Mass media in Bulgaria - Knowledge (XXG)

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that businesses connected with insurance services are ineligible for applying for a broadcast license. This provision is the result of a specific feature of the Bulgarian economy, where certain insurance companies born out of structures related to the previous regime's security services sector. However, in practice, due to the weakness of the Bulgarian media market which is unable to sustain the broadcast and print media, the opportunities for the entry of suspicious capitale into the media sphere have recently increased. Also, the law excludes from holding a license of a broadcast media telecommunications operators placed in a monopoly situation on the market (i.e. the state telecommunications company Bulgarian Telecommunications Company) and advertising agencies or companies including partners or shareholders having interests in the advertisement market.

1316:, "concentration of media ownership is very high". The top 4 major owners in the broadcasting sector have an aggregated market share (based on advertising revenue only) of 93.35%. The top 4 major owners of daily newspapers reach an aggregated market share of 79.7%. As for Internet Service Providers (ISPs), they have an estimated market share which is above 50%. Concentration trends are also present in terms of audience and readership whose concentration is "very high" according to the Media Pluralism Monitor. In television, the top 4 major owners have an audience share that is above 70%; as for the radio sector, the aggregated share of the top 4 major owners is 83.16%. The top 4 major newspaper owners have an estimated readership share between 25 and 49%, and the subscription share of the top 4 ISPs is estimated to be above 50%. 1253:

to address the issue of concentration, it includes restrictions on cross-ownership, pertaining only to national broadcasters. According to the law, licenses cannot be awarded to legal persons (or persons related to legal persons) which already possess licenses for local radio or television stations. This amendment was introduced after discovering cases of local operators acquiring licenses for national broadcasting. The Law also stipulates that national operators cannot become owners of local and regional stations. It also requires applicants to declare that they do not hold stakes, shares or other rights of participation in radio and television broadcasters above the threshold set by anti-trust legislation.

1120:" to dominate and influence the country's media and limiting access to information and informed policy debate. Soft censorship, or indirect censorship, is defined as any official actions aiming at influencing media output, short of legal or extralegal bans, direct censorship, or physical attacks on media outlets and media professionals. These forms of indirect censorship include selective and partisan allocation of funds and advertising, as well as biased application of regulations and allocation of licenses, which can influence editorial content but also affect media outlets' sustainability. 1332:. Also, the information disclosed showed that the same bank hosted a considerable amount of budget money of several ministers as well as bank accounts of relevant state-owned companies operating in the field of energy, public transport, defence and information service. The owner of such media group, Delyan Peevsky, also runs businesses in other sectors, such as construction, tobacco and newspapers distribution. Moreover, his businesses are allegedly involved in big public procurements. The group is also connected with the political party, the 1240:

economic analysis, checking only the market share of the respective media, as well as audience share and advertising market share. The Commission does not take into consideration factors like the potential impact of the concentration on media content and the public significance of such impact. It thus observed that specific regulatory considerations regarding the media market, such as the need to guarantee pluralism and freedom of expression, are not taken into account by the Commission itself when overseeing concentrations.

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influencing the sector. A dominant position in this sector impedes the fair distribution of small publishers' works. In 2011, the Commission for the Protection of Competition carried out an analysis on the press distribution sector. It found out that in the period from 2009 to 2011 there was a pooling of the distributors on the market aiming at optimising costs exploit the advantages of economies of scale and scope. Such integration impeded the entry of new actors on the market and led to market concentration.

388:. Bulgarian media have a record of unbiased reporting, although they are deemed potentially at risk of political influence due to the lack of legislation to protect them. The written media have no legal restrictions and newspaper publishing is entirely liberal. The extensive freedom of the press means that no exact number of publications can be established, although some research put an estimate of around 900 print media outlets for 2006. The largest-circulation daily newspapers include 1236:

concentration and the exemptions from it. Businesses are obliged by law to report to the Commission in case their income exceeds a certain threshold. In such cases the Commission allows concentration if it does not lead to the establishment or increasing of a dominant position, which would significantly prevent competition in the relevant market. In case of failure to report, or of concentration prohibited by the Commission, it may impose sanctions.

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establishes only a general principle that a media licensing application must comply with the competition protection legislation. However, according to experts, this general provision proves to be inadequate. The Constitutional Court recognised media pluralism as an intrinsic part of media freedom, however “the principle of media pluralism is not respected in practice”.

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Bulgarian Telegraph Agency. Human Rights: In the early 2000s, Bulgaria generally has been rated highly on the issue of human rights. However, some exceptions exist. Although the media have a record of unbiased reporting, Bulgaria's lack of specific legislation protecting the media from state interference is a theoretical weakness.

