1295:
2474:, which is derived from a Slavic term that can take on the same meaning (see above for similar in Slovenia, etc.), ultimately from this function. This, though, was merely a continuation of a semi-formal arrangement with the Poles, before escalating feuds, political infighting in Poland, and religious differences (mainly Eastern Orthodox vs. Roman Catholic) saw a loose coalition of Ukrainian lords and independent landowners collectively known as the Cossacks shift to ally with the Russian Empire.
1320:
883:
2852:
2454:
1886:
1507:
2170:
2124:, a hybrid system of marches existed which was condemned as barbaric at the time. The Irish marches constituted the territory between English and Irish-dominated lands, which appeared as soon as the English did and were called by King John to be fortified. By the 14th century, they had become defined as the land between
454:
entities developed, self-sufficient and agrarian, each ruled by a small hereditary military elite. The sequence in the County of
Barcelona exhibits a pattern that emerges similarly in marches everywhere: The count is appointed by the king (from 802), the appointment settles on the heirs of a strong
2128:
and the rest of
Ireland. Local Anglo-Irish and Gaelic chieftains who acted as powerful spokespeople were recognised by the Crown and given a degree of independence. Uniquely, the keepers of the marches were given the power to terminate indictments. In later years, wardens of the Irish marches took
831:
and became part of the domains of the French crown. It was divided into Haute-Marche (i.e. "Upper Marche") and Basse-Marche (i.e. "Lower Marche"), the estates of the former being in existence until the 17th century. From 1470 until the
Revolution the province was under the jurisdiction of the
2116:
as the name of his earldom for several reasons: Welsh marches referred to several counties, whereby the title signified superiority compared to usual single county-based earldoms. Mercia was an ancient kingdom. His wife's ancestors had been Counts of La Marche and
Angouleme in France.
2553:"In distant Westminster, where it was impossible to imagine the stress of life in the Irish marches, march law (like Irish law, which Edward I had once described as 'detestable to God and contrary to all laws') was outrightly condemned," notes James F. Lydon
2493:. As settlement advanced and the borders moved, the Tsars transferred or formed Cossack units to perform similar functions on other borderlands/marches further south and east in (for example) the Kuban and in Siberia, forming (for example) the
2334:, however, their military strength and strategic importance were typically much greater than the counties'. Over time, however, the commanderies were eventually developed into regular provinces and then discontinued entirely during the
434:
and in economic and military terms as a mechanism to entice settlers to a depopulated border region. Such self-sufficient landholders would aid the counts in providing armed men in defense of the
Frankish
2372:
at the time. In 1590, this land was granted to the
Kakizaki clan, who took the name Matsumae from then on. The Lords of Matsumae, as they are sometimes called, were exempt from owing rice to the
1964:
and the Anglo-Saxon invaders, although P. Hunter Blair has argued an alternative interpretation that they emerged along the frontier between the
Kingdom of Northumbria and the inhabitants of the
4714:
4688:
2912:
1608:. During the 17th and 18th centuries these borderlands were called Markland in the area of Transylvania that bordered with the Kingdom of Hungary and was controlled by a Count or Countess.
455:
count (Sunifred) and the appointment becomes a formality, until the position is declared hereditary (897) and then the count declares independence (by
Borrell II in 985). At each stage the
1538:, effective until the mid-13th century, can be considered as marches even though in its organisation it shows major differences from Western European feudal marches. For one thing, the
4668:
2401:
By guarding the border, rather than conquering or colonizing Ezo, the
Matsumae, in essence, made the majority of the island an Ainu reservation. This also meant that Ezo, and the
2148:) all had their origins in feudal lords who held trusted positions in the borderlands. The English title was a foreign importation from France, tested out tentatively in 1385 by
1733:, "mark" meant "borderlands" and "forest"; in present-day Norwegian and Swedish it has acquired the meaning "ground", while in Danish it has come to mean "field" or "grassland".
391:("castellan" or lord of the castle) in an area largely defined by a day's ride, and the region became known, like Castile at a later date, as "Catalunya". Counties in the
2905:
69:
under joint control of two states in which different laws might apply. In both of these senses, marches served a political purpose, such as providing warning of
3326:
2405:
beyond, were left essentially open to
Russian colonization. However, the Russians never did colonize Ezo, and the marches were officially eliminated during the
2180:
447:) emanated directly from the Carolingian king, and they reinforced central loyalties, to counterbalance the local power exercised by powerful marcher counts.
268:
In Old English, "mark" meant "boundary" or "sign of a boundary", and the meaning only later evolved to encompass "sign" in general, "impression" and "trace".
2061:
was recognized in the end of the 13th century to use the name March as his earldom in Scotland, otherwise known as Dunbar, Lothian, and Northumbrian border.
4683:
2872:
2935:
1229:
4057:
2898:
2867:
2086:
2079:, was a usurper who had deposed, and allegedly arranged the murder of, King Edward II. He was created an earl in September 1328 at the height of his
2051:
to defend the frontier areas known as the Marches. They were hand-picked for their suitability for the challenges the responsibilities presented.
1568:
were usually guarded by tribes who had joined the Hungarian nation and were granted special rights for their services at the borders, such as the
4719:
3963:
2486:
4177:
3215:
708:, was originally a small border district between the Duchy of Aquitaine and the domains of the Frankish kings in central France, partly of
426:
in deserted areas, and included special rights and immunities that resulted in a range of independence of action. Historians interpret the
2683:
Carleton, D., & Phillipps, T. (1841). Sir Dudley Carleton's State Letters, during his Embassy at the Hague, AD 1627. first edited by
1228:
and is no longer called "Mark". The title, in the form "Count of the Mark", survived the territory as a subsidiary title of the Dukes of
4182:
3610:
3114:
4109:
3276:
2054:
1903:
1466:
in 1702 (Braudel 1984, fig 26) reveals the independent, though socially and economically dependent arc of small territories from the
3995:
3943:
3852:
2668:
2209:
2064:
1925:
280:
4132:
4072:
4032:
3938:
3916:
3700:
3355:
3350:
3021:
485:
provides a fairly typical career of another such march county, the only modern survivor in the Pyrenees of the Hispanic Marches.
2470:, from the Moscow-centric Russian viewpoint, functioned as a "borderland" or "march" and arguably could have gained its current
4197:
3958:
3122:
369:
in 801. Thus he established a foothold in the borderland between the Franks and the Moors. The Carolingian "Hispanic Marches" (
4639:
4192:
3441:
3372:
2281:
1907:
781:
4491:
3566:
953:
2409:
in the late 19th century, when the Ainu came under Japanese control, and Ezo was renamed Hokkaidō, and annexed to Japan.
