641:
holes and with corrugated iron and canvas for crude roofs. They were to fight to the end from these holes with their light machine-guns. The second position was about 4.5 km (2.8 mi) behind the front, near the effective limit of the
British and French field guns. It had concrete nests for heavy machine guns and shelters for riflemen, mortar crews and light machine-gunners but if the attackers broke through, most of the defenders moved into shell holes so they could engage the attackers from unexpected directions. They were to hold their positions even if their line was penetrated. Before attackers reached the artillery protection line, they would be met by counter-attacks from the reserve regiment. The 14-day, 6-million-shell bombardment ended on 31 July 1917. By noon the British were penetrating the second position, when counter-attacks in the centre of the attack front pushed them back to the British second objective. It began to rain, the start of an unusually wet and cool August. The day after the attack, Loßberg was promoted to major-general.
655:
with a few field guns as anti-tank weapons. The battle zone extended to a depth of 8 km (5.0 mi) behind the front; it was dotted with points of resistance that if necessary would be held until relieved by a counter-attack. Since the maximum range of field artillery was 8 km (5.0 mi) attackers nearing the end of the battle zone could only be supported by their heavier guns. A reserve division was in position close behind this battle zone. If it launched a counter-attack it was under the authority the commander of the division at the front. The
British took Passchendaele Ridge on 10 November 1917. Now they faced another strong line of German field works while still another behind that was close to completion.
468:
he was standing, which gave them a perfect view of the slope opposite where attackers would appear and they would no longer work in the noisy, smoky confusion of the front line during an attack. The reserves were placed just behind the northern hill, where Loßberg ordered shelters to be built for them. Pickets were dotted along the crest of the hill facing the French. These depositions fit perfectly to his belief that the "Strength of the defense lies in concealment from enemy observation". Then he motored to the headquarters of each of his corps to direct them to position their lines similarly. The new defensive line contained further French attacks.
700:. Everyone in the room realised that they had lost the war. There were no more German attacks; the OHL was forced slowly to withdraw towards the German border, hoping to establish a shorter defensive line that could be held. First they had to evacuate all of their wounded, then essential supplies like food and ammunition and finally the fighting troops, who were being assaulted all along the front. They reorganised for withdrawal, on 8 August, Loßberg became chief of staff of Army Group von Böhn, made up of the 2nd, 18th, and 9th Armies. Early in November he was reassigned to the OHL. The
112:
165:
506:). When Loßberg saw how the original front line trenches had been utterly demolished by the Anglo-French bombardments, he ordered the defenders to stand where they were but to adopt a mobile defence in depth. The front line was to be held lightly, with the defenders moving forward into shell holes as soon as a bombardment began. The artillery observers were moved behind the main line of resistance to higher ground where the reserves for the battalion holding the sector were also sheltered.
100:
664:
645:
repair communications. On 20 September the
British attacked again after a three-week dry spell, drove back the Germans on the Gheluvelt Plateau and destroyed German counter-attacks. Attacks on 26 September and 4 October were equally effective. Such bite and hold tactics forced the Germans to change their tactics. Ludendorff, who increasing directed the defence, placed more men in the foremost line and waited until the following day to mount a methodical counter-attack (
651:). The British artillery overwhelmed the foremost defenders and their immediate supports. On 7 October the Germans returned to a lightly held front whose garrison would retire to the main resistance line where they would be joined by counter-attack troops, while a dense artillery barrage would be laid in front of the main line of resistance. After Ludendorff took responsibility, Loßberg does not describe the further changes in his book, which was based on a diary.
124:
464:, who endorsed the cancellation and agreed that Loßberg might go immediately to the front with full powers. The French were sure to attack again once they had moved their artillery forward. When Loßberg arrived at the heights on the north side of the valley, he was immediately struck by the strength of the position they had been forced to occupy. They were now defending a reserve trench on a reverse slope 200 m (660 ft) beneath the crest.
44:
574:
position. The OHL issued a paper the "Conduct of the
Defensive Battle" on 1 December 1916. Mostly written by junior staff officers, it incorporated many of Loßberg's ideas for mobile defence in depth but also recommended elasticity: permitting the defenders of the front line to retreat if forced. Loßberg still strongly opposed elasticity in his report published by the OHL on 30 January 1917.
