

1190: 1131: 852: 818: 810: 757: 585: 335: 301: 192: 121: 113: 66: 4880: 3051: 2740: 2376:

Diplomatic Law: Commentary on the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations

1623:

one of the most welcomed countries according to the Henley passport index.

278:

Under certain circumstances, countries may issue travel documents (such as

30:

This article is about the right to travel. For the mechanical concept, see

3674: 1463:

entrance or exit are frequent, generally taking place on Jewish Holidays.

981:

United States, Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, and Palau

678:(b) to move freely within the territory of Member States for this purpose; 5262: 5100: 4844: 4549: 3427: 2472: 1695: 1644: 1546: 814: 782: 765: 753: 378: 4448:"The reunification of St. Martin: A pipe dream or an inevitable choice?" 2378:. Oxford Commentaries on International Law. Vol. 1 (4th ed.). 1549:, critical to full exercise of the freedom of movement internationally. 1529:

requiring black men to have a pass with them to enter cities. After the

1307:

Kuwait refuses admission to holders of Israeli passports as part of its

5065: 5010: 4995: 4980: 4520: 3722:

Certification of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996

3276: 1602: 1377:

structures, denial of travel documents, and denial of nationality. The

1332: 948: 786: 778: 769: 385:

in 27 BC, he assumed monarchical powers over the new Roman province of

351: 208: 70: 4485:

UN Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 27: Freedom of Movement

4480:

UN General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13

3008: 2785: 2732: 666:

Freedom of movement for workers shall be secured within the Community.

4566: 3509:"Revolutionizing Human Rights: Women and Democracy in Northern Syria" 1691: 1598: 1586: 1436: 1424: 944: 761: 394: 312: 196: 174: 117: 3260: 1868:

Citizens can neither be deported nor denied entry into the country.

1088:

areas. Many people move to places in which they do not have a local

4367:"Right to freedom of movement | Attorney-General's Department" 1888:, and can be changed by Parliament without the protection of being 1385:

the country. From July 2013, in certain villages in Syria (such as

513:(2) Everyone shall be free to leave any country, including his own. 3590:

United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

3548:

United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

1754:

shall have the right to freely return to the Russian Federation."

1676: 1664: 1414: 1386: 1296: 1251: 1216:

shall be free to leave the Region without special authorization."

1194: 1162: 1158: 1135: 1081: 1061: 1051: 1035: 1000: 952: 923: 873: 834: 774: 737: 571: 484: 430: 408:, in 1215, the right to travel was enshrined in Article 42 of the 361: 339: 236: 3833:"Freedom of Movement for Workers from Central and Eastern Europe" 1820:, citizen of Russia may have the citizenship of a foreign State ( 27:

Right of people to travel within and outside of their own country

2312:"Global Justice, Freedom of Movement and Democratic Citizenship" 1020:

Protection of right to freedom of movement in specific countries

940: 790: 659: 398: 282:) to aliens, that is, to persons other than their own citizens. 260:

documentation are often subject to imprisonment or deportation.

168: 4884: 4493: 2970:. Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy. Archived from 2289:

Closed Borders: the Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement

1613:

as these countries own an associated status towards the EU. As

1197:

retained separate border control and immigration policies with

1138:

only for travel, but not for residence unless they obtain the "

3367:

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (July 2, 2008).

1130:

Also, Chinese citizens are allowed to go from the mainland to

125: 1541:

also contains express freedoms of movement, in section 21 of

3774:

This ranking does not take in count restrictions due to the

1185:

and accepted by the British and Portuguese governments, the

3727:, 1996 (4) SA 744, 1996 (10) BCLR 1253 (6 September 1996), 3102: 624:

Freedom of movement for workers is a policy chapter of the

4489: 4079:"The Propiska and the Constitutional Court Special Report" 3315:"Kuwait Airways Drops Flights to Avoid Israeli Passengers" 1256:

An internal Israeli checkpoint near the town of Bethlehem.

4260:"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions" 1483:

govern freedom of movement within the African continent.

3812:

Sophia, Yakhlef; Goran, Basic; Malin, Åkerström (2015).

2374:

Eileen, Denza (14 January 2016). "Freedom of Movement".

1832:

Everyone has the right to move and settle freely in the

1667:, freedom of movement is enshrined in Article 16 of the 1372:

However, Syria has been criticized by groups, including

1116:, and more recently in the People's Republic to control 864:

United Kingdom, Ireland, Isle of Man and Channel Islands

557:

Examples of free movement arrangements between countries

241:

The British Government instructs travellers arriving at

3855:

International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society

3232:

Checkpoints, Physical Obstructions, and Forbidden Roads

4170:"Article 39 of Constitution of the Republic of Serbia" 3679:. William H. Worger (Third ed.). Abingdon, Oxon. 492:

The text of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

3178:"חשד: שוטר וקצין שב"כ סייעו למעוכבי יציאה תמורת שוחד" 2877:

Handbook of Chinese Migration: Identity and Wellbeing

2204:

Kees Groenendijk, Elspeth Guild, and Sergio Carrera,

2068:

or residents to enter. In August 2014 the Australian

620:

Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union

346:

to visit the mainland). Since 2016, residents of the

39:

Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union

4475:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

3459:

Legislative Decree No. 29 of 1970, Syrian Government

3428:"How Syria controls its dissidents – Banning travel" 545:

Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic

504:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

474:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

5248: 5121: 4926: 4812: 4636: 4590: 4527: 4465:

Freedom of Movement and limitations thereof in Cuba

4410:. Singapore: MediaCorp. 6 August 2014. p. 16. 4245:

Government of Canada, Social Union, News Release, "

4223:

