Frontier (banknotes)

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operates the machines. By the time the $ 20 banknote was released into circulation, vending machines operated by about half of the members of the Canadian Automatic Merchandising Association did not accept the Frontier banknotes. Some vending machine operators waited until the release of all the banknotes before updating their machines. Once the update software was tested, reprogramming each machine consisted of an automated task requiring an on-site visit by a technician. Sabbir Kabir of the Canadian National Vending Alliance stated that the sample banknotes were not the same as those introduced into circulation, such as the image being offset in one version or each printing being cut differently. The offset problem was fixed in December 2012. The Bank of Canada expected the industry to spend between $ 75 and $ 100

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banknote series, the Bank of Canada expected to replace smaller volumes of worn and damaged banknotes than it did in previous years. When removed from circulation, the polymer banknotes are recycled instead of being destroyed like the paper-based banknotes of previous series. By early November 2012, at least 315 banknotes had to be replaced because of damage. As a result of decreased demand for banknote printing services, BA International closed its Ottawa printing operation in 2012 and sold it to Canadian Bank Note Company for $ 10.2

158:, but in December 1999, the manufacturer withdrew its supply bid because it could not produce the substrate at the scale required by the Bank of Canada for printing banknotes. The bank printed the 2001 Canadian Journey series on a cotton fibre substrate with similar surface characteristics to Luminus so that it could transition production to using the polymer substrate when scale production issues were resolved. The Bank of Canada also secured Canadian rights for Luminus and continued to develop the substrate for future use. 6198: 6174: 1872:, which developed the robotic systems deployed to space by the Canadian Space Agency which appear on the $ 5 banknote, sent some members of the media a promotional package containing a $ 5 banknote and a letter in January 2014. The letter stated that the release of the banknotes afforded the company "a unique opportunity to highlight Canada's tremendous accomplishments in space" as well as the company's role in a "very cost-effective way". 1444: 476: 1362: 1219: 1073: 111:, which also prints the banknotes. They were revealed in June 2011. To familiarize Canadians with the new banknotes, each banknote was introduced through national and regional unveiling events and advertising campaigns before being put into circulation. The $ 100 banknote was released into circulation on 14 November 2011, the $ 50 banknote on 26 March 2012, and the $ 20 banknote on 7 November 2012. The $ 5 banknote was unveiled by 925: 1592:

top. Both portions of the metallic foil contain the words "BANK OF CANADA", "BANQUE DU CANADA", and several repetitions of the value of the denomination appearing in different colours depending on the viewing angle. The metallic foil portrait is the same as the larger portrait on the banknote, but shifts colour when the banknote is tilted. The holographic foil is manufactured using a mix of aluminum,

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features for use in banknote designs. Once the technical evaluation of materials and security features was complete, the Bank of Canada created a formal set of guidelines specifying "the combination of security features and substrate" that it issued to bank note manufacturing and design companies. The resultant bid designs were evaluated for technical, security, and financial merit.

1626:. The 2011 Frontier series is the second Canadian banknote series to include it after the 2001 Canadian Journey series. On the obverse, the pattern occurs flanking the transparent window, with denominations having the same pattern on the right and different patterns on the left. On the reverse, it occurs in the lower strip containing the banknote's serial number. 1011:, Quebec on 7 November 2013. Planning and coordination for the event began in February 2012, when representatives from the Bank of Canada and the Canadian Space Agency met to discuss "on-orbit outreach activities and an unveiling event". Choosing Hadfield to unveil the note was considered "particularly fitting", as Hadfield had installed the Canadarm2 during the 1670:, in sections 448–462. The RCMP maintains a National Anti-Counterfeiting Bureau (NACB) to coordinate policing regarding counterfeit currency, and is the central repository for seized counterfeit money. NACB also has the responsibility for destroying all counterfeit currency once it has been analyzed and is no longer needed for court proceedings. 959:, reflecting Canada's contribution to the International Space Station program. The depiction of the astronaut represents "all Canadians who have contributed to the space program and the scientific research conducted on board the International Space Station", and thus omits all mission and rank identification other than the Canadian 1837:

70% of older $ 20 banknotes removed from circulation within 18 months of issuing the polymer $ 20 banknotes. By November 2013, about 700 million banknotes of the $ 20, $ 50, and $ 100 denominations had been released into circulation. The Bank of Canada printed 580 million polymer banknotes in 2012 and 675 million in 2013. The

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to sign an agreement that the banknote brought to the International Space Station would not be "sold or used for fundraising purposes". Banknotes and coins are not usually part of the Official Flight Kit, but NASA approved bringing the banknote to the ISS once the agreement was signed. Bank of Canada

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The 2011 Frontier series is the first series issued by the Bank of Canada printed on a material other than paper, and Canada is now one of over 30 nations using polymer thin films for printing currency. To familiarize Canadians with the new banknotes, each denomination was introduced through national

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The printing process involves the substrate passing through presses for lithographic printing, intaglio printing, numbering printing, and varnish printing. The inks are transferred using the prepared plates, which are replaced when worn. The opacifier layers enable the inks of the offset and intaglio

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are applied to the upper and lower surface of the substrate, except for masked areas that are intended to remain transparent. These overcoat layers protect the substrate from soiling and impart on it its characteristic texture and increase the overall thickness to 87.5 μm. The resulting product

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In March 2012, the Canadian National Institute for the Blind issued a press release lauding the "touch, sight and electronic signal features" of the polymer banknotes. The Bank of Canada patented a machine-readable feature created by its researchers during development of the Frontier series. It was

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stated that counterfeiting of the polymer $ 20, $ 50 and $ 100 banknotes that had been previously released was dramatically lower than that of previous series. By late 2013, the counterfeit ratio had been reduced to below 40 PPM, and about 5% of retailers still refused to accept $ 100 banknotes for

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and by the former BA International. They are made from a single sheet of polymer substrate branded as "Guardian" manufactured by Innovia Films, which is the only supplier of the substrate for the Frontier series, based on a polymer developed in Australia and used by Note Printing Australia to print

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As each banknote was put into circulation, the same denomination from earlier banknote series began being withdrawn from circulation by the Bank of Canada. The Bank of Canada expected the 2011 Frontier series to become the dominant banknotes in circulation by late 2015 or early 2016, with at least

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By May 2013, there were 56 cases of counterfeit banknotes known to the Bank of Canada. Offences related to the production, printing, publication, possession, distribution, use, or circulation of counterfeit currency, or owning, repairing, or using machines or other tools used for the production of

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were created in case a communications link to the ISS could not be established (the "green script"), or if it was interrupted or failed at any point (the "blue script"). These were unnecessary, but Flaherty finished his speech early and requested the media to wait because "something is supposed to

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The banknotes feature a large clear window through which passes a stripe of holographic metallic foil that changes colour based on angle. The holographic foil contains an image of one of the Parliament buildings at its base and a coloured duplicate of the portrait appearing on the banknote at the

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The Bank of Canada expected the 2011 Frontier series to last about eight years. It issued polymer banknotes into circulation in exchange for paper banknotes of earlier series which were then removed from circulation. Because of the increased lifespan of the Frontier banknotes compared to earlier

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machines, and other banknote processing equipment had to be upgraded to process the polymer banknotes, a process that began six months before the introduction of the banknotes. The Bank of Canada provided sample bills to 85 equipment manufacturing companies so they could update the software that

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in British Columbia. They were described by New Westminster police sergeant Diana McDaniel as "very well done", but they were missing three security features in the reproduction—a line of printed numerals in the transparent window, the flag atop the East Block in the lower metallic foil, and the

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The 2011 Frontier banknotes have the same colour as those of the same denomination in the 2001 Canadian Journey series. Use of the polymer substrate results in banknotes with a smoother texture than previous paper-based banknotes but are the same size and of similar thickness. Frontier banknotes

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The use of polymer as a substrate was considered in part because access to the polymer substrate could be controlled, and replicating the chemical and physical recipe would be difficult. The practice of restricting access to the substrate used for manufacturing money existed as early as the 13th

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Between 1995 and 1998, the Bank of Canada tested a substrate trademarked as "Luminus" consisting of a polymer core sheet layered between two paper sheets for use in printing banknotes. It printed 100,000 experimental $ 5 Birds of Canada banknotes. In June 1998, the Bank of Canada prepared to use

