158:
not all of these symptoms. This is one reason why some researchers are beginning to argue that dysexecutive syndrome is not the best term to describe these various symptoms. The fact that many of the dysexecutive syndrome symptoms can occur alone has led some researchers to suggest that the symptoms should not be labelled as a "syndrome" as such. Some of the latest imaging research on frontal cortex areas suggests that executive functions may be more discrete than was previously thought. Signs and symptoms can be divided as follows:
358:
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412:
1605:
3677:
3667:
569:, who sustained a severe frontal lobe injury in 1848, has been called a case of dysexecutive syndrome. Gage's psychological changes are almost always exaggerated – of the symptoms listed, the only ones Gage can be said to have exhibited are "anger and frustration", slight memory impairment, and "difficulty in planning".
32:
580:
attacked and battered his 38-year-old wife Ramona Johari (a production operator) to death after he accused her of getting close to a colleague. Mohammad Zam was originally charged with murder but after he was found to be suffering from frontal lobe syndrome, which went undiagnosed prior to the murder
157:
which consists of a number of symptoms which tend to occur together. Broadly speaking, these symptoms fall into three main categories; cognitive (movement and speech), emotional or behavioral. Although many of these symptoms regularly co-occur, it is common to encounter patients who have several, but
537:
In terms of treatment for frontal lobe disorder, there is none, general supportive care is given, also some level of supervision could be needed. The prognosis will depend on the cause of the disorder, of course. A possible complication is that individuals with severe
1150:
Leadership, Donald T. Stuss Reva James Leeds Chair in
Neuroscience and Research; Berkeley, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute Robert T. Knight Evan Rauch Professor of Neuroscience and Director, Department of Psychology University of California (20 June 2002).
1555:
849:
Ruiz-Barrio, Iñigo; Horta-Barba, Andrea; Aracil-Bolaños, Ignacio; Martinez-Horta, Saül; Kulisevsky, Jaime; Pagonabarraga, Javier (March 2024). "Predicting
Disability in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Using Bedside Frontal-Lobe Signs".
1225:
Pangman, Verna C.; Sloan, Jeff; Guse, Lorna (2000). "An examination of psychometric properties of the Mini-Mental State
Examination and the Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination: Implications for clinical practice".
462:
may show speech problems, with reduced verbal fluency. Typically the person is lacking in insight and judgment, but does not have marked cognitive abnormalities or memory impairment (as measured for example by the
382:
is concerned with the planning, initiation and control of fine motor movements dorsolateral to each hemisphere. The dorsolateral part of the frontal lobe is concerned with planning, strategy formation, and other
373:
The frontal lobe contains the precentral gyrus and prefrontal cortex and, by some conventions, the orbitofrontal cortex. These three areas are represented in both the left and the right cerebral hemispheres. The
436:, for example with loss of social awareness, disinhibition, emotional instability, irritability or impulsiveness. Alternatively, the disorder may become apparent because of mood changes such as
1178:
129:
such as motivation, planning, social behaviour, and speech production. Frontal lobe syndrome can be caused by a range of conditions including head trauma, tumours,
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1406:
581:
and had affected his mental responsibility at the time of the killing, Mohammad Zam was convicted of a reduced charge of manslaughter and hence sentenced to
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315:
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Eling, Paul; Derckx, Kristianne; Maes, Roald (August 2008). "On the historical and conceptual background of the
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test".
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134:
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624:
2323:
510:
303:- It is caused due to tumor of frontal lobe and gives rise to ipsilateral optic atrophy and contralateral papilledema.
1107:
Niedermeyer, E (Jan 2001). "Frontal lobe disinhibition, Rett syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder".
261:. An example of this can be from an accident, which can cause damage to the orbitofrontal cortex area of the brain.
3156:
2735:
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2255:
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529:. Frontal impairment due to head injuries, tumours or cerebrovascular disease will also appear on brain imaging.
130:
585:. The diagnosis of frontal lobe syndrome in this homicide case generated public discussions about the disorder.