British Democracy: Its Restoration & Extension,

2939:"Restrictions on Freedom of Movement and Residence" 2879:(pp. 71-104). No, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. 2643:"Free Movement of persons in the Eastern Caribbean" 1862:has the right to travel from one place to another. 1521:, freedom of movement for nonwhites was limited by 1447:. In the mid-1990s, with the implementation of the 5273:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation 4470:Freedom of Travel policy within the European Union 3676:South Africa : the rise and fall of apartheid 3298:"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2006" 1157:before receiving official permission to leave for 3152:"Payoff scandal clouds Israel's airport security" 2233:"Libertarians say: Let the immigrant children in" 1096:can restrict services like subsidized schooling, 675:(a) to accept offers of employment actually made; 3405:., published 2 August 2009, accessed 2011-04-08. 2468:"China confiscates passports of Xinjiang people" 1681:The Svalbard area is an entirely visa-free zone. 1485:The African Charter on Human and People's Rights 3369:"UNHCR Freedom in the World 2008 - North Korea" 1718:are required to use Polish travel documents (a 586:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 151:trespassing into another individual's property. 159:Freedom of movement between private properties 4896: 4505: 2943:Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy 1647:. However, with the successful repeal of the 1147:Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy 217:free movement of people in the European Union 8: 4446:Badejo, Fabian Adekunle (25 December 2004). 4134:"The Constitution of the Russian Federation" 3897:"The Constitution of the Russian Federation" 3740:No paragraph mention liberty of movement in 3439:Article 33, Paragraph 2, Syrian Constitution 3373:PRK,4562d8cf2,487ca236c0,0.html the original 2547: 2545: 444:were not given their personal freedom until 4941:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention 4118:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4019:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3983:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3950:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2343: 2341: 2339: 1953:Freedom of movement under United States law 1582:. This law does not exist anymore however. 805:abolished in 2006 land border checks among 4903: 4889: 4881: 4830:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness 4512: 4498: 4490: 4138:The Constitution of the Russian Federation 3707:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3375:on October 18, 2012. Retrieved 2011-04-08. 1165:. Additionally, it alleged that people of 803:Central America-4 Border Control Agreement 233:Entrance restrictions in certain countries 3606:. HaMoked and B'Tselem, January 2014. On 2496:"Travel restrictions started during WW-I" 2327: 2187: 2185: 2183: 1108:. The system was used as far back as the 506:incorporates this right into treaty law: 2647:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States 1724:Polish National ID card (Dowód osobisty) 203:may also be denied the right to travel. 131:Restrictions may include the following: 5155:Right to an adequate standard of living 4332: 4330: 3482:"Human Rights Committee - 84th Session" 2968:"Racial Discrimination in Tibet (2000)" 2840:International Journal of Social Welfare 2219:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 2179: 2021:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 1922:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1226:Protected and restricted areas of India 576:European Union Freedom-of-Movement Area 401:and to travel to wherever they wished. 84:, and in documents reflecting norms of 4956:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment 4428: 4417: 4217: 4215: 4111: 4012: 3976: 3943: 3700: 3618: 3616: 3074:"Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty" 2982: 2980: 1916:contains mobility rights expressly in 264:Exit restrictions in certain countries 4835:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 3786: 3784: 3574: 3572: 3235:. B'Tselem, Updated 24 November 2013. 3226: 3224: 3200: 3198: 2871: 2869: 2810:Richburg, Keith B. (14 August 2010). 2805: 2803: 2258:"Why Should We Restrict Immigration?" 1564:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1379:United Nations Human Rights Committee 470:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 90:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 7: 3524:"Double-layered Veils and Despair", 2369: 2367: 2365: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2283: 2281: 2252: 2250: 1886:constitutional codes and conventions 1836:, to leave it, and to return to it. 1262:Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty 1153:had to promise not to criticize the 311:may need to obtain an exit visa. In 304:to be allowed to leave the country. 4083:East European Constitutional Review 3430:. The Economist. 30 September 2010. 3304:. 2007-03-06. Retrieved 2008-10-21. 3218:. 2010-03-28. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 3205:"IDF closes West Bank for Passover" 3032:Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1816:According to the 62 article of the 1772:near Russia's international border. 1423:The restriction of the movement of 1064:province closed to foreign visitors 890:arrangements allow citizens of the 531:every country that is party to it. 296:Some countries, such as the former 4343:University of North Carolina Press 3416:"Syrian Reform: What Lies Beneath" 2384:10.1093/law/9780198703969.003.0024 1845:defense of the Republic of Serbia. 1752:Citizens of the Russian Federation 25: 5076:Right to refuse medical treatment 4249:," URL accessed 20 December 2006. 4059:Harvard International Law Journal 3592:. May 2008. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 3248:American Political Science Review 1722:or, within the European Union, a 1335:. Transport directly to and from 1317:U.S. Department of Transportation 967:Union State of Russia and Belarus 928:Countries and territories of the 878:Countries and territories of the 744:Light green: associated members. 348:Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 88:. For example, Article 13 of the 5329:Concepts in political philosophy 3414:Ghadry, Farid N. (Winter 2005). 2852:10.1111/j.1468-2397.2007.00475.x 2193:Nomadic Peoples and Human Rights 1963:Privileges and Immunities Clause 1941:Social Union Framework Agreement 1639:was adopted in November 1992 by 1076:of household registration makes 460:After the end of hostilities in 76:Such a right is provided in the 4195:"Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası" 3742:the French Constitution of 1958 2613:(consolidated version). EUR-Lex 2019:Internationally, § 215 of the 1854:According to Article 23 of the 1411:Palestinian freedom of movement 1149:claimed in 2000 that people in 1060:District - within a section of 849:Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement 841:Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement 831:Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement 724:are also in the Schengen Area. 5319:International travel documents 5288:Sexual and reproductive health 5185:Right to a healthy environment 4820:Liberty, equality, brotherhood 4394:"Right to freedom of movement" 3176:גלובס, שירות (14 March 2012). 1527:Natives (Urban Areas) Act 1923 1441:Palestinian National Authority 1187:special administrative regions 568:Four Freedoms (European Union) 332:special administrative regions 293:may revoke passports at will. 1: 5205:Right to public participation 4450:. House of Nehesi Publishers. 4077:Katanian, Konstantin (1998). 3150:Senyor, Eli (14 March 2012). 3099:הקואליציה למען הילדים והמשפחה 2421:10.1080/10192557.2019.1651486 2316:European Journal of Sociology 1961:is governed primarily by the 342:(and SAR residents require a 5225:Right to science and culture 3418:. The Middle East Quarterly. 3355:U.S. News & World Report 2111:a proposed unification of it 2103:Collectivity of Saint Martin 1539:Constitution of South Africa 1350:Freedom of movement in Syria 706:European Union member states 662:(ex 39 and 48) states that: 5051:Right to keep and bear arms 4961:Freedom from discrimination 4684:Freedom from discrimination 4310:Capassakis, Evelyn (1981). 3371:. Unhcr.org. Archived from 987:Compact of Free Association 525:U.N. Human Rights Committee 328:exit and entry endorsements 5345: 4545:Personification of Liberty 3792:"The Italian Constitution" 3550:. May 2008. Archived from 3394:., Amnesty International, 3044:10.1177/011719689400300106 1967:United States Constitution 1957:Freedom of movement under 1950: 1726:) while travelling in the 1408: 1347: 1276: 1223: 1080:difficult, especially for 1070:People's Republic of China 1045: 984: 970: 917: 867: 828: 742:Dark green: full members. 731: 716: 697: 617: 565: 538: 456:United Nations Declaration 425:, a measure instituted by 326:are required to apply for 320:People's Republic of China 267: 248: 36: 29: 5215:Right to rest and leisure 4919: 4825:All men are created equal 3867:10.1007/s10767-009-9073-9 3216:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 3001:10.1017/S0305741000043083 2909:10.1017/S0305741008000787 2778:10.1017/S0305741000043083 2725:10.1017/S0305741000001351 2329:10.1017/s000397560900040x 2058:Commonwealth of Australia 1858:, each individual in the 1793:Since the abandonment of 1714:Polish nationals holding 1445:Israel-Palestine conflict 825:Australia and New Zealand 389:and was able to prohibit 322:who are residents of the 195:or have been released on 5230:Right to social security 5195:Right to Internet access 5140:Equal pay for equal work 5026:Presumption of innocence 4225:ISR/Google Books, 2006. 3673:Clark, Nancy L. (2016). 3507:Padín-Dujon, Alejandra. 3302:U.S. Department of State 2609:16 November 2013 at the 2002:79 U.S. 418 (1871), the 1457:administrative divisions 1451:and the division of the 1179:one country, two systems 961:Gulf Cooperation Council 930:Gulf Cooperation Council 920:Gulf Cooperation Council 914:Gulf Cooperation Council 746:Red: suspended members. 636:free movement of persons 291:United States of America 5106:right to be a candidate 4936:Equality before the law 2623:Nordic Passport Union. 2409:Asia Pacific Law Review 2070:Commonwealth Government 2012:United States v. Harris 1775:In areas with declared 1702:under the terms of the 1700:entirely visa-free zone 1155:Chinese Communist Party 1068:In the mainland of the 1034:The military regime in 748:Blue: observer members. 734:Citizenship of Mercosur 257:Visa Restrictions Index 243:London Stansted Airport 4966:Freedom of information 4951:Freedom of association 4337:Gao, Yunxiang (2021). 3831:Doyle, Nicola (2006). 3763:The Schengen Agreement 2138:Hypermobility (travel) 2009:83 U.S. 36 (1873) and 1934:notwithstanding clause 1914:Constitution of Canada 1812:Military conscription. 1682: 1420: 1309:boycott against Israel 1299:, and it is not used. 1257: 1212:Basic Law of Hong Kong 1065: 933: 883: 844: 749: 644:free movement of goods 640:four economic freedoms 602:national identity card 577: 493: 330:in order to enter the 246: 43:European Single Market 5324:Human rights by issue 5278:Intersex human rights 5086:Right of self-defense 5041:Right to a fair trial 4300:102:1925 (June 1989). 4287:53:711 (Spring 2005). 4052:Rubins, Noah (1998). 3579:"OCHA Closure Update" 3541:"OCHA Closure Update" 2293:Yale University Press 2016:106 U.S. 629 (1883). 2005:Slaughter-House Cases 1787:military conscription 1694:special territory of 1680: 1589:is not a member yet; 1418: 1409:Further information: 1374:Amnesty International 1329:Travel to North Korea 1279:Human rights in Japan 1255: 1084:residents to move to 1055: 1048:Human rights in China 927: 877: 838: 741: 719:Nordic Passport Union 713:Nordic Passport Union 575: 491: 478:U.N. General Assembly 450:Edict of Emancipation 433:freedom of movement. 