515:) would be launched by the two reserve battalions of the regiment holding the sector. It would be led by the front-line battalion commander, who knew the conditions best. Close behind the front Loßberg stationed counter-attack divisions. In Loßberg's system, corps, which had contained a set trio of divisions, became responsible for the length of front held by three divisions and called a
431:
and Harbou favoured defence in depth and discussed making it flexible by permitting the garrison of the front line to retreat to join the main line of resistance if the front was breached. Loßberg argued against elasticity, because he had been impressed in battle by the demoralising effect of fleeing
422:
in May 1915 stipulating three lines of defence. The first line was manned by sentry groups, with listening posts in front. It was to be strongly built but lightly garrisoned. If attackers broke through they would face a second, main line of resistance, which included dugouts to accommodate all of the
695:
The OHL decided to strike again in
Flanders, to finish off the British. Ludendorff came on 18 July 1918 to discuss the next operation with the commanders there, including Rupprecht and Loßberg, who found Ludendorff "aggressive and confident". His mood was shattered by a telephone call reporting that
691:
was the most remarkable yet, they reached the right bank of the River Marne, only 56 km (35 mi) from Paris, which the French government prepared to evacuate. The OHL decided that they must enlarge this salient, so they would be able to bring forward enough supplies to drive on to Paris. On
654:
Their final configuration was that each front division should establish a main line of resistance 400 m (1,300 ft) behind the front. It consisted of strong points which would hold out even if the line was breached. Heavy machine-guns, working in pairs, were just behind this position, along
679:
which forced back the
British near Cambrai. It created a vast salient that increased the length of the German defensive front but failed to take any strategic objective. Loßberg urged the OHL to withdraw from the useless but costly salient but they did not. The next offensive was by the 4th Army in
467:
The line was hidden from French observation and the defenders could shoot down attackers as they emerged over the crest. Its flaw was that the German artillery observers, usually placed in the front line, were also blind. Loßberg ordered the observers to set up their positions along the crest where
459:
was driven out of the front line and the chief of staff proposed to withdraw 3 km (1.9 mi) further, to shelter behind a river. He was replaced by Loßberg; as he arrived at army headquarters he was telephoned by a corps commander asking whether they would still withdraw that night. Loßberg
640:
from 1914. For the first time he could organise a defence in depth before an attack began. He strove to make the defenders invisible to attackers and even to their aerial observers. The defenders were provided with boards so they could shelter above the ground water that filled the bottoms of the
565:
to the
British). It was built with all recent refinements, including shallow dugouts with concrete roofs that could be left quickly when attacks began. When Loßberg motored through the position he saw that the artillery observation posts were built into the front line trenches on a forward slope,
644:
On 16 August, the
British attacked again but with orders to advance only 1,500–2,000 yd (1,400–1,800 m) before digging in to repel counter-attacks. The attack failed on the Gheluvelt Plateau and the offensive was eventually suspended for three weeks to wait for the ground to dry and to
604:
Plain. On 11 April, Loßberg was made chief of staff of the 6th Army. He found the defenders in chaos but in the Crown Prince
Rupprecht's words he was "almost superhumanly imperturbable". He swiftly organised new defensive lines, telephoning Ludendorff that this time the defence would be elastic
573:
the army group commander, Loßberg argued for building a new line ahead of the existing position, on reverse slopes, with positions for a thinly manned outpost line on the crest, which meant that the artillery observers were in the old first line, now the new second line, overlooking the front
417:
On the
Western Front, the defenders were massed in the front line and instructed to "Hold what you are ordered to hold". Some of the OHL staff foresaw that with more guns and ammunition, the French and British preliminary bombardments would soon be converting their crowded front line into a
539:. If an attack threatened, Loßberg tried to be in the front line at daybreak to gauge morale. Most days Below and Loßberg visited a section of the front, except during attacks, when they had to be at the telephone exchange. They were careful to relieve divisions when they were exhausted.
605:
because the front line was so readily observed. If necessary the front line defenders would withdraw and the battle would be fought at the second line, which was mostly on a reverse slope, easily watched by German artillery observers. Counter-attacking infantry were now using
692:
part of the sector assaulted the French front line was lightly held and easily overrun but as they thrust forward the attackers unexpectedly encountered the main line of resistance, beyond the range of the German field guns, where they were stopped.