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1492:"Frontal lobe syndrome reassessed: comparison of patients with lateral or medial frontal brain damage"
1449:"Frontal lobe syndrome reassessed: comparison of patients with lateral or medial frontal brain damage"
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2016:
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tests are available for clarifying the nature and extent of frontal lobe dysfunction. For example,
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502:
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142:
69:
48:
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3121:
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3013:
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2643:
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2227:
1837:
1816:
1689:
1521:
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1315:
1243:
1205:
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1058:
1027:
978:
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715:
619:
506:
437:
357:
201:
87:
59:
1152:
949:"Is there a Dysexecutive Syndrome? Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London"
546:
may be unrecognizable to the person. Another aspect of treatment of frontal lobe disorder is
295:
The pathogenesis of frontal lobe disorders entails various pathologies, some are as follows:
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2147:
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919:
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859:
755:
747:
705:
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573:
432:
Frontal lobe disorders may be recognized through a sudden and dramatic change in a person's
375:
181:
422:
The diagnosis of frontal lobe disorder can be divided into the following three categories:
3690:
3635:
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3481:
3464:
3404:
3399:
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3321:
3018:
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2105:
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1989:
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Paradiso, S.; Chemerinski, E.; Yazici, K. M; Tartaro, A.; Robinson, R. G (November 1999).
1078:
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348:
1761:
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1610:
1358:
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953:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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may present with a frontal lobe syndrome. Frontal lobe impairment is also a feature of
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3251:
3191:
3094:
2871:
2789:
2784:
2377:
2356:
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2135:
2085:
777:
550:. This type of therapy might help individuals with symptoms that are associated with
388:
331:
Socially disinhibited and shows severe impairment of judgment, insight and foresight.
311:
221:
1136:
1039:
820:
3670:
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3146:
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Antisocial behaviour is a characteristic feature of frontal disinhibition syndrome.
114:
44:
491:(lack of spontaneous movement) will be present in more severe and advanced cases.
3469:
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3166:
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40:
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is concerned with response inhibition, impulse control, and social behaviour.
321:
52:
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3048:
2199:
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1301:
31:
3136:
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176:
821:"Frontal Lobe Syndrome. FLS information. Frontal Lobe Lesions | Patient"
399:, is responsible for expressive language, i.e. language production. The
3615:
3075:
3043:
2936:
863:
551:
522:
441:
272:
240:
171:
1547:
760:
700:
145:, use of simple screening tests, and specialist neurological testing.
2351:
1559:
472:
268:
166:
320:
It is produced from frontal lobe damage due to prenatal exposure to
153:
The signs and symptoms of frontal lobe disorder can be indicated by
141:. Frontal lobe impairment can be detected by recognition of typical
391:
while the prefrontal cortex in the right hemisphere is involved in
2810:
356:
118:
395:. The left frontal operculum region of the prefrontal cortex, or
387:. The prefrontal cortex in the left hemisphere is involved with
2886:
1633:
1079:"Foster Kennedy's Syndrome. FKS information. Patient | Patient"
526:
914:
Marshall, John (2010). Gurd, Jennifer; Kischka, Udo (eds.).
662:"Frontotemporal Dementia and Other Frontotemporal Disorders"
2882:
1200:(9 ed.). Belmont, CA, USA: Thomas Wadsworth. pp.
509:
and ability to shift mental sets can be measured with the
513:, planning can be assessed with the Mazes subtest of the
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
666:
National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
39:
Illustration of lateral view of the right side of the
889:
M.D, Larry E. Davis; Richardson, Sarah Pirio (2015).
1537:
198:
Difficulty in inhibiting emotions, anger, excitement
3573:
3511:
3272:
3200:
3155:
3064:
2935:
2920:
2846:
2828:
2798:
2765:
2669:
2624:
2615:
2580:
2549:
2538:
2455:
2385:
2376:
2332:
2284:
2275:
2220:
2165:
2093:
2084:
2009:
1975:
1836:
1829:
1802:
1688:
1681:
1672:
1574:
1541:
1496:
Journal of
Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
1290:
Journal of
Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
96:
86:
78:
68:
58:
24:
2870:Some categorizations are approximations, and some
1453:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
1193:
684:"Psychiatric disorders and traumatic brain injury"
483:(also known as frontal release signs) such as the
206:Difficulty in understanding others' points of view
1055:The Human Frontal Lobes: Functions and Disorders
1053:Miller, Bruce L.; Cummings, Jeffrey L. (2007).
