753:
under the code name "Elsa". As the
Americans arrived there is very little indication that the "Elsa" group committed significant acts of sabotage, or that they were conspicuously active in dissuading the defeated civilian population from "collaborating". They were nevertheless well prepared, at least in the Stuttgart region. Starting in January 1945, work had started at the Police Headquarters on producing false identity documents which were of high quality, and which to the eyes of military administrators from the west, would generally appear indistinguishable from genuine identity documents. Then in April 1945 "Elsa" members raided the cash in the police station, so in the immediate term they were evidently adequately funded. Despite the absence of high-profile acts of sabotage, they turned out to be surprisingly effective in hindering the Americans, who came to believe that there were far more of them than there actually were, and therefore overestimated the threat and progressed with appropriate hesitancy. Little is known of "Elsa"'s actual activities. Most of what the Americans found out came from a single source, a spy working as a message carrier for the organisation who was also providing regular reports to the US military administration. Nevertheless, "Elsa" members were not always easy to find. The group was split into 22 separate cells each of 5 or 6 people, and cell members generally had no knowledge of other cells. Each cell contained at least one woman because, as underground movements had long known, women were able to act more inconspicuously than men. A woman carrying a bag of (as onlookers might assume) food was unlikely to be stopped for questioning. After six months, by January 1946, surviving records nevertheless indicate that the American army believed they had rounded up "all the leading figures" in the organisation. Mußgay' had presumably been closely involved in setting up the "Elsa" network during the closing months of the war. However, he was arrested in April or May 1945.
789:). On the one hand, as a boss he would protect his subordinates whenever he could. In his disputes with church authorities he was frequently seen to be visibly discomforted. On the other hand, he did not always restrict his roles to those of the deskbound bureaucrat. During prisoner interrogations he could behave like the archetypal "little man" fortified with the temperament of a frontline Gestapo interrogator, "a shrieking frothing man trying to make victims compliant with threats, reminiscent of cartoon Nazi policemen familiar to later generations from subsequently produced movies". Perhaps he was just a simple Württemberg political policeman promoted too far too fast. Did he, perhaps, just see himself as a "people's police officer", tempered by frontline wartime experiences, who had become convinced that it was his duty to preserve his hard-won class privileges and social status on the homefront against those whom he identified as Germany's enemies?
595:) as Mußgay insisted. In his 18 November notification to the local government district offices he tried to give the impression that the forthcoming deportations to the east should be seen as simple resettlement operations. He stressed that deportees must be encouraged to take "work tools" with them "because in the settlement zones for the construction of the ghettos there are absolutely no materials either for construction nor indeed, for subsistence". It was less than reassuring, but there was no mention of the mass-killings ahead. As matters turned out, when the deportees arrived in
566:), which placed them outside the normal protections of the German legal code and required them to respect certain life-style constraints. For instance, sexual relations with German people were forbidden. Violators were threatened with the death penalty, administered under the euphemistic cloak of "special measures". It was no empty threat. Well publicised executions by hanging took place, as a deterrent to others. The mobile gallows used had been constructed for the purpose in the carpentry workshop at the
28:
554:, as the realisation dawned that the war might be lost. The demands of the military and the slaughter of war meant that the country faced an acute labour shortage. In order to keep essential factories and services running, large numbers of "workers" were imported from countries which had been over-run and placed under some form German military administration. In the Stuttgart region most of these
464:, and though sources differ over precise ethnic mix in the affected territories, it was widely accepted that in terms of language and self-defined ethnicity, the population of the Sudetenland was predominantly German. Between March 1938 and March 1939 the German government used this as a justification for the progressive annexation not just of the Sudetenland, but of virtually the whole of
570:. Other security service chiefs at Mußgay's level of seniority tended to delegate the supervision of executions to other, but Mußgay like to attend these executions himself. On the occasions when he was unable to attend he was represented by his deputy, Hans-Joachim Engelbrecht, who was under clear instructions to report back with details of how the executions had been carried out.
496:), and probably in some sort of a leadership role. In December 1939 he received a medal for his contributions. Between 1939 and 1941 Mußgay was probably serving at least for part of the time, as a senior Gestapo officer, helping to establish an effective presence for the German security services in occupied western Poland and eastern France. No further details are available.
838:“Too many people here and in England hold the view that the German people as a whole are not responsible for what has taken place – that only a few Nazis are responsible. That unfortunately is not based on fact. The German people must have it driven home to them that the whole nation has been engaged in a lawless conspiracy against the decencies of modern civilization.”