704:
specified that all German troops still remaining in France, Belgium, Luxembourg or Alsace-Lorraine after 14 days would become prisoners of war. They were all out in time, a final display of the organisational skill of the German staffs.
554:
and Falkenhayn, the new team solicited and freely discussed ideas. Loßberg was asked for a report describing his defensive tactics. In September construction began on a new defensive position well behind the front, known as the
609:
tactics. When reserve divisions advanced from the artillery protection line to counter-attack, they came under the command of the division they were supporting. More British attacks gained no significant ground.
1403:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London:
1891:
684:. There was another tactical success, which led to no strategic result. On Loßberg's advice they stopped attacking even though they had not reached the railway junction that was their objective.
550:
took over the OHL on 29 August 1916, Loßberg was delighted to watch the spirit of the army revive. The German attacks on Verdun were stopped immediately. Unlike their predecessors
432:
men but by the end of 1916 Loßberg had second thoughts and began thinking of defence in depth, flexible defence and defence on reverse-slopes followed by rapid counter-attacks.
1896:
1901:
1876:
856:
1921:
1911:
1886:
741:
Data taken from "Lossberg's War...." (2017) unless indicated. Loßberg was an honorary citizen of Bad Homburg, his town and received medals and decorations.
423:
defenders of the first two lines. A third line incorporated shell-proof shelters for the reserves with the artillery just behind it. The OHL staff colonels
843:
386:
as an officer in 1888; the third generation of his family to serve in it. He qualified as a general staff officer and in 1911 became an instructor at the
1906:
687:
The OHL shifted the attack to Champagne, to draw away the French troops who had been sent to help the British in Flanders. The German advance in the
211:
675:
Loßberg wrote little in his memoirs about 1918, the year in which the Germans launched their last offensives on the Western Front, starting with
1916:
1836:
1798:
1769:
1750:
1728:
1586:
1569:
1543:
1524:
1452:
1412:
820:
721:, Loßberg was first in charge of defending the new eastern border with Poland. Then he became general chief of staff and later commanded the
414:, as well as the chief of operations and other members of the staff, while the Kaiser remembered him as "the fencing lieutenant in Berlin".
827:
1851:
1881:
1826:
1372:
570:
355:
on 9 September 1916 and oak leaves on 24 April 1917. Loßberg became one of the leading exponents of the system of defence-in-depth.
530:
168:
391:
1496:
606:
524:
1846:
799:
696:
the French and Americans had smashed through the right flank of the salient pointing toward Paris, on the opening day of the
551:
834:
1447:. Foreign Military Studies. Translated by Zabecki, D. T.; Biedekarken, D. J. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.
701:
1631:
383:
793:
763:
806:
786:
770:
583:
399:
395:
352:
1785:(PhD) (online scan ed.). London: Cranfield University, Department of Defence Management and Security Analysis.
875:
446:
410:(OHL), the main army command, at Mézières in France, as deputy chief of operations. He already knew the commander,
282:
863:
722:
697:
688:
625:
323:
He was the "foremost German expert on Defensive Warfare. Was made a floating chief of staff during crises, with
1401:
Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras
681:
633:
629:
593:
487:
456:
330:
278:
274:
270:
266:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
596:
near Arras on 9 April 1917, advancing behind a creeping barrage for almost 4 km (2.5 mi), capturing
494:
were stopped. Falkenhayn shook hands—but never kept his promise. At the 2nd Army headquarters its commander,
850:
881:
757:
587:
387:
290:
619:
405:
315:
294:
521:; the divisions in the corps varied but the corps remained responsible for a portion of the front. The
486:, Falkenhayn summoned Loßberg to his bedside at 01:00 to ask him to take over as chief of staff of the
455:
along a front of 30 km (19 mi), advancing behind a cloud of poison gas and smoke. The German
509:
Enemy penetrations would be driven back by counter-attacks. If possible, an immediate counter-attack (
164:
1871:
1866:
597:
411:
663:
543:
490:
where the French and British had penetrated. Loßberg would agree only if the German attacks at the
483:
477:
419:
286:
1605:
312:. Loßberg was later to become "legendary as the fireman of the Western Front, always sent by the
105:
67:
1688:
378:
Loßberg was born into a military family in 1868. His father, Viktor von Loßberg, was a Prussian
265:. He was an operational planner, especially of defence. Loßberg served as chief of staff in the
501:
1794:
1765:
1746:
1724:
1700:
1675:
1643:
1596:
1565:
1539:
1520:
1488:
1448:
1431:
1408:
1384:
751:
676:
346:
233:
1786:
1738:
547:
491:
206:
1564:. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities. Vol. 1483. New York: Garland: Garland.
