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contracted in sewers, skin diseases due to the action of cement, dermatitis due to the action of trichloronaphthaline (acne), and cutaneous and nasal ulceration from potassium bichromate. An Act of August 1936 extended to workers in general supplementary allowances that had previously been confined to workers injured in accidents prior to 9 January 1927. An order dealing with rescue equipment in mines was issued on 19 August 1936, followed by two orders concerning packing and caving on 25 February 1937. In relation to maritime transport, a Decree of 3 March 1937 issued instructions concerning safety. A decree of 18 June 1937 promulgated the
Convention "concerning the marking of the weight on heavy packages transported by vessels which was adopted by the International Labour Conference at Geneva in 1929".
767:
an Act of August 1936 increased the rate of pensions and allowances payable to miners and their dependents. In August 1936, regulations extending the provisions of the Family
Allowances Act to agriculture were signed into law. A decree was introduced that same month for the inspection of farm dwellings, and at the beginning of January 1937, an Advisory Committee on Rents was appointed by decree. To promote profit-sharing, an Act of January 1937 (that regulated the working of the State mines, the Alsatian potash mines, and the potash industry), provided that 10% of the net yield of the undertaking "must be set aside, to be used, at least to the extent of one half, to enable the staff to share in the profits of the industry."
1149:
or to replace their best workers with inferior and inexperienced workers when 40 hours had been reached. More generally, the argument is made that France could not afford the labor reforms in the face of poor economic conditions, the fears of the business community, and the threat of Nazi
Germany. The forty hour week was particularly problematic in light of German weapons production - France was trying to compete with a nation which not only had a larger population but one which was working fifty to sixty hour work weeks. The limits on working hours particularly limited aircraft production, weakening French aviation and thus encouraging concessions at the Munich Agreement.
331:
obtained major new rights, but their 48 percent increase in wages was offset by a 46 percent rise in prices. Unemployment remained high, and overall industrial production was stagnant. Industry had great difficulty adjusting to the imposition of a 40-hour workweek, which caused serious disruptions while France was desperately trying to catch up with
Germany in military production. France joined other nations and bitterly disappointed many French leftists in refusing to help the Spanish Republicans in the Spanish Civil War, partly because the right threatened another civil war in France itself.
1133:
economic ineffectiveness and because of external pressures over which it had no control." There is general agreement that at first it created enormous excitement and expectation on the left, but in the end, it failed to live up to its promise. There is also general agreement, that the
Popular Front provided a set of lessons and even an inspiration for the future. It began a process of government intervention into economic affairs that grew rapidly during the Vichy and postwar regimes into the modern French welfare state.
771:
inefficient, as industry had a difficult time adjusting to it. At the end of 40 hours, a shop or small factory had to shut down or replace its best workers; unions refused to compromise on this issue. The limitation was ended by the
Radicals in 1938. The economic confusion hindered the rearmament effort; the rapid growth of German armaments alarmed Blum. He launched a major program to speed up arms production. The cost forced the abandonment of the social reform programs that the Popular Front had counted heavily on.
340:
875:
activities that were geared to their interests. The party discarded its original notions of
Communist femininity and female political activism as a gender-neutral revolutionary. It issued a new model more attuned to the mood of the late 1930s and one more acceptable to the middle class elements of the Popular Front. It now portrayed the ideal young Communist woman as a paragon of moral probity with her commitment to marriage and motherhood and gender-specific public activism.
405:
311:" (Everything is possible). However, the economy continued to stall, with 1938 production still not having recovered to 1929 levels, and higher wages had been neutralized by inflation. Businessmen took their funds overseas. Blum was forced to stop his reforms and devalue the franc. With the French Senate controlled by conservatives, Blum lost power in June 1937. The presidency of the cabinet was then taken over by
746:
the producer instead of the consumer. The government also made some administrative changes to the civil service, such as a new director-general for the Paris police and a new governor for the Bank of France. In addition, a secretariat for sports and leisure was established, and opportunities for the children of workers and peasants in secondary education were increased. In 1937, careers guidance classes (
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sport. He considered that sport should aim for the fulfilment of the personality of the individual. Thus, Lagrange stated, "It cannot be a question in a democratic country of militarizing the distractions and the pleasures of the masses and of transforming the joy skillfully distributed into a means of not thinking." Léo
Lagrange further declared in 1936:
817:, in which the Popular Front had joined with the British by handing over part of Czechoslovakia to Germany. The government denounced the Communists as warmongers, who provoked large-scale strikes in late 1938. The Radical government crushed the Communists and fired over 800,000 workers. In effect, the Radical Party stood alone.
1136:
Charles
Sowerwine argues that the Popular Front was above all a coalition against fascism, and it succeeded in blocking the arrival of fascism in France until 1940. He adds that it "failed to make the great changes its supporters anticipated and left many ordinary French people deeply disillusioned."