740:, which remained a constant threat to the rest of Europe and to the wider world. Until the Americans came round to that point of view, his loyalty to his fatherland would not be dimmed. On 30 September 1944 Friedrich Mußgay's name was added to the list of potential war criminals being prepared under US policy directive proposals.
1030:... die prägende Figur der Politischen Polizei bzw. der Gestapo in Württemberg-Hohenzollern. Er diente nicht nur am längsten als Dienststellenleiter, sondern war auch schon vor seiner Ernennung zum Chef der Gestapo als Leiter der Nachrichten- und dann der Exekutivabteilung mit entscheidenden Aufgaben betraut
504:
Till 2 May 1940 SS-Sturmbannführer Dr Rudolf Erwin Lange (1910–1945) served as Deputy Chief of Police for
Stuttgart. He was then permanently seconded to Berlin. Friedrich Mußgay, by then aged 48, took over his responsibilities. Under peace time circumstances Mußgay might have been considered a little
714:
from the west and large Soviet armies advancing from the east, it was generally accepted that, in the absence of an unforeseen miracle, Germany had lost another World War. It was evident that mere military victory would not be good enough for the
Americans. Those deemed responsible for Germany's war
412:
Executive
Department II. It is thought that the focus of his duties remained, as before, surveillance of government opponents, supervision and administering the gathering of reports along with involvement in the interrogation of those arrested, employing the conventional tactics of threats and other
513:
just over a month later. Mußgay took over as
Gestapo chief, and in effect chief of police for Stuttgart and the region administered from it. He resigned his church membership at the same time. He was confirmed in office in January 1942, and remained in post as Stuttgart's chief of police until 20
388:. In this age of political renewal, Mußgay's reputation within and beyond the police service as a "communist catcher" was a career bonus. There is no indication that he had, up to this point, involved himself directly in party politics. On 1 April 1933, however, his membership came through of the
752:
to create a series of "Werwolf" organisations, mandated to carry out acts of sabotage behind enemy lines and take steps to ensure that none of the German population collaborated with the (in this part of
Germany mainly American) allied invaders. The "Werwolf" organisation in Württemberg operated
586:
and, progressively, the various occupied territories. On 10 June 1941 issued a public pronouncement giving notification of the "undoubtedly approaching final solution of the Jewish
Question" He then issued the order, on 18 November 1941, to approximately 1,000 Jews that they should report to
313:
Although it appears probably that the focus of his activity continued to focus on his military service until the war ended, in May 1917 Mußgay's five-year stint as an administrative trainee came to an end: he was appointed a member of the police service, to be based at police headquarters in
407:
Further promotions followed. He continued to head up the Police
Intelligence department under the new organisational structure, though events over the next decade suggest that the responsibilities in question were not always clearly delineated. The criminal side of his growing palette of
337:
police service. A parallel development at the city's main police station was the establishment of a
Political Police department. Both these changes were helpful in the progression of Mußgay's career, and a succession of promotions followed. In the Autumn/Fall of 1923 he became a
646:. (Mixed marriages had created, apparently informally, a handful of cases of so-called privileged Jews who still had not been deported because their spouses were not Jewish.) He issued a decree on 25 January 1945 purporting to send any surviving Jewish citizens to the
1363:
Hotel Silber in
Stuttgart .... Im Südwesten gründeten 160 Nazis kurz nach Kriegsende eine geheime Werwolf-Organisation. Sie zielte darauf ab, den Mitgliedern eine neue Identität zu geben und sie mit Bargeld zu versorgen. Nach neun Monaten zerschlugen die Amerikaner
681:
on the basis of a determination (in the absence of any sort of trial) that they had been "preparing to commit high treason". A tenth group member, Hermann Schlotterbeck, was captured after failing to cross the heavily guarded Swiss frontier, and detained at the
505:
old for such a promotion, but he was evidently regarded as politically reliable and competent. Colleagues half a generation younger who might, under more normal circumstances, have been promoted ahead of him were already away from home, having volunteered for
1200:
Kurz vor Kriegsende im April 1945 setzten sich die Abteilungen der Gestapo aus Stuttgart ab. Auf dem Rückzug vor den Alliierten verübten Angehörige der Gestapo ihre letzten Verbrechen: Sie ermordeten mitgeführte oder sich noch im Hotel Silber befindliche