4309:
4116:
3928:
3906:
3466:
3343:
3182:
183:
1960:
for "boundary folk", and the traditional interpretation was that the kingdom originated along the frontier between the
4052:
3797:
1467:
1289:
137:
4167:
3678:
3266:
2244:
1285:
1139:
994:
224:
81:
1896:
921:. In modern German, "Mark" denotes a piece of land that historically was a borderland, as in the following names:
4367:
4339:
4157:
3921:
3673:
3286:
2529:
2040:
133:
1861:
4372:
4137:
3478:
3155:
258:
754:
1588:
in the twelfth century helped to establish uninhabited marchland between the empire's territory and Hungary.
4419:
3980:
3840:
3818:
3583:
3175:
2922:
2481:
became a significant part of Russian military history in their role as military border/buffer-troops in the
2239:
2044:
1633:
613:
39:
785:
4496:
4332:
4327:
3857:
3695:
3595:
3331:
3251:
2494:
2191:
1294:
1213:
1117:
1002:
797:
507:
35:
4592:
3828:
3512:
3496:
3456:
3446:
3281:
3145:
3127:
2973:
2149:
2076:
960:
735:; on the south by Limousin itself and on the west by Poitou. It embraced the greater part of the modern
1168:("Central March"), the area surrounding Berlin. Today, this region makes up for the bulk of the German
586:
4729:
4709:
4559:
3451:
3011:
2490:
2315:
2058:
1519:
1413:
1268:
1197:
1014:
895:
857:
813:
558:
383:
with armed retainers, who theoretically owed allegiance through a Count to the Emperor or, with less
286:"marches", which in this instance referred explicitly to the territory's position on the Anglo-Saxon
236:
2890:
2035:
is a term for the border regions on both sides of the border between England and Scotland. From the
4567:
4404:
4062:
3990:
3685:
3643:
3531:
3461:
3436:
3223:
3170:
2983:
2978:
2013:
1621:
1437:
1429:
1420:. It was afterwards once more recovered by the Church and governed by papal legates as part of the
1258:
1234:
1209:
986:
828:
805:
766:
732:
709:
514:
396:
298:
154:
113:
1196:, the Brandenburg–Pomeranian borderland. The name is still in use for the region as well as for a
518:
4678:
4399:
4387:
4322:
4317:
4037:
3823:
3707:
3590:
3473:
3406:
3298:
3256:
3096:
2303:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2072:
2021:
1746:
The forests surrounding Norwegian cities are called "Marka" – the marches. For example, the
1730:
1625:
1527:
1394:
1148:(margrave, literally "march-count"). It was further divided into regions also designated "Mark":
914:
879:, who battled the Romans in the 1st and 2nd centuries, were simply the "men of the borderlands".
687:
575:
482:
376:
171:
1834:
1629:
1448:
because of its positioning and as an act of defiance against the hated Austro-Hungarian empire.
1064:
801:
1639:
Likewise, Córdoba set up its own marches as a buffer to the Christian states to the north. The
827:
held it from 1435 to 1477, when it reverted to the Bourbons, and in 1527 it was seized by King
4441:
4429:
4077:
4067:
3690:
3668:
3573:
3537:
3431:
3318:
3308:
3293:
3150:
3083:
2664:
2514:
2444:
2406:
2319:
2265:
1700:
1441:
1299:
1281:
1169:
1090:
950:
918:
845:
817:
720:
653:
620:
317:
244:
220:
101:
31:
2112:, had been border lords and leaders of defenders of Welsh marches for centuries. He selected
4724:
4486:
4284:
3847:
3753:
3506:
3390:
3261:
3241:
3205:
3078:
2988:
2684:
2534:
2249:
2032:
1943:
1857:
1708:
1688:
1596:
1585:
1425:
1409:
1390:
1179:
1079:
1028:
824:
758:
724:
697:
692:
571:
567:
541:
216:
97:
93:
4673:
4534:
4162:
3865:
3768:
3712:
3649:
3620:
3605:
3385:
3380:
3338:
3303:
3103:
3068:
3043:
2524:
2471:
2385:
2036:
1793:
1782:
1704:
1463:
1433:
1417:
1386:
1263:
1057:
1047:
1036:
942:
934:
671:
664:
657:
590:
371:
355:
345:
329:
145:
121:
2380:
2295:(藩), referring to feudatory domains and petty kingdoms on the borderlands of the empire.
1773:
1620:, Iberia was home to several marches set up by the native states. The future kingdoms of
1515:
1454:
were repeated on a miniature level, fringing many of the small territorial states of pre-
2489:
brought considerable devastation and depopulation to this area prior to the rise of the
1458:
Italy with a ring of smaller dependencies on their borders, which represent territorial
1224:("Higher Mark"). The former "Lower Mark" (between Ruhr and Lippe rivers) is the present
4466:
4005:
3973:
3835:
3773:
3763:
3758:
3578:
3544:
3412:
3362:
3313:
3006:
2796:
Lewis, Archibald R. (1965). "Chapter 5:Southern French and Catalan Society (778-828)".
2498:
2402:
2331:
2323:
2109:
2009:
1839:
1303:
1187:
1098:
1010:
998:
990:
946:
930:
889:
737:
645:
579:
291:
287:
229:
209:
61:, as opposed to a state's "heartland". More specifically, a march was a border between
1319:
4703:
4187:
4027:
3789:
3638:
3501:
3271:
3246:
3089:
2863:
2858:
2502:
2429:
2357:
2228:
2048:
2025:
2000:
1976:
1939:
1723:
1672:
1664:
1362:
1242:
1205:
1113:
978:
545:
2698:
4587:
4579:
4574:
4539:
4047:
4042:
3953:
3423:
3073:
3049:
3035:
2968:
2519:
2335:
2311:
2299:
1992:
1961:
1949:
1860:
was the frontier area near the border to Norway. Almost all of it is now a part of
1455:
1445:
1421:
1121:
1094:
780:
Marche first appeared as a separate fief about the middle of the 10th century when
746:
609:
605:
495:
4481:
2827:
Violence, custom and law: the Anglo-Scottish border lands in the later Middle Ages
882:
4658:
Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in
941:. In 1134, in the wake of a German crusade against the Wends, the German magnate
4394:
4207:
4152:
4015:
4010:
4000:
3735:
3730:
3628:
3600:
3165:
3160:
3027:
2661:
Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204
2600:
2482:
2458:
2453:
2365:
2361:
1965:
1957:
1885:
1849:
1755:
1747:
1680:
1640:
1569:
1558:
1506:
1217:
1173:
728:
522:
499:
351:
272:
66:
46:
719:
Its area was increased during the 13th century and remained the same until the
498:(sometimes regarded as just a series of forts rather than a march) between the
414:
In the early ninth century, Charlemagne issued his new kind of land grant, the
4094:
3633:
3488:
3187:
2360:
on the southern tip of Hokkaidō which was at Japan's northern border with the
2347:
2152:, but not naturalized until the mid-15th century, and now more often spelled "
1822:
1676:
1483:
1374:
1165:
1053:
964:
876:
675:
649:
639:
601:
450:
But communications were arduous, and the power centre was far away. Primitive
444:
359:
17:
2876:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 689–690.