908:
theories of the time, which were common beyond the fascist parties, the SFIO began to change its ideas concerning sports during the
Popular Front, because its social reforms permitted to the workers' to participate in such leisure activities and also because of the increasing risks of a confrontation
874:
The Communists in the 1920s saw the need to mobilize young women but saw them as auxiliaries to male organizations. The 1930s had a new model of a separate-but-equal role for women. The party set up the Union des Jeunes Filles de France (UJFF) to appeal to young working women through publications and
766:
An act of 26 August 1936 that amended the social insurance scheme for commerce and industry raised the maximum daily maternity benefit from 18 to 22 francs, and an order of 13 February 1937 prescribed a special sound signal for road-rail coaches. Improvements were made in unemployment allowances, and
753:
In aviation, a decree in December 1936 established a psycho-physiological service for military aviation "with the task of centralising the study of the adaptation of the human system to the optimum utilisation of aeronautical material." A Decree of 12 July 1936 extended compensation to cover diseases
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Economic historians point to numerous bad financial and economic policies, such as delayed devaluation of the franc, which made French exports uncompetitive. Economists especially consider the bad effects of the 40-hour week, which made overtime illegal, forcing employers to choose whether stop work
1144:
Other scholars blame the complex coalition of Socialist and Radicals, who never really agreed on labor policy. Others point to the Communists, who refused to turn the general strike into a revolution, as well as their refusal to join the government. From the perspective of the far left, "The failure
800:
The air minister defied the cabinet and secretly sold warplanes to Madrid. Jackson concludes that the French government "was virtually paralyzed by the menace of Civil War at home, the German danger abroad, and the weakness of her own defenses." The Republicans in Spain found themselves increasingly
792:
The Spanish Civil War broke out in July 1936 and deeply divided the government, which tried to remain neutral. The French left massively supported the Republican government in Madrid, and the right mostly supported the Nationalist insurgents, some even threatening to bring the war to France. Blum's
745:
Other measures carried out by the Popular Front government improved the pay, pensions, allowances, and taxes of public-sector workers and ex-servicemen. The 1920 sales tax, opposed by the Left as a tax on consumers, was abolished and replaced by a production tax, which was considered to be a tax on
702:
The government sought to carry out its reforms as rapidly as possible. On 11 June, the Chamber of Deputies voted for the forty-hour workweek, the restoration of civil servants' salaries, and two weeks' paid holidays, by a majority of 528 to 7. The Senate voted in favour of these laws within a week.
412:
The Socialist Party reliably granted its confidence to these cabinets but fundamentally disagreed with their budget cuts, and the various small liberal centre-right parties who agreed with the budget cuts refused to support centre-left governments in which they were not represented. With government
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However, Blum finally decided not to vote for the funds to pay the athletes' expenses. A PCF deputy declared: "Going to Berlin is making oneself an accomplice of the torturers...." Nevertheless, on 9 July, when the whole of the French right wing voted for the participation of France in the Olympic
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had long existed, they had been restricted to the upper class. Tens of thousands of families who had never seen the sea before now played in the waves, and Léo Langrange arranged around 500,000 discounted rail trips and hotel accommodation on a massive scale. However, the Popular Front's policy on
770:
Blum persuaded the workers to accept pay raises and go back to work, ending the massive wave of strikes that disrupted production in 1936. Wages increased sharply, in two years the national average was up 48 percent. However inflation also rose 46%. The imposition of the 40-hour week proved highly
1132:
Many historians judge the Popular Front to be a failure in terms of economics, foreign policy and long-term stability. "Disappointment and failure," says Jackson, "was the legacy of the Popular Front." Philippe Bernard and Henri Dubief concluded, "The Front Populaire came to grief through its own
936:
The complex situation did not stop Lagrange from holding fast to an ethical conception of sports that rejected fascist militarism and indoctrination, scientific racist theories and the professionalisation of sports, which he opposed as an elitist conception that ignored the main popular aspect of
866:
The new cross-class coalition of the Popular Front forced the Communists to accept some bourgeois cultural norms that they had long ridiculed. These included patriotism, the veterans' sacrifice, the honor of being an army officer, the prestige of the bourgeois, and the leadership of the Socialist
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and expulsion." The Walter-Paulin Law of March 1937 set standards for apprenticeship teachers and set up a corps of salaried inspectors, while a decree of June 1937 decided on the "creation of the workshop schools, close to schools that should awaken the skills and curiosity of students, open up
330:
After one year of major activity, it lost its spirit by June 1937 and could only temporize as the European crisis worsened. The Socialists were forced out; only the Radical-Socialists and smaller left-republican parties were left. It failed to live up to the expectations of the left. The workers
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The reasons for the failure continue to be debated. Many historians blame Blum for being too timid and thereby dissolving the revolutionary fervor of the workers. MacMillan says that Blum "Lacked the inner convictions that he was the man to resolve the country's problems by bold and imaginative
435:). The support by extreme-right paramilitaries for the National Unity government alarmed the left, which feared that plans to reform the constitution would lead to the abandonment of parliamentary government for an authoritarian regime, as had recently occurred in other European democracies.
491:
became the order of the day for a growing number of Communists, Socialists and Republicans as a result of a convergence of influences: the collapse of the centre-left coalition of 1932, the fear of the consequences of the 1934 riots and the broader European policy of the Comintern.
400:
and opposing the subsequent centre-left governments. However, major differences between the SFIO and PRRRS prevented them from forming a cabinet together, as all had expected, leaving France governed by a series of short-lived cabinets formed exclusively of the six Radical parties.
633:
and the first Jew to hold that office. The first Popular Front cabinet consisted of 20 Socialists, 13 Radical-Socialists and two Socialist Republicans (there were no Communist Ministers) and, for the first time, included three women (who were then not able to vote in France).
750:) were established in some lycées as a means of helping pupils to make a better choice of their subsequent course of secondary schooling. Secondary education was made free to all pupils; previously, it had been closed to the poor, who were unable to afford to pay tuition.
1176:(PCF) restricted itself to a "support without participation" of the government (meaning it took part to the parliamentary majority but did not have any ministers). The Popular Front government coincides with its leadership by Léon Blum, from 5 June 1936 to 21 June 1937.
903:
The fascist conception and use of sport as a means to an end contrasted with the SFIO's official stance, which had ridiculed sports as a bourgeois and reactionary activity. However, confronted with an increasing possibility of war with Nazi Germany and affected by the
953:
Thus, as shown by the hierarchy of the ministers, which placed the sub-secretary of sport under the authority of the Minister of Public Health, sport was considered above all as a public health issue. From this principle, it was only one step to relating sport to the
809:
After 1937, the precarious coalition went into its death throes with rising extremism on left and right, as well as bitter recriminations. The economy remained stagnant, and French policy became helpless in the face of rapid growth of the German threat.
442:
The frustration felt by many moderate Socialists and left-wing Radical-Socialists at the collapse of their previous attempts at government and an increasing desire to rebuild that coalition on a stronger basis to combat the economic crisis of the
941:"Our simple and human goal is to allow the masses of French youth to find in the practice of sport, joy and health and to build an organization of the leisure activities so that the workers can find relaxation and a reward to their hard labour."
