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area was topographically elevated. Furthermore, it had a direct water supply from the main channel joy-i-enjil for the fountain of the mosque. By building the mosque on an already known site, the
Ghurids could demonstrate their architectural patronage, as well as political power. Some sources also believe that the Sultan ordered the mosque to be built for
546:
devoted himself to remodeling the mosque. He made structural changes to the propositions, such as lowering the
Ghuridic archway at the southeast corner. He also added lateral archways on both sides at the level of the roof. In addition, he ordered mosaic tiles with geometric patterns to be applied to
703:
towards the west was adhered to, although this deviates from the correct direction to Mecca by about 20°. The main iwan was covered by vaults. It formed an axial cross with the other three iwans on each side of the courtyard. These three iwans were intended as meeting and teaching places for smaller
668:
soldiers and huge tanks moving around the area. In 1986, one minaret hit by a rocket crashed into the courtyard. It killed many people and caused damage to the eastern wing. The
Soviets sent experts for reparation, but works had not been finished until 1995. Some more traces like bullet holes could
741:
inscriptions are displayed. This style of Arabic script is typical of Ghurid period inscriptions. The vertically placed bands of inscriptions are made of terracotta and worked into the base's mortar like a mosaic. On the front, they are glazed blue, contrasting with the light red brick tone of the
409:
initiated the rebuilding of the city's main mosque in Herat. For this purpose, he chose the existing plot of the burned mosque and additional land around it. The land was located in the north-eastern, mainly administrative quarter of Herat and not directly in the center. Scholars believe that this
502:
as governor. A devastating earthquake in 1364 left the building almost destroyed. Afterward, some attempts were made to rebuild it. A relic of the Kart dynasty is the bronze basin with a diameter of 1.74 meters. It was commissioned in 1375 by the last Kart ruler specifically for the mosque. This
685:
In 2002, all roofs of the mosque were renovated due to a problem with excessive humidity in the interior. During the renovation of the facades in 2004/05, parts of the old Ghurid decoration were found. These parts are exhibited in frames in the wall covering. In 2012, some fifty Afghan traders
725:, the gateways to the iwan, underline the spatial importance of the iwans. Together with the depth of the iwans, they provide a large surface for ornamentation. A significant part of the present mosque is covered with glazed tiles in bright colors according to Timurid tradition.
720:
The mosque complex is 180 meters long and 120 meters wide, covering an area of about 21,600 square meters. Besides the four large iwans, there are 460 domes, 444 pillars, and 12 minarets (17–36 meters tall). These elements are grouped around the central courtyard (82m by 60m).
672:
In 1992, the replacing of the stone plaster in the courtyard started, financed by private sponsoring. A pattern of wide strips of white marble alternating with narrow stripes of black marble was laid. Due to failing donations, it could not be finished until 1998. During the
652:
were added. The facades in the courtyard were tiled with traditional mosaics in seven different colors. The floor was paved with light brown baked bricks. Due to all these works, not much of the original
Ghuridic plasterwork or Timurid decoration was visible. The mosque's
611:
After repair works in 1913, the mosque was extensively renovated in 1942/1943. The buildings directly adjacent to the mosque were destroyed in order to make the mosque a free-standing building. Among other things, a new east entrance with a high archway and two
350:, also built by the Timurids, was located in the northern part of the city. However, those architectural monuments were dynamited by officers of the British Indian Army in 1885, to prevent its use as a fortress if a Russian army tried to invade India.