1428:"Wife-killer case: Questions about syndrome".
2898:
1645:
8:
1399:"'Unstable' wife-killer escapes the gallows"
1177:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
467:). With more severe impairment there may be
342:Loss of initiative, creativity and curiosity
257:The causes of frontal lobe disorders can be
1057:. Guilford Publications. pp. 19, 450.
3187:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
2932:
2905:
2891:
2883:
2621:
2546:
2382:
2281:
2090:
1833:
1685:
1678:
1652:
1638:
1630:
1538:
30:
21:
3528:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
1515:
1472:
1309:
1021:
972:
924:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234110.001.0001
759:
709:
699:
576:flat in Singapore, 44-year-old caretaker
1286:"The grasp and other primitive reflexes"
916:The Handbook of Clinical Neuropsychology
410:
345:Pervasive emotional apathy and blandness
316:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1157:. Oxford University Press. p. 13.
646:
125:. The frontal lobe plays a key role in
1170:
733:
731:
729:
688:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
677:
675:
1377:"Phineas Gage – Unravelling the myth"
1337:. Taylor & Francis. p. 122.
815:
813:
656:
654:
652:
650:
7:
3737:Mental disorders due to brain damage
3666:
3427:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
852:Movement Disorders Clinical Practice
3676:
2562:Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal)
1154:Principles of Frontal Lobe Function
996:Gilbert S.J., Burgess P.W. (2008).
947:Stuss D.T., Alexander M.P. (2007).
3563:Medical Scientist Training Program
1409:from the original on 12 March 2024
891:Fundamentals of Neurologic Disease
14:
3695:
3685:
3675:
3665:
3656:
3655:
1603:
306:Frontal disinhibition syndrome,
3722:Neurobiological brain disorders
3696:
2656:Posterior parahippocampal gyrus
2598:Collateral (temporal+occipital)
1333:Bradley, Walter George (2004).
1109:Clinical Electroencephalography
1089:from the original on 2016-02-02
831:from the original on 2017-11-21
308:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
100:Speech therapy, supportive care
3553:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
2987:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
2244:Secondary somatosensory cortex
1936:Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
1335:Neurology in Clinical Practice
682:Walz, Roger (September 2008).
542:may be disabled, such that, a
1:
2859:Poles of cerebral hemispheres
2593:Cingulate (frontal+cingulate)
465:mini-mental state examination
3533:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
3300:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
2232:Primary somatosensory cortex
328:), head injuries, or tumors.
135:neurodevelopmental disorders
2324:Transverse occipital sulcus
1375:Macmillan, Malcolm (2008).
1263:"Mutism in the Older Adult"
752:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.01.006
511:Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
3753:
2736:Isthmus of cingulate gyrus
2557:Central (frontal+parietal)
2292:Occipital pole of cerebrum
1261:Nagaratnam, Nages (2005).
1121:10.1177/155005940103200106
131:neurodegenerative diseases
113:, is an impairment of the
3651:
2867:
2393:Transverse temporal gyrus
2256:Posterior parietal cortex
1023:10.1016/j.cub.2007.12.014
893:. Springer. p. 139.
600:Cognitive neuropsychology
578:Mohammad Zam Abdul Rashid
572:In December 2005, at his
525:of the frontal cortex on
38:
29:
3487:Transplantation medicine
3378:Clinical neurophysiology
3295:Obstetric anesthesiology
3215:Interventional radiology
2975:Digestive system surgery
2514:Inferior temporal sulcus
2435:Superior temporal sulcus
2118:Inferior parietal lobule
2101:Superior parietal lobule
2041:Supplementary motor area
1284:Schott, J M (May 2003).