4513:
4471:
4446:
4304:
4259:
4147:
4089:
3911:
3660:
2005:
1975:, the border areas between England and Wales were collectively known as the
1815:
1759:
1751:
1573:
1495:
1491:
1471:
1225:
1193:
1183:
1159:
972:
903:
834:
774:
534:
464:
431:
313:
251:
202:
4549:
4544:
2390:
2374:
1549:
was a strip of land that was specially fortified or made impassable, while
1511:
1369:, the Marca Camerinese for the district farther north, including a part of
861:
762:
2047:, border clashes were common and the monarchs of both countries relied on
1983:), while the native Welsh lands to the west were considered Wales Proper (
1182:("New March") since the 1250s was Brandenburg's eastern extremity between
4609:
4503:
4354:
4299:
4269:
4099:
4022:
3933:
3745:
3523:
3233:
2478:
2448:
2153:
2141:
2125:
2105:
2081:
2017:
1869:
1828:
1799:
1777:
1769:
1736:
1656:
1648:
1604:
1398:
1250:
1106:
849:
809:
793:
530:
471:
470:
Some counts aspired to the characteristically Frankish (Germanic) title "
436:
400:
392:
375:) became a buffer zone ruled by a number of feudal lords, among them the
141:
77:
70:
757:. Its area was about 1,900 square miles (4,900 km) its capital was
4604:
4529:
4359:
4349:
4289:
4202:
4172:
4104:
3985:
3197:
2998:
2466:
2418:
2277:
2261:
2137:
2121:
1988:
1910: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1789:
1739:
was the Norse name of an area in North America discovered by Norwegian
1719:
1695:, facing León and Portugal. These too would give rise to Kingdoms, the
1692:
1479:
1366:
1155:
1151:
1068:
1022:
1018:
968:
416:
2797:
463:
assertion, which merely regularizes an existing fact of life. This is
265:"boundary, sign", denoting a borderland between two centres of power.
4634:
4624:
4619:
4554:
4508:
4424:
4294:
4279:
4274:
4264:
3948:
3555:
3137:
2068:
1953:
1853:
1803:
1740:
1577:
1553:
was the mostly uninhabited or sparsely inhabited land beyond it. The
1487:
1475:
1416:
with the whole territory of the three marches, under the name of the
1378:
1370:
1351:
1154:("Old March"), the western region of the former margraviate, between
1072:
1006:
899:
770:
742:
713:
624:
594:
503:
451:
408:
404:
384:
276:
58:
4379:
1581:
917:
and had a long career as purely conventional designations under the
387:, to his Carolingian and Ottonian successors. Such territory had a
4629:
4614:
4599:
4476:
4461:
4451:
4436:
4414:
4409:
4344:
4142:
4084:
3968:
2857:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1696:
1505:
1402:
1125:
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938:
881:
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750:
553:
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363:
195:
62:
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2799:
The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718-1050
2440:
526:
422:
366:
4236:
3888:
2950:
2933:
2894:
2008:: one in the northern marches, as an alternative title for the
4254:
2395:
2369:
2163:
1879:
1314:
1176:, and thus in modern usage is referred to as Mark Brandenburg.
379:. It had its own outlying territories, each ruled by a lesser
1306:
in the middle of the 19th century (marked with a red outline)
913:
were territorial organisations created as borderlands in the
816:
and a few years later (1327) it passed into the hands of the
2330:). As the commanderies formed the front lines between the
937:'s territorial organisation on the conquered areas of the
2642:
2640:
2638:
2394:) had to spend half the year at court (in the capital of
1628:
were founded as marcher counties intended to protect the
159:'march count'; masculine) or margravine (German:
30:"Marches" redirects here. For the commune in France, see
2809:
The Making of Ireland: from ancient times to the present
1762: – i.e. the northern, eastern and western marches.
2187:
1331:
1241:
used in Carolingian documents referring to the area of
2663:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 124.
1844:(Swedish: Södermark), a village in Noormarkku, Finland
1825:(Swedish: Norrmark), a former municipality of Finland
395:
that appeared in the 9th century, in addition to the
174:, and corresponding titles in other European states.
1765:
In Norway, there are – or have been – the counties:
1237:("Eastern March") is a modern rendition of the term
312:("wood", "forest") up to the present. Following the
304:
The name "Denmark" preserves the Old Norse cognates
4522:
4247:
4125:
3899:
3808:
3782:
3744:
3721:
3659:
3619:
3554:
3522:
3487:
3422:
3399:
3371:
3232:
3214:
3196:
3136:
3113:
3059:
3034:
3020:
2997:
2961:
1035:, the "Eastern March" or "Bavarian Eastern March" (
4715:Defunct types of subdivision in the United Kingdom
1991:lords in the Welsh Marches were to become the new
1470:in the northwest across the south to the duchy of
420:, which redisposed land belonging to the Imperial
316:, the Nazi German government revived the old name
812:for his youngest son the Prince, afterwards King
792:. In the 12th century it passed to the family of
1436:still controlled territory Italian nationalists
841:Several communes of France are named similarly:
1679:, faced the western Pyrenees and Asturias. The
1444:, which Italian nationalists began to call the
1257:has been variously used to denote Austria, the
1208:, a medieval territory that is recalled in the
648:, established under Charlemagne from a part of
2818:The History of Ireland from the Earliest Kings
2310:, 郡) functioned as marches, ranking below the
1659:, and included the Distant or Farthest March (
301:, usage of the word spread throughout Europe.
2906:
2687:. Typis Medio-Montanis, impressit C. Gilmour.
1357:From the Carolingian period onwards the name
656:), erected as a border territory against the
474:of the Hispanic March", a "margrave" being a
8:
1831:(Swedish: Påmark), a municipality of Finland
1143:
4684:List of administrative divisions by country
2883:Les États provinciaux de la France centrale
2802:(Prin ed.). University of Texas Press.
2595:
2593:
2016:); and one, that was held by the family of
1190:. Since 1945, the area is a part of Poland.