737:, they are stamped with floral and geometric patterns. Stucco is a material for molding ornaments. At the southeast corner of the mosque is the Ghurid portal. It has not served as a portal since unknown times. On both sides of the archway,
404:
seized power in Herat in 1175 CE. Herat is an important city because of its strategic position near the main commercial routes, connecting the
Mediterranean to India or China, and the resulting prosperity. At the end of the 12th century,
374:. It had a wooden roof and was of smaller dimensions than the following buildings. During an earthquake in 1102, it was almost completely destroyed but was rebuilt. Later, it was also ruined by a fire. Subsequently, the
527:(1405–1444), the mosque was repaired. The ground plan remained, but exterior aspects were changed. The inner courtyard facades were decorated with mosaic of glazed tiles, including the name of Shah Rukh. Also, a marble
603:
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was built. Minarets are towers from which people are called to prayer. The exterior walls were decorated with glazed tiles in the
Timurid style. For these works, a ceramic tile studio was established by
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forces conquered the province. Along with much of Herat, the mosque fell into ruin. It wasn't until after 1245 that any rebuilding programs were undertaken. This was under the rule of
587:
from the
Timurid period collapsed and had to be rebuilt. An iwan is a vaulted room or hall open on one side. Other than that, only repairs were made to maintain the existing form.
431:
386:
1377:
425:, which is a religious school. Stylistic analysis and historical inscriptions found during a renovation in 1964 prove that the building is attributed to the Ghurids.
421:, a tomb building in his mosque. His son, Sultan Ghayath-ul-din Mahmood, continued the work on the mosque. By the time it was completed in 1210, his son had added a
331:, all of whom supported the mosque. The fundamental structure of the mosque from the Ghurid period has been preserved, but parts have been added and modified. The
117:
648:, an enclosure reserved for the ruler, was made higher. The minarets next to it were heightened to 35 meters tall. Its porch was renewed. In addition, ten new
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The
Ghurids built the entire mosque using brick. The layout is a typical 4-iwan plan with an interior courtyard and a water basin. The
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1446:
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was moved to the northeast and given its own entrance. The last significant change was the creation of a park in front of the mosque.
1461:
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Under the reign of different kings, the mosque was repaired multiple times. During the 18th century, the frontal facade of the main
621:. This studio in the mosque also preserved all tile decorations and mosaics until 1979. The lettering was substituted by current
1867:
1514:
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background. The sidewalls of the portal are decorated with geometrical brick mosaic, interspersed with blue glazed tile plugs.
338:
Apart from numerous small neighborhood mosques for daily prayer, most communities in the
Islamic world have a larger mosque, a
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1415:
145:
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rulers redirected Herat's growth towards the northern part of the city. This suburbanization and the building of a new
1524:
362:. It was built on a site where religious sites had been located for many centuries. The first known building was a
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rule in Herat between 1996 and 2001, the entry to the mosque was banned for all non-muslims, including UN staff.
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1589:
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664:(1979-1989), only limited demolition struck the mosque. This was the case despite the abuse of the minarets by
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was added to the west of the mosque. A mihrab is a niche in the wall that indicates the direction of prayer to
503:
basin has survived all subsequent demolitions, except for a few scratches, and is still located in the mosque.
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In the southern and western iwan interior, decorative elements of the Ghurid period are uncovered. Made from
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The follow-up was a more complete reconstruction from 1951 to 1973 involving structural changes. The square
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Herat Friday Mosque, Courtyard view of sanctuary iwan to the northwest, before (1916), and after renovation.
406:
308:
1877:
661:
1833:
1712:
1652:
1466:
1061:
Patel, Alka (2007). "Architectural
Cultures and Empire: The Ghurids in Northern India (ca. 1192–1210)".
539:
516:
359:
339:
39:
1109:
Kazimme and McQuillan, Bashir and James (2002). "Living Traditions of the Afghan Courtyard and Aiwan".
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The Ghurid Portal of the Friday Mosque of Herat, Afghanistan : conservation of a historic monument
575:. In this battle for Herat, the mosque, as well as the city of Herat itself, was considerably damaged.
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with nine steps replaced the old wooden one. A minbar is a pulpit from which prayers are delivered.
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construction and integrated in the northern front. The wall to the east was also changed into an
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Glatzer, Bernt (1980). "Das Mausoleum und die Moschee des Ghoriden Ghiyat ud-Din in Herat".
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Herat Friday Mosque, Courtyard view of sanctuary iwan: before (1916), and after renovation.