1328:, there are unregulated links between media, money and power. This fact became publicly known following a joint access to information request submitted by 11 biggest newspapers in 2010, which revealed that a media group owning newspapers, internet outlets and a TV station borrowed large amounts of money from a big bank, the 1244:

competitive law. According to experts, effective measures for ensuring media pluralism should not be limited to self-regulation measures, but include the introduction of a body in charge of conducting non-economic analysis to assess the influence of media outlets. However, such measures are not endorsed on political level.

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Mass Media: In 2006 Bulgaria's print and broadcast media generally were considered unbiased, although the government dominated broadcasting through the state-owned Bulgarian National Television (BNT) and Bulgarian National Radio (BNR) and print news dissemination through the largest press agency, the

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lead to public debate in 2001 that forced the Commission on the Protection of Competition to make a sectoral analysis of the concentration in the print media distribution market. The study found that the concentration in 2009-2011 constituted an obstacle to new competitors wishing to enter the market

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According to the 2016 WAN IFRA's report, there are fewer physical attacks on journalists, although different threats are still reported. Much more common is use of libel and defamation lawsuits to intimidate and influence journalists or media outlets that not self-censor. Even though imprisonment for

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is poor, but media ownership can be connected to a handful of leading political and business interests. Media owners and journalists know that in such a context critical coverage of people in government and public institutions the control or influence the allocation of funds may lead to the denial or

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were seen again as a case of media ownership concentration in the sector of print and online media. At stakes there was the group's links with politics and a bank. The group purchased local media, thus acquiring a dominant position in the local media market and in print media distribution. According

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Tendencies towards concentration characterise the area of press distribution as well. Some of the factors contributing to this concern the possibility for a publisher to be a distributor at the same time; the aggregation of ownership in non-transparent way; and political connections and dependencies

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In Bulgaria, the only legal explicit restrictions on media ownership is enshrined in the Law on Radio and Television, adopted in 1998 and amended several times since then. The Law was elaborated with the aim of regulating the market of broadcast media. Although the Law was not conceived specifically

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In 2010, a new draft law on electronic media was discussed and the Commission for the Protection of Competition issued an opinion assessing the compliance of the proposal with the Protection of Competition Act. The Commission stated that in evaluating the risk of concentration it relies solely on an

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One of the main tool leading to official soft censorship in Bulgaria is, according to WAN IFRA, biased state funding for media. Allocation of advertising and subsidies are opaque and non transparent. The situation has deteriorated due to the financial crisis which resulted in an increased dependency

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The Council for Electronic Media (CEM), established by the 1998 Radio and Television Act, checks compliance with regulations about advertising, sponsorship, copyright, protection of youth and minors, and considers violation complaints brought by experts and citizens. Five of its members are elected

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The telephony system features an extensive but antiquated telecommunications network inherited from the Soviet era; quality has improved; the Bulgaria Telecommunications Company's fixed-line monopoly terminated in 2005 when alternative fixed-line operators were given access to its network; a drop in

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The Bulgarian media panorama is pluralistic, although media outlets remain influenced by the political and economic interests of their owners and main advertisers. The shrinking advertising market has made the media more and more dependent on state advertising and other subsidies, in particular for

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e.g. "lack of sufficient guarantees for the independence of the regulatory body, insufficient expert knowledge and professionalism of the regulatory body, lack of transparency of the licensing procedures, lack of transparency of the ownership, issues related to the ways of funding and spending the

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The communication campaigns on EU funds turned out to be one of the funding sources for the Bulgarian media. The budget on advertising for the period 2007-2014 was 84.3 mln. EUR (165 mln. BGN). A detailed distribution of the funds between outlets isn't available as the contracts between ministries

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There are no provisions on media concentration in the Radio and Television Act applying to this media sector. As for print media, the sector is not regulated by law so there are no rules related to competition either. Issues related to concentration of ownership in the sector of digital media have

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Concentration of media, both in terms of ownership and audience, is very high in Bulgaria. Except for the Public Service Media, no media-specific legislation regulates media ownership concentration and the issue falls within the scope of the general competition law. The Law on Radio and Television

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The Bulgarian print press market was totally dominated by the German WAZ group from 1996 onwards, both at national and local level. In December 2010 WAZ Mediagroup sold all its assets in Bulgaria to a joint venture between Austrian investors and local tycoons. Until then the company had owned the

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Media concentration has been widely debated in Bulgaria since the 1990s. After the change from Communism to the market economy, the country faced the issue of concentration: the monopoly positions of the state media were replaced by the domination of several private media groups. In the 1990s the