240: 186:Domestic restrictions 5165:Right to development 5046:Right to family life 4996:Freedom from torture 4981:Freedom from slavery 4870:Right-libertarianism 4850:Civil libertarianism 4804:Water and sanitation 4540:Moral responsibility 3801:on 27 November 2016. 3729:Constitutional Court 2974:on 2 September 2010. 2689:"The World Factbook" 2455:Passport Act of 1926 2310:Bauböck, R. (2009). 1856:Turkish Constitution 1841:criminal proceedings 1818:Russian Constitution 1747:Russian Constitution 1733:Poland requires all 1637:Thirteenth Amendment 1455:into three separate 1443:is one issue in the 1104:to those with local 634:. It is part of the 627:acquis communautaire 594:Directive 2004/38/EC 18:Freedom of residence 5314:Freedom of movement 4976:Freedom of religion 4971:Freedom of movement 4946:Freedom of assembly 4928:Civil and political 4860:Left-libertarianism 4855:Drug liberalization 4341:. Chapel Hill, NC: 4298:Harvard Law Review. 3584:6 July 2010 at the 3530:, 17 February 2015. 3357:. 18 December 2015. 3339:. 17 December 2015. 2989:The China Quarterly 2949:on 2 September 2010 2896:The China Quarterly 2817:The Washington Post 2765:The China Quarterly 2712:The China Quarterly 2629:European Parliament 2133:Freedoms of the air 2107:Treaty of Concordia 2066:Australian citizens 1976:Corfield v. Coryell 1926:permanent residents 1892:in a constitution. 1884:rather than formal 1785:For citizens under 1525:beginning with the 1362:Syrian Constitution 1181:policy proposed by 1173:Hong Kong and Macau 590:European Parliament 286:to aliens as well. 251:Illegal immigration 108:Common restrictions 51:Freedom of movement 5293:Right to sexuality 5170:Right to education 5096:Security of person 4991:Freedom of thought 4383:- No longer Active 4174:www.ustavni.sud.rs 3401:2013-10-19 at the 3390:2015-02-16 at the 3321:. 15 January 2016. 3319:The New York Times 3210:2012-09-23 at the 2559:on 4 February 2012 2537:Pale of Settlement 2501:The Times of India 2476:. 24 November 2016 2191:Jérémiee Gilbert, 2168:Illegal emigration 2093:, divided between 1930:affirmative action 1860:Republic of Turkey 1834:Republic of Serbia 1777:state of emergency 1745:Article 27 of The 1683: 1653:Irish Constitution 1575:citizens in France 1568:Schengen Agreement 1431:in Israel and the 1421: 1258: 1098:subsidized housing 1078:internal migration 1066: 934: 888:Common Travel Area 884: 880:Common Travel Area 870:Common Travel Area 845: 750: 578: 541:COVID-19 lockdowns 502:Article 12 of the 494: 429:in 1781 permitted 344:Home Return Permit 270:Illegal emigration 247: 5301: 5300: 5200:Right to property 5160:Right to clothing 5145:Fair remuneration 5113:Right to homeland 5061:Right to petition 4986:Freedom of speech 4878: 4877: 4535:Cognitive liberty 4427:Missing or empty 4285:Drake Law Review. 4231:978-0-906321-31-7 3776:COVID-19 pandemic 3686:978-1-138-12444-8 3131:. 21 January 2012 2089:In the island of 1959:United States law 1686:Norway (Svalbard) 1615:European citizens 1230:Inner Line Permit 1203:Chinese nationals 1177:As a part of the 1094:local governments 900:British nationals 756:alliance between 607:persona non grata 551:COVID-19 pandemic 489: 423:Holy Roman Empire 86:international law 16:(Redirected from 5336: 5190:Right to housing 5124:Economic, social 5071:Right to protest 5066:Right to privacy 4905: 4898: 4891: 4882: 4562:Positive liberty 4557:Negative liberty 4514: 4507: 4500: 4491: 4452: 4451: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4430: 4425: 4423: 4415: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4390: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4373:on 17 March 2014 4369:. Archived from 4363: 4357: 4356: 4334: 4325: 4324: 4307: 4301: 4294: 4288: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4256: 4250: 4243: 4237: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4117: 4109: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4018: 4010: 4004: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3982: 3974: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3949: 3941: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3837: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3796: 3788: 3779: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3745: 3738: 3732: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3706: 3698: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3620: 3611: 3599: 3593: 3576: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3556: 3545: 3537: 3531: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3488:on 27 April 2006 3484:. Archived from 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3451: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3412: 3406: 3382: 3376: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3311: 3305: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3242: 3236: 3228: 3219: 3202: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3129:Fearless Fathers 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3101:. Archived from 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3027: 3021: 3020: 2995:(139): 644–668. 2984: 2975: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2945:. Archived from 2935: 2929: 2928: 2886: 2880: 2873: 2864: 2863: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2807: 2798: 2797: 2772:(139): 644–668. 2759: 2753: 2752: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2620: 2614: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2581:. Archived from 2575: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2555:. Archived from 2549: 2540: 2533: 2527: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2464: 2458: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2371: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2345: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2307: 2296: 2285: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2262: 2254: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2215: 2209: 2202: 2196: 2189: 2163:Transport divide 1998:Ward v. Maryland 1986:Paul v. Virginia 1897:Human Rights Act 1822:dual citizenship 1716:dual citizenship 1671:, which states: 1649:Eighth Amendment 1566:of 1948 and the 1241:scheduled tribes 1102:health insurance 1042:China (mainland) 997:Marshall Islands 991:Citizens of the 902:resident in the 490: 381:established the 318:Citizens of the 201:material witness 21: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5304: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5268:Family planning 5253: 5244: 5220:Right of return 5180:Right to health 5128: 5125: 5117: 5081:Right to resist 5031:Right of asylum 4922: 4915: 4909: 4879: 4874: 4808: 4794:To be forgotten 4709:Internet access 4632: 4586: 4523: 4518: 4461: 4456: 4455: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4426: 4416: 4406: 4405: 4401: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4376: 4374: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4336: 4335: 4328: 4323:(6): 1178–1196. 