1228:Applied Nursing Research
477:Neurological examination
456:mental state examination
339:Frontal abulic syndrome
3358:Intensive care medicine
3332:Mass gathering medicine
3177:Maternal–fetal medicine
2519:Inferior temporal gyrus
2463:Occipitotemporal sulcus
2409:Superior temporal gyrus
2302:Lateral occipital gyrus
2053:Supplementary eye field
1794:Inferior frontal sulcus
1789:Superior frontal sulcus
519:Frontotemporal dementia
416:Frontotemporal dementia
301:Foster Kennedy syndrome
285:frontotemporal dementia
265:Cerebrovascular disease
139:cerebrovascular disease
92:Neuropsychological test
3727:Cognitive neuroscience
2950:Cardiothoracic surgery
2780:Fimbria of hippocampus
1846:Superior frontal gyrus
1744:Inferior frontal gyrus
1698:Superior frontal gyrus
1240:10.1053/apnr.2000.9231
965:10.1098/rstb.2007.2096
801:Frontal Lobe Syndromes
419:
365:
3601:Personalized medicine
3460:Reproductive medicine
3385:Occupational medicine
3339:Evolutionary medicine
2767:Hippocampal formation
2626:Parahippocampal gyrus
2440:Middle temporal gyrus
1621:Frontal lobe disorder
1508:10.1136/jnnp.67.5.664
1465:10.1136/jnnp.67.5.664
1405:. 12 September 2006.
1302:10.1136/jnnp.74.5.558
1196:Biological Psychology
1192:Kalat, James (2007).
605:Dysexecutive syndrome
496:Further investigation
414:
369:Anatomy and functions
360:
271:in the frontal lobe.
155:dysexecutive syndrome
111:frontal lobe syndrome
107:Frontal lobe disorder
64:Neurology, psychiatry
25:Frontal lobe disorder
3621:Traditional medicine
3581:Alternative medicine
3448:Addiction psychiatry
3262:Transfusion medicine
3257:Medical microbiology
3172:Gynecologic oncology
3024:Reproductive surgery
2740:Retrosplenial cortex
2588:Longitudinal fissure
2480:Medial temporal lobe
2157:Intraparietal sulcus
2017:Primary motor cortex
1914:Orbitofrontal cortex
1863:Medial frontal gyrus
1720:Middle frontal gyrus
1447:Paradiso, S (1999).
1432:. 22 September 2006.
1267:Geriatrics and Aging
998:"Executive Function"
625:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
401:orbitofrontal cortex
380:primary motor cortex
363:Orbitofrontal cortex
227:Social disinhibition
217:Utilization behavior
82:Closed head injuries
3643:History of medicine
3626:Veterinary medicine
3433:Preventive medicine
3285:Adolescent medicine
3127:Infectious diseases
2717:Posterior cingulate
2127:Supramarginal gyrus
1359:Pick Disease~workup
1014:2008CBio...18.R110G
827:. 6 November 2014.