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The law regulates the operation of Bulgarian broadcasters and contains some provisions restricting broadcast licenses and regulates the registration of cable programmes. Several provisions aim at protecting the media environment from the entry of dubious capital. For instance, the Law establishes

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Violation of ethical and professional standards is often reported, particularly in the print press. Codes of Conduct for journalists have been drafted by several media and professional organizations after 1989, including the Union of Bulgarian Journalists, the Free Speech Forum and the Centre for

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Freedom of expression and free competition in the media market were introduced in Bulgaria after 1989. Newspaper publishing is not regulated by law, and no audit office or official record of the number of publications exist. Over 900 print media titles were estimated in 2007, but their number is

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Media fall under the regulation of the Commission for the Protection of Competition (CPC) which is in charge of overseeing concentration among undertakings, prohibiting anti-competitive agreements, decisions and practices, as well as abuse of dominant position. The Commission defines market

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When applying for a license in the broadcasting sector, the applicant is required to submit a declaration showing who the owners are and what their shares are, including document showing the origin of the capital for the last three years. Also, the application should include a list of media

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The case law of the regulatory authority regarding media concentration in Bulgaria clearly shows that further regulation and supervision are needed in order to guarantee that non-market principles, such as media pluralism, are taken into consideration in assessing transactions falling under

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Unlike a number of European states, in Bulgaria there are not special rules concerning the supervision of mergers and acquisitions in the media sector. This supervision aims at ruling out the possibility that a media business or person has an excessive interest in one or more media sectors.

1146:. Police also sometime questions media professionals about their activities. High-level politicians often display intolerance towards media criticism. Impunity for crimes against journalists remains the norm. A June 2013 survey of 150 Bulgarian journalists by the Bulgarian affiliate of the 1218:

In a nutshell, there are two main obstacles for the effective reduction of media concentrations in Bulgaria: non-transparent media ownership and the lack of media-specific legislation regulating media concentration. These obstacles cannot be removed without political will for this.

1109:(SEEMO), the independence and pluralism of Bulgaria's media has eroded steadily over the past decade. In Bulgaria, media freedom and freedom of expression are increasingly constrained despite constitutional guarantees and right to access public information protected by the 434:

The main legislative base is the 1998 Radio and Television Act, amended several times since. Many issues still persist in the field The EU 2007 Audiovisual Media Services Directive was transposed in Bulgarian law in 2010, including the requirements for cultural diversity.

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To complement revenues from sales and advertisement, which most often do not arrive at covering production costs, Bulgarian newspapers rely on contributions from business circles and political parties, hence opening up to avenues for political and commercial influences.

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liberal and defamation was abolished in 1999, still they remain criminal offenses under Bulgarian criminal code. Convictions grounded in such cases are few, but the concrete possibility of prosecution entails a chilling effect on active, open and critical reporting.

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and political parties and other businesses. This is not the only case of political influence over the media in Bulgaria. For instance, there are some media which are officially owned by political figures or parties, a case that is not prohibited by law in Bulgaria.

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by Parliament, four are named by the President. Its independence from political and corporate pressures remains a matter of debate, and several of its actions have been controversial. The CEM is deemed as subject to multiple political and economic pressures.

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Public funds for the Bulgarian cinema have dried up after the socialist period. Bulgaria has produced three films and two documentaries per year with state subsidies, afforded under tender procedures. Sponsorships also support the Bulgarian film production.

1304:. The Commission also concluded that there was a lack of transparent rules in the field. However, it issued a permission for such concentration on the basis that it would not establish or increase a dominant position in the distribution market. 423:, a large number of private television and radio stations exist. However, most Bulgarian media experience a number of negative trends, such as general degradation of media products, self-censorship and economic or political pressure. 923:

fixed-line connections in recent years has been more than offset by a sharp increase in mobile-cellular telephone use fostered by multiple service providers; the number of cellular telephone subscriptions now exceeds the population.

865:, already popular in cable networks around the country, as the second privately owned national channel in Bulgaria. The authorities currently refuse to license further analogue terrestrial channels (including local ones), until 467:

The Ethics Committee for the Print Media and the Ethics Committee for the Electronic Media were established in late 2005 after long debate, institutionalising mechanisms of self-regulation in the Bulgarian media sector.

2032: 557:). The convergence is due to the failure in establishing quality broadsheets newspapers, leading instead popular dailies to extend their reach and occupy their niche. Other widely distributed newspapers include 919:). A1 Bulgaria and Telenor Bulgaria dominate the mobile market, while Vivacom retains dominance on the 2.3 million landlines. Mobile phones in 2007 amounted to 9.87 million lines, with 110% penetration rate. 1473: 981: 975: 1169:

In 2013, an investigative journalist reported several threats to his life and safety to the police, linked to his investigations on the files and crimes of the former communist State Security Agency.