4317:Fordham L. Rev. 4309: 4308: 4304: 4295: 4291: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4244: 4240: 4220: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4156:CIS Legislation 4150: 4149: 4145: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4110: 4106:Legislationline 4099: 4098: 4094: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4039:CIS Legislation 4033: 4032: 4028: 4011: 4007:Legislationline 4002: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3975: 3971:Legislationline 3964: 3963: 3959: 3942: 3938:Legislationline 3931: 3930: 3926: 3919:Global security 3915:"Secret cities" 3913: 3912: 3908: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3835: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3782: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3739: 3735: 3720: 3716: 3699: 3687: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3622: 3621: 3614: 3600: 3596: 3586:Wayback Machine 3577: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3489: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3413: 3409: 3403:Wayback Machine 3392:Wayback Machine 3383: 3379: 3366: 3362: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3337:The Independent 3331: 3330: 3326: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3296: 3292: 3261:10.2307/1951331 3255:(4): 980–1010. 3244: 3243: 3239: 3229: 3222: 3212:Wayback Machine 3203: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3029: 3028: 3024: 2986: 2985: 2978: 2966: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2874: 2867: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2809: 2808: 2801: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2719:(160): 818–55. 2708: 2707: 2703: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2611:Wayback Machine 2602: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2560: 2551: 2550: 2543: 2534: 2530: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2479: 2477: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2448: 2444: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2394: 2373: 2372: 2363: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2337: 2309: 2308: 2299: 2286: 2279: 2269: 2267: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2203: 2199: 2190: 2181: 2176: 2158:Right of return 2153:Right of asylum 2119: 2087: 2082: 2080:Central America 2054: 2049: 1981:6 Fed. Cas. 546 1955: 1949: 1910: 1905: 1874: 1852: 1830: 1743: 1735:Polish citizens 1720:Polish passport 1712: 1704:Svalbard Treaty 1688: 1661: 1629: 1560: 1555: 1515: 1477: 1413: 1407: 1355:Syrian citizens 1352: 1346: 1326: 1305: 1281: 1275: 1250: 1232: 1224:Main articles: 1222: 1175: 1122:migrant workers 1050: 1044: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1013: 989: 983: 975: 969: 922: 916: 908:Channel Islands 872: 866: 833: 827: 799: 797:Central America 747: 745: 743: 736: 730: 721: 715: 702: 696: 638:and one of the 622: 616: 570: 564: 559: 547: 539:Main articles: 537: 485: 472:(1948) and the 458: 375: 370: 272: 266: 253: 235: 188: 179:legal guardians 161: 110: 59:right to travel 55:mobility rights 46: 35: 32:Range of motion 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5342: 5340: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5306: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5259: 5257: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5235:Right to water 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5210:Right of reply 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5135:Digital rights 5131: 5129: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5098: 5093: 5091:Right to truth 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4932: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4900: 4893: 4885: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4865:Libertarianism 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4579: 4577:Social liberty 4574: 4572:Self-ownership 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4542: 4537: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4509: 4502: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4460: 4459:External links 4457: 4454: 4453: 4438: 4399: 4385: 4358: 4351: 4326: 4302: 4289: 4276: 4251: 4238: 4211: 4186: 4161: 4143: 4125: 4092: 4069: 4044: 4026: 3990: 3957: 3924: 3906: 3888: 3861:(3): 385–400. 3845: 3823: 3804: 3780: 3767: 3755: 3746: 3733: 3731:(South Africa) 3714: 3685: 3665: 3640: 3612: 3594: 3568: 3557:on 6 July 2010 3532: 3517: 3499: 3473: 3461: 3452: 3441: 3432: 3420: 3407: 3377: 3360: 3342: 3324: 3306: 3290: 3237: 3220: 3194: 3168: 3142: 3116: 3086: 3065: 3022: 2976: 2960: 2930: 2881: 2865: 2830: 2799: 2754: 2701: 2680: 2659: 2634: 2615: 2604:Treaty of Rome 2596: 2585:on 18 May 2013 2570: 2541: 2528: 2526:, Book LV, 26. 