391:
The elections of 1932 had resulted in a victory for the two largest parties of the left, the Marxist SFIO and the Radical-Socialist PRRRS, as well as several smaller parties ideologically close to Radicalism (an electoral pact known as the
826:
779:
Blum dissolved the far-right fascist leagues. In turn, the Popular Front was actively fought by right-wing and far-right movements, which often used antisemitic slurs against Blum and other Jewish ministers. The
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more to life school work, let them know about the local history and geography." In June 1937, holiday camps (‘colonies’) received a nationwide public statute through their first comprehensive state regulation.
757:
In October 1936, the government ratified a League of Nations Convention dating back to October 1933, which granted Nansen refugees "travel and identity documents that afforded them protection against arbitrary
867:
Party and the parliamentary Republic. Above all, the Communists portrayed themselves as French nationalists. Young Communists dressed in costumes from the revolutionary period and the scholars glorified the
742:
The legislative pace of the Popular Front government meant that before parliament went into recess, it had passed 133 laws within the space of 73 days, a pace of nearly two enactments a day.
625:
The Popular Front won the general election of 3 May 1936, with 386 seats out of 608. For the first time, the Socialists won more seats than the Radical-Socialists, and the Socialist leader,
900:, the Popular Front gave Lagrange (SFIO), named Under-Secretary for Sports and the organisation of Leisure, responsibility for organizing the use this leisure time with priority to sports.
977:
movement, whose members had been excluded from the SFIO on 5 November 1933. However, scientific racist positions were upheld inside the SFIO and the Radical-Socialist Party, who supported
421:
paramilitary leagues caused the collapse of the Cartel. The Radical-Socialists and other republican centre-left parties accepted entry into a government dominated by the centre-right (the
3451:
553:
The Communist, Socialist and Radical-Socialist parties were also joined by several smaller parties, mostly formed by dissidents who in previous years had exited the main three parties:
1352:
545:
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The members of the Popular Front parties too small to form their own parliamentary grouping (the PUP, PF, PRS-CP and PJR) joined with several independents to sit together as the
3337:
3476:
2314:
García, Hugo, Mercedes Yusta, Xavier Tabet, and Cristina Clímaco, eds. Rethinking Antifascism: History, Memory and Politics, 1922 to the Present. Berghahn Books, 2016, pp.53-54
506:. The Radical-Socialists were at the time the largest party in the Chamber, and had often been the dominant party of government during the second half of the Third Republic.
949:"We want to make our youth healthy and happy. Hitler has been very clever at that sort of thing, and there is no reason why a democratic government should not do the same."
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in France. All employees were assured a two-week paid vacation, and the rights of unions were strengthened. The socialist movement's euphoria was apparent in SFIO member
3486:
962:, deputy of the SFIO, who declared that sports contributed to the "improvement of relations between capital and labour, henceforth to the elimination of the concept of
413:
paralyzed, tensions grew greater and greater both between the different parties in parliament and within public opinion. The tensions finally erupted into the infamous
2621:
723:(Grain Board or Wheat Office, through which the government helped to market agricultural produce at fair prices for farmers) to stabilise prices and curb speculation
3424:
3119:
2781:
1165:
549:(CVIA) or Vigilance Committee of Antifascist Intellectuals, a watchdog created in 1934 to organise resistance against a far-right takeover of the democratic regime.
261:
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Fitch, Mattie Amanda. "The People, the Workers, and the Nation: Contested Cultural Politics in the French Popular Front" (PhD dissertation, Yale University, 2015).
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By 1938, the Radicals had taken control and forced the Socialists out of the cabinet. In late 1938, the Communists broke with the coalition by voting against the
3193:
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1021:. Blum's government at first decided to take part in it, on insistence from the PCF, but the games were never held because the Spanish Civil War broke out.
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by enabling all shareholders to attend meetings and set up a new council with more representation from government. By mid-August the parliament had passed:
3373:
2791:
1548:
2776:
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Beside the three main left-wing parties, Radical-Socialists, SFIO and PCF, the Popular Front was supported by several other parties and associations.
3355:
3011:
517:
454:
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There are various reasons for the formation of the Popular Front and its subsequent electoral victory, including the economic crisis caused by the
3043:
1298:
319:, another Radical-Socialist, the next month. The Popular Front dissolved itself in autumn 1938, confronted by internal dissensions related to the
1516:
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Léo Lagrange played a major role in the co-organisation of the People's Olympiad. The trials for these Olympiads proceeded on 4 July 1936 in the
3211:
2796:
797:. He collaborated with Britain and 25 other countries to formalize an agreement against sending any munitions or volunteer soldiers to Spain.
358:
starting in 1931, financial scandals and the instability of the Chamber of Deputies elected in 1932 that had weakened the ruling parties, the
3006:
2771:
1253:
985:(1854–1936), a leading theorist of scientific racism, had been a SFIO member, although he was strongly opposed to the "Teachers' Republic" (
3471:
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2614:
1226:
914:
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An "art for the masses" movement flourished, led by efforts of three of the most influential art magazines to legitimize a visual imagery:
300:
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Radical cultural ideas came to the fore in the era of the Popular Front and often were explicitly supported by the governments, as in the
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on the defensive, and over 500,000 political refugees crossed the border into France, where they lived for years in refugee camps.
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right-wing regimes in Europe, and decision to abandon its hostile position towards social-democracy and parliamentarianism (see
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1847:
Chara Kolokytha, "The Art Press and Visual Culture in Paris during the Great Depression: Cahiers d'art, Minotaure, and Verve,"
1006:
843:
The prevailing leftist anti-capitalist discourse against social inequality was a feature of the Popular Front cultural policy.
600:
496:, secretary general of the SFIC, was the first to call for the formation of a "Popular Front", first in the party press organ
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The Movement Against War and Fascism, a left-wing anti-war association that fell within the Communist sphere of influence;
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leadership," leading him to avoid a showdown with the financial powers, and forfeiting the support of the working class.
