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yet there was not a single example of a rudimentary tail or of any other abnormality in this organ." Weismann was aware of the limitations of this experiment, and made it clear that he embarked on the experiment precisely because, at the time, there were many claims of animals inheriting mutilations (he refers to a claim regarding a cat that had lost its tail having numerous tail-less offspring). There were also claims of Jews born without foreskins. None of these claims, he said, were backed up by reliable evidence that the parent had in fact been mutilated, leaving the perfectly plausible possibility that the modified offspring were the result of a mutated gene. The purpose of his experiment was to lay the claims of
508:(Darwin's term). He believed, as written in 1876, that transmutation of species is directly due to the influence of environment. He also wrote, "if every variation is regarded as a reaction of the organism to external conditions, as a deviation of the inherited line of development, it follows that no evolution can occur without a change of the environment". (This is close to the modern use of the concept that changes in the environment can mediate selective pressures on a population, so leading to evolutionary change.) Weismann also used the classic
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492:, however, was first described in 1890 by Weismann, who noted that two cell divisions were necessary to transform one diploid cell into four haploid cells if the number of chromosomes had to be maintained. Thus the work of the earlier cytologists laid the ground for Weismann, who turned his mind to the consequences for evolution, which was an aspect the cytologists had not addressed. All this took place before the work of Mendel had been rediscovered
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191:—do not function as agents of heredity. The effect is one-way: germ cells produce somatic cells and are not affected by anything the somatic cells learn or therefore any ability an individual acquires during its life. Genetic information cannot pass from soma to germ plasm and on to the next generation. Biologists refer to this concept as the
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Weismann conducted the experiment of removing the tails of 68 white mice, repeatedly over 5 generations, and reporting that no mice were born in consequence without a tail or even with a shorter tail. He stated that "901 young were produced by five generations of artificially mutilated parents, and
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that carry out ordinary bodily functions. The germ cells are influenced neither by environmental influences nor by learning or morphological changes that happen during the lifetime of an organism, which information is lost after each generation. The concept as he proposed it was referred to as
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was in a lecture in 1883, titled "On inheritance" ("Ăśber die
Vererbung"). Again, as in his treatise on creation vs. evolution, he attempts to explain individual examples with either theory. For instance, the existence of non-reproductive castes of ants, such as workers and soldiers, cannot be
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Weismann's work on the demarcation between germ-line and soma can scarcely be appreciated without considering the work of (mostly) German biologists during the second half of the 19th century. This was the time that the mechanisms of cell division began to be understood.
464:, and pronounced "omnis nucleus e nucleo" (which means the same as Strasburger's dictum). The discovery of mitosis, meiosis and chromosomes is regarded as one of the 100 most important scientific discoveries of all times, and one of the 10 most important discoveries in
203:. However, a careful reading of Weismann's work over the span of his entire career shows that he had more nuanced views, insisting, like Darwin, that a variable environment was necessary to cause variation in the hereditary material.
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Weismann was born a son of high school teacher Johann (Jean) Konrad
Weismann (1804–1880), a graduate of ancient languages and theology, and his wife Elise (1803–1850), née Lübbren, the daughter of the county councillor and mayor of
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529:, on the other hand, does so effortlessly. Weismann used this theory to explain Lamark's original examples for "use and disuse", such as the tendency to have degenerate wings and stronger feet in domesticated waterfowl.
384:) he compared creationism and evolutionary theory, and concluded that many biological facts can be seamlessly accommodated within evolutionary theory, but remain puzzling if considered the result of acts of creation.
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214:(or stem cells that make them) is the only source of change for natural selection to work on. Weismann became one of the first biologists to deny Lamarckism entirely. Weismann's ideas preceded the rediscovery of
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Weismann worked on the embryology of sea urchin eggs, and in the course of this observed different kinds of cell division, namely equatorial division and reductional division, terms he coined (
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The idea that germline cells contain information that passes to each generation unaffected by experience and independent of the somatic (body) cells, came to be referred to as
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of the early 20th century, though scholars do not express it today in the same terms. In
Weismann's opinion the largely random process of mutation, which must occur in the
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judged him to be the most important evolutionary thinker between Darwin and the evolutionary synthesis around 1930–1940, and "one of the great biologists of all time".
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and zoology; from 1866 extraordinary professor; and from 1873 to 1912 full professor, first holder of the chair in zoology and director of the zoological institute at
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345:. He retired in 1912. His earlier work was largely concerned with purely zoological investigations, one of his earliest works dealing with the development of the
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laid the basis for the cytology and cytogenetics of the 20th century. Strasburger, the outstanding botanical physiologist of that century, coined the terms
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and caterpillars. But studying natural sciences was out of the question due to the cost involved and limited job prospects. A friend of the family, chemist
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349:. Microscopical work, however, became impossible to him owing to impaired eyesight, and he turned his attention to wider problems of biological inquiry.
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291:, and won two prizes. The paper about the salt content dissuaded him from becoming a chemist, since he felt himself lacking in apothecarial accuracy.