887:
765:, and among its other principal towns were
182:The word "march" derives ultimately from a
165:
27:Medieval European borderland or buffer zone
4244:
4233:
3896:
3885:
2958:
2947:
2943:
2930:
2913:
2899:
2891:
1373:, and the Marca Anconitana for the former
989:, later divided into smaller marches (the
2771:
2701:[The name Telemark and Grenland].
2210:Learn how and when to remove this message
2087:Joan de Geneville, 2nd Baroness Geneville
1926:Learn how and when to remove this message
1864:. In the Middle Ages the area was called
80:(masculine) or marchioness (feminine) in
2646:
2629:
2584:
2452:
2298:In their initial development during the
2248:(pl. "marzer, մարզեր"), a loanword from
1293:
1267:, the territories Prussia gained in the
616:that became the Margraviate of Austria);
324:Historical examples of marches and marks
2577:
2546:
2322:and below the more secure and populous
2291:The Chinese concept of March is called
2181:not related to the topic of the article
2093:was one of the heiresses of the French
1952:kingdom in the midlands of England was
875:The Germanic tribes that Romans called
362:and eventually took Barcelona from the
170:'march countess', feminine) in
2487:Tatar slave raids in East Slavic lands
1814:occurs in the following placenames in
1636:, to the south and east respectively.
784:, gave it to one of his vassals named
745:, a considerable part of the northern
190:, meaning "edge, boundary". The root *
2735:
2711:
2617:
1361:begins to appear in Italy, first the
1216:. The northern portion (north of the
1212:district (formed in 1975) of today's
723:. Marche was bounded on the north by
7:
2356:applies just as well to the fief of
1908:adding citations to reliable sources
804:in 1303, when it was seized by King
335:Frankish Empire and successor states
76:Marches gave rise to titles such as
2723:
1956:. The name "Mercia" comes from the
1561:than traditional European marches.
1350:For the modern Italian region, see
993:, which later was reestablished as
800:, until the death of the childless
2055:Patrick Dunbar, 8th Earl of Dunbar
1557:is much more comparable to modern
1542:was not controlled by a Marquess.
1112:three marches were created in the
257:meaning "borderland, forest", and
73:or regulating cross-border trade.
25:
2759:
2065:Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
120:(both masculine and feminine) in
57:was, in broad terms, any kind of
3701:Organized incorporated territory
2850:
2747:
2168:
2075:during the minority of her son,
1971:Latinizing the Anglo-Saxon term
1884:
1424:. The Marche became part of the
1318:
967:, stretching approximately from
358:ventured beyond the province of
4689:Slavic administrative divisions
2570:is a peculiarity of each title.
1895:needs additional citations for
1616:In addition to the Carolingian
1580:. A ban on settlement north of
1462:on a small scale. A map of the
1440:. One of these territories was
443:grants (the first ones were in
215:("region, border, valley") and
4238:Non-English terms or loanwords
3442:Direct-controlled municipality
2282:Kleisoura (Byzantine district)
2039:of England until the reign of
1438:still claimed as part of Italy
782:William III, duke of Aquitaine
1:
4720:Marches (country subdivision)
3567:Special administrative region
2836:A History of Medieval Ireland
2699:"Navnet Telemark og Grenland"
2601:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
2190:or discuss this issue on the
489:Marches set up by Charlemagne
3467:Mountain resort municipality
3344:Intermediate school district
3327:Educational service district
3183:Regional county municipality
1510:Local autonomies (including
1385:was given in investiture to
1365:for the mountainous part of
1302:against incursions from the
933:, the "Northern March", the
96:-speaking countries and the
3798:Autonomous territorial unit
1468:principality of Castiglione
1290:Slavonian Military Frontier
1043:) in modern lower Austria);
350:After some early setbacks,
4746:
3679:National capital territory
3400:Indian reserve/reservation
3267:Indian government district
2921:Designations for types of
2438:
2427:
2416:
2388:, under which most lords (
2345:
2275:
2226:
1937:
1802:, "the borderlands of the
1772:, "the borderlands of the
1522:) in the late 13th century
1349:
1286:Croatian Military Frontier
1279:
1253:or "county of the mark").
1140:Margraviate of Brandenburg
995:Margraviate of Brandenburg
343:
327:
29:
4669:Autonomous administration
4656:
4243:
4232:
3895:
3884:
3674:Federal capital territory
3287:Non-metropolitan district
3277:Local government district
2957:
2946:
2942:
2929:
2659:Stephenson, Paul (2004).
2530:Marz (territorial entity)
2378:in tribute, and from the
2071:of England together with
2041:King James VI of Scotland
2004:is at least two distinct
808:. In 1316 it was made an
467:in the larger landscape.
3479:Specialized municipality
3156:Consolidated city-county
2807:Lydon, James F. (1998).
2697:Alexander Bugge (1918).
2413:Persia (Sassanid Empire)
2352:The European concept of
1748:forests surrounding Oslo
1722:means "the march of the
788:, who took the title of
478:("count") of the march.
3841:Military exclusion zone
3819:Exclusive economic zone
3584:National capital region
3176:Non-metropolitan county
2923:administrative division
2873:Encyclopædia Britannica
2240:subdivisions of Armenia
2045:King James I of England
1198:Brandenburgian district
1142:, its ruler designated
906:, established about 810
674:against the Muslims of
459:situation precedes the
40:Marche (disambiguation)
3858:Self-administered zone
3696:Incorporated territory
3563:Administrative region
3332:Local service district
3252:Congressional district
2789:The History of Ireland
2495:Black Sea Cossack Host
2462:
2384:system established by
2057:, a descendant of the
1792:, "the borderlands of
1523:
1307:
1214:North Rhine-Westphalia
1144:
1040:
985:), a precursor of the
925:Later medieval marches
907:
898:or border between the
888:
701:
160:
149:
36:March (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
3829:Special economic zone
3513:Praetorian prefecture
3497:Autonomous prefecture
3457:Regional municipality
3447:District municipality
3282:Metropolitan district
3146:Administrative county
3128:Residential community
2974:Local government area
2456:
2276:Further information:
2227:Further information:
2179:may contain material
1938:Further information:
1872:and not of Värmland.
1509:
1397:ceded the marches of
1297:
1280:Further information:
1230:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
961:March of the Billungs
885:
755:Saint-Benoît-du-Sault
430:both as the basis of
328:Further information:
116:-speaking countries;
4420:Njësi administrative
3452:Neutral municipality
3391:Subdivision of India
3123:Autonomous community
3012:Metropolitan borough
2952:Common English terms
2834:Otway-Ruthven, J.A.