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The media reported various complaints about the banknotes, including that new banknotes stuck together, some vending machines did not recognize or accept them, and that they may melt when exposed to high heat. An individual will be reimbursed for a damaged banknote only if the banknote's serial

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on the reverse. The petition was delivered to Poloz, who stated that the Bank of Canada was "absolutely open to the idea" of incorporating portraits of famous Canadian women in future banknote series. Poloz sent a reply letter to Forster on 4 November 2013. In March 2018, the first bill in the

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Originally, Hadfield was to record a video which would be broadcast during the unveiling ceremony, but on 7 March 2013, the plan was changed because an executive at the Bank of Canada wanted a live event. By 12 March, the new plan was in place. The plan was scripted to include press conference

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in Alberta. The banknote designers retained the locomotive identifier 6403 in the design. The depiction of the Canadian Rockies is a composite rendering based on photographs of several notable peaks and ridges: reading from the left are the shoulder of Lectern Peak and Aquila Mountain; Redan,

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The Bank of Canada began planning for the Frontier series in 2005. It used a team of chemists, physicists, and engineers it had assembled for the development of the 2001 Canadian Journey series to determine potential counterfeiting threats and assess substrate materials and potential security

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Other security features include a border consisting of maple leaves around and intruding into parts of the large window, and transparent text printed in raised ink in the window. The raised ink is printed using intaglio and is also used for the large numerals to the left of the portrait, the

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usable for identification by individuals with visual impairments. The raised dots were expected to have greater endurance than those of previous series because of the greater durability of the polypropylene substrate. At each end of the banknotes, a symmetrical arc contains codes that enable

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weigh 0.93 grams (0.03 oz) and are 91 micrometres (0.0036 in) thick, compared to 2001 Canadian Journey banknotes that weigh 1.02 grams (0.04 oz) and are 115 micrometres (0.0045 in) thick. All banknotes have dimensions of 152.4 by 69.85 millimetres (6.00 by 2.75 in).

1710:. A spokesperson for the Bank of Canada stated that the design was "a stylized blend of different Canadian maple species". The 2009 focus group report stated that the image of the train on the $ 10 banknote was attractive but uninspiring and outdated, and it drew complaints from people in 1572:. It was the first of the 2011 Frontier banknotes to be released because the same denomination in the 1986 Birds of Canada and 2001 Canadian Journey series had become "a favourite target of counterfeiters". By 2013, counterfeit versions of the banknote had been found in circulation in the 248:

features of the Canadian Journey banknotes. The results led to the implementation of two improvements to the design—increased durability of the raised dots used for identification and placing identification patterns for electronic banknote scanners at both ends of the banknotes.

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By the end of the development cycle, nearly 15 million test banknotes of various designs, implementing different security features, and using various substrates and techniques, had been printed. Research and testing for printing currency on the polymer substrate cost about

100:. The notes feature images that focus on historic Canadian achievements and innovation. Printed on polymer, the 2011 Frontier series was the first series issued by the Bank of Canada printed on a material other than paper. The 2011 Frontier series is being followed by the 1006:

was unveiled by Chris Hadfield on 30 April 2013 from the International Space Station during Expedition 35. It was first issued after a national ceremony hosted by Hadfield and Mark Carney, Governor of the Bank of Canada, from the Canadian Space Agency headquarters in

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representatives brought the prototype banknote and a contract to Hadfield at the Canadian Space Agency headquarters on 4 October 2012. The contract stipulated that the banknote must be in Hadfield's possession or secured at all times. Hadfield travelled to the

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A spokeswoman for the Chinese Canadian National Council stated that the revisions to the image of the scientist on the $ 100 banknote reflected the Bank of Canada "caving to ... racist feedback". A Bank of Canada spokesperson later apologized for the change.

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The communications link for the event cost over $ 9,000, and other audiovisual services cost $ 4,000. The prototype banknote unveiled by Hadfield on the International Space Station was returned to the Bank of Canada on 7 November 2013, which put it in its

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printing to adhere to the substrate. The varnish printing stage applies a required protective varnish to the polymer substrate. Offset printing deposits a 1.5 μm layer, intaglio about 24 μm, and the protective varnish is about 2 μm thick.

1128:. However, a query led the Bank to issue a correction in July 2014. A simplified adaptation of a map of the Via Rail network of passenger trains provided by Natural Resources Canada is visible between the transparent window and the image of the train. 379:

on a $ 53,000 contract by the Strategic Counsel to discover "potential controversies". Feedback from the focus groups led to some changes to the design, and results of the study were released to the public in 2012. The report stated that themes of

443:. The images and themes that were chosen were meant to represent Canadian accomplishments in science, technology, and exploration. The themes for the final designs were announced to the public at a media event on 20 June 2011 by 3653:, p. 7, Rolling Out the New Series. "Based on its experience with the Canadian Journey series, the Bank expected the new polymer notes to dominate circulation within two years after all the denominations have been issued." 6146: 1373:, the Prime Minister of Canada between 1921 and 1930 and again between 1935 and 1948. It is based on a photograph in the collections of Library and Archives Canada. The building in the holographic metallic foil is the 252:

The Bank of Canada tested the prototype banknotes by exposing them to temperatures in the range −75 to 140 °C (−103 to 284 °F). The durability test involved boiling, freezing, and running the banknotes in a

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The designs for the banknotes were created by the Canadian Bank Note Company. The Bank of Canada consulted various organizations for the design and depiction of elements appearing on the banknotes, including: the

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identification using a specialized portable electronic banknote scanner. Other accessibility features include a distinct and dominant colour scheme for each denomination and large numerals displayed against a

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Esplanade and Gargoyle mountains in the centre, and Mount Zengel, part of the Victoria Cross Range, in the right. On announcing the design in 2013, the Bank of Canada had originally said the image included

4662: 2137:, p. 3, The Next Generation Bank Notes Project. "Planning for the Next Generation Bank Notes Project began less than a year after the last denomination of the Canadian Journey series was issued." 1607:. Hidden numbers also appear in the large window and holographic foil, some in reverse. The translucent maple leaf has a thin, transparent outline through which is visible the pattern of the reverse. 2905:, p. 1. "Representatives from the two departments met as early as February 2012 to discuss plans for 'on-orbit outreach activities and an unveiling event', according to documents obtained by 987: 4440: 1329:

in Ottawa, and also at several regional events, on 7 November 2012. On 9 September 2015, the Bank of Canada released a modified version of the banknote to commemorate Elizabeth II becoming the

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The portraits appearing on the banknotes are of the same personalities as those of the respective denomination of the 2001 Canadian Journey series but are oriented so they look at the viewer.

5303: 1240:, based on a photograph commissioned by the Bank of Canada in the 2000s. It received approval from Elizabeth II for use on the banknote. The building in the holographic metallic foil is the 181:($ 2 coin) would be made of steel instead of nickel to reduce manufacturing costs. Canada became the ninth country to print all its banknotes using a polymer substrate, following Australia, 1271:

waving. A report of the focus group study stated that most Canadians either did not recognize or were unaware of the Vimy Memorial, and thought the image represented the twin towers of the

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The primary impetus for the new banknotes was "the need to stay ahead of counterfeiters". By 2002, 10% of retailers in some parts of Canada refused to accept the $ 100 banknotes of the

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shoulders of the portrait, and the words "BANK OF CANADA" and "BANQUE DU CANADA" printed near the maple leaf border. The transparent word "Canada" in the large window is also raised.

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is included at the other end of the note. Within the maple leaf is a ring of numbers matching the denomination of the banknote that become visible when the obverse is observed with a

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since 1988. The material is less likely to tear than cotton-based paper and is more crumple resistant and water resistant. The polymer notes are made of recyclable biaxially-oriented

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In 2008, the Bank of Canada hired the Strategic Counsel, a market research firm, for $ 476,000 to create an image catalogue from which banknote images would be drawn. The firm polled

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and regional unveiling events and advertising campaigns before being put into circulation. The banknotes are non-porous and were expected to remain cleaner as they would not absorb

5658: 1111:, symbolizing the country's monumental feat of building a pan-Canadian railway. The depiction of the train is based on a photograph commissioned by the Bank of Canada taken at 464: 225:(NPA) for the supply of the substrate polymer and the security features implemented in the design. The substrate is supplied to NPA by Securency International (now known as 3808: 1306: 1295: 1384:

in the Arctic, reflecting Canada's northern frontier and its role in Arctic research. The image is based on a photograph commissioned by the Bank of Canada taken on the

5430: 5329: 4280: 1412:", meaning "arctic". The background contains a simplified adaptation of a map of Northern Canada provided by Natural Resources Canada and an artistic rendering of a 329: 5384: 4176: 5776: 1537:

study showing that some Canadians were concerned about the Asian appearance of the scientist as originally drawn. Some Canadians were concerned about a potential

1330: 1316: 1227: 1081: 3877: 1427:, and also at several regional events, on 26 March 2012. CCGS Amundsen was docked at port for the ceremony. It was nominated for International Bank Note Society 5515: 4770: 595:

and temperature, and collapsed at the base of the four-storey chamber into a flat sheet by convergence rollers; the sheet is then slit. This creates the base

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campaign. The petition was started because of the exclusion of women from the banknote designs and stated that earlier banknotes included women, such as the

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In 2013, during the introduction of the Frontier $ 5, $ 20 and $ 100 bills, discussions regarding the new series compared the smell of the polymer notes to

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officials stated that additives in the polymer pellets used for producing banknotes in the Frontier series contained trace quantities of tallow.