740:Brain and Cognition
610:Executive functions
460:frontal lobe damage
385:executive functions
281:Alzheimer's disease
137:, neurosurgery and
127:executive functions
123:frontal lobe injury
3591:Molecular oncology
3548:Doctor of Medicine
3538:Master of Medicine
3455:Radiation oncology
3327:Emergency medicine
3280:Addiction medicine
3247:Clinical chemistry
3242:Clinical pathology
3034:Transplant surgery
2992:Orthopedic surgery
2970:Colorectal surgery
2775:Hippocampal sulcus
2695:Anterior cingulate
2572:Preoccipital notch
2173:Paracentral lobule
2143:Parietal operculum
2065:Frontal eye fields
1997:Paracentral sulcus
1985:Paracentral lobule
1886:Paraolfactory area
1882:Paraterminal gyrus
1575:External resources
864:10.1002/mdc3.13958
503:neuropsychological
481:primitive reflexes
420:
366:
259:closed head injury
246:Expressive aphasia
149:Signs and symptoms
143:signs and symptoms
121:due to disease or
49:lobes of the brain
3709:
3708:
3543:Master of Surgery
3507:
3506:
3492:Tropical medicine
3438:Prison healthcare
3353:Hospital medicine
3317:Disaster medicine
3307:Aviation medicine
3122:Hospital medicine
3029:Surgical oncology
3014:Pediatric surgery
3008:
2955:Endocrine surgery
2880:
2879:
2824:
2823:
2649:Postrhinal cortex
2644:Perirhinal cortex
2639:Entorhinal cortex
2611:
2610:
2567:Parieto-occipital
2534:
2533:
2372:
2371:
2271:
2270:
2228:Postcentral gyrus
2080:
2079:
2005:
2004:
1825:
1824:
1817:Precentral sulcus
1780:Pars triangularis
1598:
1597:
1430:The Straits Times
1344:978-0-7506-7469-0
1211:978-0-495-09079-3
1164:978-0-19-803083-6
1064:978-1-59385-329-7
933:978-0-19-923411-0
900:978-1-4939-2359-5
701:10.2147/ndt.s2653
620:Gourmand syndrome
583:life imprisonment
507:concept formation
230:Compulsive eating
104:
103:
88:Diagnostic method
19:Medical condition
3744:
3699:
3698:
3689:
3679:
3678:
3669:
3668:
3659:
3658:
3363:Medical genetics
3348:General practice
3225:Nuclear medicine
3100:Gastroenterology
3056:Vascular surgery
3006:
2933:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2884:
2806:Indusium griseum
2671:Cingulate cortex
2661:Prepyriform area
2622:
2547:
2427:Planum temporale
2383:
2364:Calcarine sulcus
2282:
2091:
1962:Olfactory sulcus
1948:Subcallosal area
1834:
1812:Precentral gyrus
1771:Pars opercularis
1686:
1679:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1631:
1607:
1606:
1539:
1529:
1519:
1486:
1476:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1381:The Psychologist
1372:
1366:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1313:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1199:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1168:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1025:
993:
987:
986:
976:
959:(1481): 901–15.
944:
938:
937:
911:
905:
904:
886:
880:
879:
870: 10928321.
846:
840:
839:
837:
836:
817:
808:
797:
782:
781:
763:
735:
724:
723:
713:
703:
679:
670:
669:
658:
427:Clinical history
376:precentral gyrus
182:Gait abnormality
74:Tremor, dystonia
34:
22:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3647:
3636:Chief physician
3569:
3514:
3503:
3497:Travel medicine
3482:Sports medicine
3465:Sexual medicine
3405:Palliative care
3400:Pain management
3344:Family medicine
3322:Diving medicine
3268:
3196:
3158:
3151:
3067:
3060:
3019:Plastic surgery
2965:General surgery
2945:Cardiac surgery
2926:
2924:
2916:
2911:
2881:
2876:
2863:
2842:
2820:
2794:
2761:
2665:
2607:
2603:Callosal sulcus
2581:Medial/inferior
2576:
2541:
2530:
2456:Medial/inferior
2451:
2423:Wernicke's area
2397:Auditory cortex
2368:
2333:Medial/inferior
2328:
2267:
2216:
2212:Marginal sulcus
2166:Medial/inferior
2161:
2076:
2029:Premotor cortex
2001:
1971:
1830:Medial/inferior
1821:
1798:
1668:
1662:cerebral cortex
1660:Anatomy of the
1658:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1589:article/1135866
1570:
1569:
1550:
1536:
1489:
1446:
1443:
1441:Further reading
1438:
1437:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1169:
1165:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1092:
1090:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1002:Current Biology
995:
994:
990:
946:
945:
941:
934:
913:
912:
908:
901:
888:
887:
883:
848:
847:
843:
834:
832:
819:
818:
811:
798:
785:
737:
736:
727:
681:
680:
673:
660:
659:
648:
643:
591:
564:
535:
409:
371:
355:
349:Akinetic mutism
293:
255:
250:
151:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3750:
3748:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3714:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3693:
3683:
3673:
3663:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3577:
3575:
3574:Related topics
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3523:Medical school
3519:
3517:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3477:Sleep medicine
3474:
3473:
3472:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3290:Anesthesiology
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3220:Neuroradiology
3217:
3206:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3157:Obstetrics and
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3041:
3039:Trauma surgery
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3002:Otolaryngology
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2930:
2928:subspecialties
2918:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2872:Brodmann areas
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2838:Insular cortex
2834:
2832:
2830:Insular cortex
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2683:Subgenual area
2679:
2677:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2630:
2628:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2544:
2542:sulci/fissures
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2468:Fusiform gyrus
2465:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2416:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2389:
2387:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2299:
2297:Occipital gyri
2294:
2288:
2286:
2279:
2277:Occipital lobe
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2129:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2097:
2095:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1967:Orbital sulcus
1964:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1898:Straight gyrus
1895:
1894:
1893:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1842:
1840:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1773:
1759:
1757:Pars orbitalis
1750:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1609:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:Classification
1535:
1534:External links
1532:
1531:
1530:
1502:(5): 664–667.