2825:Neville, Cynthia J.
2491:Zaporozhian Cossacks
2188:improve this section
2059:Earls of Northumbria
1904:improve this article
1651:, faced the eastern
1595:originates from the
1520:Transylvanian Saxons
1269:partitions of Poland
1007:Free state of Saxony
749:, and a fragment of
556:dwelling behind the
506:rivers, against the
297:During the Frankish
228:("borderland"). The
4063:Autonomous republic
3991:Enclave and exclave
3890:Other English terms
3686:Dependent territory
3532:Autonomous province
3462:Resort municipality
3437:County municipality
3224:Overseas department
3171:Metropolitan county
2984:Unincorporated area
2632:, pp. 689–690.
2461:in the 17th century
2095:Counts of La Marche
2085:rule. His wife was
2014:Peerage of Scotland
1862:Årjäng Municipality
1430:Italian unification
1259:Saxon Eastern March
987:Saxon Eastern March
894:was an unfortified
871:Germany and Austria
798:Counts of Angoulême
646:Steiermark (Styria)
552:river, against the
397:County of Barcelona
299:Carolingian dynasty
279:took its name from
184:Proto-Indo-European
71:military incursions
4679:Electoral district
3996:Federal dependency
3824:Free economic zone
3708:Overseas territory
3591:Development region
3474:Rural municipality
3407:Indian reservation
3299:Municipal district
3257:Electoral district
3097:Free imperial city
2605:www.etymonline.com
2499:Kuban Cossack Host
2463:
2300:later Zhou dynasty
2091:Jeanne of Lusignan
2073:Isabella of France
2043:, who also became
2022:Peerage of England
1868:and was a part of
1524:
1330:. You can help by
1308:
1239:marchia orientalis
1220:) is still called
951:Holy Roman Emperor
915:Carolingian Empire
908:
688:province of France
576:March of Merseburg
521:march between the
483:history of Andorra
377:Count of Barcelona
4697:
4696:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4215:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3794:Territorial unit
3691:Federal territory
3669:Capital territory
3574:Autonomous region
3538:Overseas province
3432:City municipality
3323:Service district
3319:Sanitary district
3309:Regional district
3294:Military district
3151:Autonomous county
3084:Incorporated city
2515:American Frontier
2503:Amur Cossack Host
2485:of Ukraine. The
2445:Zasechnaya cherta
2407:Meiji Restoration
2266:Military Frontier
2223:Abbasid Caliphate
2220:
2219:
2212:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1442:Austrian Littoral
1348:
1347:
1300:Military Frontier
1282:Military Frontier
1245:that was later a
1091:March of Carniola
1033:marcha Orientalis
919:Holy Roman Empire
818:family of Bourbon
796:, sometimes also
727:, on the east by
721:French Revolution
640:Carantanian march
529:rivers in modern
235:gave rise to the
169:
158:
16:(Redirected from
4737:
4285:Regierungsbezirk
4245:
4234:
3897:
3886:
3848:Free speech zone
3754:Charter township
3507:Super-prefecture
3351:Special district
3262:Federal district
3242:Capital district
3206:Overseas country
3079:Independent city
3050:Imperial capital
2989:Unorganized area
2959:
2948:
2944:
2931:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2892:
2877:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2812:
2803:
2792:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2694:
2688:
2685:Thomas Phillipps
2681:
2675:
2674:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2597:
2588:
2582:
2571:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2272:Byzantine Empire
2242:are each called
2215:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2160:Related concepts
2089:, whose mother,
2033:Scottish Marches
2012:(c. 1290 in the
1948:The name of the
1944:Scottish Marches
1931:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1888:
1880:
1858:Nordmark Hundred
1843:
1776:" (known to the
1669:al-Tagr al-Awsat
1655:and the western
1634:Cordoban Emirate
1586:Byzantine Empire
1564:Portions of the
1426:Kingdom of Italy
1410:Emperor Henry IV
1395:Countess Matilda
1391:Pope Gregory VII
1383:marca Anconitana
1381:). In 1080, the
1343:
1340:
1322:
1315:
1210:Märkischer Kreis
1147:
1054:Carantania march
1029:March of Austria
945:was granted the
893:
706:Marche Limousine
587:Franconian march
572:March of Meissen
568:March of Lusatia
208:("borderland"),
167:
164:
153:
108:(masculine) and
88:(masculine) and
21:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4674:Census division
4644:
4518:
4239:
4212:
4163:Imperial Circle
4121:
3891:
3872:
3866:Free-trade zone
3804:
3778:
3769:Survey township
3740:
3717:
3713:Union territory
3655:
3650:Sovereign state
3615:
3606:Overseas region
3550:
3518:
3483:
3418:
3409:(United States)
3395:
3386:Police division
3381:Census division
3367:
3339:School district
3304:Police district
3228:
3210:
3192:
3132:
3109:
3104:Royal free city
3069:Autonomous city
3055:
3044:Federal capital
3030:
3016:
2993:
2953:
2938:
2925:
2919:
2866:, ed. (1911). "
2862:
2851:
2849:
2833:
2824:
2816:Moore, Thomas.
2815:
2806:
2795:
2787:Gwyn, Stephen.
2786:
2783:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2525:List of marches
2511:
2451:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2386:Tokugawa Ieyasu
2350:
2344:
2289:
2284:
2274:
2258:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2216:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2185:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2140:, marchese and
2135:
2129:Irish tenants.
2037:Norman conquest
2024:), in the west
1946:
1932:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1901:
1889:
1878:
1837:
1717:
1685:al-Tagr al-Adna
1661:al-Tagr al-Aqsa
1653:Marca Hispanica
1647:), centered on
1645:al-Tagr al-A'la
1630:Kingdom of León
1618:Marca Hispanica
1614:
1504:
1494:, the count of
1478:: the lords of
1464:Duchy of Mantua
1434:Austria-Hungary
1428:in 1860. After
1418:March of Ancona
1387:Robert Guiscard
1355:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1328:needs expansion
1313:
1292:
1278:
1276:Habsburg Empire
1264:Ostmarkenverein
1135:
1058:March of Styria
1048:Hungarian March
1015:Merseburg March
943:Albert the Bear
935:Ottonian empire
927:
902:and the Slavic
873:
684:
672:Marca Hispanica
665:March of Friuli
621:Pannonian march
591:Upper Franconia
491:
372:Marca Hispánica
348:
346:Marca Hispanica
342:
340:Marca Hispanica
337:
332:
330:List of marches
326:
180:
128:(masculine) or
47:medieval Europe
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4743:
4741:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4702:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3836:Exclusion zone
3833:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3815:Economic zone
3812:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3774:Urban township
3771:
3766:
3764:Paper township
3761:
3759:Civil township
3756:
3750:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3665:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3579:Capital region
3576:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3560:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3545:Roman province
3541:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3413:Indian reserve
3410:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3363:Urban district
3360:
3359:
3358:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3321:
3316:
3314:Rural district
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3007:County borough
3003:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2927:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2864:Chisholm, Hugh
2841:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2793:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2764:
2752:
2740:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2689:
2676:
2669:
2651:
2649:, p. 690.