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cabinet was also deeply divided. Fear of the war spreading to France was one factor that made him decide on a policy of
503:
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887:, the working class gained the right to two weeks' vacation a year for the first time. This signaled the beginning of
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Wardhaugh, Jessica. "Fighting for the Unknown Soldier: The Contested Territory of the French Nation in 1934–1938,"
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990:
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558:
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296:
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Jessica Wardhaugh, "Fighting for the Unknown Soldier: The Contested Territory of the French Nation in 1934–1938,"
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leisure was limited to the enactment of the two-week vacation. While this measure was thought of as a response to
2977:
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2821:
2265:
Managing the Franc Poincaré: Economic Understanding and Political Constraint in French Monetary Policy, 1928-1936
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573:. This had been formed by the fusion of the SFIO's right-wing with the left-wing of the middle-class republicans;
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Games of Berlin, the left wing (PCF included) abstained. The motion passed, and France participated at Berlin.
630:
315:, a Radical-Socialist, but Blum came back as President of the Council in March 1938, before being succeeded by
3207:
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1369:(SFIO), Under-Secretary of State for Leisure and Sports (under the authority of the Minister of Public Health)
1124:'s pro-independence party, the project was never submitted to the National Assembly's vote and was abandoned.
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Childhood in the Promised Land: Working-Class Movements and the Colonies de Vacances in France, 1880–1960
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Martin Thomas, "French Economic Affairs and Rearmament: The First Crucial Months, June–September 1936".
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929:. That led parts of the SFIO in supporting a conception of sport used as a training field for future
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188:
167:
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1917:
Susan B. Whitney, "Embracing the status quo: French communists, young women and the popular front,"
1114:, which was supposed to grant French citizenship to a minority of Algerian Muslims. Opposed both by
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racers of the time, which were backed by the Nazi government as part of its sports policy. Hired by
595:(PF), a small anti-fascist splinter of the Radical-Socialist Party formed by Gaston Bergery in 1933;
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2664:
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Colton, Joel. "Politics and Economics in the 1930s: The Balance Sheets of the 'Blum New Deal'." in
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a small anti-fascist splinter of the Radical-Socialist Party formed in May 1934 by Gabriel Cudenet;
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of the Popular Front government was the failure of the parliamentary system," says Allen Douglas.
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and authentically democratic middle-class republicans against the greater threat of the far-right.
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2038:
1045:
393:
215:
179:
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Wall, Irwin M. "The Resignation of the First Popular Front Government of Leon Blum, June 1937."
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SFIO demonstration in response to the 6 February 1934 crisis. A sign reads "Down with fascism"
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and found in this discourse a perfect ideological alibi to justify colonial rule. After all,
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2030:
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1032:, or individually, 1,200 French athletes were registered with these anti-fascist Olympiads.
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989:) and its meritocratic ideal of individual advancement and fulfillment through education, a
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966:" and that they were a "means to prevent the moral and physical degeneration of the race."
498:
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Torigian, Michael. "The End of the Popular Front: The Paris Metal Strike of Spring 1938,"
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Schools and Work: Technical and Vocational Education in France Since the Third Republic
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Leon Blum, French Socialism, and the Popular Front: A Case of Internal Contradictions
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Léon Blum, French Socialism, and the Popular Front: A Case of Internal Contradictions
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raised workers' wages (15% for the lowest-paid and 7% for the relatively well-paid)
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The idea of a "Popular Front" therefore came simultaneously from three directions:
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67:
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1436:
Brian Jenkins, "The Six Fevrier 1934 and the 'Survival' of the French Republic,"
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The Popular Front and Central Europe: The Dilemmas of French Impotence 1918-1940
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From Fascism to Libertarian Communism: Georges Valois Against the Third Republic
1478:
Adrian Rossiter, "Popular Front economic policy and the Matignon negotiations."
1402:
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925:, which had been reaffirmed in 1935 by France, Britain and Italy, allied in the
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249:
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Mitzman, Arthur. "The French Working Class and the Blum Government (1936–37)."
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1376:(SFIO) replaced Roger Salengro at the Interior, following the latter's suicide.
17:
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http://eduscol.education.fr/cid45998/enseigner-les-territoires-de-la-proximite
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enacted the law limiting the working week to 40 hours; Overtime was prohibited
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French Socialism in the Crisis Years, 1933–1936: Fascism and the French Left
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Communism in Rural France: French Agricultural Workers and the Popular Front
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850:, based on a new philosophy that did not consider the author as an "owner" (
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trade-union confederation distinct from the Socialist and Communist parties;
464:
162:
2393:
Colton, Joel. "Léon Blum and the French Socialists as a government party."
533:(LDH) or League of Human Rights, a civil rights watchdog formed during the
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These included several civil society organisations, chief among whom were:
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1937 Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne
612:(PJR) or Young Republic party, a small Catholic anti-war party formed by
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1073:
370:
in France and in general of fascist-related parties and organisations (
280:, leading to the formation of a government first headed by SFIO leader
2551:
2541:
2042:
1720:
1483:
580:(PUP), a dissident Leninist party created in 1930 and opposed both to
396:); the Communist Party had run on its own, accusing the Socialists of
2454:
Halperin, S. William. "Léon Blum and contemporary French socialism."
1969:
The French empire between the wars: imperialism, politics and society
1505:
http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/P/09614/09614%281936-1937%29.pdf
253:
1780:
Beyond Death and Exile: The Spanish Republicans in France, 1939–1955
2034:
30:"Front Populaire" redirects here. For other fronts populaires, see
2374:
The New Jacobins: The French Communist Party and the Popular Front
2290:
Twentieth-Century France: Politics and Society in France 1898–1991
2247:
The New Jacobins: The French Communist Party and the Popular Front
2174:
Twentieth-Century France: Politics and Society in France 1898–1991
2111:
France since 1870: Culture, Society and the Making of the Republic
1893:
The New Jacobins: The French Communist Party and the Popular Front
1823:
France since 1870: Culture, Society and the Making of the Republic
958:
of the race" and other scientific racist theories. It was done by
403:
338:
125:
1790:
1788:
1080:. The next year, Dreyfus succeeded in overwhelming the legendary
1013:. In protest against holding the event in a fascist country, the
1752:
George C. Windell, "Leon Blum and the Crisis over Spain, 1936",
1677:
France since the popular front: government and people, 1936–1996
784:
far-right group even staged bombings to disrupt the government.