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NGOs in the media sector, dealing with media freedom and professionalisation of journalism, include Access to Information Program, Media Development Centre, Centre for Independent Journalism.

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in Bulgaria is decriminalised but punishable with large fines. Government officials have filed suits against journalists in the past, though courts tend to favour the latter and preserve

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From 1935 to 1989 there was a state monopoly on radio broadcasts in Bulgaria. After liberalization, the market now features a high number of private, national and local radio stations.

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were closely followed by the media, but a large portion of the coverage consisted in unlabelled paid partisan content. Right-wing-affiliated print and broadcast media often carry

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Independent Journalism. In 2004 an Ethical Code of Bulgarian Media was drafted with support from EU experts, though it was rejected by part of the Bulgarian journalist scene.

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Internet access reached 55% of the population in 2014. Online media are more and more used as means of information, and social media have often used as a mobilisation tool.

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Journalists in Bulgaria work on decreasing salaries and face job insecurity, making work conditions more and more conducive to self-censorship and unethical practices.

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has a long history of cross-partisan pro-governmental bias. In June 2014, a spat between Peevski and a bank owner spurred negative report on NBMG media that caused a

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Media concentration is an issue and ownership transparency is lacking. A law was adopted in 2014 to restrict media ownership from offshore tax haven-based companies.

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The dominant form on the market is that of "hybrid tabloids", combining both quality press and tabloid features, including scandalous reporting, such as the dailies

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today greatly reduced after the effects of the economic crisis. The nationally distributed dailies were 14 in 2009; circulation per capita is very low. Peevski's

833:) network run by the same parent company. Around 1994-1995 private over-the-air broadcasters also appeared, but they usually only operated within a single area. 1215:

in the first EU Anti-Corruption report which found out that media ownership in Bulgaria is increasingly concentrated, thus compromising editorial independence.

987: 958: 491: 336: 1048:(ABBRO) represents the interests of the radio and television industry, and includes 60 companies representing 160 licensed radio and TV stations (2007 data). 807:

briefly entered and subsequently exited the Bulgarian TV market due to shrinking revenues, political pressure and the effect of the global recession of 2008.

1001: 411:, are overseen by the Council for Electronic Media (CEM), an independent body with the authority to issue broadcasting licenses. Apart from a state-operated 2256: 1189: 1131: 134: 1832: 618:

The regional print press include 10 dailies in the main towns of the country, as well as local publications coming out from once to three times per week.

2288: 3198: 2752: 2571: 2261: 1110: 297: 1336:(DPS) which has been influential for many years. Mr. Peevsky is the son of Irena Krasteva, the owner of many of the print media outlets within the 1127:

Many journalists cannot report in an impartial way and many are unwilling to openly speak about soft censorship as they fear of losing their jobs.

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Internet media are growing in popularity due to the wide range of available opinions and viewpoints, lack of censorship and diverse content.

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remarked that 80% of them reported the existence of undue pressures and 60% said that internal pressures had distorted editorial contents.

1106: 1055:, stemming from its socialist roots, did not manage to establish itself as a professional organisation to protect journalists' interests. 876:) was completed on 30 September 2013, after a 7-months simulcast period, with 96,2% of the population under DVB-T broadcasting coverage. 829:

Privately owned television channels started to appear immediately after the regime change. Most were associated with a cable television (

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In Bulgaria, there are significant links between media owners and other actors operating in the economic landscape. According to expert

1147: 822:; BNT is deemed nonpartisan, but remains vulnerable to political interference from the government. The fourth free-to-air TV network is 2599: 1769: 1135:

withdrawal of such support, thus putting in danger their financial viability. Self-censorship may be necessary for economic survival.

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sums which the Bulgarian National Television and the Bulgarian National Radio receive from the state budget, etc." Vesela Tabakova,

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Most media which are not controlled by the state, are in the hands of businesses with close ties to the governmental structures.

663: 3188: 2874: 2511: 2396: 1914: 1890: 1859: 1712: 1688: 1650: 1621: 1588: 1518: 1494: 1045: 577: 3193: 2354: 1294:. The group dominated the Bulgarian media market until the late 2000s. In the late 2000s, the creation and rapid grow of the 894: 520: 2158: 1671: 2472: 2281: 819: 623: 583: 524: 412: 377: 449:

is fairly robust, although institutions may still improperly deny access and courts may act inconsistently on the issue.