1481:
The Dynamics of Doctrine: The Change in German Tactical Doctrine During the First World War
43:
1840:
1830:
1591:
868:
562:
495:
262:
129:
628:(7–14 June 1917), Ludendorff asked Loßberg to move to Flanders as chief of staff of the
1479:
730:
461:
418:
slaughterhouse. Their thinking was stimulated by instructions captured from the French
1780:
1860:
1640:
Innovation and Expertise: Some Changes in German Tactical Doctrine during World War I
779:
637:
428:
141:
117:
1642:(MA ). Columbus, OH: Department of History, Ohio State University. pp. 30–80.
1560:
Fisher, Stephen D. (1996). "Lossberg, Fredrick von ". In Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.).
813:
305:
87:
340:, the British official historian, referred to him as "a very remarkable soldier".
17:
1745:(Trans. repr. Naval & Military Press ed.). New York: Harper & Bros.
729:
on 14 May 1942. His son Bernhard was also a general staff officer, known for the
1396:
337:
301:
223:
63:
745:
716:
361:
145:
49:
1704:
1679:
1600:
1435:
1388:
460:
ordered him to stand fast; a few minutes later he met his commander, General
424:
402:. Promoted to lieutenant-colonel in January 1915, he was transferred to the
1647:
1492:
726:
668:
367:
83:
498:, gave Loßberg permission to go to front with the power to issue orders (
1723:. Cambridge Military Histories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
258:
254:
901:
This defensive doctrine was carried over after the end of World War I.
1790:
1445:
Lossberg's War: The World War I Memoirs of a German Chief of Staff
774:
662:
601:
452:
329:
the right to issue orders in a superior's name" (Wynne 1976). In "
1467:
Zabecki, D.; Biedekarken, D. J. "Translator's Introduction". In
1404:
1689:"The Introduction of New German Defensive Tactics in 1916–1917"
1487:. Fort Leavenworth: US Army Command and General Staff College.
1821:
1166:
1164:
1115:
1113:
1383:]. Vol. III. München: Deutscher National Verlag AG.
1721:
Holding Out: The German Army and Operational Command in 1917
451:
In September 1915 the French attacked in Champagne, east of
1847:
Awarded Oakleaves Friedrich Karl von Loßberg, 24 April 1917
1562:
The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia
1538:(Greenwood Press, NY ed.). London: Faber & Faber.
482:
When the British and French attacked at the opening of the
1463:
1914–1918 (Berlin, Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn 1939)
725:. He retired in 1927 as a general of infantry and died in
600:, which gave their observers a commanding view over the
680:
Flanders, in which Loßberg was chief of staff, at the
1536:
If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West
754:(21 September 1916) with oak leaves (24 April 1917)
229:
219:
174:
159:
151:
135:
93:
73:
57:
34:
1630:
1604:
1350:
1044:
996:
972:
956:
1892:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
1515:Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2006).
308:. English-speaking sources often spell his name
1782:Operational Art and the German 1918 Offensives
857:House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis
984:
374:Early life and the first years of World War I
8:
714:
646:
556:
534:
522:
516:
510:
499:
403:
394:in 1913. In 1914 the division fought on the
359:
344:
324:
313:
1897:Knights of the Military Order of Max Joseph
1764:. Battleground Europe. London: Leo Cooper.