3092:
2603:
1017:, decided to organize rival games in Barcelona, under the name
323:(1936–1939), opposition of the right-wing, and the persistent
205:
2565:
In Pursuit of the People: Political Culture in France, 1934-9
1153:
Composition of Léon Blum's government (June 1936 – June 1937)
732:
the raising of the compulsory school-leaving age to 14 years
2474:
Jordan, Nicole. "Léon Blum and Czechoslovakia, 1936–1938."
1889:
The Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy, 1934–1938
1849:
Visual Resources: An International Journal of Documentation
698:
ensured that there would be no retaliation against strikers
621:
May 1936 elections and the formation of the Blum government
2585:"The Popular Front: A Brief but Crucial Period in History"
1565:
Refugees From Nazi Germany and the Liberal European States
287:
Blum's government implemented various social reforms. The
2589:"Front populaire : une période brève, mais capitale"
1692:
The Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy, 1934-38
2524:
France's New Deal: From the Thirties to the Postwar Era
695:
stipulated that employers would recognise shop stewards
2469:
Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy 1934–1938
1982:
Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy 1934–1938
1467:
Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy 1934–1938
1451:
Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy 1934–1938
682:
enacted the law mandating 12 days (two weeks) of paid
295:
in May–June 1936, resulting in the negotiation of the
2021:
Wall, Irwin M. (1987). "Teaching the Popular Front".
909:
with Nazi Germany, particularly after the March 1936
2388:
Ideology and Politics: The Socialist Party of France
1695:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111, 175–76.
467:'s alarm at the increased popularity of fascist and
3391:
3325:
3177:
3128:
3065:
3030:
2970:
2882:
2764:
2639:
2442:
The French Socialist Party in the Popular Front Era
2188:
The French Socialist Party in the Popular Front Era
1984:(1988), pp 172, 215, 278–87, quotation on page 287.
1353:
Minister of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones (PTT)
561:(USR), a social-democratic republican party led by
546:
Comité de vigilance des intellectuels antifascistes
198:
173:
131:
121:
111:
96:
81:
57:
45:
2244:
2140:
1152:
2430:Fenby, Jonathan. "The Republic of Broken Dreams"
1632:-quelle-place-pour-l-enseignement-du-local- .html
2998:Federation of Marxist-Leninist Circles in France
2587:, interview with Henri Malberg, translated from
1767:The Spanish Republic in the Civil War, 1931–1939
479:" position. This advocated an alliance with the
3425:Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left
2417:edited by Charles K. Warner (1969), pp 181–208.
1862:Petite histoire des batailles du droit d’auteur
1801:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 328–33.
1461:
1459:
846:The government proposed a draft law concerning
291:welcomed this electoral victory by launching a
284:and composed of republican and SFIO ministers.
2386:Codding Jr., George A., and William Safranby.
2332:Popular Front Paris and the Poetics of Culture
1944:Motor Racing: The Pursuit of Victory 1930-1962
1836:Popular Front Paris and the Poetics of Culture
1048:to induce automobile manufacturers to develop
662:, the Popular Front government introduced new
3338:Socialist Party of France – Jean Jaurès Union
3194:Federation of the Socialist Workers of France
3104:
2615:
2536:Wall, Irwin M. "Teaching the Popular Front,"
2351:Léon Blum: Prime Minister, Socialist, Zionist
8:
3452:French Section of the Workers' International
3121:French Section of the Workers' International
2782:French Section of the Workers' International
2415:From the Ancien Regime to the Popular Front,
1997:The Decline of the Third Republic, 1914-1938
1798:The Decline of the Third Republic, 1914-1938
1739:Geoffrey Warner, "The Cagoulard Conspiracy"
1166:French Section of the Workers' International
520:(CGT) or General Confederation of Labour, a
453:had represented a deliberate attempt by the
3477:Defunct political party alliances in France
2591:, originally published on 18 April 2006 in
2434:(Nov 2016) 66#11 pp 27–31; Popular history.
2059:Themes in Modern European History 1890-1945
3374:Union of Clubs for the Renewal of the Left
3111:
3097:
3089:
3002:Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of France
2933:La Bretagne ouvrière, paysanne et maritime
2622:
2608:
2600:
1994:Philippe Bernard and Henri Dubief (1988).
729:loans to small and medium-sized industries
726:the nationalisation of the arms industries
42:
2777:List of French Communist Party congresses
2478:5#1 (1991): 48–73. doi: 10.1093/fh/5.1.48
1947:. Veloce Publishing Ltd. pp. 16–18.
1500:
1498:
1191:(RAD), Vice-President of the Council and
1044:In 1937, the Popular Front organized the
711:The Blum administration democratised the
601:Parti radical-socialiste Camille Pelletan
380:, which was subsidised by Italian leader
3487:Political parties disestablished in 1938
3012:Convention for a Progressive Alternative
1168:, while RAD refers to membership to the
272:. Three months after the victory of the
3044:French Committee of National Liberation
1429:
1193:Minister of War and of National Defence
1084:, and his 480 horsepower (360 kW)
1076:. Wimille would later take part in the
993:ideal founded on the philosophy of the
27:Alliance of political parties in France
3198:Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Party
2919:L'Enchaîné du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais
2797:Mouvement Jeunes Communistes de France
2540:May 1987, Vol. 20 Issue 3, pp 361–378
2517:International Review of Social History
2337:Auboin, Roger. "The Blum Experiment,"
2222:. U of California Press. p. 196.
1648:. Duke University Press. p. 196.
1547:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1540:
858:). However, the draft failed to pass.