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391:). Weismann's position towards the mechanism of inheritance and its role for evolution changed during his life. Three periods can be distinguished.
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and the inheritance of acquired characteristics. What
Lamarck claimed was the inheritance of characteristics acquired through effort, or will.
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Die
Entstehung der Sexualzellen bei den Hydromedusen: Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss des Baues und der Lebenserscheinungen dieser Gruppe
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247:. He had a typical 19th century bourgeois education, receiving music lessons from the age of four, and drafting and painting lessons from
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444:. He said "new cell nuclei can only arise from the division of other cell nuclei". Van Beneden discovered how chromosomes combined at
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263:(1800–1882), recommended studying medicine. A foundation from the inheritance of Weismann's mother allowed him to take up studies in
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653:: Ein akademischer Vortrag gehalten am 8. Juli 1868 in der Aula der Universität zu Freiburg im Breisgau. Engelmann, Leipzig.
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in 1859, he became Chief
Medical Officer in the military, and on a leave from duty he walked through Northern Italy and the
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After this work, Weismann accepted evolution as a fact on a par with the fundamental assumptions of astronomy (e.g.
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Churchill, Frederick B. (1 December 1970). "Hertwig, Weismann, and the
Meaning of Reduction Division circa 1890".
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from the age of 14. His piano teacher was a devoted butterfly collector and introduced him to the collecting of
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Immediately after university, Weismann took on a post as assistant at the Städtische Klinik (city clinic) in
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218:'s work, and though Weismann was cagey about accepting Mendelism, younger workers soon made the connection.
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At the beginning of
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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ranked him as the second most notable evolutionary theorist of the 19th century, after
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Churchill, Frederick B. (1 March 1968). "August
Weismann and a break from tradition".
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Weismann started out believing, like many other 19th century scientists, among them
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Studien zur
Descendenz-Theorie. I. Ueber den Saison-Dimorphismus der Schmetterlinge
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267:. Following his graduation in 1856, he wrote his dissertation on the synthesis of
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Studien zur Descendenztheorie: II. Ueber die letzten Ursachen der Transmutationen
482:. It was described again in 1883, at the level of chromosomes, by Van Beneden in
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803:: Gehalten an der Universität zu Freiburg im Breisgau. Fischer, Jena. 2 volums
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Romanes, George John 1893. An Examination of Weismannism. London, Longmans.
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theory. The hereditary material, the germ plasm, is transmitted only by the
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Die Continuität des Keimplasmas als Grundlage einer Theorie der Vererbung
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961:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 499.
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to rest. The results were consistent with Weismann's germ plasm theory.
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302:(1860). He returned to Frankfurt as personal physician to the banished
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August Weismanns Leben und Wirken nach Dokumenten aus seinem Nachlass.
152:, LLD (17 January 1834 – 5 November 1914) was a German
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Essays upon heredity (1889) Oxford Clarendon Press – Full online text
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in 1908. He was elected an International Member of the United States
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The all-sufficiency of natural selection. A reply to Herbert Spencer
792:. Jena. Translated and published in the Contemporary Review, 1893.
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After a study visit to see Vienna's museums and clinics, he visited
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Winther, Rasmus (2001). "August Weismann on Germ-Plasm Variation".
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Wegbereiter der Genetik: Gregor Johann Mendel und August Weismann.
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1887. Zur Frage nach der Vererbung erworbener Eigenschaften. In:
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Berichte der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Freiburg im Breisgau
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Handbook of Epigenetics: The New Molecular and Medical Genetics
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This idea was illuminated and explained by the rediscovery of
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The Science Channel :: 100 Greatest Discoveries: Biology
283:. Weismann successfully submitted two manuscripts, one about
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Meiosis was discovered and described for the first time in
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such as egg cells and sperm cells. Other cells of the body—
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Germ-Plasm, a theory of heredity (1893)- Full online text
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Aufsätze über Vererbung und angewandet biologische Fragen
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Aufsätze über Vererbung und verwandte biologische Fragen
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significance of meiosis for reproduction and inheritance
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Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
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Biography, bibliography and access to digital sources
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in herbivores, and one about the salt content of the
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Essays upon Heredity and kindred Biological Problems
827:. The Open court publishing company in Chicago 1893
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Weismann was elected an International Member of the
577:'s work in the early years of the 20th century (see
787:Die Allmacht der NaturzĂĽchtung: eine Erwiderung an
206:The idea of the Weismann barrier is central to the
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658:Ăśber den EinfluĂź der Isolierung auf die Artbildung
525:explained by inheritance of acquired characters.