802:, 3rd class with Swords and Crown (Bavaria)
1902:Recipients of the Hanseatic Cross (Bremen)
253:(30 April 1868 – 4 May 1942) was a German
42:
31:
390:. He was appointed chief of staff of the
1632:"The Defense Expert: Fritz von Lossberg"
1468:
1424:Meine Tätigkeit im Weltkriege, 1914–1918
1338:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1278:
1266:
1242:
1230:
1206:
1170:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1092:
1080:
1056:
1155:
913:
894:
713:In the small post-war German Army, the
1326:
920:
805:Commander's Cross Second Class of the
785:Honor Cross 2nd Class of the Princely
636:). Loßberg knew the topography of the
331:Military Operations France and Belgium
320:to the area of crisis" (Lupfer 1981).
1254:
1218:
1194:
1182:
1104:
1068:
1032:
1020:
1008:
968:
944:
932:
27:German general of the First World War
7:
1922:People from the Grand Duchy of Hesse
1912:Military personnel from Hesse-Nassau
1877:People from Bad Homburg vor der Höhe
1837:Ties Fritz von Lossberg to Frederick
1693:British Journal for Military History
1430:] (in German). Berlin: Mittler.
874:Commander, First Class of the Ducal
1887:German Army generals of World War I
1674:. New York: Charles Scribner Sons.
1517:World War I: A Student Encyclopedia
971:, pp. 88, 149, 159, 191, 340;
855:Knight's Cross, First Class of the
849:Knight's Cross, First Class of the
812:Knight's Cross Second Class of the
566:exposed to enemy ground observers.
351:(the Blue Max) for his work on the
1657:– via Ohio State University.
846:, 2nd class (Mecklenburg-Schwerin)
382:. Loßberg was commissioned in the
25:
1907:Generals of Infantry (Reichswehr)
1833: (archived 30 September 2007)
1502:from the original on 4 March 2017
667:Loßberg retired to this house in
571:Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria
1373:Bavaria, Rupprecht. M. L. F. von
163:
122:
110:
98:
1595:. New York. 25 September 1939.
366:on 31 January 1927 and died in
1670:Churchill, Winston S. (1949).
1351:Zabecki & Biedekarken 2017
1045:Zabecki & Biedekarken 2017
997:Zabecki & Biedekarken 2017
973:Zabecki & Biedekarken 2017
957:Zabecki & Biedekarken 2017
833:Commander Second Class of the
552:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger
392:XIII (Royal Württemberg) Corps
1:
1917:Military personnel from Hesse
1461:Meine Tätigkeit im Weltkriege
702:Armistice of 11 November 1918
1843: (archived 29 July 2009)
1443:Lossberg, Fritz von (2017).
1428:My Activity in the World War
1422:Lossberg, Fritz von (1939).
794:Military Order of Max Joseph
769:Knight's Cross of the Royal
733:for the invasion of Russia.
533:, Konrad von Goßler) became
835:Order of the Zähringer Lion
807:Military Order of St. Henry
787:House Order of Hohenzollern
771:House Order of Hohenzollern
584:Western Front tactics, 1917
1938:
1629:Meyer, Bradley J. (1981).
876:Saxe-Ernestine House Order
748:of 1914, 1st and 2nd class
617:
581:
475:
447:Second Battle of Champagne
444:
283:Second Battle of Champagne
1882:Major generals of Prussia
1743:My War Memories 1914–1918
985:Tucker & Roberts 2006
864:Order of the White Falcon
689:Third Battle of the Aisne
592:The British attacked the
427:and Bussche and captains
358:Loßberg retired from the
41:
634:Friedrich Sixt von Armin
343:Loßberg was awarded the
212:Army Group Duke Albrecht
1779:Zabecki, D. T. (2004).
851:Order of Henry the Lion
569:Supported by Below and
1760:Oldham, Peter (1997).
1534:Wynne, G. C. (1976) .
882:Cross for Merit in War
826:Knight's Cross of the
792:Knight's Cross of the
758:Order of the Red Eagle
737:Decorations and awards
715:
672:
647:
588:Battle of Arras (1917)
557:
535:
531:General der Infanterie
523:
517:
511:
500:
404:
360:
345:
325:
314:
169:General der Infanterie
840:Bravery Medal (Hesse)
766:, 3rd class (Prussia)
666:
620:Third Battle of Ypres
406:Oberste Heeresleitung
295:Third Battle of Ypres
152:Years of service
1719:Cowan, Tony (2023).