3457:Political parties established in 1936
3447:History of the French Communist Party
3356:Workers and Peasants' Socialist Party
2772:History of the French Communist Party
2572:The Hollow Years: France in the 1930s
2500:The French Radical Party in the 1930s
2203:The French Radical Party in the 1930s
1110:The Popular Front initiated the 1936
1052:capable of competing with the German
7:
1009:chose Berlin over Barcelona for the
735:measures against illicit price rises
3378:Union of Socialist Groups and Clubs
3017:Pole of Communist Revival in France
2422:Leon Blum: Evolution of a Socialist
2089:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 238.
1164:"SFIO" refers to membership to the
917:towards the conditions of the 1919
854:) but as an "intellectual worker" (
3007:Workers' Communist Party of France
2832:National Council of the Resistance
2807:National Front (French Resistance)
2485:(Cambridge University Press, 2002)
2471:(Cambridge University Press, 1988)
1562:Caestecker, F.; Moore, B. (2010).
1028:in Paris. Through their club, the
266:Radical-Socialist Republican Party
25:
2268:. Cambridge UP. pp. 270–72.
1834:Dudley Andrew, and Steven Ungar,
911:remilitarization of the Rhineland
518:Confédération générale du travail
2898:Le Travailleur de Lot-et-Garonne
1387:
2405:Leon Blum: Humanist in Politics
2125:Léon Blum, Humanist in Politics
1717:Journal of Contemporary History
1007:International Olympic Committee
325:effects of the Great Depression
3351:Internationalist Workers Party
3277:National Council of Resistance
2905:Le Travailleur du Centre Ouest
2558:Modern and Contemporary France
1906:Modern and Contemporary France
1568:. Berghahn Books. p. 62.
1299:Minister of National Education
457:for a coup d'état against the
34:. For the 2024 coalition, see
1:
3212:Socialist Revolutionary Party
2341:(1937) 16#4 pp. 499–517
2000:. Cambridge UP. p. 328.
629:, became the first Socialist
299:, one of the cornerstones of
278:May 1936 legislative election
3282:Issy-les-Moulineaux Congress
2407:(1987), scholarly biography
1254:Minister of National Economy
1092:, becoming a national hero.
913:. That new sign of German's
738:a major public works program
610:Parti de la Jeune République
449:The left-wing view that the
276:, the Popular Front won the
3472:Socialist parties in France
3366:Union of the Socialist Left
2812:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
2802:Union of Communist Students
1795:Bernard and Dubief (1988).
1743:(July 1960) 10#0 pp 443-450
1227:Minister of Foreign Affairs
1159:French government ministers
987:République des instituteurs
973:conceptions had led to the
848:intellectual property right
719:the creation of a national
530:Ligue des droits de l'homme
3508:
3492:Anti-fascist organizations
3361:Democratic Socialist Party
3342:Socialist Republican Union
2983:Workers and Peasants Party
2383:(London, IB Tauris, 2008).
2366:, new scholarly biography
2186:Greene, Nathanael (1969).
2062:. Routledge. p. 215.
1408:Matignon Agreements (1936)
1209:(SFIO) – Minister of State
1156:
1099:
945:Langrange also explained:
578:Party of Proletarian Unity
559:Socialist Republican Union
417:in which massive riots by
29:
3204:Socialist Party of France
2978:Socialist-Communist Union
2822:Union of Russian Patriots
2548:French Historical Studies
2456:Journal of Modern History
2348:Birnbaum, Pierre (2015).
1919:Journal of Social History
1344:Minister of Public Health
983:Georges Vacher de Lapouge
211:
3022:Movement of Progressives
2912:Le Travailleur du Loiret
2139:Lacouture, Jean (1982).
1335:Minister of Public Works
1184:President of the Council
871:as heroic predecessors.
856:travailleur intellectuel
666:that did the following:
645:) parliamentary caucus.
631:Prime Minister of France
502:in 1934 and then in the
366:, the growth of violent
3370:Unified Socialist Party
3287:Revolutionary socialism
2988:Proletarian Unity Party
2847:Institut Maurice Thorez
2560:(2007) 15#2 pp 185–201.
2533:(1999) 13#4 pp 464–491.
2519:9#3 (1964) pp: 363–390.
2492:(English edition 1982)
2420:Dalby, Louise Elliott.
2409:excerpt and text search
2354:. Yale UP. p. 74.
2243:Brower, Daniel (1968).
2201:Larmour, Peter (1964).
2158:Gruber, Helmut (1986).
1941:Anthony Carter (2011).
1908:(2007) 15#2 pp 185-201.
1891:(1988); Daniel Brower,
1851:(2013) 29#3 pp 184-215.
1719:27#4 (1992) pp 659–670
1440:(2006) 20#3 pp 333-351.
1413:Popular Front (Senegal)
1395:Organized labour portal
1317:Minister of Agriculture
1277:Alphonse Gasnier-Duparc
1170:Radical-Socialist Party
1112:Blum-Viollette proposal
1102:French colonial empires
1040:1937 Million Franc Race
862:New communist positions
175:Political position
3346:National Popular Rally
3333:French Communist Party
3190:French Socialist Party
3144:Ludovic-Oscar Frossard
2954:Les Lettres Françaises
2649:Ludovic-Oscar Frossard
2632:French Communist Party
2397:15#4 (1953): 517–543.
2262:Kenneth Mouré (2002).
2216:Allen Douglas (1992).
2083:Joseph Bergin (2015).
1921:(1996) 30#1 pp 29-43,
1756:(1962) 24#4 pp 423–449
1482:30#3 (1987): 663-684.
1174:French Communist Party
951:
943:
933:and, eventually, war.
428:) and hard right (the
415:6 February 1934 crisis
409:
347:
258:French Communist Party
245:
3208:French Workers' Party
2947:Le Prolétaire normand
2526:(Princeton UP, 2012).
2339:International Affairs
2123:Colton, Joel (1968).