715:
crimes and persecutions were to be held to account. Back in April 1944 the Americans drafted a "Handbook for Military Government in Germany" which became generally available at the end of August 1944. The introduction quoted from a memorandum drafted by
1248:
1052:""Ihr seid Könner in Lumpen": In der Weimarer Republik organisierte er einen Vagabundenkongress und publizierte die erste Straßenzeitung Europas. Gregor Gog half den Obdachlosen der Landstraße und brachte das Spießbürgertum gegen sich auf"
251:
for a career in regional government service. The traineeship lasted for five years, between 1913 and 1917, but it did not pass uninterrupted. It started with work as a local government administrative assistant, posted successively to
630:
took place as late as February 1945. It is believed that during Mußgay's tenure as Stuttgart's police chief more than 2,600 people were deported. Another source gives a more precise figure: 2,423. Most of these would be dead before
1406:
735:
officers reacted in a range of different ways. Mußgay was among those who believed that the Americans would quickly come to the realisation that their real enemy was not Germany, which was already as good as defeated, but the
618:). In order to preserve the "resettlement" fiction, Jews older than 65 were not included in either the first or the second deportation organised from Stuttgart. On 22 August 1942 Mußgay organised a third deportation from
246:
After attending lower and middle schools (which was compulsory) he moved on to attend senior school. After that he undertook military service for a year during 1913 as a "one-year volunteer", before progressing to an
747:
was closed down and abandoned by former officers and officials. Some fled south, hoping to escape across into Switzerland. Mußgay was one of approximately 160 in south-western Germany who had responded to a plan by
1159:
Geschichtsprojekt Stuttgart 1942 .... Was die Bilderserie „Stuttgart 1942“ nicht zeigen kann, weil keine Aufnahmen davon existieren: die Deportation der jüdischen Bevölkerung nach Theresienstadt am 22. August
164:, through a combination of ability, ambition, and a certain amount of good luck, he benefitted from a succession of reconfigurations of homeland security to occupy a series of senior positions, serving as a
626:. That appears to have been the last of Mußgay's mass-deportations. Nevertheless, 17 more were deported on 1 March, followed by 19 on 15 April 1943 and 23 during June 1943. The last of the transports to
1441:
210:. Nevertheless, as far as the new régime was concerned, there could be no doubt that he performed his duties efficiently and effectively, according to Sarah Stewart, another commentator-historian.
994:
1154:
654:
was partially destroyed in an American air-raid during September 1944 had become home to several administrative departments of the unexpectedly decentralised Stuttgart police service.
165:
1056:
Gregor Gog, König der Vagabunden: See, in particular, the narrative beside the cartoon on page 5/17. Note also the identity card photo and the accmplanying narrative on page 10/17
677:
managed to escape to Switzerland even after the group was destroyed, their story has been told. Nine of them were nevertheless captured and, on 30 November 1944, executed at the
1446:
160:(3 January 1892 - 3 September 1946) was an ambitious regional administrator who found his way into the police service. Between 1917 and 1933 he achieved rapid promotion. After
555:
195:
Commentators and, subsequently, historians have found Mußgay's character and contribution hard to pin down. According to the historian Friedemann Rincke, some saw his as
587:
Stuttgart's Killesberg Conference Centre Complex on 27 November 1941. On 1 December 1941 the assembled Jews were deported by train to what was known at the time as the
728:
342:). Almost at once he involved himself in the activities of the Political Police department. By 1925 he was heading up two sub-departments within it: "Department N" (
484:
in the region. Sources are imprecise on his activities in Czechoslovakia, but it appears that during the latter part of 1938 Mußgay was involved in setting up the
1451:
518:. With Mußgay in charge the organisational structure of Stuttgart's policing and security administration quickly came to reflect closely the principles of the
473:
199:, while for others he was simply a "quiet professional". Among senior police officers, he was unusual in having left it until the last possible moment to join
185:
1358:
931:
326:) with retrospective effect, the appointment being formally backdated to April 1920. Just a year later he was promoted to the position of "police commissar".
1426:
1025:
777:. A year and a half later he hanged himself in his cell. As one source puts it, Friedrich Mußgay thereby spared himself the verdicts of earthly judges.