2628: 2518: 2436: 322: 241: 3081: 2894: 2742: 2499: 2401: 1843: 1004:: 4.2 million addresses allocated, 0.1% of the world total, 589.7 addresses per 1000 people, 51st in the world (2012). 180: 1038: 1052: 655:

two largest daily newspapers Trud and 24 hours, the weekly newspaper 168 hours, and a large portfolio of magazines.

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In lack of any specific law on the printed media, there is not any specific regulatory or supervisory body either.

862: 815: 788: 543: 385: 1086:' World Press Freedom Index, Bulgaria is ranked 106th, with a score of 32.91; in the region, Bulgaria comes after 535: 2386: 1934: 1408: 1083: 600: 3109: 3006: 3001: 2700: 2665: 2482: 2462: 2339: 2274: 804: 746: 608: 531: 472: 416: 381: 362: 257: 111: 3157: 1124:

on government funding and in media content which avoid any criticism against government and official actions.

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to some estimates, the company gained a 70-80% share in the print media distribution market. The case of the

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one of the major problems is the lack of effective legal remedies against media concentrations. Concern over

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Directorate-General for Internal Policies. Policy Department Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs

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received threats by mail against his investigatives reports on corruption in local building projects.

932: 731: 581:- the latter being the only one to increase its circulation during the crisis, due to a lower price. 559: 210: 149: 144: 118: 3137: 2039:. Background report prepared by Mr William Horsley, special representative for media freedom of the 1757: 1098:(117th). Its score is on a steady downward path since the early 2000s (it was 34th on 158 in 2003). 742:). A Bulgarian owner, Focus, joined them in late 2009. They overall control over 20 radio stations. 631:, and the popular 168 Chassa and Politika, together with the specialised Kultura. Yellow weeklies ( 476: 3036: 2996: 2976: 2956: 2859: 2771: 2682: 2609: 2554: 2344: 2306: 1941: 1212: 1176: 834: 159: 139: 72: 41: 2971: 2727: 2695: 2650: 2576: 2319: 1836: 1175:

In June 2014 two journalists who were taking pictures were threatened and attacked by politician

1159: 796: 758: 643:) have recently entered the market. Magazines included around 100 titled in late 2009, including 587:

is deemed the most trustworthy on business and economy, but has a low circulation, together with

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problem affected in particular the print sector: two most influential newspapers at that time -

1022:(BTA), established in 1898 and regulated by a 1994 Statute. it serves all media in the country. 904: 17: 2229: 3099: 3051: 3046: 3021: 2879: 2780: 2747: 2737: 2717: 2705: 2640: 2426: 2209: 2025: 1569: 978:: 1.2 million subscriptions, 52nd in the world; 17.6% of population, 53rd in the world (2012). 838: 232: 195: 175: 154: 1737: 899:

The Bulgarian telecommunication market, now privatised, is shared mainly among three actors:

3076: 3026: 2986: 2939: 2934: 2924: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2884: 2869: 2864: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2722: 2376: 2334: 2314: 941: 723: 554: 252: 3162: 3104: 3071: 3061: 3041: 3031: 3016: 3011: 2991: 2961: 2929: 2914: 2889: 2785: 2494: 2036: 1945: 1918: 1894: 1863: 1820: 1716: 1692: 1654: 1625: 1592: 1522: 1498: 1477: 1455: 1325: 1155: 1143: 1117: 823: 312: 272: 262: 222: 55: 1041:(UPB) represents many owners of newspapers, magazines and books, though not all of them. 964:

3.9 million users, 72nd in the world; 55.1% of the population, 74th in the world (2012);

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are generally deemed unbiased, although the state still dominates the field through the

3056: 2981: 2951: 2710: 2208:. Ljubljana: Peace Institute, Institute for Contemporary Social and Political Studies. 1448: 854: 811: 739: 695: 480: 217: 1823:, Country IP Blocks. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Site is said to be updated daily. 1760:, Population data, International Programs, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved 26 June 2013 1360: 3182: 2586: 1840: 1565: 1412: 1079: 592: 442: 1911: 1887: 1856: 1709: 1685: 1647: 1618: 1585: 1515: 1491: 984:: 2.8 million, 55th in the world; 40.3% of the population, 41st in the world (2012). 1772:, International Telecommunication Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013 358: 287: 1172:

In April 2014 the car of a TV host was set on fire for the second time in a year.