1687:Cowan, Tony (2019).
844:Military Merit Cross
821:Military Merit Order
816:with Swords (Saxony)
800:Military Merit Order
412:Erich von Falkenhayn
300:Loßberg was born in
1762:The Hindenburg Line
1478:Lupfer, T. (1981).
1377:Mein Kriegstagebuch
1353:, pp. 369–370.
1329:, pp. 440–441.
1317:, pp. 351–363.
1293:, pp. 339–346.
1281:, pp. 310–339.
1269:, pp. 306–308.
1257:, pp. 310–313.
1245:, pp. 304–306.
1233:, pp. 287–304.
1209:, pp. 273–286.
1173:, pp. 224–272.
1134:, pp. 210–211.
1122:, pp. 207–224.
1083:, pp. 173–205.
1059:, pp. 167–173.
544:Paul von Hindenburg
484:Battle of the Somme
478:Battle of the Somme
384:2nd Guards Regiment
287:Battle of the Somme
1587:"Defense in Depth"
828:Order of the Crown
764:Order of the Crown
698:Battle of Soissons
673:
626:Battle of Messines
68:Kingdom of Prussia
18:Fritz von Lossberg
1827:Defensive Tactics
1800:978-0-415-35600-8
1771:978-0-85052-568-7
1752:978-1-84574-303-1
1730:978-1-108-83023-2
1571:978-0-8153-0399-2
1545:978-0-8371-5029-1
1526:978-1-85109-879-8
1454:978-0-8131-6980-4
1414:978-0-89839-180-0
1023:, pp. 98–99.
862:Commander of the
819:Commander of the
682:Battle of the Lys
677:Operation Michael
558:Siegfriedstellung
240:
239:
36:Fritz von Loßberg
16:(Redirected from
1929:
1822:Blue Max website
1811:
1809:
1807:
1775:
1756:
1734:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1683:
1672:The World Crisis
1658:
1656:
1654:
1637:
1634:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1603:. Archived from
1575:
1549:
1530:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1486:
1472:
1458:
1439:
1418:
1392:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
902:
899:
884:(Saxe-Meiningen)
720:
650:
560:
548:Erich Ludendorff
538:
528:
525:VI Reserve Korps
520:
514:
505:
492:Battle of Verdun
409:
370:on 14 May 1942.
365:
350:
328:
319:
207:Army Group Boehn
167:
137:
128:
126:
125:
116:
114:
113:
104:
102:
101:
80:
46:
32:
21:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1857:
1856:
1841:Wayback Machine
1831:Wayback Machine
1818:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1778:
1772:
1759:
1753:
1737:
1731:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1686:
1669:
1666:
1664:Further reading
1661:
1652:
1650:
1635:
1628:
1612:
1610:
1609:on 8 March 2008
1585:
1572:
1559:
1546:
1533:
1527:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1484:
1477:
1469:Lossberg (2017)
1466:
1459:Translation of
1455:
1442:
1421:
1415:
1395:
1371:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1047:, p. xvii.
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1003:
995:
991:
987:, p. 1129.
983:
979:
967:
963:
955:
951:
943:
939:
931:
927:
919:
915:
911:
906:
905:
900:
896:
891:
869:Hanseatic Cross
739:
711:
661:
622:
616:
590:
582:Main articles:
580:
563:Hindenburg line
496:Fritz von Below
480:
474:
449:
443:
438:
376:
291:Battle of Arras
263:First World War
236:with oak leaves
178:Chief of staff
144:
130:Weimar Republic
123:
121:
120:
111:
109:
108:
99:
97:
82:
78:
62:
53:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:Genealogy site
1849:
1844:
1834:
1824:
1817:
1816:External links
1814:
1813:
1812:
1799:
1776:
1770:
1757:
1751:
1739:Ludendorff, E.
1735:
1729:
1716:
1684:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1620:
1619:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1531:
1525:
1512:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1453:
1440:
1419:
1413:
1393:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1343:
1341:, p. 366.
1331:
1319:
1307:
1305:, p. 343.
1295:
1283:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1197:, p. 206.
1187:
1175:
1160:
1148:
1146:, p. 359.
1136:
1124:
1109:
1107:, p. 118.