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The security features in the Frontier series make counterfeiting the banknotes more difficult than counterfeiting banknotes from earlier series.

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and Marmot Mountain to the left of the transparent window, Esplanade Mountain to the right of the transparent window, and Palisade Mountain and

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campaigned to have the Bank of Canada feature "significant Canadian women" on banknotes. It drew support from famous Canadian women, including

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focus group deemed it to "represent diversity or multiculturalism". One Vancouver focus group perceived the double helix of the DNA strand as

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Once printing is complete, the banknotes undergo a finishing stage in which they are cut and are then packaged. The packages are stacked on a

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of the 2001 Canadian Journey and 2011 Frontier series banknotes to evaluate the environmental impact of the life cycle of each banknote.

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based on an informal survey it conducted in 2013 stated that Calgarians complained about the "same old faces, and the same old colours".

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The reverse features images focusing on Canadian innovation in medicine. In the centre is a drawing of a researcher or scientist using a

5057: 4023: 1869: 1263:. The image is a rendering based on a photograph commissioned by the Bank of Canada. The reverse also features an artistic rendition of 1251:, reflecting the contributions of Canada in conflicts throughout its military history. The memorial was erected on the highest point of 1272: 4255: 1094:. It is based on a photograph in the collections of Library and Archives Canada. The building in the holographic metallic foil is the 1044: 512: 337: 4398: 3915: 542:

years, reducing overall costs for banknote production. The Bank of Canada expected to save about 25% on production costs (about $ 200

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had strong support in the focus groups. The highest-rated images included two of children of different ethnic backgrounds building a

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of the Bank of Canada increased 23% from the previous year, nearly half of which was a result of printing the polymer banknotes.

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Each polymer banknote cost 19 cents to print, more than the paper-based banknotes of previous series, but were expected to last 2

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speeches by Jim Flaherty and Mark Carney, the latter of whom would be interrupted by a phone call revealed to be from Hadfield.

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and Canada. It is derived from the standard $ 20 2011 Frontier banknote, but replaces the images on the metallic foil with the

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century, during which Chinese rulers stationed guards at mulberry forests, as mulberry bark was used to produce paper money.

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focus group, "the inclusion of an Asian without representing any other ethnicities was seen to be contentious", whereas the

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and pornography, both concerns in relation to the sculptures of nude women atop the memorial structure representing peace (

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activities, printing, and post-printing operations. Some of the operations are "unique to the security printing industry".

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Printing banknotes involves several ordered stages. These include acquisition and preparation of necessary materials,

143: 116: 49: 5549: 3126: 6164: 6039: 6011: 5963: 5880: 5766: 5698: 5002: 4905:"Bank of Canada Unveils Polymer Bank Note Series: Celebrating Canada's Achievements at the Frontiers of Innovation" 4506: 1887: 1796: 1642: 1593: 1519: 1199: 1121: 507: 108: 5213: 4982: 3496: 5996: 5751: 5733: 5723: 5283: 4645: 4570: 2910: 1163: 230: 123:

and first circulated on 7 November 2013. The $ 10 banknote was first circulated the same day after a ceremony at

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had strong support. This resulted in 41 images reflecting eight themes being presented to the Bank of Canada.

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used in the composition of the notes is significantly higher than can be achieved in most domestic settings.

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first used in the Frontier series and adapted for commercial production by one of the development partners.

1744:. Some also claimed that the notes were melting in hot summer temperatures, though the melting point of the 1561: 1346: 1012: 747: 313: 222: 124: 97: 81: 489:

Each banknote has a raised dot identification pattern, which is not braille, on the top left corner of the

5991: 5948: 5688: 5612: 1667: 1645:, British Columbia, and seized partially completed, counterfeit $ 100 banknotes with a face value of $ 1.2 1511: 646: 237: 3809:"Why Margaret Atwood's latest cause is the $ Why Margaret Atwood's latest cause is the $ 50 bill 50 bill" 1804: 618:

onto a roll that is transported to the banknote printing companies in wooden boxes as a secure shipment.

6059: 5981: 5718: 5607: 5435: 4966: 4729: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 1876: 1125: 1095: 964: 936:, the Prime Minister of Canada between 1896 and 1911. It is based on a photograph in the collections of 460: 353: 301: 147: 4885: 4091: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 1443: 4904: 4866: 4847: 4828: 4197:

Forster, Merna (July 2013). "Bank of Canada: Add women from Canadian history to Canadian bank notes".

2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 1361: 1218: 1072: 32: 5938: 5890: 5839: 5617: 4809: 1776: 1615: 1523: 1507: 1420: 1413: 1385: 1112: 1008: 967:. Five stars are dispersed throughout the reverse, representing the denomination, and a rendering of 345: 325: 101: 5365: 3976: 1090:, the first Prime Minister of Canada from 1867 to 1873, and later from 1878 to 1891, and one of the 924: 6100: 6064: 5973: 5905: 5895: 5865: 4259: 4181: 1495: 1399: 1350: 1326: 1028: 490: 5540: 5405:"New $ 5 bills sent to journalists intended to promote company's achievements in space technology" 4587: 1315:

The obverse and reverse of the versions of the banknotes to commemorate Elizabeth II becoming the

1275:, though most Canadians recognized the name Vimy. Other focus group members stated concerns about 233:. The Bank of Canada issued a press release stating its intention to issue new banknotes in 2011. 6202: 6109: 6105: 5875: 5870: 5814: 5266: 4793: 4065: 3840: 3813: 1565: 1117: 568: 555: 381: 289: 4235: 4081:

Côté, Danielle. "Last but certainly not least: The $ 5 and $ 10 are released into circulation".

1202:. The holographic window includes the national coat of arms and a representation of the artwork 4465: 3835: 3792: 3504: 1569: 1538: 1487: 1432: 1256: 1183: 1175: 1159: 1131:

The banknote was first circulated on 7 November 2013, the 128th anniversary of the ceremonial

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Lebeau, Michel. "2013 Forum on Counterfeiting and Fraud: Ninth time around, ninth success!".

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Axioplan 2 imaging microscope. It represents "all the men and women who have contributed" to

5928: 5855: 5829: 5819: 5197: 4004:"Civil rights activist Viola Desmond honoured with $ 10 bill, first vertical note in Canada" 1699: 1695: 1619: 1471: 1207: 1108: 1103: 1052: 1032: 780: 611: 389: 293: 198: 155: 85: 5385:"Bank of Canada won't discuss melting plastic bills, says national security behind silence" 4263: 2162: 2160: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 6131: 5632: 4406: 4206:

Garoffolo, Bruno; Sientek, Paul (April 2009). "Guardian technology starts with the film".

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and is meant to evoke the future of medical innovation in Canada rather than its history.

1483: 1280: 1233: 1187: 1171: 1036: 945: 933: 742: 704:, oils, or other liquids and would stay in circulation longer than paper-based banknotes. 317: 263: 254: 65: 37: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2445: 1686:, as being "trite, banal, ordinary and not too inspiring". Botanist Sean Blaney told the 221:

Once the design and substrate were chosen, the Bank of Canada negotiated a contract with

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The banknote was unveiled and released into circulation at a national ceremony at the

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The banknote was unveiled and released into circulation at a national ceremony at the

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The banknote was unveiled and released into circulation at a national ceremony at the

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is then incorporated into the base substrate. This is then cut, and the sheets are

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million) compared to printing paper money with similar counterfeiting resistance.