2634:
2622:
2610:
2589:
2587:, p. 689.
2576:
2573:
2572:
2555:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2510:
2507:
2436:
2433:
2425:
2422:
2414:
2411:
2403:Kurile Islands
2343:
2340:
2320:original fiefs
2288:
2285:
2273:
2270:
2257:
2254:
2235:
2232:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2176:
2174:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2134:
2131:
2010:Earl of Dunbar
1981:marchia Wallia
1934:
1933:
1892:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1846:
1845:
1832:
1826:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1787:
1716:
1713:
1687:), centred on
1671:), centred on
1613:
1610:
1591:The Hungarian
1530:the system of
1503:
1500:
1432:in the 1860s,
1393:, to whom the
1346:
1345:
1325:
1323:
1312:
1309:
1304:Ottoman Empire
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1232:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1188:Greater Poland
1177:
1163:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1110:
1099:White Carniola
1087:
1076:
1061:
1050:
1044:
1026:
1019:Milzener March
1011:March of Zeitz
999:Lusatian March
991:Northern March
976:
971:(Szczecin) to
957:
947:Northern March
926:
923:
890:Limes Saxoniae
872:
869:
868:
867:
855:
846:Marches, Drôme
823:The family of
712:and partly of
683:
680:
679:
678:
668:
661:
643:
636:
627:(divided into
617:
598:
593:, against the
583:
580:March of Zeitz
564:
538:
533:, against the
511:
490:
487:
344:Main article:
341:
338:
336:
333:
325:
322:
292:Romano-British
230:Proto-Germanic
179:
176:
132:(feminine) in
112:(feminine) in
92:(feminine) in
32:Marches, Drôme
26:
24:
18:Frontier march
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4742:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4655:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4364:Kommun/Kunta
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4231:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4188:Roman diocese
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4028:Neighbourhood
4026:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3907:Alpine resort
3905:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3883:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3790:Regional unit
3788:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:Federal state
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:Subprefecture
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:Land district
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:City district
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3090:Imperial city
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2936:English terms
2932:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2859:public domain
2848:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2811:. p. 81.
2810:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2772:Otway-Ruthven
2768:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2717:
2714:, p. 81.
2713:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2670:0-521-77017-3
2666:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2647:Chisholm 1911
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2630:Chisholm 1911
2626:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2585:Chisholm 1911
2581:
2578:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2540:
2536:
2535:No man's land
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2434:
2431:
2430:Limes Romanus
2423:
2420:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2358:Matsumae clan
2355:
2349:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2238:The specific
2233:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2211:
2203:
2200:November 2010
2193:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2177:This section
2175:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2049:Marcher Lords
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2026:Welsh Marches
2023:
2020:(1328 in the
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:feudal titles
2003:
2002:
2001:Earl of March
1996:
1994:
1993:Marcher Lords
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1977:Welsh Marches
1974:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1940:Welsh Marches
1930:
1927:
1919:
1916:November 2010
1909:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1893:This section
1891:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1876:British Isles
1875:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1474:southeast of
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:In 1105, the
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:Marca Fermana
1360:
1353:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1326:This section
1324:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:Lower Austria
1240:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1170:federal state
1167:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:Low Countries
1111:
1108:
1105:), in modern
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:the Krain or
1088:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1060:(Steiermark);
1059:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:march of Gero
980:
979:Marca Geronis
977:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
955:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
929:
928:
924:
922:
920:
916:
912:
905:
901:
897:
892:
891:
884:
880:
878:
870:
866:
863:
859:
856:
854:
851:
847:
844:
843:
842:
839:
837:
836:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
704:), sometimes
703:
699:
695:
694:
689:
681:
677:
673:
669:
666:
662:
659:
655:
651:
647:
644:
641:
637:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
615:
614:Eastern March
611:
607:
603:
599:
596:
592:
588:
584:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:
560:
555:
551:
547:
546:Sorbian march
543:
539:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:
488:
486:
484:
479:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
433:
429:
425:
424:
419:
418:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:
368:
365:
361:
357:
353:
347:
339:
334:
331:
323:
321:
320:for Austria.
319:
315:
311:
308:("boundary")
307:
302:
300:
295:
294:to the west.
293:
289:
285:
282:
278:
274:
269:
266:
264:
260:
256:
253:
250:, as well as
249:
246:
242:
238:
234:
231:
227:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:
207:
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
185:
177:
175:
173:
162:
156:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
72:
68:
65:or a neutral
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4659:
4580:Maalaiskunta
4540:Heerlijkheid
4380:Län (Sweden)
4048:Protectorate
4043:Principality
3964:Constituency
3853:Neutral zone
3648:
3543:
3536:
3511:
3424:Municipality
3102:
3095:
3088:
3074:Charter city
3048:
2979:Special area
2969:Insular area
2882:
2871:
2844:Attribution:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2808:
2798:
2788:
2767:
2755:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2707:
2692:
2679:
2660:
2654:
2625:
2613:
2604:
2580:
2567:
2563:
2562:The styling
2558:
2549:
2520:Buffer state
2476:
2465:
2464:
2424:Roman Empire
2400:
2389:
2381:sankin-kōtai
2379:
2373:
2353:
2351:
2336:Tang dynasty
2332:major states
2327:
2307:
2304:commanderies
2297:
2292:
2290:
2259:
2243:
2237:
2206:
2197:
2186:Please help
2178:
2145:
2136:
2119:
2113:
2104:His family,
2103:
2080:
2063:
2053:
2030:
1999:
1997:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1970:
1947:
1922:
1913:
1902:Please help
1897:verification
1894:
1866:Nordmarkerna
1865:
1847:
1811:
1810:In Finland,
1809:
1781:
1764:
1745:
1735:
1728:
1718:
1684:
1668:
1665:Middle March
1660:
1652:
1644:
1638:
1617:
1615:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1590:
1565:
1563:
1559:buffer zones
1554:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:In medieval
1525:
1516:Székely Land
1459:
1456:Risorgimento
1451:
1450:
1446:Julian March
1422:Papal States
1407:
1382:
1358:
1356:
1336:
1332:adding to it
1327:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1221:
1122:Valenciennes
1102:
1095:Windic march
1032:
1003:Meißen March
982:
965:Baltic coast
910:
909:
874:
864:
852:
840:
833:
822:
779:
747:Haute-Vienne
736:
718:
705:
691:
685:
632:
628:
557:
519:Nordalbingen
496:Danish March
480:
475:
469:
460:
456:
449:
440:
427:
421:
415:
413:
388:
380:
370:
349:
309:
305:
303:
296:
283:
270:
267:
262:
254:
247:
240:
232:
223:
212:
205:
201:("margin"),
198:
191:
187:
181:
129:
125:
117:
109:
105:
89:
85:
75:
54:
50:
44:
4730:Geopolitics
4710:Marquisates
4575:Landskommun
4467:Savivaldybė
4333:Switzerland
4328:South Tyrol
4208:Viceroyalty
4001:Governorate
3959:Condominium
3862:Trade zone
3736:Market town
3731:Census town
3629:Proto-state
3601:Microregion
3166:County town
3161:County seat
3028:Half-canton
2881:A. Thomas,
2774:, p. .