1097:
1095:, p. 215.
1085:
1073:
1071:, p. 332.
1061:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1013:
1011:, p. 149.
1001:
989:
977:
975:, p. xxi.
961:
959:, p. xxi.
949:
947:, p. 401.
937:
935:, p. 200.
925:
923:, p. vii.
912:
910:
907:
904:
903:
893:
892:
890:
887:
886:
885:
879:
872:
866:
860:
853:
847:
841:
838:
831:
824:
817:
810:
803:
797:
790:
783:
777:
767:
761:
755:
752:Pour le Mérite
749:
738:
735:
731:Lossberg study
710:
707:
660:
657:
618:Main article:
615:
612:
579:
576:
536:Gruppe Gossler
476:Main article:
473:
470:
462:Karl von Einem
445:Main article:
442:
439:
437:
436:Chief of staff
434:
375:
372:
347:Pour le Mérite
243:Friedrich Karl
238:
237:
234:Pour le Mérite
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
216:
215:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
176:
172:
171:
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
139:
133:
132:
95:
91:
90:
81:(aged 74)
75:
71:
70:
59:
55:
54:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1934:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1554:Encyclopedias
1547:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1339:Lossberg 2017
1335:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1315:Lossberg 2017
1311:
1308:
1304:
1303:Lossberg 1939
1299:
1296:
1292:
1291:Lossberg 2017
1287:
1284:
1280:
1279:Lossberg 2017
1275:
1272:
1268:
1267:Lossberg 2017
1263:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1243:Lossberg 2017
1239:
1236:
1232:
1231:Lossberg 2017
1227:
1224:
1221:, p. 71.
1220:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:Lossberg 2017
1203:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1185:, p. 67.
1184:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:Lossberg 2017
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1144:Lossberg 1939
1140:
1137:
1133:
1132:Lossberg 2017
1128:
1125:
1121:
1120:Lossberg 2017
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1093:Lossberg 1939
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:Lossberg 2017
1077:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1057:Lossberg 2017
1053:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1035:, p. 33.
1034:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1002:
999:, p. xv.
998:
993:
990:
986:
981:
978:
974:
970:
965:
962:
958:
953:
950:
946:
941:
938:
934:
929:
926:
922:
917:
914:
908:
898:
895:
888:
883:
880:
877:
873:
870:
867:
865:
861:
858:
854:
852:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
832:
830:(Württemberg)
829:
825:
823:(Württemberg)
822:
818:
815:
811:
808:
804:
801:
798:
795:
791:
788:
784:
781:
780:Service Award
778:
776:
772:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
743:
742:
736:
734:
732:
728:
724:
719:
718:
708:
706:
703:
699:
693:
690:
685:
683:
678:
670:
665:
658:
656:
652:
649:
642:
639:
638:Ypres Salient
635:
631:
627:
621:
613:
611:
608:
603:
599:
595:
589:
585:
577:
575:
572:
567:
564:
559:
553:
549:
545:
540:
537:
532:
527:
526:
519:
513:
507:
504:
503:
497:
493:
489:
485:
479:
471:
469:
465:
463:
458:
454:
448:
440:
435:
433:
430:
429:Hermann Geyer
426:
421:
415:
413:
408:
407:
401:
400:Eastern Front
397:
396:Western Front
393:
389:
385:
381:
373:
371:
369:
364:
363:
356:
354:
353:Western Front
349:
348:
341:
339:
335:
334:
327:
321:
318:
317:
311:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
235:
232:
228:
225:
222:
218:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
177:
173:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
147:
143:
142:Prussian Army
140:
134:
131:
119:
118:German Empire
107:
96:
92:
89:
85:
76:
72:
69:
65:
61:30 April 1868
60:
56:
51:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
1804:. Retrieved
1781:
1761:
1742:
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1699:(2): 81–99.
1696:
1692:
1671:
1651:. Retrieved
1639:
1622:
1621:
1611:. Retrieved
1606:the original
1590:
1579:
1578:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1535:
1519:. ABC-CLIO.
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1480:
1460:
1444:
1427:
1423:
1400:
1381:My War Diary
1380:
1376:
1365:
1364:
1360:Bibliography
1346:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1158:, p. 3.