370:. In the second half of the 11th century, a Herat mosque was founded under the rule of the
315:. Later, it was extended several times as Herat changed rulers down the centuries from the
1843:
1792:
1782:
1702:
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1617:
1261:"After the War. The Condition of Historical Buildings and Monuments in Herat, Afghanistan"
1160:(1973). "Le bassin extraordinaire qui donnait l'eau aux fidèles dans la mosque de Hérât".
1157:
520:
512:
347:
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Surviving the Mongols: Nizārī Quhistānī and the Continuity of Ismaili Tradition in Persia
1717:
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marked the temporary end of the congregational mosque's patronage by a monarchy. Under
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converted into a mosque in the 7th century. Afterward, it was enlarged by the Turkic
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1307:"Historical Herat Mosque Built over Ancient Zoroastrian Temples Being Renovated"
1235:
Stuckert, Ruedi (1980). "Der Baubestand der Masjid-al-Jami in Herat 1942/1943".
632:
of the mausoleum of the Ghurid time was widely destroyed. It was replaced by an
622:
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of Herat was not always the largest mosque in Herat; a much larger complex, the
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Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter
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Mosque of Herat, Afghanistan. View from the Eastern roof top (2011)
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in Herat was given its present appearance during the 20th century.
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Afghan and Islamic Studies, eds W. Ball and L. Harrow (London)
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constructed a mosque on the existing and adjacent plots.
955:"The Resilience of the Friday Mosque: The Case of Herat"
729:
Decoration from the Ghurid period in the present mosque
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be found. The Ghurid portal was not severely damaged.
1085:
Itemadi, Guya (1953). "The general mosque of Herat".
567:) was fighting for control of the region against the
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The mosque went through another renovation under the
417:
After the Sultan died in 1203, he was buried in the
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686:promised funds for the renovation of the mosque.
396:) with remains of Ghurid inscriptions. 1200-1201.
1006:. Princeton University Press. pp. 105–106.
358:The Masjid-i Jami of Herat was the city's first
1551:
1371:
781:. Archnet.org. 19 August 2005. Archived from
695:The initial plan of the mosque by the Ghurids
124:
96:
8:
1111:Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review
473:Ghiyath al-Din mausoleum, naskhi inscription
461:Ghiyath al-Din mausoleum, kufic inscriptions
449:Ghiyath al-Din mausoleum, interior of portal
437:Friday Mosque keyhole arch (Ghaznavid style)
1457:Mosque of the Cloak of the Prophet Mohammed
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1364:
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771:
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29:
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547:further parts of the mosque. The marble
400:Planning to expand their territory, the
390:Great Mosque of Herat: Ghurid entrance (
132:Great Mosque of Herat (Continental Asia)
763:
427:
342:for Friday services with a sermon. The
311:Ghori, who laid its foundation in 1200
563:. During this period, Prince Khurram (
407:Sultan Ghiyath al-Din Muhammed ibn San
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1000:Flood, Finbarr Barry (12 July 2022).
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571:tribes, which were controlled by the
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414:Fakhr-ul-Razi, a religious leader.
348:Mosque and Madressa of Gawhar Shad
287:) or "Jami Masjid of Herat", is a
25:
1873:Buildings and structures in Herat
1462:Mosque of the Hair of the Prophet
1681:
1493:
1399:
891:"Two Timurid Monuments in Herat"
466:
454:
442:
430:
123:
116:
95:
88:
1824:Khwaja 'Abd Allah Ansari shrine
1447:Khwaja 'Abd Allah Ansari shrine
1259:Tirard-Collet, Olivier (1998).
50:
1063:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
1:
1313:. Satrapia. 16 November 2012.
256:brick, stone, glazed ceramics
1027:Hillenbrand, Robert (2002).
283:
135:Show map of Continental Asia
27:Mosque in Herat, Afghanistan
1311:The Gazette of Central Asia
307:, under the rule of Sultan
1894:
1132:. London: Tauris. p.
1128:Jamal, Nadia Eboo (2002).
1117:: 23–34 – via JSTOR.
1069:: 35–60 – via JSTOR.
1029:"The Ghurid Tomb at Herat"
270:: د هرات لوی جومات ;
1679:
1573:
1510:
1488:
1406:
1397:
889:Frye, Richard N. (1948).