1487:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1420:
1390:
1367:
1350:
1343:
1325:
1296:(5): 558–560.
1276:
1253:
1217:
1210:
1184:
1163:
1142:
1099:
1070:
1063:
1045:
1008:(3): 110–114.
988:
939:
932:
906:
899:
881:
858:(3): 248–256.
841:
809:
783:
746:(3): 247–253.
725:
694:(4): 797–816.
671:
645:
644:
642:
639:
638:
637:
635:Working memory
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
590:
587:
563:
560:
548:speech therapy
534:
531:
499:
498:
458:a person with
452:
451:
430:
429:
408:
405:
393:spatial memory
370:
367:
354:
353:
352:
351:
346:
343:
337:
336:
335:
332:
329:
304:
297:
292:
289:
254:
251:
249:
248:
243:
235:Language signs
232:
231:
228:
225:
219:
208:
207:
204:
199:
190:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
160:
150:
147:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
90:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
72:
66:
65:
62:
56:
55:
36:
35:
27:
26:
18:
16:Brain disorder
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3749:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3702:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3674:
3672:
3664:
3662:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3606:Public health
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3586:Allied health
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3510:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3395:Oral medicine
3393:
3391:
3390:Ophthalmology
3388:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:Cytopathology
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3192:Urogynecology
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3095:Endocrinology
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2790:Rhinal sulcus
2788:
2786:
2785:Dentate gyrus
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:Superolateral
2548:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:Superolateral
2384:
2381:
2379:
2378:Temporal lobe
2375:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2357:Lingual gyrus
2355:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2340:Visual cortex
2338:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2319:Lunate sulcus
2317:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:Superolateral
2283:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2136:Angular gyrus
2133:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:Superolateral
2092:
2089:
2087:
2086:Parietal lobe
2083:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1869:
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1810:
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1807:
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1682:Superolateral
1680:
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869:
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389:verbal memory
386:
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327:
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312:Rett syndrome
309:
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266:
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229:
226:
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222:Perseveration
220:
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205:
203:
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197:
196:
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194:
188:
185:
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148:
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136:
132:
128:
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116:
112:
108:
99:
95:
91:
89:
85:
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77:
73:
71:
67:
63:
61:
57:
54:
50:
46:
42:
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3732:Frontal lobe
3611:Rural health
3596:Nanomedicine
3147:Rheumatology
3078: /
2997:Hand surgery
2982:Neurosurgery
2869:
2633:
1910:Orbital gyri
1762:Broca's area
1674:Frontal lobe
1619:
1618:
1617:profile for
1614:
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1459:(5): 664–7.