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of Elizabeth II and a portrait of Elizabeth II adapted from a 1951 photograph by

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with the unique designs for the banknotes. Inks are prepared using a "mixture of

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Life Cycle Assessment of Canada's Polymer Bank Notes and Cotton-Paper Bank Notes

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in 2017, with a circulation of 40 million. The obverse features four portraits:

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million. In May 2013, counterfeit $ 100 banknotes were found in circulation in

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speech on 4 March 2010, at which time he also announced that in the future the

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on both the obverse and reverse to deter counterfeiting by reproduction using

1600: 1554: 1550: 1515: 1463: 1459:

of Parliament Hill, based on a photograph commissioned by the Bank of Canada.

1456: 1377:

of Parliament Hill, based on a photograph commissioned by the Bank of Canada.

1252: 1244:

of Parliament Hill, based on a photograph commissioned by the Bank of Canada.

1151:

Marc Laliberté at the Pacific Central Station in Vancouver was held that day.

960: 941: 576: 572: 564: 401: 397: 3508: 1533:

The image of the scientist was revised based on comments and details of the

1503: 1403: 952: 895: 852: 681: 603: 580: 413: 321: 194: 4663:"Funny money: How counterfeiting led to a major overhaul of Canada's money" 1848:

During the introduction of the $ 5 and $ 10 banknotes, a spokesman for the

3937:"New $ 50 bill good news for Canadians who are blind or partially sighted" 5193: 5173: 5161: 5141: 5121: 5101: 5081: 5061: 5041: 5021: 4754: 4608: 4486: 4117: 4027: 3919: 2906: 1752: 1658:

raised ink. About 175 copies of the banknotes were found in circulation.

1542: 1148: 627: 615: 409: 305: 93: 6147:

List of foreign countries with coinage struck at the Royal Canadian Mint

5246:"Plastic money, renovations boost Bank of Canada operating costs by 23%" 3878:"Thousands of vending machines can't accept Canada's plastic $ 20 bills" 1526:; it honours the researchers who have contributed to the mapping of the 6094: 6084: 5440: 1678:

The banknote designs were criticised by Keith Rushton, chairman of the

1546: 1479: 1475: 1016: 903: 662: 658: 654: 650: 599:

substrate of 75.4 μm thickness, called ClarityC by Innovia Films.

588: 393: 376: 368: 206: 202: 182: 4114:"Astronaut Chris Hadfield guarded $ 5 polymer note before space debut" 1345:. This portrait was also used for the obverse of all banknotes of the 1341:. It was the first Canadian banknote to depict Elizabeth II wearing a 424:. All focus groups thought the large window resembled a woman's body. 165:

Use of a polymer substrate in the upcoming banknotes was announced by

5642: 5637: 5261: 4571:"Stephen Poloz, Governor of the Bank of Canada, Responds to Petition" 3634: 3632: 1891: 1424: 1276: 1195: 963:. The image is a simplified rendering based on a photograph from the 956: 751: 673: 440: 363:

From late 2009 to early 2012, the prototype designs were shown to 30

186: 178: 174: 4177:"Big controversy in Canada: New banknotes have the wrong maple leaf" 4134:"RCMP worried Canadians are overconfident in new polymer bank notes" 3893:"Gays, black hockey players rejected on Canada's plastic bank notes" 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 1353:, but the engraving created for those banknotes excluded the tiara. 851:

in arctic waters, a map of Canada's North, and the word 'Arctic' in

3916:"Central bank chief 'absolutely open' to idea of woman on currency" 2890: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1564:

in Toronto on 14 November 2011. The date was chosen because it was

1478:, based on a 1923 photograph of one of the earliest bottles of the 1232:

The $ 20 note is green, and the obverse features a portrait of the

633:

Prepress activities include creation of the wet and dry plates for

272:, and overall development of the polymer banknotes cost about $ 300 4771:"Canada's new plastic banknotes will be nearly impossible to fake" 4424:"B.C. police find counterfeit versions of new polymer $ 100 bills" 1703: 1583:

and was ultimately runner-up to the Kazakh 10,000 tenge banknote.

1442: 1360: 1342: 1264: 1217: 1071: 986: 968: 923: 701: 474: 400:, and of faces of individuals from different cultures celebrating 31: 4605:"Who, What, Why: Why don't more countries use plastic banknotes?" 2823: 2821: 2637: 2635: 1637:

By late 2011, the $ 100 banknote had been counterfeited, and the

571:

and combined to create a molten polymer, which consists of a 37.5

4625:"Canada's new plastic money yields spooky, sexy images for some" 4309: 3940: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 1899: 1451:

The $ 100 note is brown, and the obverse features a portrait of

1086:

The $ 10 note is violet, and the obverse features a portrait of

1023: 236:

A study commissioned by the Bank of Canada was conducted by the

5559: 3177: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 5230:"Police warning Canadians about imitation $ 100 polymer bills" 5058:"Asian-looking woman scientist's image altered on $ 100 bills" 4461:"Women, bank notes, and patterns of inequity: Chris MacDonald" 4225:"Guardian substrate as an optical medium for security devices" 3446:"Does Canada's $ 100 Bill Smell Like Maple Syrup? Many Say So" 3370: 3368: 3215: 3213: 3094: 3092: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 979:

is visible beneath the astronaut and Mobile Servicing System.

899: 479:

Arrangement of raised dots for each denomination of the series

5352:(Press release). International Bank Note Society. 21 May 2012 4024:"Canada's first polymer money has enhanced security features" 1737:

million to update machines to process the polymer banknotes.

1369:

The $ 50 note is red, and the obverse features a portrait of

1022:

Bank of Canada Chief of Currency Gerry Gaetz was required by

932:

The $ 5 note is blue, and the obverse features a portrait of

328:, and Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami for the $ 50 banknote; and the 5190:"Bank of Canada admits animal fat in our polymer bank notes" 5078:"Canadian Chris Hadfield blasts off into space for 3rd time" 4527:: An Odyssey into the Complex World of Bank Note Production" 4483:"Canadians see Twin Towers, pornography in $ 20 bill design" 3724: 3722: 3385: 3383: 1098:, based on a photograph commissioned by the Bank of Canada. 948:, based on a photograph commissioned by the Bank of Canada. 5457:"New $ 5 and $ 10 polymer bills released by Bank of Canada" 5431:"Outcry as Canada puts foreign maple leaf on new banknotes" 5170:"Mount Edith Cavell removed from new $ 10 bill description" 4751:"Bank of Canada unveils new $ 5 and $ 10 polymer banknotes" 3060: 3058: 3056: 1724:, note-sorting equipment, ticket and parking lot machines, 1641:

arrested four individuals of a counterfeiting operation in

131: 5118:"Chris Hadfield's $ 5 polymer note reveal highly scripted" 4705:"Canadian Bank Note buys BA printing facility for $ 10.2M" 4377:"Bank of England urged to make new £5 note vegan-friendly" 3266: 3264: 3255: 2791: 2551: 637:, the image and ink transfer plates, and establishing the 427:

A set of 41 images in several themes was presented to the

134:

country, to use polymer thin films for printing currency.

4521:

Moxley, Jill; Meubus, Helen; Brown, Maura (Autumn 2007).

4399:"Counterfeiters replicating Canada's fancy plastic money" 4348:"New polymer banknotes could be supplied by Cumbria firm" 3977:"Paying with Polymer: Developing Canada's New Bank Notes" 3673: 3671: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 2446:

Bank of Canada: The design of Canada's $ 100 polymer note

4948:"Wise up to counterfeiting: A guide for police officers" 4503:"Bank of Canada honours the reign of Queen Elizabeth II" 3527: 3525: 3415: 3413: 3400: 3398: 3031: 3029: 2933: 2931: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2421:

Bank of Canada: The design of Canada's $ 50 polymer note

2398:

Bank of Canada: The design of Canada's $ 20 polymer note

2377:

Bank of Canada: The design of Canada's $ 10 polymer note

2224: 2222: 130:

Canada is the largest of over 30 nations, and the first

6050:

Royal Canadian Numismatic Association medals and awards

4937:"Backgrounder on Canada's new polymer bank note series" 4683:"Polymer banknotes thwarting counterfeiters ... so far" 4646:"Space robot on new $ 5 bill confuses the focus groups" 3957:"Graphic: Canada's new money is polymer in your pocket" 3559: 3557: 3232: 3230: 3228: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2350:

Bank of Canada: The design of Canada's $ 5 polymer note

2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 940:. The building in the holographic metallic foil is the 506:

The banknotes are manufactured by Ottawa-based company

5248:. Ottawa: CTV News. The Canadian Press. 29 August 2013 3544: 3542: 3540: 2322: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1755:

organized by historian Merna Forster and addressed to

6162: 5413:. The Canadian Press. 14 January 2014. Archived from 5332:. Innovia Security. 20 September 2013. Archived from 5098:"Canada's new $ 20 bill at centre of maple leaf flap" 4281:"Will Canada spur others to adopt polymer banknotes?" 3471:"New Canadian Money Smells Like Syrup, Melts in Heat" 3188: 3186: 3149: 3147: 3121: 3119: 2720: 2718: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2270: 2268: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2118: 2116: 1714:

where many "railway links have been decommissioned".