1156:Bavaria 1929
1151:
1139:
1127:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1028:
1016:
1004:
992:
980:
964:
952:
940:
928:
916:
897:
814:Albert Order
740:
723:6th Division
712:
694:
686:
674:
653:
648:Gegenangriff
643:
623:
607:stormtrooper
591:
568:
541:
508:
481:
466:
450:
416:
380:Generalmajor
379:
377:
357:
342:
332:
322:
309:
306:Hesse-Nassau
299:
250:
246:
242:
241:
220:Battles/wars
88:Nazi Germany
79:(1942-05-04)
29:
1872:1942 deaths
1867:1868 births
1327:Fisher 1996
921:Lupfer 1981
878:with Swords
859:(Oldenburg)
789:with Swords
760:, 4th class
388:War Academy
338:Cyril Falls
333:1917 part I
302:Bad Homburg
251:von Loßberg
224:World War I
64:Bad Homburg
48:Loßberg in
1861:Categories
1806:16 January
1653:16 January
1506:16 January
1255:Wynne 1976
1219:Meyer 1981
1195:Wynne 1976
1183:Meyer 1981
1105:Wynne 1976
1069:Wynne 1976
1033:Meyer 1981
1021:Wynne 1976
1009:Wynne 1976
969:Wynne 1976
945:Falls 1992
933:Wynne 1976
746:Iron Cross
717:Reichsheer
624:After the
598:Vimy Ridge
420:Fifth Army
362:Reichswehr
257:and later
146:Reichswehr
94:Allegiance
77:4 May 1942
50:Reichswehr
1791:1826/3897
1741:(2005) .
1705:2057-0422
1680:246105015
1613:10 August
1601:0040-781X
1580:Magazines
1436:174418084
1399:(1992) .
1397:Falls, C.
1389:643331329
909:Footnotes
871:of Bremen
796:(Bavaria)
782:(Prussia)
632:(General
512:Gegenstoß
502:Vollmacht
425:Max Bauer
326:Vollmacht
261:, of the
155:1888–1926
1710:15 April
1497:Archived
1375:(1929).
809:(Saxony)
709:Post war
630:4th Army
614:4th Army
594:6th Army
578:6th Army
488:2nd Army
472:2nd Army
457:3rd Army
441:3rd Army
310:Lossberg
293:and the
279:4th Army
277:and the
275:6th Army
271:2nd Army
267:3rd Army
202:4th Army
197:6th Army
192:1st Army
187:2nd Army
182:3rd Army
175:Commands
136:Service/
1839:at the
1829:at the
1648:9565612
1493:8189258
837:(Baden)
281:at the
259:general
255:colonel
106:Prussia
52:uniform
1797:
1768:
1749:
1727:
1703:
1678:
1646:
1623:Theses
1599:
1568:
1542:
1523:
1491:
1451:
1434:
1411:
1387:
775:Swords
727:Lübeck
669:Lübeck
542:After
518:Gruppe
368:Lübeck
289:, the
230:Awards
138:branch
127:
115:
103:
84:Lübeck
1636:(PDF)
1500:(PDF)
1485:(PDF)
1426:[
1379:[
1366:Books
889:Notes
773:with
602:Douai
453:Reims
247:Fritz
1808:2017
1795:ISBN
1766:ISBN
1747:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1712:2024
1701:ISSN
1676:OCLC
1655:2017
1644:OCLC
1615:2008
1597:ISSN
1592:Time
1566:ISBN
1540:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1508:2017
1489:OCLC
1449:ISBN
1432:OCLC
1409:ISBN
1405:HMSO
1385:OCLC
659:1918
586:and
546:and
398:and
160:Rank
74:Died
58:Born
1787:hdl
336:",
316:OHL
304:in
1863::
1793:.
1695:.
1691:.
1638:.
1589:.
1495:.
1407:.
1163:^
1112:^
297:.
285:,
273:,
269:,
249:"
86:,
66:,
1810:.
1789::
1774:.
1755:.
1733:.
1714:.
1697:5
1682:.
1617:.
1574:.
1548:.
1529:.
1510:.
1471:.
1457:.
1438:.
1417:.
1391:.
671:.
561:(
529:(
245:"
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