1456:
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1402:
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824:
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691:
687:
665:
630:Phineas Gage
615:Frontal lobe
571:
567:Phineas Gage
565:
536:
521:shows up as
500:
495:
485:grasp reflex
453:
448:
431:
426:
421:
397:Broca's area
372:
294:
291:Pathogenesis
267:may cause a
263:
256:
234:
233:
210:
209:
192:
191:
161:
152:
115:frontal lobe
110:
106:
105:
45:frontal lobe
43:showing the
3681:Wikiproject
3470:Venereology
3415:Neonatology
3312:Dermatology
3167:Gynaecology
3159:gynaecology
3142:Pulmonology
2960:Eye surgery
2922:Specialties
2617:Limbic lobe
1666:human brain
1273:(8): 61–68.
1115:(1): 20–3.
501:A range of
449:Examination
444:or apathy.
434:personality
277:meningiomas
3716:Categories
3443:Psychiatry
3429:(PM&R)
3422:Phlebology
3410:Pediatrics
3237:Anatomical
3202:Diagnostic
3182:Obstetrics
3132:Nephrology
3117:Hematology
3112:Geriatrics
3105:Hepatology
3090:Cardiology
3080:Immunology
2874:span gyri.
2540:Interlobar
2237:3, 1 and 2
1977:Precentral
1838:Prefrontal
1804:Precentral
1690:Prefrontal
1093:2016-01-30
835:2016-01-30
761:2066/73651
641:References
574:Dover Road
556:dysarthria
438:depression
322:teratogens
211:Behavioral
202:Depression
53:cerebellum
51:, and the
3631:Physician
3515:education
3373:Neurology
3368:Narcology
3232:Pathology
3210:Radiology
3085:Angiology
3049:Andrology
2854:Operculum
2402:41 and 42
2200:Precuneus
1584:eMedicine
1364:eMedicine
1173:cite book
806:eMedicine
778:205788199
595:Attention
544:caregiver
533:Treatment
479:may show
469:echolalia
407:Diagnosis
193:Emotional
187:Dyspraxia
97:Treatment
60:Specialty
3661:Category
3137:Oncology
3068:medicine
3066:Internal
2914:Medicine
2816:Amygdala
2634:anterior
1526:10519877
1483:10519877
1413:12 March
1407:Archived
1320:12700289
1248:11078787
1137:35417045
1129:11202137
1087:Archived
1040:15536307
1032:18269902
983:17412679
876:38164060
829:Archived
770:18328609
720:19043523
589:See also
540:injuries
489:Akinesia
275:such as
224:behavior
177:Dystonia
162:Movement
70:Symptoms
47:, other
3701:Outline
3671:Commons
3616:Therapy
3513:Medical
3076:Allergy
3044:Urology
2937:Surgery
2847:General
1664:of the
1611:Scholia
1517:1736625
1474:1736625
1311:1738455
1083:Patient
1010:Bibcode
974:2430005
825:Patient
711:2536546
562:History
552:aphasia
523:atrophy
442:anxiety
326:ethanol
273:Tumours
241:Aphasia
172:Apraxia
117:of the
109:, also
3691:Portal
3558:MD–PhD
2352:Cuneus
1613:has a
1524:
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473:mutism
324:(like
283:, and
269:stroke
253:Causes
167:Tremor
79:Causes
3273:Other
2811:Uncus
2799:Other
2675:gyrus
1615:topic
1403:Today
1133:S2CID
1036:S2CID
774:S2CID
119:brain
41:brain
2221:Both
2010:Both
1522:PMID
1479:PMID
1415:2024
1339:ISBN
1316:PMID
1244:PMID
1206:ISBN
1179:link
1159:ISBN
1125:PMID
1059:ISBN
1028:PMID
979:PMID
928:ISBN
895:ISBN
872:PMID
766:PMID
716:PMID
554:and
515:WISC
361:OFC-
314:and
3007:ENT
2925:and
1565:F07
1556:ICD
1512:PMC
1504:doi
1469:PMC
1461:doi
1362:at
1306:PMC
1298:doi
1236:doi
1202:100
1117:doi
1018:doi
969:PMC
961:doi
957:362
920:doi
868:PMC
860:doi
804:at
756:hdl
748:doi
706:PMC
696:doi
527:MRI
471:or
454:On
378:or
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