1579:

It was nominated for International Bank Note Society

5214:"New era of plastic money to start with $ 100 bills" 3638: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2169:, p. 4, The Next Generation Bank Notes Project. 2154:, p. 3, The Next Generation Bank Notes Project. 2072: 2070: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1975: 575:

thick polypropylene sheet sandwiched between two 0.1

6124: 6073: 6025: 5972: 5919: 5848: 5795: 5742: 5651: 5598: 5138:"New polymer $ 20 bills a vending machine headache" 3740: 3295: 3293: 3291: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2597: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 1799:of the 2001 Canadian Journey series which featured 1259:in 1922 to honour Canadian military service during 1154:A unique commemorative banknote was issued for the 5312:. The Canadian Press. 11 July 2012. Archived from 5284:"New $ 5 and $ 10 Canadian polymer bills released" 2827: 2629:, p. 6, Counting the Cost: The Business Case. 1706:tree indigenous to Canada such as the three-lobed 1056:happen", saying "Hallelujah" when the phone rang. 951:The reverse features simplified renderings of the 4969:(Press release). Bank of Canada. 7 November 2012c 4061:"Some change for a dollar: Money you can launder" 3347: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2061: 36:Face sides of the 2011 Frontier series depicting 6234:Cultural depictions of prime ministers of Canada 5659:Royal Canadian Mint numismatic coins (1900–1999) 5304:"Reports say heat causing polymer notes to melt" 2979: 2977: 2975: 2709: 2697: 2685: 2662: 2641: 5484:Chliboyko, Jim (Spring 2012). "Making change". 5164:. 19 September 2013 – via Document Cloud. 4923:(Press release). Bank of Canada. 11 March 2011b 3431: 3098: 3047: 2812: 1407: 1398:" appearing above the image of the ship is the 1393: 862: 856: 4985:(Press release). Bank of Canada. 26 March 2012 4983:"Bank of Canada issues $ 50 polymer bank note" 4967:"Bank of Canada Issues $ 20 Polymer Bank Note" 4907:(Press release). Bank of Canada. 20 June 2011c 4326:"Canada's New Banknotes Strike Some as Loonie" 4306:"Canada launches anti-fraud plastic banknotes" 3374: 3359: 3335: 3219: 1662:counterfeit currency are part of section XII, 1331:longest-reigning monarch of the United Kingdom 1317:longest-reigning monarch of the United Kingdom 1228:Commemorative banknotes of the Canadian dollar 1082:Commemorative banknotes of the Canadian dollar 994:during unveiling of the $ 5 banknote from the 288:in six cities, finding that themes related to 5571: 5018:"Interactive: Canada's new polymer banknotes" 3497:"Is Canada's Plastic Money Actually Melting?" 3389: 2213: 1890:issued in September 2016 contained traces of 1255:on land permanently granted to Canada by the 8: 5669:Royal Canadian Mint numismatic coins (2010s) 5664:Royal Canadian Mint numismatic coins (2000s) 5521:(2nd ed.). Innovia Security. 2 May 2013 5486:Canadian Vending & Office Coffee Service 3728: 3611: 3064: 1380:The reverse features images focusing on the 591:, reheater, blown into a large bubble using 5495:"Women conspicuous by absence on banknotes" 4886:"The design of Canada's $ 100 polymer note" 4481:Madan, Richard; Ling, Philip (6 May 2012). 4154:"Calgarians question use of familiar faces" 3270: 1868:The communications and information company 404:. The focus groups rejected images such as 5578: 5564: 5556: 4867:"The design of Canada's $ 50 polymer note" 4848:"The design of Canada's $ 20 polymer note" 4829:"The design of Canada's $ 10 polymer note" 3083: 6152:Royal Canadian Mint tokens and medallions 5368:. Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46). 5366:"Part XII: Offences relating to currency" 4810:"The design of Canada's $ 5 polymer note" 3831:"New $ 5 and $ 10 polymer bills released" 3689: 3677: 3575: 3531: 3419: 3404: 3035: 3020: 2937: 2922: 2228: 2064:, p. 50, The search for a substrate. 2042: 1101:The reverse features the passenger train 358:University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine 242:Canadian National Institute for the Blind 5038:"Ottawa bank note printer plans layoffs" 3764: 3623: 3563: 3323: 3311: 3236: 2966: 2954: 2839: 2576: 2539: 2479: 2017: 1944: 706: 6169: 4223:Hardwick, Bruee; Ghioghiu, Ana (2004). 3829:Banerjee, Sidhartha (7 November 2013). 3752: 3713: 3662: 3599: 3548: 3204: 2891:CBC News: Access to Information request 2201: 1914: 4586:Poloz, Stephen S. (7 November 2013a). 4501:Montgomery, Marc (11 September 2015). 3857:"Caucasian replaces Asian on banknote" 3282: 3192: 3153: 2724: 2609: 2498: 2462: 2259: 2122: 1921: 1388:near the Canadian Coast Guard base in 1210:. It was first issued on 1 June 2017. 6045:Royal Canadian Numismatic Association 5463:. The Canadian Press. 7 November 2013 5290:. The Canadian Press. 7 November 2013 5270:. The Canadian Press. 8 November 2013 4735:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 4549:PE Americas; Tryskele (27 May 2011). 4441:"Kazakhstan repeats as best banknote" 4112:Do, Trinh Theresa (13 January 2014). 3650: 3587: 2626: 2293: 2274: 2178: 2166: 2151: 2134: 2107: 2095: 2076: 1998: 1502:represents the 1950 invention of the 649:. The cylinder and roller plates are 7: 5959:Montreal and Lachine Railroad Tokens 5674:Royal Canadian Mint ice hockey coins 5391:. The Canadian Press. 1 January 2013 5064:. The Canadian Press. 17 August 2012 4999:"Banknotes: An Independent Supplier" 4661:Robertson, Grant (3 December 2011). 4648:. Postmedia News. The Canadian Press 4459:MacDonald, Chris (25 October 2013). 4346:Jordan, Hannah (13 September 2013). 3914:Beltrame, Julian (3 November 2013). 3783:"Overhauled $ 20 note fits the bill" 3701: 3299: 3178:International Bank Note Society 2012 3110: 1431:and was ultimately runner-up to the 602:Two 3 μm thick layers of white 350:University of Ottawa Heart Institute 5516:"Security features reference guide" 4375:Kollewe, Julia (29 November 2016). 4370:(Winter 2013–2014). Bank of Canada. 4324:Johnson, Karen (15 February 2013). 4085:(Winter 2013–2014). Bank of Canada. 3807:Anderssen, Erin (16 October 2013). 1886:confirmed reports that the polymer 1870:MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates 1599:A frosted window in the shape of a 1147:and the chief executive officer of 1002:The prototype $ 5 banknote with no 894:Medical research, invention of the 107:The banknotes were designed by the 5493:Forster, Merna (7 November 2013). 4749:Schwartz, Daniel (30 April 2013). 4681:Robertson, Ian (8 February 2014). 4569:Poloz, Stephen (4 November 2013). 4397:Lozinski, Peter (3 October 2013). 4022:Carletti, Fabiola (20 June 2011). 3975:Brown, Maura, ed. (20 June 2011). 3165: 2902: 2878: 2310: 1875:The Bank of Canada commissioned a 1482:, represents the discovery of the 1382:Canadian Coast Guard Ship Amundsen 513:banknotes of the Australian dollar 338:Ottawa Hospital Research Institute 72:) series is the seventh series of 25: 6142:List of people on coins of Canada 5679:Royal Canadian Mint Olympic coins 4623:Rennie, Steve (25 October 2011). 4603:Rahman, Rema (18 November 2011). 4279:Hirsch, Dominic (9 August 2011). 4042:Carney, Mark (14 November 2011). 3891:Beeby, Dean (10 February 2013b). 3781:Agecoutay, Creeson (5 May 2012). 1824:number is known. A report by the 1688:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1684:Ontario College of Art and Design 1447:The reverse of the $ 100 banknote 1190:in Quebec; the Atlantic coast at 485:Canadian currency tactile feature 154:Luminus as the substrate for the 6196: 6184: 6172: 6017:Coins of the Newfoundland dollar 5552:at Bank of Canada Flickr account 4792:. Bank of Canada. Archived from 4769:Torobin, Jeremy (20 June 2011). 4256:"Plastic cash is no funny money" 4214:(5). Cash and Issue Department, 3955:Boesveld, Sarah (21 June 2011). 3935:Bennett, Erika (26 March 2012). 2983: 2851: 1812:, the ten-dollar bill featuring 1553:, and others thought it was the 1365:The reverse of the $ 50 banknote 1305: 1294: 1222:The reverse of the $ 20 banknote 1076:The reverse of the $ 10 banknote 597:biaxially-oriented polypropylene 334:Canada Foundation for Innovation 330:Banting and Best Diabetes Centre 74:banknotes of the Canadian dollar 5350:"Kazakhstan wins best banknote" 4644:Rennie, Steve (28 April 2013). 