761:
On 20 April 1945, in the wake of the closure of the city police station and the murder of prisoners held there, Friedrich Mußgay and his wife fled from
231:. Georg Friedrich Mußgay (1847–1919), his father, was employed as a caretaker. His paternal grandfather, like his father before him, had been a rural
509:. At this time the Stuttgart police chief was SS-Sturmbannführer Dr.Joachim Boës (1899–1941). Boës was drafted into the army in June 1941 and died in
192:
actions, but his suicide in 1946 ensured that the nature and extent of his involvement could never be properly presented and assessed before a court.
663:
461:
1436:
248:
476:
was costly both to the occupiers and to the occupied in human terms and in terms of other resources. Friedrich Mußgay was one of those sent to
354:". For Mußgay this became an almost personal crusade against the political left. Colleagues took to identifying him as the "Kommunistenjäger" (
1106:
Friedrich Schlotterbeck: Je dunkler die Nacht, desto heller die Sterne. Erinnerungen eines deutschen Arbeiters 1933–1945. With an epilogue by
1222:
724:
891:
559:
1180:
Ingrid Bauz, Sigrid Brüggemann, Roland Maier (Hrsg.): Die Geheime Staatspolizei in Württemberg und Hohenzollern. Stuttgart 2013, p. 20.
319:
1421:
945:
1195:
562:. These foreign workers were required to interact with state authorities and German society under special so-called "Polenerlassen" (
408:
responsibilities received a boost in November 1935 when he was appointed to the post of "Kriminalrat". In 1937 he became head of the
694:. In July 1945, a few weeks after the end of the war, three bodies were found in a hastily dug grave in a small forest just outside
698:, where they had been placed by the Stuttgart SS-men who are believed to have recognised and shot them on orders received from the
773:. He was subsequently captured at the end of April or in early May 1945, and taken to the newly adapted American military jail in
635:. Most were murdered. But enough returned home after the nightmare ended to help ensure that the killings could not be forgotten.
452:
During the first half of the nineteenth century nationalist elements in Germany took to calling the border region of what became
1411:
539:
417:
1431:
420:
into closer alignment with government thinking. Police officers involved in security service operations were taken into the
632:
515:
480:
to help, probably during 1938. Between March 1939 and July 1939, still based in Brünn, he was a divisional chief with the
400:
itself. That same month he made the switch to the "Württemberg Political Police" department in the newly reconstituted
684:
Welzheim "Police prison" (as the badly overcrowded detention camp was commonly termed, with increasingly savage irony)
666:
465:
453:
284:
933:
Friedrich Mußgay, * 3. Januar 1892 in Ludwigsburg, † 3. September 1946 in Stuttgart: Ein Organisator der Vernichtung
638:
During the final months of his police career Mußgay launched and oversaw a major search for Jewish people living in
1416:
1051:
596:
588:
519:
785:
Jürgen Schuhladen-Krämer, in a biographical contribution, describes Mußgay as a "Bürokrat im Bewährungsaufstieg" (
322:
are unknown, but on 26 August 1920 he was appointed to a position in the police service as "Verwaltungssekretär" (
678:
55:
550:, but the brutalisation of Germany was greatly intensified after the outbreak war and, more particularly, after
366:
The early 1930s were characterised by intensifying polarisation which spilled over onto the streets and led, in
401:
330:
673:
and wider family, were committed Communists who had hitherto managed to survive in Hitler's Germany. Because
647:
674:
670:
639:
81:
669:
in September 1944 brought Mußgay's police career full circle. Gotthilf and Maria Schlotterbeck, along with
1396:
744:
651:
173:
169:
683:
567:
1324:
716:
627:
623:
1081:
1401:
1391:
551:
385:
298:
77:
104:
351:
253:
27:
329:
During 1923 a number of responsibilities and duties that had traditionally been undertaken by the
1328:
962:
695:
176:
from 1943. Through most of his police career, which lasted from 1917 until 1945, he was based in
92:
719:
himself. It was not encouraging for members of the conquered nation, least of all for top level
1295:
941:
441:
433:
425:
416:
Another round of organisational restructuring was undertaken after 1935, bringing policing in
940:(Die Führer der Provinz. NS-Biographien aus Baden und Württemberg. ). pp. 406, 432–441.