703:Entstehung der Sexualzellen bei den Hydromedusen
692:Entstehung der Sexualzellen bei den Hydromedusen
1314:Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
985:100 Greatest Discoveries – Carnegie Institution
552:states that multicellular organisms consist of
651:Ăśber die Berechtigung der Darwin'schen Theorie
378:Ăśber die Berechtigung der Darwin'schen Theorie
318:. After a sabbatical in Paris, he worked with
30:For the 19th-century New York politician, see
1392:Members of the American Philosophical Society
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585:Experiments on the inheritance of mutilation
382:On the justification of the Darwinian theory
772:Charles Scribner's Sons – Full online text
762:Das Keimplasma: eine Theorie der Vererbung
58:
36:
1319:Newspaper clippings about August Weismann
973:August Weismann: sein Leben und sein Werk
756:Oxford Clarendon Press – Full online text
357:In 1867 he married Mary Dorothea Gruber.
27:German evolutionary biologist (1834–1914)
1054:Originally published in Weismann's 1889
930:
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706:(in German). Vol. 2. Jena: Fischer.
695:(in German). Vol. 1. Jena: Fischer.
512:metaphor of use and disuse of an organ.
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415:in each generation from the germ plasm.
376:as a possible alternative. In his work
197:inheritance of acquired characteristics
556:containing heritable information, and
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368:Contributions to evolutionary biology
312:war between Austria, France and Italy
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1377:Foreign members of the Royal Society
720:"Ueber den RĂĽckschritt in der Natur"
565:in his day, for example in the book
339:Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg
195:. This idea, if true, rules out the
909:. Esp.org. Retrieved on 2012-02-25.
841:. Esp.org. Retrieved on 2012-02-25.
456:. Walther Flemming, the founder of
520:Weismann's first rejection of the
25:
1387:Recipients of the Cothenius Medal
1297:Works by or about August Weismann
1148:Journal of the History of Biology
1042:. Elsevier Science. p. 234.
1026:had; but he was not a cytologist.
866:Journal of the History of Biology
796:. Contemporary Review 64: 309-338
143:August Friedrich Leopold Weismann
18:Friedrich Leopold August Weismann
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920:The growth of biological thought
770:Germ-Plasm, a theory of Heredity
221:Weismann is much admired today.
852:Evolution, the modern synthesis
801:Vorträge über Deszendenztheorie
310:from 1861 to 1863. During the
251:(1810–1872) at the Frankfurter
171:His main contribution involved
1357:19th-century German zoologists
1245:Freiburger Universitätsblätter
615:American Philosophical Society
522:inheritance of acquired traits
411:. Somatic cells (of the body)
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825:An examination of Weismannism
567:An examination of Weismannism
364:(1879–1950), was a composer.
627:National Academy of Sciences
617:in 1906. He was awarded the
175:, at one time also known as
1323:20th Century Press Archives
1247:Heft 87/88, Freiburg. 23–42
1036:Tollefsbol, Trygve (2017).
452:, and discovered and named
448:, during the production of
304:Archduke Stephen of Austria
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1230:August Weismann 1834–1914.
994:at carnegieinstitution.org
29:
1372:Scientists from Frankfurt
619:Linnean Society of London
57:
1288:Works by August Weismann
1013:at science.discovery.com
633:Publications by Weismann
243:, on 17 January 1834 in
1367:Evolutionary biologists
958:Encyclopædia Britannica
878:10.1023/A:1012950826540
112:University of Göttingen
1131:: 370–393. April 1890.
823:Romanes, George John.
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154:evolutionary biologist
1352:Critics of Lamarckism
1218:, Frankfurt am Main.
1022:Although, of course,
850:Huxley, Julian 1942.
660:. Engelmann, Leipzig.
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579:Mendelian inheritance
430:Heinrich von Waldeyer
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201:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
1269:at Wikimedia Commons
1216:Verlag Harri Deutsch
1125:The Quarterly Review
1073:search.amphilsoc.org
1069:"APS Member History"
1056:Essays Upon Heredity
754:Essays upon Heredity
623:Darwin-Wallace Medal
603:inherited mutilation
591:the Weismann barrier
395:German work on cells
324:University of GieĂźen
132:Darwin–Wallace Medal
1211:Löther, Rolf 1990.
1121:by August Weismann"
751:1889 Translations:
434:Edouard Van Beneden
335:comparative anatomy
271:in the human body.
253:Städelsche Institut
1362:German geneticists
1310:Virtual Laboratory
1277:Works by or about
1160:10.1007/BF00149777
1009:2006-10-24 at the
990:2007-09-27 at the
971:Gaup, Ernst 1917.
918:Mayr, Ernst 1982.
767:1893 Translation:
724:Deutsche Rundschau
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422:Eduard Strasburger
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329:From 1863, he was
1292:Project Gutenberg
1265:Media related to
1097:www.nasonline.org
1093:"August Weismann"
1049:978-0-12-805477-2
922:. Harvard. p. 698
609:Awards and Honors
550:germ plasm theory
543:Reduktionsteilung
539:Ă„quatorialteilung
527:Germ plasm theory
308:Schaumburg Castle
275:Professional life
245:Frankfurt am Main
234:Youth and studies
173:germ plasm theory
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122:Germ plasm theory
81:Frankfurt am Main
32:Augustus Weismann
16:(Redirected from
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