4445:International Bank Note Society 4439:Lutz, Dennis J. (15 May 2013). 4368:Anti-Counterfeiting Connections 4175:Fisher, Max (31 January 2013). 4083:Anti-Counterfeiting Connections 4002:Bundale, Brett (8 March 2018). 3741:PE Americas & Tryskele 2011 3127:"Frontiers: $ 100 Polymer Note" 2780:PE Americas & Tryskele 2011 2768:PE Americas & Tryskele 2011 2756:PE Americas & Tryskele 2011 2598:PE Americas & Tryskele 2011 2062:Moxley, Meubus & Brown 2007 1791:. It was also supported by the 1614:Each denomination contains the 1249:Canadian National Vimy Memorial 928:The reverse of the $ 5 banknote 813:Canadian National Vimy Memorial 6137:History of the Canadian dollar 5684:Royal Canadian Mint RCMP coins 5330:"Guardian – Facts and figures" 5176:. Canadian Press. 28 July 2014 4725:"Here comes the plastic money" 4723:Savage, Neil (23 March 2012). 4588:"$ 5 and $ 10 Bank Note Issue" 4132:Edmiston, Jake (16 May 2013). 4059:Chase, Steven (5 March 2010). 3876:Beeby, Dean (6 January 2013). 3855:Beeby, Dean (18 August 2012). 3256:Bank of Canada: Polymer Series 2792:Bank of Canada: Polymer Series 2552:Bank of Canada: Polymer Series 1694:on the banknote is that of an 1394: 1347:1954 Canadian Landscape series 857: 579:polyolefin sheets, creating a 449:Governor of the Bank of Canada 240:, which collaborated with the 1: 5911:Early Canadian banking system 4304:Hornyak, Tim (21 June 2011). 3444:Memmott, Mark (28 May 2013). 1850:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 1664:Offences relating to currency 1639:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 587:through a snap-cooling brass 437:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 310:Railway Association of Canada 27:2011 Canadian banknote series 6055:Canadian Paper Money Society 4953:. Bank of Canada. April 2012 4942:. Bank of Canada. June 2011. 4703:Sali, David (26 July 2013). 4254:Greig, Kelly (10 May 2011). 4152:Ferguson, Eva (1 May 2013). 2997:"Celebrating Canada's 150th" 2710:Hardwick & Ghioghiu 2004 2698:Hardwick & Ghioghiu 2004 2663:Hardwick & Ghioghiu 2004 2642:Garoffolo & Sientek 2009 902:double helix, and a vial of 583:37.7 μm thick. This is 388:, acceptance of others, and 171:2010 Canadian federal budget 156:2001 Canadian Journey series 98:2001 Canadian Journey series 88:were designed for increased 6224:Financial history of Canada 5954:Magdalen Island penny token 5901:Prince Edward Island dollar 4422:Luba, Frank (16 May 2013). 1408: 1371:William Lyon Mackenzie King 1156:150th anniversary of Canada 996:International Space Station 938:Library and Archives Canada 863: 841:William Lyon Mackenzie King 607:is the Guardian substrate. 144:1986 Birds of Canada series 117:International Space Station 50:William Lyon Mackenzie King 6250: 6040:Canadian Bank Note Company 5964:Vexator Canadiensis tokens 5881:Prince Edward Island pound 5003:Canadian Bank Note Company 4507:Radio Canada International 4090:D., M. (23 January 2013). 3495:Ho, Erica (17 July 2012). 2323:Canadian Bank Note Company 2181:, p. 4, Organization. 1690:that the depiction of the 1594:polyethylene terephthalate 1510:, the "father of Canadian 1225: 1200:Wood Buffalo National Park 1079: 553: 508:Canadian Bank Note Company 482: 109:Canadian Bank Note Company 5216:. CTV News. 10 March 2011 4573:. Letter to Merna Forster 2911:Access to Information Act 2770:, p. 33, Figure 4-8. 1718:Automated teller machines 1498:of the beat of a healthy 1474:in Canada. The bottle of 1247:The reverse features the 1031:in Kazakhstan, where he, 612:holographic security foil 439:(RCMP) officer wearing a 231:Reserve Bank of Australia 5158:"5-dollar note in orbit" 4581:– via heroines.ca. 4556:(Report). Bank of Canada 3639:Bank of Canada June 2011 1976:Bank of Canada June 2011 1898:animal fat derived from 1520:computer-generated image 1494:in 1921. Similarly, the 1137:Canadian Pacific Railway 1092:Fathers of Confederation 1043:on 19 December 2012 and 977:Natural Resources Canada 360:for the $ 100 banknote. 92:and to incorporate more 5886:British Columbia dollar 5777:Commemorative banknotes 5488:. Annex Business Media. 5232:. CTV News. 16 May 2013 4790:"Polymer Series (2011)" 4709:Ottawa Business Journal 4536:. Bank of Canada: 47–55 4331:The Wall Street Journal 4232:Note Printing Australia 2828:Fort Frances Times 2013 1882:After officials at the 1653:and other parts of the 1562:MaRS Discovery District 1496:electrocardiogram track 1013:Space Shuttle Endeavour 975:based on an image from 971:showing Canada and the 320:for the $ 20 banknote; 314:Veterans Affairs Canada 312:for the $ 10 banknote; 223:Note Printing Australia 125:Pacific Central Station 6229:Portraits on banknotes 1596:(PET), and adhesives. 1512:biomedical engineering 1448: 1433:Kazakhstani 5000 tenge 1402:representation of the 1366: 1223: 1164:George-Étienne Cartier 1077: 999: 929: 676:that is then bound in 480: 304:for the $ 5 banknote; 238:University of Waterloo 148:financial transactions 69: 57: 6060:Bank of Canada Museum 5849:Historical currencies 5719:Ottawa Mint sovereign 5633:$ 1 (Voyageur dollar) 5370:Department of Justice 4730:MIT Technology Review 4534:Bank of Canada Review 3984:Bank of Canada Review 3886:. The Canadian Press. 3348:Department of Justice 3036:Madan & Ling 2012 2686:Innovia Security 2013 1877:life-cycle assessment 1797:fifty-dollar banknote 1777:Members of Parliament 1576:of British Columbia. 1446: 1392:. The syllabic text " 1364: 1221: 1126:Victoria Cross Ranges 1096:Library of Parliament 1075: 1039:were launched aboard 990: 965:Canadian Space Agency 927: 635:lithographic printing 532:times longer, about 7 478: 461:William J. S. Elliott 429:Department of Finance 354:University of Toronto 302:Canadian Space Agency 35: 6074:Community currencies 5939:Bust and harp tokens 5891:New Brunswick dollar 5709:Palladium Maple Leaf 5124:. 12 September 2013b 4631:. The Canadian Press 4241:on 24 September 2015 4162:. The Canadian Press 3922:. The Canadian Press 3901:. The Canadian Press 3863:. The Canadian Press 3432:Bank of Canada 2011b 3099:Bank of Canada 2012b 3048:Bank of Canada 2012c 2813:Bank of Canada 2011c 2554:, Accessibility tab. 1616:EURion constellation 1568:and the birthday of 1524:University of Ottawa 1508:John Alexander Hopps 1421:Canadian Coast Guard 1414:navigational compass 1386:Saint Lawrence River 1257:Government of France 1113:Jasper National Park 1107:passing through the 346:University of Ottawa 326:Canadian Coast Guard 6219:Banknotes of Canada 6116:Pioneer Bonus Bucks 6101:Canadian Tire money 6065:Royal Canadian Mint 5974:Newfoundland dollar 5949:Hudson's Bay tokens 5906:Newfoundland dollar 5896:Nova Scotian dollar 5866:New Brunswick pound 5787:Chartered banknotes 5782:Withdrawn banknotes 5704:Platinum Maple Leaf 5652:Commemorative coins 5084:. 19 December 2012b 4260:Canadian Geographic 4182:The Washington Post 3861:Winnipeg Free Press 3375:Bank of Canada 2012 3360:Bank of Canada 2012 3336:Bank of Canada 2012 3220:Bank of Canada 2012 1793:Because I am a Girl 1775:, and from several 1541:of Asians. For the 1351:Canadian Centennial 1327:Canadian War Museum 1029:Baikonur Cosmodrome 457:Minister of Finance 412:, and portraits of 96:over the preceding 6110:Salt Spring Island 6106:Salt Spring dollar 5876:Nova Scotian pound 5871:Newfoundland pound 5815:Canadian Landscape 5550:Polymer Series set 5336:on 13 October 2014 5267:Fort Frances Times 5200:. 30 November 2016 5144:. 14 January 2013c 5104:. 18 January 2013a 5044:. 1 December 2011b 4775:The Globe and Mail 4667:The Globe and Mail 4629:The Globe and Mail 4066:The Globe and Mail 4044:"Bank note launch" 3841:The Canadian Press 3814:The Globe and Mail 3390:The Telegraph 2013 2214:National Post 2013 1682:department at the 1566:World Diabetes Day 1518:is adapted from a 1449: 1400:Inuktitut syllabic 1367: 1273:World Trade Center 1224: 1118:Mount Edith Cavell 1078: 1019:on 22 April 2001. 