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According to WAN IFRA, Bulgarian authorities are increasingly employing tools of "

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are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on

2431: 900: 499: 390: 354: 267: 2159:"A comparative analysis of media freedom and pluralism in the EU Member States" 1744:, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 28 January 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2014. 787:

media market is small, it is one of the most vibrant and highly competitive in

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and media were conducted by advertising agencies and other intermediaries.

949: 818:, are foreign-owned. The third is the national public service broadcaster, 1142:

Pressures and intimidations on journalists are widespread, giving rise to

2297: 2105: 784: 549: 484: 396: 350: 2381: 912: 908: 826:, owned by Investor.BG (part of the controversial TIM Group of Varna). 564: 2001:. World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN IFRA). 2016 1087: 858: 2266: 1340:. Bulgarian press revealed the existence of connections between the 765:

broadcasts abroad, as well as in 7 regional centres in the country.

1672:"Аналоговият ТВ сигнал спрян окончателно, 100 000 са без телевизия" 1471:

Footprint of Financial Crisis in the Media, Bulgaria Country Report

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Media ownership and its impact on media independence and pluralism

1846:. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Data are mostly for 1 July 2012. 873: 866: 850: 408: 292: 2416: 1798:"Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012" 1782:"Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012" 830: 2800: 2270: 1261:

enterprises in which the persons are shareholders or partners.

2235:. WAN-IFRA World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers 1992:"Curbing Media, Crippling Debate: Soft Censorship in Bulgaria" 1355: 1074:

Censorship, self-censorship, soft-censorship and media freedom

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and forced the financial institute to temporarily close down.

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The sector is mainly controlled by four foreign groups: the

54: 2106:"Media ownership in Bulgaria: state of play and challenges" 1756:

Calculated using penetration rate and population data from

849:) were two of the first such channels, available only in 1770:"Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2012" 1733: 1731: 1729: 1372: 2061:"Media concentration and media ownership in Bulgaria" 791:. At the turn of the century, global players such as 1184:

Concentration of media ownership and media pluralism

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World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers

369:, Bulgaria's media system is under transformation. 745:The two national-coverage radio stations are the 694:newspaper and a publishing house (in the city of 1758:"Countries and Areas Ranked by Population: 2012" 1320:Political and economic influence on media owners 1409:Library of Congress – Federal Research Division 872:Switch off to Digital terrestrial television ( 2812: 2282: 1082:'s 2015 report, with a total score of 38. In 861:'s frequencies, another competition selected 330: 8: 1308:Concentration of media ownership in practice 967:3.4 million users, 63rd in the world (2009); 2257:Transparency of media ownership in Bulgaria 1580: 1578: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1190:Transparency of media ownership in Bulgaria 1018:The public media agency in Bulgaria is the 2819: 2805: 2797: 2633: 2559: 2455: 2369: 2289: 2275: 2267: 2067:. Osservatorio Balcani Caucaso Transeuropa 1752: 1750: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 337: 323: 28: 2030:The Protection of media freedom in Europe 1211:in Bulgaria have also been raised by the 1046:Association of the Bulgarian Broadcasters 1029:(now also a player on the radio market). 456:Status and self-regulation of journalists 349:Television, magazines, and newspapers in 2262:Access to public information in Bulgaria 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1025:Private web-based news agencies include 993:976,277 hosts, 47th in the world (2012); 361:, and other sales-related revenues. The 2204:Petković, Brankica (2004). "Bulgaria". 2020: 2018: 2016: 1480:, Open Society Institute, December 2009 1466: 1464: 1400: 662:, deemed close to the Turkish-minority 621:Weeklies include the business-oriented 240: 167: 126: 64: 40: 34:This article is part of a series on the 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 1999:WAN IFRA Soft Censorship Report Series 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2059:Dimitrova, Svetla (17 October 2014). 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1802:International Telecommunication Union 1786:International Telecommunication Union 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 7: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1418:. Library of Congress. pp. 18, 1107:South East Europe Media Organisation 1078:Bulgaria scores as "partly free" in 538:own most of the private newspapers. 2041:Association of European Journalists 1148:Association of European Journalists 1111:Law on Access to Public Information 607:(lit. "Attack"), of the homonymous 403:Non-printed media sources, such as 365:guarantees freedom of speech. As a 1101:According to a 2016 report of the 801:Central European Media Enterprises 711:List of radio stations in Bulgaria 666:party emerged in 2007 and got own 25: 2230:"Curbing Media, Crippling Debate" 2110:Center for the Study of Democracy 502:against minorities and migrants. 479:and controlled by her son and MP 2168:. European Parliament (EP). 2016 1586:Bulgaria #Accountability systems 1359: 1334:Movement for Rights and Freedoms 1209:concentration of media ownership 810:Two of the leading TV stations, 664:Movement for Rights and Freedoms 306: 18:Freedom of the press in Bulgaria 3199:Mass media in Europe by country 1800:, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, 1784:, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, 1232:not been discussed yet (2016). 1132:Transparency of media ownership 1039:Union of Publishers in Bulgaria 595:. Political newspapers include 2024:Parliamentary Assembly of the 1912:Bulgaria #Regulatory authority 1053:Union of Bulgarian Journalists 895:Telecommunications in Bulgaria 521:List of newspapers in Bulgaria 1: 820:Bulgarian National Television 525:List of magazines in Bulgaria 378:Bulgarian National Television 1804:. Retrieved on 29 June 2013. 1788:. Retrieved on 29 June 2013. 1710:Bulgaria #Telecommunications 1458:, European Journalism Centre 1105:(WAN IFRA), prepared by the 536:Media Group Bulgaria Holding 2112:. Policy Brief No. 49. 2015 1844:Central Intelligence Agency 1516:Bulgaria #Media Legislation 1492:Bulgaria #Media Legislation 1413:"Country Profile: Bulgaria" 779:Television in Bulgaria was 511:small local media outlets. 413:national television channel 3215: 1738:"Communications: Bulgaria" 1449:Media Landscape – Bulgaria 1187: 930: 911:(owned by Czech PPF), and 892: 789:Central and Eastern Europe 772: 749:(BNR), with two channels ( 726:Group (since 2007 part of 708: 553:, published by the German 534:(NBMG) and the competitor 518: 386:Bulgarian Telegraph Agency 2765: 2636: 2562: 2458: 2372: 1939:World Press Freedom Index 1935:Reporters Without Borders 1084:Reporters Without Borders 970:1.9 million users (2007). 869:broadcasting is started. 660:New Bulgarian Media Group 601:Bulgarian Socialist Party 532:New Bulgarian Media Group 473:New Bulgarian Media Group 1290:- were purchased by the 1090:(91st) and right before 805:Fox Broadcasting Company 747:Bulgarian National Radio 591:, edited by the Swedish 382:Bulgarian National Radio 363:Constitution of Bulgaria 2330:Second Bulgarian Empire 1857:Bulgaria #News agencies 1314:Media Pluralism Monitor 1205:Media Pluralism Monitor 769:Television broadcasting 728:ProSiebenSat.1 Media AG 496:parliamentary elections 492:2014 European elections 3189:Mass media in Bulgaria 2875:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2600:Science and technology 2325:First Bulgarian Empire 1888:Bulgaria #Trade unions 1819:April 9, 2012, at the 1454:July 22, 2010, at the 1062:Regulatory authorities 775:Television in Bulgaria 59: 3194:Mass media by country 1619:Bulgaria #Print Media 1179:and two of his aides. 