749:
687:
527:
1275:
1124:
235:. His mother, born Karoline Bay, also came from a family of countryfolk. Mußgay was born a
1307:
974:
547:
469:
379:
375:
371:
264:
between July 1913 and April 1914. He also attended courses at the Administration College (
261:
207:
196:
161:
1280:
Resistance against National Socialism. Widerstandsbewegungen im Dritten Reich untersuchen
1335:. Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute, United States Department of State
686:. During April 1945 the "Police prison" was evacuated, on an instruction received from
643:
367:
204:
1086:
Holocaust, Members of the Einsatzgruppen, Nazi Eugenics, Perpetrators of the Holocaust
1385:
1255:. Rotenberg Verlag GmbH (Cannstatter Zeitung & Untertürkheimer Zeitug), Stuttgart
805:
650:, which is variously described as a transit camp or as a labor camp, and which after
429:
421:
389:
301:. He concluded his army career as a First Lieutenant in the army reserve, having won
277:
269:
59:
1107:
770:
737:
711:
702:
main office in Stuttgart. One of the bodies had belonged to Hermann Schlotterbeck.
610:, involving 278 victims, was arranged by Mußgay just one month later, this time to
583:
288:
181:
1333:
Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1944, General, Volume I
1059:
472:
from the regions might welcome the development, most Czechoslovaks did not. The
457:
294:
273:
224:
52:
297:
broke out in July 1914. Between August 1914 and December 1918 Mußgay served in
817:
397:
393:
382:
302:
281:
240:
236:
200:
114:
937:
774:
762:
619:
607:
579:
510:
506:
437:
334:
315:
291:. This would not be the last time Mußgay and Scholl came across each other.
257:
228:
189:
177:
73:
691:
930:
Annegret Hägele; Michael Kißener; Joachim Scholtyseck (13 November 2015).
530:
had come to supplant the existing structures since its formation in 1939.
404:(still based in the centre of Stuttgart, albeit in a different building).
892:"Mußgay, Friedrich Paul: Leiter der Staatspolizeileitstelle in Stuttgart"
603:, where most of them were killed during the early part of the next year.
1253:
1944 wurde die Familie des Untertürkheimer Widerstandskämpfers ermordet
732:
720:
699:
485:
481:
409:
232:
766:
615:
611:
543:
622:
in which over 900 people identified as Jewish were transported to
1407:
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
690:: surviving inmates were to be transported on trucks towards the
710:
By September 1944, with large American armies advancing towards
600:
489:
477:
166:"Kriminalrat" (Senior Officer of the Criminal Police department)
898:. Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart. pp. 188–190
268:) at which he made the acquaintance of his near contemporary
1319:
1317:
478:
Brünn (as the city was known to German speakers before 1945)
223:
Paul Friedrich Mußgay was born into humble circumstances at
1329:"Memorandum by President Roosevelt to the Secretary of War"
333:
were reassigned, becoming the direct responsibility of the
370:, to parliamentary deadlock followed, in January 1933, by
243:
that he resigned his church membership on 22 August 1941.
350:). The focus of his work now was to confront "enemies of
305:, along with various other lesser marks of commendation.
227:, a prosperous mid-sized town set in the hills north of
995:"Walter Stahlecker gehörte zu den Schlächtern im Osten"
723:
officers. The Soviet government was less explicit, but
396:. Exactly a month after that he became a member of the
1442:
Prisoners who died in United States military detention
460:. The entire region was ethnically diverse before the
184:
there were also postings abroad, notably, in 1938, to
1282:. Dr. Josef Raabe Verlags-GmbH, Stuttgart. p. 17
1274:
Charlotte Kellner (author-compiler) (December 2016).
492:, presumably as part of a larger "Einsatzkommando" (
829:"... zweifellos kommende Endlösung der Judenfrage".