1000: 930: 808:Queen Elizabeth II 556:Guardian (polymer) 481: 58: 6160: 6159: 5920:Pre-confederation 5699:Silver Maple Leaf 5443:. 18 January 2013 4466:Canadian Business 4443:(Press release). 3836:Brampton Guardian 3793:Postmedia Network 3729:The Province 2014 3612:The Guardian 2012 3065:Toronto Star 2013 2782:, pp. 16–17. 1861:million in 2013. 1816:, was announced. 1570:Frederick Banting 1539:ethnic stereotype 1488:Frederick Banting 1423:port facility in 1160:John A. Macdonald 1088:John A. Macdonald 1053:Contingency plans 917: 916: 911:14 November 2011 776:John A. Macdonald 422:Lester B. Pearson 227:Innovia Films Ltd 94:security features 86:polymer banknotes 42:John A. Macdonald 16:(Redirected from 6241: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6168: 6028:and institutions 5929:Blacksmith token 5856:New France livre 5830:Canadian Journey 5820:Scenes of Canada 5580: 5573: 5566: 5557: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5520: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5489: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5417:on 13 April 2014 5400: 5398: 5396: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5198:Associated Press 5185: 5183: 5181: 5165: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5013: 5011: 5009: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4952: 4943: 4941: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4891:. Bank of Canada 4890: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4872:. Bank of Canada 4871: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4853:. Bank of Canada 4852: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4834:. Bank of Canada 4833: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4815:. Bank of Canada 4814: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4590:. Bank of Canada 4582: 4580: 4578: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4531: 4525:Canadian Journey 4517: 4515: 4513: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4426:. Postmedia News 4418: 4416: 4414: 4405:. Archived from 4393: 4391: 4389: 4371: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4291:on 27 April 2015 4287:. Archived from 4275: 4273: 4271: 4266:on 23 March 2014 4262:. Archived from 4250: 4248: 4246: 4240: 4234:. Archived from 4229: 4219: 4202: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4092:"A maple mishap" 4086: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4046:. Bank of Canada 4038: 4036: 4034: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3887: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3552: 3546: 3535: 3529: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3408: 3402: 3393: 3387: 3378: 3372: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3271:Global News 2013 3268: 3259: 3253: 3240: 3234: 3223: 3217: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3123: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3087: 3081: 3068: 3062: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2941: 2935: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2816: 2810: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2728: 2722: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2666: 2660: 2645: 2639: 2630: 2624: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2580: 2574: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2502: 2496: 2483: 2477: 2466: 2460: 2449: 2443: 2424: 2418: 2401: 2395: 2380: 2374: 2353: 2347: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2297: 2291: 2278: 2272: 2263: 2257: 2232: 2226: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2155: 2149: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2080: 2074: 2065: 2059: 2046: 2040: 2021: 2015: 2002: 1996: 1979: 1973: 1948: 1942: 1925: 1919: 1860: 1805:Thérèse Casgrain 1751:In July 2013, a 1736: 1722:vending machines 1648: 1620:imaging software 1581:Banknote of 2011 1472:medical research 1429:Banknote of 2012 1411: 1397: 1396: 1309: 1298: 1208:Kenojuak Ashevak 1206:by Inuit artist 1135:driven into the 1122:Pyramid Mountain 1109:Canadian Rockies 1033:Thomas Marshburn 998:on 30 April 2013 885: 866: 860: 859: 836: 824:7 November 2012 803: 791:7 November 2013 785:passenger train 771: 759:7 November 2013 738: 707: 665:and additives". 545: 541: 540: 536: 531: 530: 526: 390:multiculturalism 375:, Montreal, and 294:multiculturalism 275: 271: 269: 244:, to assess the 199:Papua New Guinea 76:released by the 21: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6197: 6195: 6185: 6183: 6173: 6171: 6163: 6161: 6156: 6132:Canadian dollar 6120: 6069: 6027: 6021: 5968: 5921: 5915: 5844: 5825:Birds of Canada 5797:Banknote series 5791: 5738: 5729:$ 10 gold piece 5694:Gold Maple Leaf 5647: 5594: 5584: 5537: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5505: 5503: 5492: 5483: 5480: 5478:Further reading 5475: 5466: 5464: 5455: 5446: 5444: 5429: 5420: 5418: 5403: 5394: 5392: 5383: 5374: 5372: 5364: 5355: 5353: 5348: 5339: 5337: 5328: 5319: 5317: 5316:on 7 March 2014 5302: 5293: 5291: 5282: 5273: 5271: 5260: 5251: 5249: 5244: 5235: 5233: 5228: 5219: 5217: 5212: 5203: 5201: 5188: 5179: 5177: 5168: 5156: 5147: 5145: 5136: 5127: 5125: 5116: 5107: 5105: 5096: 5087: 5085: 5076: 5067: 5065: 5056: 5047: 5045: 5036: 5027: 5025: 5016: 5007: 5005: 4997: 4988: 4986: 4981: 4972: 4970: 4965: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4939: 4935: 4926: 4924: 4919: 4910: 4908: 4903: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4799: 4797: 4796:on 23 June 2011 4788: 4779: 4777: 4768: 4759: 4757: 4748: 4739: 4737: 4722: 4713: 4711: 4702: 4693: 4691: 4680: 4671: 4669: 4660: 4651: 4649: 4643: 4634: 4632: 4622: 4613: 4611: 4602: 4593: 4591: 4585: 4576: 4574: 4568: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4539: 4537: 4529: 4520: 4511: 4509: 4500: 4491: 4489: 4480: 4471: 4469: 4458: 4449: 4447: 4438: 4429: 4427: 4421: 4412: 4410: 4409:on 7 March 2014 4396: 4387: 4385: 4374: 4365: 4356: 4354: 4345: 4336: 4334: 4323: 4314: 4312: 4303: 4294: 4292: 4285:ATM Marketplace 4278: 4269: 4267: 4253: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4227: 4222: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4185: 4174: 4165: 4163: 4151: 4142: 4140: 4131: 4122: 4120: 4111: 4102: 4100: 4089: 4080: 4071: 4069: 4058: 4049: 4047: 4041: 4032: 4030: 4021: 4012: 4010: 4001: 3992: 3990: 3979: 3974: 3965: 3963: 3954: 3945: 3943: 3934: 3925: 3923: 3913: 3904: 3902: 3890: 3875: 3866: 3864: 3854: 3845: 3843: 3828: 3819: 3817: 3806: 3797: 3795: 3788:The StarPhoenix 3780: 3776: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3555: 3547: 3538: 3530: 3523: 3513: 3511: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3454: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3411: 3403: 3396: 3388: 3381: 3373: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3262: 3258:, Security tab. 3254: 3243: 3235: 3226: 3218: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3191: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3125: 3124: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3090: 3084:Montgomery 2015 3082: 3071: 3063: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3005: 3003: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2953: 2944: 2936: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2826: 2819: 2811: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2754: 2731: 2723: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2669: 2661: 2648: 2640: 2633: 2625: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2596: 2583: 2575: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2505: 2497: 2486: 2478: 2469: 2461: 2452: 2444: 2427: 2419: 2404: 2396: 2383: 2375: 2356: 2348: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2309: 2300: 2292: 2281: 2273: 2266: 2258: 2235: 2227: 2220: 2212: 2208: 2200: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2165: 2158: 2150: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2121: 2114: 2106: 2102: 2094: 2083: 2075: 2068: 2060: 2049: 2041: 2024: 2016: 2005: 1997: 1982: 1974: 1951: 1943: 