1867:15 April 2008 at the
1372:On 18 November 1936,
1219:) – Minister of State
1157:Further information:
1100:Further information:
1015:Spanish Popular Front
947:
939:
748:classes d'orientation
678:collective bargaining
451:6 February 1934 riots
433:Republican Federation
430:Catholic conservative
407:
342:
274:Spanish Popular Front
260:(PCF), the socialist
248:) was an alliance of
3312:Democratic socialism
3223:Second International
3066:Parliamentary groups
2993:French Popular Party
2574:(1996) esp pp 147–81
2563:Wardhaugh, Jessica.
1928:4 March 2017 at the
1642:Downs, L.L. (2002).
1602:. MQUP. p. 59.
1362:Minister of Commerce
1326:Minister of Colonies
1308:Minister of Pensions
1245:Minister of Finances
1236:Minister of Interior
919:Treaty of Versailles
475:) in favour of the "
423:liberal conservative
360:rise of Adolf Hitler
148:Democratic socialism
3257:Matignon Agreements
2743:Marie-George Buffet
2440:Greene, Nathanael.
2395:Journal of Politics
2334:(Harvard UP, 2005).
2172:James F. McMillan,
2109:Charles Sowerwine,
2086:A History of France
2056:Paul Hayes (2002).
1821:Charles Sowerwine,
1726:14 May 2018 at the
1489:14 May 2018 at the
1449:Julian T. Jackson,
1268:Jean-Baptiste Lebas
1263:Minister of Justice
1070:Jean-Pierre Wimille
898:workers' alienation
643:Gauche indépendante
586:Third International
571:Joseph Paul-Boncour
504:Chamber of Deputies
426:Democratic Alliance
377:Mouvement franciste
297:Matignon Agreements
3467:Politics of France
2465:Jackson, Julian T.
2330:and Steven Ungar.
1860:Anne Latournerie,
1480:Historical Journal
1281:Minister of Marine
1272:Minister of Labour
1046:Million Franc Race
1011:1936 Olympic Games
1001:1936 Olympic Games
960:Georges Barthélémy
921:violated the 1925
879:Sports and leisure
410:
394:Cartel des Gauches
348:
309:Tout est possible!
216:Politics of France
166: •
161: •
156: •
151: •
146: •
3434:
3433:
3267:French Resistance
3130:General Secretary
3086:
3085:
3073:National Assembly
2827:French Resistance
2641:General Secretary
2567:(Springer, 2008).
2550:(1970): 538–554.
2488:Lacouture, Jean.
2458:(1946): 241–250.
2305:(1949) pp. 285-88
2303:France, 1814–1940
1765:Gabriel Jackson,
1418:New Popular Front
1349:Robert Jardillier
1213:Maurice Viollette
1202:Minister of State
1198:Camille Chautemps
1082:Rudolf Caracciola
1019:People's Olympiad
906:scientific racist
889:tourism in France
821:Cultural policies
788:Spanish Civil War
658:Through the 1936
368:far-right leagues
321:Spanish Civil War
313:Camille Chautemps
289:workers' movement
234:
233:
221:Political parties
158:Social liberalism
72:Camille Chautemps
36:New Popular Front
16:(Redirected from
3499:
3307:Social democracy
3178:Related articles
3131:
3122:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3090:
2940:La Voix de l'Est
2864:Marxism–Leninism
2853:Programme commun
2765:Related articles
2731:Georges Marchais
2719:Georges Marchais
2642:
2633:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2601:
2538:History Teacher,
2505:Marcus, John T.
2498:Larmour, Peter.
2481:Jordan, Nicole.
2447:Gruber, Helmut.
2379:Bulaitis, John.
2372:Brower, Daniel.
2365:
2315:
2312:
2306:
2299:
2293:
2292:(2009) pp 115-16
2286:
2280:
2279:
2259:
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2234:
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2018:
2012:
2011:
1991:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1938:
1932:
1915:
1909:
1902:
1896:
1887:Julian Jackson,
1885:
1879:
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1858:
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1845:
1839:
1832:
1826:
1825:(2009) pp 181–82
1819:
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1776:
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1763:
1757:
1750:
1744:
1737:
1731:
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1707:
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1689:Jackson (1990).
1686:
1680:
1679:(1997) pp. 55-57
1675:Maurice Larkin,
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1596:Day, C. (2001).