644:on both sides. Also, the
555:Mughal and Safavid Rulers
538:Later, under the rule of
494:. He was the king of the
82:
37:
1477:Shah-Do Shamshira Mosque
1327:Islamic geometric design
104:Shown within Afghanistan
953:Golombek, Lisa (1983).
779:"Great Mosque of Herat"
309:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad
107:Show map of Afghanistan
1868:Mosques in Afghanistan
717:
608:
600:
397:
303:. It was built by the
284:Masjid-i Jāmi‘-i Herāt
146:Geographic coordinates
18:Friday Mosque of Herat
1834:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
1829:Great Mosque of Herat
1467:Omar Al-Farooq Mosque
1426:Green Mosque of Balkh
1421:Great Mosque of Herat
1222:and after renovation.
1162:Connaissance des Arts
847:Hansen, Erik (2015).
715:
606:
598:
540:Sultan Husayn Bayqara
521:Gawhar Shad's Musalla
517:congregational mosque
389:
360:congregational mosque
340:congregational mosque
264:Great Mosque of Herat
168:34.34306°N 62.19583°E
33:Great Mosque of Herat
1520:Islam in Afghanistan
1472:Pul-e Khishti Mosque
1324:Broug, Eric (2013).
752:Jama Masjid of Balkh
1848:Herat City Old Fort
1411:Abdul Rahman Mosque
1237:Afghanistan Journal
1188:Afghanistan Journal
544:Mir Ali-Shir Nava'i
498:, appointed by the
372:Khwarazmian dynasty
164: /
1525:Mosques by country
1501:Afghanistan portal
718:
609:
601:
398:
364:Zoroastrian temple
173:34.34306; 62.19583
1855:
1854:
1533:
1532:
1452:Lashkargah Mosque
1337:978-0-500-51695-9
1143:978-1-86064-876-2
1013:978-1-4008-3324-5
860:978-87-7124-913-2
785:on 3 October 2012
708:Mosque at present
701:qibla orientation
662:Soviet-Afghan War
492:Shams al-Din Kart
299:of north-western
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16:(Redirected from
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1844:Musalla complex
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901:(3): 206–213.
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297:Herat Province
276:مسجد جامع هرات
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66:
65:
61:
60:
55:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1890:
1879:
1878:Grand mosques
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1819:Herat Citadel
1817:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1502:
1491:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1437:Id Gah Mosque
1435:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1219:Views before
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1204:Views before
1201:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:(252): 62–63.
1163:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1005:
1004:
996:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
895:Artibus Asiae
892:
885:
883:
881:
879:
875:
870:
866:
862:
856:
852:
851:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
797:
784:
780:
774:
772:
770:
768:
764:
757:
753:
750:
749:
745:
743:
740:
736:
728:
726:
724:
714:
707:
705:
702:
694:
689:
687:
680:
678:
676:
670:
667:
663:
658:
656:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
624:
623:calligraphers
620:
615:
605:
597:
590:
588:
586:
579:Afghan rulers
578:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:Mughal Empire
554:
552:
550:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
506:
504:
501:
497:
493:
489:
486:
478:
469:
464:
457:
452:
445:
440:
433:
428:
426:
424:
420:
415:
413:
408:
403:
395:
394:
388:
382:Ghurid rulers
381:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
353:
351:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
333:Friday mosque
330:
327:and then the
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
273:
269:
265:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
206:
203:
201:
197:
194:
191:
187:
182:
177:
149:
147:
143:
119:
91:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
62:
59:
56:
54:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1839:Malan Bridge
1828:
1773:Kushki Kuhna
1653:Kushki Kuhna
1575:
1482:Sakhi Shrine
1442:Khost Mosque
1433:(Noh Gonbad)
1420:
1326:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1268:
1264:
1240:
1236:
1215:
1200:
1191:
1187:
1161:
1152:
1129:
1123:
1114:
1110:
1090:
1086:
1066:
1062:
1032:
1022:
1002:
995:
962:
958:
898:
894:
849:
787:. Retrieved
783:the original
732:
719:
698:
690:Architecture
684:
681:21st Century
671:
659:
646:maqsura iwan
627:
610:
591:20th Century
582:
558:
537:
510:
496:Kart dynasty
488:Genghis Khan
482:
416:
399:
391:
357:
337:
263:
261:
184:Architecture
1431:Haji Piyada
1416:Blue Mosque
1391:Afghanistan
1271:: 123–138.