2762:, p. .
2750:, p. .
2738:, p. .
2726:, p. .
2483:Wild Fields
2459:Wild Fields
2457:Map of the
2368:, known as
2362:Ainu people
2256:The Balkans
1985:pura Wallia
1966:River Trent
1958:Old English
1950:Anglo-Saxon
1838: [
1750:are called
1715:Scandinavia
1681:Lower March
1641:Upper March
1298:Map of the
1251:margraviate
1247:markgraftum
1218:Lippe River
1174:Brandenburg
1103:White March
865:département
853:département
738:département
729:Bourbonnais
612:(the later
399:, included
352:Charlemagne
275:kingdom of
273:Anglo-Saxon
237:Old English
67:buffer zone
4704:Categories
4523:Historical
4487:Shahrestān
4430:Autonomous
4178:Presidency
4126:Historical
4095:Suzerainty
4078:Autonomous
3922:Autonomous
3644:Free state
3634:City-state
3596:Mesoregion
3489:Prefecture
3216:Department
2781:References
2736:Lydon 1998
2712:Lydon 1998
2618:Lewis 1965
2439:See also:
2428:See also:
2417:See also:
2348:Han system
2346:See also:
2245:marz, մարզ
2229:Al-'Awasim
2150:Richard II
2077:Edward III
1998:The title
1835:Söörmarkku
1823:Noormarkku
1804:Þela tribe
1691:and later
1677:Medinaceli
1675:and later
1375:Pentapolis
1166:Mittelmark
1080:Sann March
1065:Drau March
1005:in modern
877:Marcomanni
838:of Paris.
814:Charles IV
802:Count Hugh
761:and later
676:Al-Andalus
660:and Slavs;
650:Carantania
610:Wienerwald
608:river and
602:Avar march
589:in modern
542:Thuringian
481:The early
445:Septimania
360:Septimania
281:West Saxon
161:Markgräfin
114:Portuguese
59:borderland
4564:Landskap
4560:Län/Lääni
4514:Vingtaine
4482:Seniūnija
4472:Selsoviet
4447:Poblacion
4384:Landskap
4314:Gemeinde
4305:Freguesia
4260:Apskritis
4183:Residency
4148:Exarchate
4090:Sultanate
3981:Eldership
3912:Bailiwick
3661:Territory
3611:Subregion
3356:in the US
3188:Viscounty
3115:Community
2878:Endnote:
2338:reforms.
2192:talk page
2108:Lords of
2099:Angouleme
1816:Satakunta
1760:Vestmarka
1752:Nordmarka
1632:from the
1574:Pechenegs
1555:gyepűelve
1551:gyepűelve
1536:gyepűelve
1496:Novellare
1492:Guastalla
1484:Sabioneta
1472:Mirandola
1412:invested
1339:June 2008
1261:, or, as
1226:Ruhr area
1222:Hohe Mark
1194:Uckermark
1184:Pomerania
1160:Magdeburg
973:Schleswig
954:Lothar II
904:Obotrites
858:La Marche
835:parlement
829:Francis I
806:Philip IV
775:Confolens
702:la Marcha
654:Carinthia
561:sorabicus
535:Obotrites
465:feudalism
432:feudalism
318:"Ostmark"
314:Anschluss
290:with the
252:Old Norse
203:Old Irish
194:produced
178:Etymology
104:regions;
4665:See also
4400:Maakunta
4395:Località
4340:Gemeente
4300:Frazione
4270:Barangay
4100:Townland
4038:Precinct
4023:Muftiate
3974:District
3934:Cadastre
3746:Township
3524:Province
3415:(Canada)
3373:Division
3234:District
2568:marquess
2509:See also
2501:and the
2479:Cossacks
2449:Cossacks
2366:Hokkaidō
2324:counties
2154:marquess
2146:Markgraf
2142:margrave
2126:The Pale
2106:Mortimer
2082:de facto
2018:Mortimer
1968:valley.
1870:Dalsland
1850:Värmland
1829:Pomarkku
1800:Telemark
1770:Finnmark
1756:Østmarka
1737:Markland
1701:Zaragoza
1657:Pyrenees
1649:Zaragoza
1622:Portugal
1605:palisade
1602:meaning
1570:Székelys
1399:Camerino
1145:Markgraf
1107:Slovenia
1001:and the
931:Nordmark
825:Armagnac
810:appanage
794:Lusignan
759:Charroux
753:, up to
733:Auvergne
710:Limousin
623:east of
604:between
531:Holstein
472:Margrave
457:de facto
437:frontier
401:Cerdanya
393:Pyrenees
288:frontier
245:Frankish
221:Armenian
150:Markgraf
142:margrave
138:Scotland
130:marquise
110:marquesa
102:Galician
90:marquesa
78:marquess
4725:Borders
4660:italics
4620:Satrapy
4605:Pargana
4530:Commote
4388:Finland
4368:Finland
4360:Kampong
4350:Hromada
4323:Germany
4318:Austria
4290:Comarca
4248:Current
4203:Tithing
4173:Monthon
4158:Hundred
4105:Village
4058:Regency
4053:Quarter
3986:Emirate
3954:Commune
3944:Circuit
3900:Current
3198:Country
3036:Capital
2999:Borough
2885:(1879).