2515: 2487: 2459: 2442: 2399: 2392: 2361: 2335: 2297: 2277: 2246: 2224: 2210: 2197: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2148:Right of abode 2145: 2143:Leave to enter 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2123:Border control 2118: 2115: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2062:Norfolk Island 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2040:Kent v. Dulles 1951:Main article: 1948: 1945: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1873: 1872:United Kingdom 1870: 1851: 1848: 1829: 1826: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1791: 1790: 1783: 1780: 1773: 1766: 1742: 1739: 1711: 1708: 1690:Uniquely, the 1687: 1684: 1660: 1657: 1628: 1625: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1531:National Party 1514: 1511: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1481:United Nations 1476: 1473: 1406: 1403: 1367:United Nations 1348:Main article: 1345: 1342: 1325: 1322: 1313:Kuwait Airways 1304: 1301: 1277:Main article: 1274: 1271: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1237: 1221: 1218: 1199:mainland China 1174: 1171: 1140:one-way permit 1114:tax collection 1043: 1040: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1012: 1009: 985:Main article: 982: 979: 971:Main article: 968: 965: 918:Main article: 915: 912: 892:United Kingdom 868:Main article: 865: 862: 829:Main article: 826: 823: 798: 795: 732:Main article: 729: 726: 717:Main article: 714: 711: 698:Main article: 695: 692: 691: 690: 687: 686: 685: 682: 679: 676: 670: 667: 632:European Union 618:Main article: 615: 612: 582:European Union 566:Main article: 563: 562:European Union 560: 558: 555: 536: 533: 521: 520: 517: 514: 511: 500: 499: 496: 466:United Nations 457: 454: 442:Russian Empire 419: 418: 374: 371: 369: 366: 354:ethnic group. 309:Czech Republic 280:laissez-passer 268:Main article: 265: 262: 249:Main article: 234: 231: 187: 184: 160: 157: 156: 155: 152: 149: 146: 143: 140:identity cards 136: 109: 106: 101: 100: 97: 92:asserts that: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5341: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5240:Right to work 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5175:Right to food 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5120: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5056:Right to life 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4914: 4906: 4901: 4899: 4894: 4892: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4724:Morphological 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4623:Morphological 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4510: 4508: 4503: 4501: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4449: 4442: 4439: 4434: 4421: 4414: 4409: 4403: 4400: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4359: 4354: 4352:9781469664606 4348: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4306: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4248: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4121: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4070: 4066:(2): 545–566. 4065: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4048: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4022: 4016: 4008: 4001: 3998:Article 102. 3994: 3991: 3986: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3958: 3953: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3846: 3841: 3834: 3827: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3805: 3800: 3793: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3723: 3718: 3715: 3710: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3669: 3666: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3641: 3629: 3625: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3580: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3536: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3521: 3518: 3510: 3503: 3500: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3449:Ods Home Page 3445: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3364: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3241: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3169: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3143: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3105:on 3 May 2015 3104: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3038:(1): 93–118. 3037: 3033: 3026: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2961: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2885: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2834: 2831: 2819: 2818: 2813: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2758: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2705: 2702: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2600: 2597: 2584: 2580: 2574: 2571: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2524:Roman History 2522:Cassius Dio, 2519: 2516: 2504:. 31 May 2010 2503: 2502: 2497: 2491: 2488: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2415:(1): 83–101. 2414: 2410: 2403: 2400: 2395: 2393:9780198703969 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2350: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2287:Dowty, Alan, 2284: 2282: 2278: 2266: 2259: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2235:. 8 July 2014 2234: 2228: 2225: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2128:Customs union 2126: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2097:(part of the 2096: 2092: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2041: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2001: 1999: 1993: 1992:Supreme Court 1989: 1987: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1972: 1971:circuit court 1968: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1947:United States 1946: 1944: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1903:North America 1902: 1900: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1849: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1835: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1770:certain areas 1767: 1764: 1763:closed cities 1760: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1748: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1728:Schengen Area 1725: 1721: 1717: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1685: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1611:Liechtenstein 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1593:maintains an 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1512: 1510: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1417: 