1210:renovation.
1087:Afghanistan
704:audiences.
660:During the
479:Kart rulers
344:Jami Masjid
301:Afghanistan
171: /
77:Afghanistan
58:Sunni Islam
53:Affiliation
1862:Categories
1803:Zendeh Jan
1753:Islam Qala
1346:1090514729
1207:and after
965:: 95–102.
758:References
565:Shah Jahan
368:Ghaznavids
159:62°11′45″E
156:34°20′35″N
1812:Landmarks
1798:Torghundi
1673:Zinda Jan
1590:Districts
1285:0578-6967
979:0732-2992
915:0004-3648
869:959553318
675:Taliban's
634:octagonal
525:Shah Rukh
485:Mongolian
483:In 1221,
419:mausoleum
295:, in the
252:Materials
1793:Shindand
1788:Sabzawar
1713:Bazargan
1703:Azizabad
1698:Adraskan
1668:Shindand
1598:Adraskan
1515:Category
1093:: 40–50.
959:Muqarnas
746:See also
723:Pishtaqs
655:madrassa
650:minarets
642:minarets
614:minarets
573:Safavids
423:madrassa
321:Timurids
69:Location
64:Location
47:Religion
1728:Ghurian
1708:Baluchi
1613:Ghoryan
1577:Capital
1387:Mosques
1293:4299980
1194:: 6–34.
987:1523073
923:3247934
789:18 July
513:Timurid
500:Mongols
402:Ghurids
376:Ghurids
354:History
325:Mughals
317:Kartids
305:Ghurids
233:Minaret
205:Islamic
1763:Kohsan
1758:Karukh
1738:Guzara
1733:Gulran
1643:Kohsan
1638:Karukh
1623:Guzara
1618:Gulran
1344:
1334:
1291:
1283:
1243:: 3–5.
1140:
1010:
985:
977:
921:
913:
867:
857:
735:stucco
666:Soviet
619:UNESCO
549:minbar
529:mihrab
329:Uzbeks
289:mosque
268:Pashto
246:12-36m
216:Length
193:mosque
1768:Kushk
1748:Injil
1743:Herat
1723:Farsi
1648:Kushk
1633:Injil
1628:Hirat
1608:Farsi
1582:Herat
1289:JSTOR
983:JSTOR
919:JSTOR
739:Kufic
640:with
569:Uzbek
533:Mecca
293:Herat
224:Width
200:Style
73:Herat
1342:OCLC
1332:ISBN
1281:ISSN
1265:Iran
1138:ISBN
1008:ISBN
975:ISSN
911:ISSN
865:OCLC
855:ISBN
791:2011
638:iwan
630:dome
585:iwan
412:Imam
393:iwan
272:Dari
262:The
227:120m
219:180m
189:Type
1778:Obe
1658:Obe
1389:in
1273:doi
967:doi
903:doi
519:in
235:(s)
1864::
1580::
1340:.
1330:.
1309:.
1287:.
1279:.
1269:36
1267:.
1263:.
1249:^
1239:.
1227:^
1190:.
1170:^
1136:.
1134:70
1115:13
1113:.
1099:^
1089:.
1075:^
1067:21
1065:.
1041:^
1031:.
981:.
973:.
961:.
957:.
931:^
917:.
909:.
899:11
897:.
893:.
877:^
863:.
853:.
799:^
766:^
625:.
535:.
323:,
319:,
313:CE
278:,
274::
238:12
75:,
1559:e
1552:t
1545:v
1379:e
1372:t
1365:v
1348:.
1295:.
1275::
1241:7
1192:7
1146:.
1091:8
1035:.
1016:.
989:.
969::
963:1
925:.
905::
871:.
793:.
266:(
20:)
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