2861::
2724:Neville
2564:marquis
2467:Ukraine
2435:Ukraine
2419:Marzban
2391:daimyōs
2354:marches
2278:Akritai
2262:Krajina
2250:Persian
2234:Armenia
2138:Marquis
2122:Ireland
2110:Wigmore
1987:). The
1790:Hedmark
1741:Vikings
1720:Denmark
1709:Badajoz
1693:Badajoz
1663:). The
1626:Castile
1597:Turkish
1584:by the
1528:Hungary
1512:Cumania
1502:Hungary
1367:Picenum
1255:Ostmark
1235:Ostmark
1180:Neumark
1156:Hamburg
1152:Altmark
1118:Antwerp
1093:, also
1069:Marburg
1041:Ostmark
1023:Bautzen
1021:around
969:Stettin
963:on the
949:by the
911:Marches
860:in the
848:in the
698:Occitan
690:called
548:on the
461:de jure
441:Aprisio
428:aprisio
417:aprisio
364:Moorish
354:'s son
259:derived
217:Persian
172:Germany
168:
157:
126:marquis
118:markesa
106:marquês
98:Catalan
94:Spanish
86:marqués
82:England
4635:Syssel
4625:Socken
4593:Greece
4568:Sweden
4555:Korale
4550:Köping
4545:Komunë
4509:Tehsil
4425:Oblast
4373:Sweden
4295:Comune
4280:Bezirk
4275:Bashki
4265:Bakhsh
4138:Barony
4133:Agency
4110:Summer
4073:Sector
4068:Riding
4033:Parish
4006:Hamlet
3949:Colony
3939:Circle
3917:Banner
3556:Region
3138:County
3022:Canton
2868:Marche
2855:
2667:
2497:, the
2447:, and
2375:shōgun
2314:' and
2302:, the
2133:Titles
2069:Regent
1989:Norman
1954:Mercia
1854:Sweden
1707:, and
1705:Toledo
1697:Taifas
1689:Mérida
1673:Toledo
1612:Iberia
1578:Cumans
1488:Dosolo
1480:Bozolo
1476:Mantua
1460:marche
1452:Marche
1414:Werner
1379:Ancona
1371:Umbria
1352:Marche
1288:, and
1073:Pettau
1037:German
1017:; the
1013:; the
1009:; the
997:; the
900:Saxons
862:Nièvre
771:Bellac
763:Guéret
743:Creuse
714:Poitou
693:Marche
682:France
625:Vienna
595:Czechs
504:Schlei
452:feudal
409:Urgell
405:Girona
385:fealty
277:Mercia
233:*marko
192:mereg-
188:mereg-
186:root *
146:German
134:France
122:Basque
63:realms
4630:Subah
4615:Rreth
4610:Plasă
4600:Pagus
4588:Egypt
4584:Nome
4504:Sýsla
4497:China
4477:Sitio
4462:Raion
4452:Purok
4442:Ostān
4437:Okrug
4415:Mukim
4410:Muban
4405:Megye
4355:Județ
4345:Gmina
4198:Tenth
4168:March
4143:Burgh
4085:Shire
4016:Royal
4011:Manor
3969:Duchy
3929:Block
3621:State
2760:Moore
2541:Notes
2342:Japan
2316:kings
2312:dukes
2287:China
2114:March
1973:mearc
1962:Welsh
1842:]
1794:heath
1783:Finns
1778:Norse
1731:Norse
1724:Danes
1593:gyepű
1566:gyepű
1547:Gyepű
1540:gyepű
1532:gyepű
1403:Fermo
1359:marca
1311:Italy
1133:Other
1126:Ename
1084:Cilli
939:Wends
896:limes
850:Drôme
790:count
767:Dorat
751:Indre
725:Berry
658:Avars
633:Lower
629:Upper
559:limes
554:Sorbs
550:Saale
523:Eider
515:Saxon
508:Danes
500:Eider
389:catlá
381:miles
356:Louis
306:merki
284:mearc
263:merki
261:from
248:marka
241:mearc
239:word
210:Welsh
206:mruig
199:margo
196:Latin
51:march
4640:Zhou
4457:Qark
4193:Seat
4153:Hide
4117:Ward
3809:Zone
3783:Unit
3723:Town
3061:City
2962:Area
2748:Gwyn
2665:ISBN
2477:The
2472:name
2441:Krai
2328:xiàn
2280:and
2264:and
2260:See
2097:and
2031:The
1942:and
1812:mark
1774:Sámi
1758:and
1624:and
1600:yapi
1576:and
1545:The
1534:and
1518:and
1401:and
1206:Mark
1186:and
1158:and
1138:The
1097:and
1078:the
1071:and
1063:the
1052:the
1046:the
959:the
886:The
786:Boso
773:and
731:and
686:The
670:the
663:the
638:the
631:and
619:the
606:Enns
600:the
585:the
578:and
566:the
540:the
527:Elbe
525:and
513:the
502:and
494:The
476:graf
423:fisc
407:and
367:emir
310:mǫrk
271:The
255:mǫrk
243:and
225:marz
219:and
166:lit.
155:lit.
136:and
100:and
55:mark
49:, a
38:and
4535:Gau
4492:Sum
4255:Amt
2870:".
2566:or
2398:).
2396:Edo
2370:Ezo
2364:of
2308:jùn
2293:Fan
2156:".
2120:In
1906:by
1852:in
1848:In
1780:as
1743:.
1729:In
1726:".
1699:of
1582:Niš
1389:by
1334:.
1172:of
1056:or
741:of
544:or
517:or
213:bro
53:or
45:In
4706::
4662:.
4310:Fu
2637:^
2603:.
2592:^
2505:.
2443:,
2318:'
2268:.
2252:.
2101:.
2067:,
2028:.
1995:.
1856:,
1840:fi
1818::
1754:,
1711:.
1703:,
1572:,
1514:,
1498:.
1490:,
1486:,
1482:,
1405:.
1284:,
1124:,
1120:,
1116::
1086:);
1075:);
1039::
1025:);
820:.
777:.
769:,
716:.
700::
635:);
574:,
570:,
439:.
411:.
403:,
163:,
152:,
148::
140:,
124:;
84:;
2914:e
2907:t
2900:v
2838:.
2829:.
2820:.
2791:.
2673:.
2620:.
2607:.
2326:(
2306:(
2213:)
2207:(
2202:)
2198:(
2194:.
2184:.
2144:(
1979:(
1929:)
1923:(
1918:)
1914:(
1900:.
1806:"
1796:"
1786:)
1683:(
1667:(
1643:(
1377:(
1354:.
1341:)
1337:(
1271:.
1249:(
1200:.
1162:.
1128:.
1109:.
1101:(
1082:(
1067:(
1031:(
981:(
975:;
956:.
696:(
667:;
652:(
642:;
597:;
582:;
563:;
537:;
510:;
144:(
42:.
20:)
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