1412: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1382: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1351: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1280: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1254: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1183:Deng Xiaoping 1180: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1030:Burma/Myanmar 1029: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1011:The Caribbean 1010: 1008: 1006: 1005:United States 1002: 998: 994: 988: 980: 978: 974: 966: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 931: 926: 921: 913: 911: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 881: 876: 871: 863: 861: 858: 854: 850: 842: 837: 832: 824: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 796: 794: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 740: 735: 727: 725: 720: 712: 710: 707: 701: 700:Schengen Area 694:Schengen Area 693: 688: 683: 680: 677: 674: 673: 671: 668: 665: 664: 663: 661: 658:. Article 45 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 628: 621: 613: 611: 609: 608: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 574: 569: 561: 556: 554: 552: 546: 542: 534: 532: 528: 526: 518: 515: 512: 509: 508: 507: 505: 497: 483: 482: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 455: 453: 451: 447: 443: 439: 434: 432: 428: 424: 415: 414: 413: 411: 407: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 372: 367: 365: 363: 359: 355: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 316: 314: 310: 305: 303: 299: 294: 292: 287: 283: 281: 276: 271: 263: 261: 258: 252: 244: 239: 232: 230: 228: 227:child custody 223: 220: 218: 214: 210: 204: 202: 198: 194: 185: 183: 180: 176: 172: 170: 166: 165:shopping mall 158: 153: 150: 147: 144: 141: 137: 134: 133: 132: 129: 127: 123: 119: 115: 107: 105: 98: 95: 94: 93: 91: 87: 83: 79: 78:constitutions 74: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 5255:reproductive 5150:Labor rights 5126:and cultural 5036:Right to die 4970: 4913:human rights 4911:Substantive 4769:Self-defense 4728: 4613:Intellectual 4441: 4429:|title= 4411: 4407: 4402: 4388: 4375:. Retrieved 4371:the original 4361: 4338: 4320: 4315: 4305: 4297: 4292: 4284: 4279: 4267:. Retrieved 4263: 4254: 4241: 4222: 4202:. Retrieved 4198: 4189: 4177:. Retrieved 4173: 4164: 4155: 4146: 4137: 4128: 4105: 4100:Article 15. 4095: 4086: 4082: 4072: 4063: 4057: 4047: 4038: 4029: 4006: 3993: 3970: 3965:Article 11. 3960: 3937: 3927: 3918: 3909: 3901:Constitution 3900: 3891: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3839: 3826: 3817: 3807: 3799:the original 3770: 3758: 3749: 3736: 3721: 3717: 3675: 3668: 3656:. Retrieved 3653:www1.umn.edu 3652: 3643: 3631:. Retrieved 3628:www1.umn.edu 3627: 3602: 3597: 3559:. Retrieved 3552:the original 3535: 3527:The Guardian 3525: 3520: 3502: 3490:. Retrieved 3486:the original 3476: 3464: 3455: 3444: 3435: 3423: 3410: 3380: 3363: 3354: 3345: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3309: 3293: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3231: 3185:. Retrieved 3181: 3171: 3159:. Retrieved 3155: 3145: 3133:. Retrieved 3128: 3119: 3107:. Retrieved 3103:the original 3098: 3089: 3077:. Retrieved 3068: 3035: 3031: 3025: 2992: 2988: 2972:the original 2963: 2951:. Retrieved 2947:the original 2933: 2900: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2876: 2846:(1): 32–40. 2843: 2839: 2833: 2821:. Retrieved 2815: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2692:. Retrieved 2683: 2671:. Retrieved 2662: 2650:. Retrieved 2646: 2637: 2628: 2618: 2599: 2587:. Retrieved 2583:the original 2573: 2561:. Retrieved 2557:the original 2531: 2523: 2518: 2506:. Retrieved 2499: 2490: 2478:. Retrieved 2471: 2462: 2451:Haig v. Agee 2445: 2412: 2408: 2402: 2375: 2352:. Retrieved 2319: 2315: 2288: 2270:14 September 2268:. Retrieved 2265:Open Borders 2264: 2239:15 September 2237:. Retrieved 2227: 2213: 2205: 2200: 2192: 2095:Sint Maarten 2091:Saint Martin 2088: 2085:Saint Martin 2055: 2038: 2036: 2018: 2010: 2003: 1996: 1984: 1974: 1956: 1938: 1911: 1894: 1875: 1867: 1864: 1853: 1838: 1831: 1815: 1800: 1792: 1756: 1744: 1732: 1713: 1689: 1673: 1669:Constitution 1662: 1630: 1619: 1584: 1572: 1561: 1516: 1513:South Africa 1507: 1478: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1449:Oslo Accords 1429:Palestinians 1422: 1398: 1391:Deir el-Zour 1383: 1371: 1359: 1353: 1327: 1306: 1285:Constitution 1282: 1266:stay of exit 1259: 1210: 1208: 1176: 1144: 1129: 1125: 1118:urbanization 1105: 1089: 1074:hukou system 1067: 1033: 1014: 990: 976: 935: 898:, and other 885: 846: 800: 751: 722: 703: 625: 623: 605: 592:and Council 579: 548: 529: 522: 501: 462:World War II 459: 446:Alexander II 435: 420: 403: 383:Roman Empire 376: 358:Saudi Arabia 356: 317: 306: 298:Soviet Union 295: 288: 284: 277: 273: 254: 224: 221: 213:humanitarian 207:as those of 205: 189: 173: 162: 130: 111: 102: 80:of numerous 75: 63:human rights 58: 54: 50: 49: 47: 5283:LGBT rights 5016:Nationality 5006:LGBT rights 4714:Information 4679:Family life 4649:Association 4413:extremists. 4204:26 December 4179:30 November 3932:Article 9. 3608:btselem.org 2903:: 582–606. 2099:Netherlands 2023:(currently 1878:Magna Carta 1806:employment. 1607:Switzerland 1573:In theory, 1337:South Korea 1324:North Korea 1311:. In 2015 1293:Citizenship 1167:Han descent 1110:Han dynasty 1058:Shennongjia 973:Union State 904:Isle of Man 857:New Zealand 807:El Salvador 580:Within the 549:During the 410:Magna Carta 5308:Categories 5021:Personhood 4674:Fair trial 2893:system?". 2174:References 2101:) and the 1973:ruling in 1890:entrenched 1882:common law 1641:referendum 1597:), and to 1580:hotel room 1289:Government 1236:epidemics. 1189:(SARs) of 1056:Hongping, 1046:See also: 1003:, and the 182:breached. 5001:Legal aid 4840:Anarchism 4774:Sexuality 4669:Education 4628:Political 4582:Free will 4420:cite news 3883:145003451 3875:1573-3416 3703:cite book 3695:883649263 3285:145717022 3269:1537-5943 3017:154754427 2953:14 August 2917:1468-2648 2860:1468-2397 2823:14 August 2794:154754427 2437:203155567 2429:1019-2557 2074:terrorism 2052:Australia 1939:Canada's 1918:section 6 1692:Norwegian 1543:Chapter 2 1535:apartheid 1523:pass laws 1519:apartheid 1495:morality. 