1020:Bulgarian News Agency 447:access to information 430:Legislative framework 421:Bulgarian News Agency 367:country in transition 58: 2753:World Heritage Sites 2512:Chief of the Defence 1923:EJC Media Landscapes 1899:EJC Media Landscapes 1868:EJC Media Landscapes 1721:EJC Media Landscapes 1697:EJC Media Landscapes 1659:EJC Media Landscapes 1630:EJC Media Landscapes 1597:EJC Media Landscapes 1527:EJC Media Landscapes 1503:EJC Media Landscapes 1476:May 3, 2011, at the 1330:Corporate Trade Bank 954:(proposed, Cyrillic) 933:Internet in Bulgaria 732:Emmis Communications 298:World Heritage Sites 3091:States with limited 2572:Economic statistics 2355:Bulgaria since 1990 1213:European Commission 1009:Media Organisations 757:), and the private 127:Arts and literature 2320:Old Great Bulgaria 2065:Balcanicaucaso.org 2035:2016-07-02 at the 1944:2016-04-19 at the 1917:2017-12-21 at the 1893:2017-12-21 at the 1862:2017-12-21 at the 1837:The World Factbook 1715:2017-12-21 at the 1691:2017-12-21 at the 1653:2017-12-21 at the 1624:2017-12-21 at the 1591:2017-12-21 at the 1521:2017-12-21 at the 1497:2017-12-21 at the 1371:. You can help by 1265:Press distribution 982:Wireless broadband 889:Telecommunications 797:Modern Times Group 781:introduced in 1959 705:Radio broadcasting 112:race and ethnicity 60: 3176: 3175: 2794: 2793: 2761: 2760: 2623: 2622: 2549: 2548: 2531:Political parties 2519:National Assembly 2473:Foreign relations 2445: 2444: 2427:Rhodope Mountains 2350:People's Republic 2026:Council of Europe 1910:Vesela Tabakova, 1886:Vesela Tabakova, 1855:Vesela Tabakova, 1708:Vesela Tabakova, 1684:Vesela Tabakova, 1646:Vesela Tabakova, 1617:Vesela Tabakova, 1584:Vesela Tabakova, 1514:Vesela Tabakova, 1389: 1388: 1312:According to the 1203:According to the 1158:a journalist for 955: 942:Top-level domains 720:Irish Communicorp 609:nationalist party 475:(NBMG), owned by 445:. Legislation on 347: 346: 45: 16:(Redirected from 3206: 3129:Dependencies and 2833:Sovereign states 2821: 2814: 2807: 2798: 2774: 2634: 2590: 2560: 2456: 2392:Cities and towns 2382:Balkan Peninsula 2377:Balkan Mountains 2370: 2315:Odrysian kingdom 2291: 2284: 2277: 2268: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2234: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2201: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2163: 2155: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2102: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2056: 2043: 2022: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2006: 1996: 1988: 1949: 1932: 1926: 1908: 1902: 1884: 1871: 1853: 1847: 1830: 1824: 1811: 1805: 1795: 1789: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1754: 1745: 1735: 1724: 1706: 1700: 1686:Bulgaria #Cinema 1682: 1676: 1675: 1668: 1662: 1644: 1633: 1615: 1600: 1582: 1573: 1563: 1530: 1512: 1506: 1487: 1481: 1468: 1459: 1446: 1435: 1434: 1428: 1426: 1417: 1411:(October 2006). 1405: 1384: 1381: 1363: 1356: 1274:The case of the 1248:Broadcast sector 1154:In July 2012 in 953: 907:Austria Group), 793:News Corporation 738:Group (owned by 736:News Corporation 724:SBS Broadcasting 690:(weeklies), the 555:WAZ-Mediengruppe 339: 332: 325: 310: 244: 48: 43: 35: 29: 21: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3179: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3130: 3124: 3110:Northern Cyprus 3092: 3086: 3007:North Macedonia 2828: 2827:Media of Europe 2825: 2795: 2790: 2777: 2770: 2757: 2743:Public holidays 2677: 2619: 2588: 2545: 2441: 2387:Black Sea coast 2359: 2301: 2295: 2253: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2216: 2203: 2202: 2181: 2171: 2169: 2161: 2157: 2156: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2104: 2103: 2080: 2070: 2068: 2058: 2057: 2046: 2037:Wayback Machine 2023: 2014: 2004: 2002: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1952: 1946:Wayback Machine 1933: 1929: 1919:Wayback Machine 1909: 1905: 1895:Wayback Machine 1885: 1874: 1864:Wayback Machine 1854: 1850: 1831: 1827: 1821:Wayback Machine 1812: 1808: 1796: 1792: 1780: 1776: 1768: 1764: 1755: 1748: 1736: 1727: 1717:Wayback Machine 1707: 1703: 1693:Wayback Machine 1683: 1679: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1655:Wayback Machine 1648:Bulgaria #Radio 1645: 1636: 1626:Wayback Machine 1616: 1603: 1593:Wayback Machine 1583: 1576: 1564: 1533: 1523:Wayback Machine 1513: 1509: 1499:Wayback Machine 1488: 1484: 1478:Wayback Machine 1469: 1462: 1456:Wayback Machine 1447: 1438: 1424: 1422: 1415: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1385: 1379: 1376: 1369:needs expansion 1354: 1348: 1342:New Media Group 1338:New Media Group 1326:Nelly Ognyanova 1322: 1310: 1301:New Media Group 1296:New Media Group 1279: 1276:New Media Group 1267: 1250: 1225: 1223:Legal framework 1197: 1192: 1186: 1144:self-censorship 1118:soft censorship 1096:North Macedonia 1076: 1064: 1035: 1016: 1011: 996:513,470 (2008). 976:Fixed broadband 935: 929: 915:(controlled by 897: 891: 882: 863:Nova Television 835:Nova Television 824:Bulgaria On Air 783:. Although the 777: 771: 713: 707: 701: 527: 517: 508: 458: 432: 384:(BNR), and the 343: 313:Bulgaria portal 311: 242: 100:Banat Bulgarian 46: 42: 33: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3212: 3210: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3181: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3134: 3132: 3131:other entities 3126: 3125: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3096: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3082:United Kingdom 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2895:Czech Republic 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2823: 2816: 2809: 2801: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2788: 2783: 2776: 2775: 2767: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2714: 2713: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2687: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2675: 2670: 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