188:. During the 1940s he was implicated in a range of
138:
128:
120:
110:
98:
88:
66:
41:
18:
1203:. Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart
1032:. Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart
743:During April 1945 the already partially destroyed
272:, who by a savage twist of irony became father to
1249:"Gedenken an die Widerstandsgruppe Schlotterbeck"
1162:. Stuttgarter Nachrichten Verlagsgesellschaft mbH
1148:
1146:
1276:"The Schlotterbeck Group – communist resistance"
1088:. Commission on Assisted Dying. 22 February 2017
787:loosely, "a bureaucrat permanently on probation"
203:, becoming a member only three months after the
1352:
1350:
1223:"Spurensuche zum KZ Welzheim: Das Ende des KZs"
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
652:the Stuttgart State Police Headquarters complex
432:rankings list for 1938. He is classified as an
1190:
1188:
1186:
591:. The object of the exercise was "Entjudung" (
1366:. Stuttgarter Zeitung Verlagsgesellschaft mbH
1131:. Stuttgarter Jugendhaus gGmbH (GO-Stuttgart)
1001:. Stuttgarter Zeitung Verlagsgesellschaft mbH
988:
986:
984:
574:Persecution and deportations of Jewish people
303:the Iron Cross - both 2nd Class and 1st Class
180:which was home city, but after the return of
8:
1020:
1018:
1016:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
729:civilian refugees streaming towards the west
428:. Accordingly, Mußgay's name appears on the
392:, the paramilitary wing of the now dominant
1447:Nazis who died by suicide in prison custody
1118:
1116:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
170:Stuttgart State Police Headquarters complex
145:Georg Friedrich Mußgay (1847-1919) (father)
26:
15:
424:, within which they were assigned to the
538:There were plenty of people who spotted
522:loosely, "National Security Main Office"
851:
798:
280:, known to historians of the period as
1303:
1293:
970:
960:
318:. His activities during the turbulent
1155:"Vorauskasse für das Wohnrecht im KZ"
642:as defined by the infamous so-called
7:
1452:Nazis who died by suicide in Germany
1228:. Stadt Welzheim (Website-Betreiber)
168:from 1935, Officer in Charge of the
1247:Elke Hauptmann (28 November 2019).
745:Stuttgart State Police Headquarters
564:loosely, "rules for Polish people"
340:loosely, "senior criminal officer"
14:
1427:Holocaust perpetrators in Germany
1357:Thomas Faltin (10 January 2014).
993:Thomas Faltin (10 January 2014).
1153:Roland Müller (20 August 2020).
394:National Socialist Party (NSDAP)
593:approximately, "Dejewification"
578:1941 was the year in which the
526:, which under the direction of
1437:Suicides by hanging in Germany
1110:, Stuttgart 1986, pp. 150–154.
896:Württembergische Biographien 1
534:Executions of forced labourers
320:immediate aftermath of the war
1:
520:"Reichssicherheitshauptamt" (
344:"Police Intelligence Service"
474:occupation of Czechoslovakia
466:what had been Czechoslovakia
124:Emma Schaubacher (1892-1950)
820:membership number 3,227,757
765:and headed south along the
348:"Meetings and Associations"
1468:
606:A second deportation from
597:Reichskommissariat Ostland
589:Reichskommissariat Ostland
249:administrative traineeship
219:Provenance and early years
70:3 September 1946 (aged 54)
46:Paul Emil Friedrich Mußgay
1062:(online). 16 October 2019
999:Hotel Silber in Stuttgart
679:Dachau concentration camp
338:"Kriminaloberinspektor" (
25:
808:membership number 69,594
514:April 1945, just before
462:ethnic cleansing of 1945
324:administrative secretary
266:" Verwaltungsfachschule"
197:a Rumpelstiltskin figure
675:Friedrich Schlotterbeck
658:The Schlotterbeck group
568:Welzheim Detention Camp
560:occupied western Poland
426:"SD" (security service)
402:Regional Police Service
331:Regional Police Service
186:occupied Czechoslovakia
82:Allied-occupied Germany
1422:SS-Obersturmbannführer
1412:German police officers
1196:"Das Ende der Gestapo"
890:Heinz-Ludger Borgert.
731:were not encouraging.
599:they were detained in
500:Stuttgart police chief
346:) and "Department V" (
105:SS-Obersturmbannführer
1432:People from Stuttgart
1325:Franklin D. Roosevelt
558:had been captured in
434:"SS-Hauptsturmführer"
148:Karoline Bay (mother)
725:reports accompanying
662:The smashing of the
494:"Gestapo task force"
390:"Schutzstaffel" (SS)
285:resistance activists
727:growing numbers of
717:President Roosevelt
440:main office of the
413:coercive measures.
356:"communist catcher"
174:Obersturmbannführer
134:Manfred (1927-1982)
89:Cause of death
1327:(26 August 1944).
1306:has generic name (
1026:"Friedrich Mußgay"
648:camp at Bietigheim
556:"forced labourers"
544:National Socialism
436:, assigned to the
378:from democracy to
93:Suicide by hanging
1417:Gestapo personnel
706:"Götterdämmerung"
640:"mixed marriages"
582:took hold across
287:during the later
205:Hitler government
172:from 1939 and an
155:
154:
78:Württemberg-Baden
1459:
1376:
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1359:"Deckname: Elsa"
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750:Heinrich Himmler
667:resistance group
540:the inhuman core
528:Heinrich Himmler
488:organisation in
352:the constitution
241:records indicate
158:Friedrich Mußgay
74:Stuttgart Prison
30:
20:Friedrich Mußgay
16:
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132:Fritz (1918-?)