1453:West Bank 1433:West Bank 1405:Palestine 1191:Hong Kong 1132:Hong Kong 853:Australia 819:Nicaragua 811:Guatemala 758:Argentina 480:, reads, 427:Joseph II 336:Hong Kong 302:exit visa 193:probation 177:or other 138:official 122:probation 114:penal law 67:territory 57:, or the 5263:Abortion 5101:Suffrage 4845:Autonomy 4813:See also 4754:Religion 4744:Property 4729:Movement 4644:Assembly 4637:By right 4618:Internet 4608:Economic 4598:Academic 4550:Libertas 4528:Concepts 4377:16 March 4269:29 March 4114:cite web 4015:cite web 3979:cite web 3946:cite web 3658:29 March 3633:29 March 3582:Archived 3561:29 March 3492:22 April 3399:Archived 3388:Archived 3208:Archived 3187:29 March 3060:10404101 3052:12287681 2925:31955241 2749:38684915 2741:20101805 2652:31 March 2607:Archived 2579:"EUROPA" 2553:"EUROPA" 2473:BBC News 2322:(1): 1. 2117:See also 2029:8 U.S.C. 2025:codified 1795:propiska 1696:Svalbard 1645:abortion 1547:passport 1533:imposed 1439:and the 1425:Israelis 1260:Israeli 949:Bahraini 906:and the 851:between 815:Honduras 783:Colombia 766:Paraguay 754:Mercosur 728:Mercosur 648:services 598:passport 588:and the 535:COVID-19 391:senators 379:Augustus 324:mainland 209:refugees 5011:Liberty 4789:Thought 4779:Silence 4749:Protest 4739:Privacy 4704:Housing 4591:By type 4521:Liberty 4264:Findlaw 3725:ZACC 26 3588:(PDF). 3277:1951331 2508:13 June 2480:22 July 2295:, 1989. 2047:Oceania 1965:of the 1920:of the 1651:of the 1633:Ireland 1627:Ireland 1603:Iceland 1595:opt-out 1591:Ireland 1333:Beijing 957:Emirati 945:Kuwaiti 896:Ireland 787:Ecuador 779:Bolivia 770:Uruguay 656:capital 630:of the 614:Workers 440:of the 421:In the 406:England 368:History 175:Parents 71:country 5250:Sexual 4784:Speech 4764:Resist 4759:Repair 4699:Health 4659:Choice 4654:Asylum 4567:Rights 4349: 4229: 3881: 3873: 3693: 3683: 3283: 3275: 3267: 3182:Globes 3161:23 May 3135:23 May 3109:23 May 3079:23 May 3058: 3050: 3015: 3009:655134 3007: 2923: 2915: 2858: 2792: 2786:655134 2784: 2747: 2739: 2733:656045 2731: 2694:23 May 2673:23 May 2589:23 May 2563:23 May 2435: 2427: 2390: 2354:23 May 2032:§ 1185 1908:Canada 1850:Turkey 1828:Serbia 1741:Russia 1710:Poland 1698:is an 1635:, the 1599:Norway 1587:Cyprus 1558:France 1553:Europe 1517:Under 1475:Africa 1437:Israel 1399:mahram 1303:Kuwait 1248:Israel 1209:Under 1126:hukou. 1100:, and 1092:, but 1072:, the 953:Qatari 817:, and 762:Brazil 652:labour 464:, the 395:famine 373:Europe 352:Uyghur 313:Russia 197:parole 118:parole 82:states 4799:Truth 4734:Press 4664:Death 4603:Civil 4408:Today 4089:: 52. 4003:(PDF) 3879:S2CID 3840:SIEPS 3836:(PDF) 3795:(PDF) 3555:(PDF) 3544:(PDF) 3512:(PDF) 3281:S2CID 3273:JSTOR 3056:S2CID 3013:S2CID 3005:JSTOR 2921:S2CID 2891:hukou 2790:S2CID 2782:JSTOR 2745:S2CID 2729:JSTOR 2433:S2CID 2261:(PDF) 1665:Italy 1659:Italy 1387:Raqqa 1344:Syria 1297:exile 1273:Japan 1220:India 1195:Macau 1163:Nepal 1159:India 1151:Tibet 1136:Macau 1106:hukou 1090:hukou 1086:urban 1082:rural 1062:Hubei 1036:Burma 1001:Palau 941:Omani 937:Saudi 775:Chile 438:serfs 431:serfs 387:Egypt 377:When 362:Qatar 340:Macau 225:In a 167:or a 69:of a 61:is a 4719:Life 4689:Food 4433:help 4379:2014 4347:ISBN 4271:2018 4227:ISBN 4206:2020 4199:TBMM 4181:2020 4120:link 4021:link 3985:link 3952:link 3871:ISSN 3818:DIVA 3709:link 3691:OCLC 3681:ISBN 3660:2018 3635:2018 3563:2010 3494:2006 3265:ISSN 3189:2018 3163:2015 3156:ynet 3137:2015 3111:2015 3081:2015 3048:PMID 2955:2010 2913:ISSN 2856:ISSN 2825:2010 2737:PMID 2696:2015 2675:2015 2654:2024 2591:2015 2565:2015 2510:2010 2482:2017 2449:See 2425:ISSN 2388:ISBN 2356:2015 2349:"12" 2272:2015 2241:2015 1912:The 1609:and 1427:and 1395:ISIS 1389:and 1360:The 1283:The 1228:and 1193:and 1145:The 1112:for 1025:Asia 894:and 886:The 855:and 847:The 839:The 801:The 791:Peru 789:and 768:and 752:The 660:TFEU 654:and 543:and 436:The 399:Rome 360:and 338:and 255:The 169:park 41:and 5252:and 4694:Gun 3863:doi 3396:PDF 3257:doi 3040:doi 2997:doi 2993:139 2905:doi 2901:195 2848:doi 2774:doi 2770:139 2721:doi 2717:160 2417:doi 2380:doi 2324:doi 2027:at 1768:In 1761:In 1663:In 1631:In 1468:not 1435:by 1393:), 1161:or 1134:or 993:FSM 600:or 448:'s 404:In 334:of 126:war 5310:: 4424:: 4422:}} 4418:{{ 4345:. 4329:^ 4321:49 4314:. 4262:. 4233:. 4214:^ 4197:. 4172:. 4154:. 4136:. 4116:}} 4112:{{ 4104:. 4085:. 4081:. 4064:39 4062:. 4056:. 4037:. 4017:}} 4013:{{ 4005:. 3981:}} 3977:{{ 3969:. 3948:}} 3944:{{ 3936:. 3917:. 3899:. 3877:. 3869:. 3859:22 3857:. 3838:. 3816:. 3783:^ 3705:}} 3701:{{ 3689:. 3651:. 3626:. 3615:^ 3571:^ 3546:. 3353:. 3335:. 3317:. 3300:. 3279:. 3271:. 3263:. 3253:50 3251:. 3223:^ 3214:. 3197:^ 3180:. 3154:. 3127:. 3097:. 3054:. 3046:. 3034:. 3011:. 3003:. 2991:. 2979:^ 2941:. 2919:. 2911:. 2899:. 2868:^ 2854:. 2844:16 2842:. 2814:. 2802:^ 2788:. 2780:. 2768:. 2743:. 2735:. 2727:. 2715:. 2645:. 2627:. 2544:^ 2498:. 2470:. 2453:, 2431:. 2423:. 2413:27 2411:. 2386:. 2364:^ 2338:^ 2320:50 2318:. 2314:. 2300:^ 2291:. 2280:^ 2263:. 2249:^ 2182:^ 2113:. 2076:. 2043:. 1936:. 1730:. 1706:. 1605:, 1601:, 1201:. 999:, 995:, 959:- 955:, 951:, 947:, 943:, 939:, 813:, 809:, 785:, 781:, 777:, 764:, 760:, 650:, 646:, 642:: 412:: 128:. 120:, 53:, 4904:e 4897:t 4890:v 4513:e 4506:t 4499:v 4435:) 4431:( 4396:. 4381:. 4355:. 4273:. 4236:. 4208:. 4183:. 4158:. 4140:. 4122:) 4108:. 4087:7 4041:. 4023:) 4009:. 3987:) 3973:. 3954:) 3940:. 3921:. 3903:. 3885:. 3865:: 3842:. 3820:. 3778:. 3744:. 3711:) 3697:. 3662:. 3637:. 3610:. 3565:. 3514:. 3496:. 3471:. 3287:. 3259:: 3191:. 3165:. 3139:. 3113:. 3083:. 3062:. 3042:: 3036:3 3019:. 2999:: 2957:. 2927:. 2907:: 2862:. 2850:: 2827:. 2796:. 2776:: 2751:. 2723:: 2698:. 2677:. 2656:. 2631:. 2593:. 2567:. 2539:" 2535:" 2512:. 2484:. 2457:. 2439:. 2419:: 2396:. 2382:: 2358:. 2332:. 2326:: 2274:. 2243:. 2221:. 2014:, 2007:, 2000:, 1988:, 1978:, 1789:. 1779:. 932:. 882:. 773:( 45:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.