1928: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1884:Bank of England 1858: 1839:operating costs 1834: 1810:Vertical series 1801:The Famous Five 1765:Margaret Atwood 1734: 1712:Atlantic Canada 1676: 1651:New Westminster 1646: 1632: 1589: 1522:created by the 1484:peptide hormone 1441: 1359: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1234:Queen of Canada 1230: 1216: 1196:northern lights 1188:Canadian Shield 1172:James Gladstone 1084: 1070: 1062:Currency Museum 1037:Roman Romanenko 985: 946:Parliament Hill 934:Wilfrid Laurier 922: 883: 834: 801: 769: 743:Wilfrid Laurier 736: 690: 624: 558: 552: 543: 538: 534: 533: 528: 524: 523: 504: 487: 473: 318:Vimy Foundation 282: 273: 267: 262: 255:washing machine 215: 177:($ 1 coin) and 140: 102:Vertical series 38:Wilfrid Laurier 28: 23: 22: 18:Frontier Series 15: 12: 11: 5: 6247: 6245: 6237: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6211: 6210: 6206: 6205: 6193: 6181: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6103: 6098: 6091:Toronto dollar 6088: 6081:Calgary dollar 6077: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6035:Bank of Canada 6031: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5978: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5944:Habitant token 5941: 5936: 5931: 5925: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5861:Canadian pound 5858: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5801: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5748: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5724:$ 5 gold piece 5721: 5716: 5714:Big Maple Leaf 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5604: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5575: 5568: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5547: 5545:Bank of Canada 5541:Polymer Series 5536: 5535:External links 5533: 5532: 5531: 5512: 5500:Times Colonist 5490: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5453: 5427: 5401: 5381: 5362: 5346: 5326: 5300: 5280: 5258: 5242: 5226: 5210: 5186: 5166: 5154: 5134: 5114: 5094: 5074: 5054: 5034: 5024:. 20 June 2011 5014: 4995: 4979: 4963: 4944: 4933: 4917: 4901: 4882: 4863: 4844: 4825: 4806: 4786: 4766: 4746: 4720: 4700: 4678: 4658: 4641: 4620: 4600: 4583: 4566: 4546: 4518: 4498: 4478: 4456: 4436: 4419: 4403:Postmedia News 4394: 4372: 4363: 4343: 4321: 4301: 4276: 4251: 4220: 4203: 4194: 4172: 4159:Calgary Herald 4149: 4129: 4109: 4087: 4078: 4056: 4039: 4019: 3999: 3988:Bank of Canada 3986:(Supplement). 3972: 3952: 3932: 3911: 3888: 3873: 3852: 3826: 3804: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3769: 3757: 3745: 3733: 3718: 3706: 3694: 3690:CBC News 2011b 3682: 3678:CTV News 2013b 3667: 3655: 3643: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3592: 3580: 3576:MacDonald 2013 3568: 3553: 3536: 3532:Anderssen 2013 3521: 3487: 3462: 3436: 3424: 3420:CBC News 2013c 3409: 3405:CBC News 2013a 3394: 3379: 3364: 3352: 3340: 3328: 3316: 3304: 3287: 3275: 3260: 3241: 3224: 3209: 3197: 3182: 3170: 3158: 3143: 3131:Bank of Canada 3115: 3103: 3088: 3069: 3052: 3040: 3025: 3021:Agecoutay 2012 3013: 3001:Bank of Canada 2988: 2971: 2959: 2942: 2938:CBC News 2013b 2927: 2923:CBC News 2012b 2915: 2895: 2883: 2856: 2844: 2832: 2817: 2796: 2784: 2772: 2760: 2729: 2714: 2702: 2690: 2667: 2646: 2631: 2614: 2602: 2581: 2556: 2544: 2503: 2484: 2467: 2450: 2425: 2402: 2381: 2354: 2327: 2315: 2298: 2279: 2264: 2233: 2229:Robertson 2014 2218: 2206: 2183: 2171: 2156: 2139: 2127: 2112: 2100: 2081: 2066: 2047: 2043:Robertson 2011 2022: 2003: 1980: 1949: 1926: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1904:Bank of Canada 1843:second-quarter 1833: 1830: 1826:Calgary Herald 1680:graphic design 1675: 1672: 1655:Lower Mainland 1631: 1630:Counterfeiting 1628: 1588: 1585: 1574:Lower Mainland 1440: 1437: 1358: 1355: 1314: 1313: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1215: 1212: 1192:Cape Bonavista 1168:Agnes MacPhail 1069: 1066: 1047:with the ISS. 992:Chris Hadfield 984: 981: 921: 918: 915: 914: 912: 909: 906: 892: 887: 881: 877: 876: 874: 873:26 March 2012 871: 868: 843: 838: 832: 828: 827: 825: 822: 819: 810: 805: 799: 795: 794: 792: 789: 786: 778: 773: 767: 763: 762: 760: 757: 754: 745: 740: 734: 730: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 711: 689: 686: 643:electroplating 639:electroforming 623: 620: 554:Main article: 551: 548: 503: 500: 483:Main article: 472: 469: 406:aboriginal art 342:Sanofi Pasteur 281: 278: 214: 211: 139: 136: 127:in Vancouver. 113:Chris Hadfield 78:Bank of Canada 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6246: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6204: 6194: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6170: 6166: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6026:Organizations 6024: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 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Telegraph 5432: 5428: 5416: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5390: 5389:National Post 5386: 5382: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5351: 5347: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5315: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5301: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5247: 5243: 5231: 5227: 5215: 5211: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4984: 4980: 4968: 4964: 4949: 4945: 4938: 4934: 4922: 4918: 4906: 4902: 4887: 4883: 4868: 4864: 4849: 4845: 4830: 4826: 4811: 4807: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4756: 4752: 4747: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4647: 4642: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4589: 4584: 4572: 4567: 4552: 4547: 4535: 4528: 4526: 4519: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4425: 4420: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4353: 4349: 4344: 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3589: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3569: 3565: 3564:Beltrame 2013 3560: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3488: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3463: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3362:, p. 14. 3361: 3356: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3324:Edmiston 2013 3320: 3317: 3313: 3312:CTV News 2013 3308: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3237:CBC News 2011 3233: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3171: 3168:, p. 10. 3167: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3014: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2967:CBC News 2014 2963: 2960: 2956: 2955:Banerjee 2013 2951: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2840:Schwartz 2013 2836: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2794:, Design tab. 2793: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2761: 2758:, p. 33. 2757: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2644:, p. 25. 2643: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2603: 2600:, p. 32. 2599: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2577:Lozinski 2013 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2540:Boesveld 2011 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 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2011 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1945:CTV News 2011 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1915: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1854: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1841:for the 2013 1840: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1821: 1817: 1815: 1814:Viola Desmond 1811: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1789:Murray Rankin 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757:Stephen Poloz 1754: 1749: 1747: 1746:polypropylene 1743: 1738: 1731: 1730:self-checkout 1727: 1726:slot machines 1723: 1719: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1668:Criminal Code 1665: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 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