111:Political party
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1099:
1082:"Rudolf Lange"
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746:
741:
739:
734:
730:
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722:
718:
713:
705:
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692:Austrian Alps
689:
685:
680:
676:
672:
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636:
634:
633:the war ended
629:
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372:régime change
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362:Régime change
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275:
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270:Robert Scholl
267:
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99:Occupation(s)
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60:German Empire
57:
54:
44:
40:
35:
29:
24:
17:
1368:. Retrieved
1362:
1337:. Retrieved
1332:
1284:. Retrieved
1279:
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1252:
1242:
1230:. Retrieved
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1199:
1176:
1164:. Retrieved
1158:
1133:. Retrieved
1128:
1108:Christa Wolf
1102:
1090:. Retrieved
1085:
1076:
1064:. Retrieved
1055:
1046:
1034:. Retrieved
1029:
1003:. Retrieved
998:
951:. Retrieved
932:
900:. Retrieved
895:
834:
825:
813:
801:
786:
784:
771:Swabian Jura
769:towards the
760:
742:
738:Soviet Union
709:
661:
637:
605:
592:
577:
563:
546:even before
537:
521:
507:army service
503:
493:
451:
442:"SD" section
415:
406:
386:dictatorship
374:and a rapid
365:
355:
347:
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339:
328:
323:
312:
293:
289:Hitler years
282:high-profile
265:
245:
222:
194:
157:
156:
102:Police chief
33:
1402:1946 deaths
1392:1892 births
1060:Der Spiegel
971:|work=
468:. Although
458:Sudetenland
448:Sudetenland
418:Württemberg
262:Mergentheim
225:Ludwigsburg
201:"the party"
182:war in 1939
56:Württemberg
53:Ludwigsburg
1386:Categories
1232:16 January
1129:Biografien
938:UVK Verlag
846:References
781:Evaluation
696:Riedlingen
671:their sons
237:Protestant
208:took power
1201:Gefangene
973:ignored (
963:cite book
775:Stuttgart
763:Stuttgart
620:Stuttgart
608:Stuttgart
580:Holocaust
511:Bucharest
438:Stuttgart
335:Stuttgart
316:Stuttgart
258:Ellwangen
254:Esslingen
239:, though
229:Stuttgart
190:Holocaust
178:Stuttgart
1370:20 April
1339:20 April
1296:cite web
1286:20 April
1259:20 April
1207:20 April
1166:19 April
1135:19 April
1092:19 April
1066:18 April
1036:18 April
1005:19 April
953:17 April
902:17 April
299:the army
129:Children
34:ca. 1940
733:Gestapo
721:Gestapo
712:Germany
700:Gestapo
688:Himmler
584:Germany
486:Gestapo
482:Gestapo
456:as the
410:Gestapo
368:Germany
233:butcher
139:Parents
1364:„Elsa“
944:
616:Lublin
614:(near
612:Izbica
376:switch
121:Spouse
1226:(PDF)
818:NSDAP
793:Notes
757:Death
490:Brünn
398:NSDAP
383:party
115:NSDAP
1372:2022
1341:2022
1308:help
1288:2022
1261:2022
1234:2022
1209:2022
1168:2022
1160:1942
1137:2022
1094:2022
1068:2022
1038:2022
1007:2022
975:help
955:2022
942:ISBN
904:2022
601:Riga
552:1942
548:1933
380:one-
276:and
274:Hans
260:and
214:Life
162:1933
67:Died
42:Born
542:of
358:).
295:War
1388::
1361:.
1349:^
1331:.
1316:^
1300::
1298:}}
1294:{{
1278:.
1251:.
1198:.
1185:^
1157:.
1145:^
1127:.
1115:^
1084:.
1058:.
1054:.
1028:.
1015:^
997:.
983:^
967::
965:}}
961:{{
936:.
912:^
894:.
854:^
806:SS
444:.
430:SS
422:SS
256:,
80:,
76:,
58:,
1374:.
1343:.
1310:)
1290:.
1263:.
1236:.
1211:.
1170:.
1139:.
1096:.
1070:.
1040:.
1009:.
977:)
957:.
906:.
524:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