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
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1559:
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1552:
1546:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1528:
1522:. Archived from
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1513:
1507:
1502:
1493:
1476:
1470:
1463:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1434:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1250:Charles Spinasse
1189:Édouard Daladier
1026:Pershing stadium
923:Locarno Treaties
885:Matignon Accords
815:Munich agreement
795:non-intervention
707:Domestic reforms
660:Matignon Accords
639:Independent Left
582:social democracy
481:social-democrats
455:French far right
445:Great Depression
382:Benito Mussolini
352:Great Depression
344:General election
317:Édouard Daladier
256:, including the
204:
153:Social democracy
112:Preceded by
107:
105:
92:
90:
43:
21:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3501:
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3498:
3497:
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3462:Interwar France
3437:
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3435:
3430:
3387:
3383:Socialist Party
3321:
3173:
3138:Louis Dubreuilh
3129:
3124:
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3082:
3061:
3026:
2966:
2878:
2837:May 1947 crises
2760:
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2581:
2362:
2347:
2324:
2322:Further reading
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2054:
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2023:History Teacher
2020:
2019:
2015:
2008:
1993:
1992:
1988:
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1967:Martin Thomas,
1966:
1962:
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1939:
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1930:Wayback Machine
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1530:
1529:on 4 March 2016
1526:
1519:
1517:"Archived copy"
1515:
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1496:
1491:Wayback Machine
1477:
1473:
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1290:Minister of Air
1161:
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1108:
1098:
1096:Colonial policy
1042:
1003:
881:
864:
823:
807:
790:
777:
709:
672:right to strike
656:
651:
623:
356:affected France
337:
270:interwar period
246:Front populaire
230:
202:
187:
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165:
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103:
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51:Front populaire
49:
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18:Front populaire
15:
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11:
5:
3505:
3503:
3495:
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3489:
3484:
3482:Popular fronts
3479:
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3271:Brutus Network
3264:
3259:
3254:
3244:
3242:Tours Congress
3239:
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3218:Globe Congress
3215:
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3058:(2008–present)
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3162:Daniel Mayer
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2681:Pierre Célor
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1367:Léo Lagrange
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1066:René Dreyfus
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122:Headquarters
116:Lefts Cartel
40:
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3419:Third Force
3415:(1944–1947)
3412:Tripartisme
3407:(1936–1938)
3401:(1924–1934)
3326:Derivatives
3302:Possibilism
3247:French Turn
3170:(1946−1969)
3164:(1943−1946)
3158:(1940−1943)
3152:(1920−1940)
3146:(1918−1920)
3140:(1905−1918)
3052:(1997–2002)
3050:Plural Left
3046:(1940–1947)
3040:(1936–1938)
2971:Derivatives
2926:Front rouge
2751:(2010–2018)
2745:(2001–2010)
2739:(1994–2001)
2733:(1972–1994)
2721:(1969–1972)
2715:(1964–1969)
2709:(1953–1964)
2703:(1950–1953)
2697:(1930–1950)
2691:(1929–1930)
2677:Henri Barbé
2673:(1924–1929)
2661:(1923–1924)
2651:(1921–1923)
1877:(in French)
1403:French Left
1374:Marx Dormoy
1358:Paul Bastid
1259:Marc Rucart
1223:Yvon Delbos
1106:Colonialism
979:colonialism
971:corporatist
915:revisionism
891:. Although
760:refoulement
686:for workers
584:and to the
567:Marcel Déat
522:syndicalist
489:antifascism
189:Centre-left
76:Marcel Déat
3441:Categories
3251:Trotskyism
3229:L'Humanité
3168:Guy Mollet
3150:Paul Faure
3056:Left Front
2961:Pif Gadget
2891:L'Humanité
2737:Robert Hue
2594:L'Humanité
2288:McMillan,
1873:Multitudes
1533:17 October
1424:References
1286:Pierre Cot
1207:Paul Faure
1078:Resistance
1058:Auto Union
991:Republican
837:Minotaure,
664:labor laws
654:Labor laws
499:L'Humanité
335:Background
168:Radicalism
3392:Alliances
3292:Blanquism
2490:Leon Blum
2143:Léon Blum
1980:Jackson,
1754:Historian
1465:Jackson,
1351:(SFIO) –
1342:(SFIO) –
1333:(SFIO) –
1324:(SFIO) –
1306:(SFIO) –
1180:Léon Blum
1050:race cars
775:Far right
627:Léon Blum
603:(PRS-CP),
465:Comintern
282:Léon Blum
250:left-wing
226:Elections
180:Left-wing
163:Communism
97:Dissolved
68:Léon Blum
2552:in JSTOR
2542:in JSTOR
2460:in JSTOR
2399:in JSTOR
2343:in JSTOR
1926:Archived
1923:in JSTOR
1865:Archived
1724:Archived
1721:in JSTOR
1543:cite web
1487:Archived
1484:in JSTOR
1381:See also
1360:(RAD) –
1315:(RAD) –
1297:(RAD) –
1295:Jean Zay
1288:(RAD) –
1270:(SFIO),
1252:(SFIO),
1243:(SFIO),
1234:(SFIO),
1200:(RAD) –
1182:(SFIO),
1062:Delahaye
869:Jacobins
805:Collapse
676:created
459:Republic
354:, which
264:and the
193:far-left
184:Factions
142:Factions
133:Ideology
3297:Marxism
3031:Related
2816:FTP-MOI
2509:(1958)
2451:(1986).
2424:(1963)
1661:3 March
1615:3 March
1581:3 March
1261:(RAD),
1225:(RAD),
1120:and by
1088:at the
1074:Bugatti
782:Cagoule
199:Colours
102: (
87: (
82:Founded
3156:Vacant
3078:Senate
2727:(1972)
2667:(1924)
2511:online
2502:(1964)
2494:online
2444:(1969)
2426:online
2390:(1979)
2376:(1968)
2358:
2272:
2226:
2093:
2066:
2043:493125
2041:
2004:
1971:(2005)
1951:
1895:(1968)
1838:(2005)
1805:
1782:(1980)
1699:
1652:
1606:
1572:
1469:(1988)
1453:(1988)
1172:. The
1128:Legacy
1117:colons
841:Verve.
487:Thus,
388:etc.)
254:France
242:French
203:
59:Leader
2039:JSTOR
1527:(PDF)
1520:(PDF)
1068:beat
969:Such
126:Paris
3210:and
3196:and
2842:MRAP
2687:and
2657:and
2356:ISBN
2270:ISBN
2224:ISBN
2091:ISBN
2064:ISBN
2002:ISBN
1949:ISBN
1803:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1663:2017
1650:ISBN
1617:2017
1604:ISBN
1583:2017
1570:ISBN
1549:link
1535:2015
1104:and
1056:and
1030:FSGT
1005:The
839:and
608:The
598:The
591:The
576:The
569:and
557:The
543:The
528:The
516:The
463:The
307:'s "
262:SFIO
236:The
104:1938
100:1938
89:1936
85:1936
2031:doi
1217:USR
374:'s
362:in
206:Red
191:to
3443::
3376:/
3372:/
3368:/
3344:/
3340:/
3000:/
2683:,
2679:,
2467:,
2037:.
2027:20
2025:.
1871:,
1787:^
1545:}}
1541:{{
1497:^
1458:^
1279:–
1064:,
997:.
829:.
565:,
384:,
327:.
244::
3273:)
3269:(
3253:)
3249:(
3214:)
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3200:)
3192:(
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2205:.
2190:.
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2010:.
1957:.
1811:.
1730:.
1705:.
1665:.
1619:.
1585:.
1551:)
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1215:(
954:"
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616:;
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