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Frustration–aggression hypothesis

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of aggression. The system is made up of and follows from the amygdala to the hypothalamus and finally to the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) In greater detail, research suggests that when one is threatened or frustrated by some stimuli, parts of our frontal cortex, that is our orbital, medial and ventrolateral frontal cortex, is activated which works in tandem with our threat response system, the amygdala-hypothalamus-PAG. More simply put, threatening events generate more action potentials in the frontal cortex regions which then relay onto the amygdala-hypothalamus-PAG. It is in this basic threat response system where the decision on which response should take hold based on the information received from the frontal cortex regions. As mentioned, there are varying degrees and responses that could take hold within an animal in the presence of a frustrating event. This has not shown to interfere with the basic circuitry at the neuronal level and simply implies that certain stimuli generate more action potentials than others, and thus stronger responses than others respectively. In the face of this, animals portray a response hierarchy at the onset of a frustrating event. For example, when low levels of danger are perceived, the threat response system induces freezing in the animal; closer subjects of threat generate the act of fleeing from their surroundings and finally, where the source of the threat is so close that escape is no longer an option, the threat circuitry system will induce reactive aggression in the animal. What this means is that the closer a frustrating stimulus is presented to us, the greater the chances our basic response systems will be activated and thus will give rise to certain behaviors accordingly. Furthermore, some research has shown that "individuals with elevated susceptibility for frustration greater activity within these regions in response to frustrating events relative to those with less susceptibility". What this research suggests is that people who get frustrated more easily than others show greater activity in the frontal cortex in connection with the amygdala-hypothalamus-PAG, the system that makes us act, given a strong enough stimulus, aggressively with reference to the studies at hand.
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accurately as possible. In all conditions, the experimenter started presenting the instructions in a deliberately fast manner. The conditions differed on how the experimenter responded to the confederate's request to slow down. In the non-frustration control condition, the experimenter apologized and slowed down. In the unjustified frustration condition, the experimenter revealed his desire to leave as quickly as possible for personal reasons. In the justified frustration condition, the experimenter revealed a need to clear the room as fast as possible due to the supervisor demand. The subjects were then given questionnaires on their levels of aggression as well as questionnaires about the competence of the research staff. They were told that these questionnaires would determine whether the research staff would receive financial aid, or verbal reprimands and a reduction in financial awards. The questions presented on the questionnaire were designed to reflect the research staff's competence and likability. Dill and Anderson found that participants in the unjustified frustration condition rated the research staff as less able and less likable, knowing this would affect their financial situation as graduate students. The justified frustration group rated the staff as less likable and less competent than the control group, but higher on both rating scales than the unjustified condition participants. The authors concluded that unjustified frustration leads to greater level of aggression, compared to justified frustration, which, in turn, results in higher levels of aggression compared to the non-frustration situations.
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lasted 45 minutes and was in a large group setting. During this phase participants were asked to complete a series of questionnaires that assessed their video game playing habits and aggression. The second phase was a one-on-one session with each participant. During this phase participants played video games and were assigned to one of four conditions: 1) video game with violent content in low/nonfrustrating mode, 2) video game with violent content in frustrating mode, 3) video game with nonviolent content in low/nonfrustrating mode, and 4) video game with nonviolent content in frustration mode. As part of the frustrating conditions, participants were informed that their scores would be compared to other participants and that higher performance would be rewarded with a $ 100 gift card. Afterwards, participants completed a questionnaire similar to phase one. Ultimately, this study found that exposure to violent content influenced participants' aggressive responses when playing video games. He also found that frustration with gameplay was just as impactful, if not greater, on participants' aggressive responses. Participants who were exposed to violent content and presented frustration with game-play reported the highest scores in trait hostility.
266:(ERPs). After this task, parents and children participated in a semistructured dyadic interaction, which involved the researchers assessment of child-directed parental hostility during a 10-minute interaction. Families then returned to the laboratory between 2 and 20 days for the second session of the experiment. The second session asked children to participate in a provocation task, which was designed to evoke a reactive aggression response. All families were paid $ 50 for their participation and were debriefed. The authors reported that physically maltreated children displayed greater negative affect and aggressive behavior compared to children that were not physically maltreated. This relationship was mediated by the children's attention to angry faces, as measured by the ERP. Ultimately, these findings suggest that physical maltreatment of children leads to child dysregulation of their negative affect and aggression. 181:
or not aggression will be following frustration. In 1955, he published results of a study he conducted, which included 60 female students, that showed that people were less likely to demonstrate aggression when social standards were stressed. Moreover, he built on what Doob and Sears' study previously claimed, which is that demonstration of aggressive behavior will depend on the anticipation of punishment. Indeed, Cohen's result showed that people were less likely to demonstrate aggression towards the frustration agent if the latter was an authoritative figure. He also investigated Nicholas Pastore's statement that aggression was more likely to follow in a context of an arbitrary context when compared to a non-arbitrary one, and reached the same conclusions.
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lead readers to think that frustration could only have aggression as a consequence, and it did not allow the possibility that other responses could arise and override the aggression response. The Yale group thus reformulated the hypothesis as following: "frustration produces instigation to a number of different types of response, one of which is aggression". With this new formulation, the researchers left more place for the idea that aggressive impulses are not the only kinds that can emerge when an individual feels frustration. Other impulses, such as fear of punishment, can outweigh or even attenuate aggression instigations until it disappears, which would explain situations where frustration does not lead to outright aggression.
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extremely angry subject will show aggression even if the aggression cue is absent. The most provocative theory introduced by Berkowitz is his "aggressive cues" hypothesis, stating that for young children, previous exposure to any objects or events such as military weapon toys showing destruction effects will work as aggressive cues to increase the chances of aggression behaviors. The modification of frustration/aggression hypothesis by Berkowitz discussed that the aggressive behavior originates from internal forces such as anger, aggressive habits and external stimuli. These theories help explain the reasons why aggression is evoked, but did not explain well the procedure of aggressive habits developments into aggressive stimuli.
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of frustration (legitimate and illegitimate), compared to the control group which finished the task successfully, the internal reaction measured by heart rate and rating of three 21-step bipolar scales shows great level. Nevertheless, there is no significant difference of internal reaction between legitimate and illegitimate groups. For the second part of the experiment, when previous two groups experiencing legitimate and illegitimate frustration, encounter an innocent partner in order to perform an unrelated task, the group with previous illegitimate frustration shows greater external reaction which is openly punitive actions towards the innocent partner than the group experiencing previous legitimate frustration does.
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situations decrease the aggressiveness of response. In this study, participants from a sample of 131 college students were presented with the verbal description of two types of situations, arbitrary and non-arbitrary. One of the arbitrary situation examples was being intentionally passed by the bus driver, while waiting at the correct bus stops. A non-arbitrary situation was described in one of the examples as being passed by the bus, while it was specifically marked as heading for a garage. The study results suggested that arbitrariness of the situation is an important factor in eliciting aggressive behavior in frustrating situations, with arbitrary situations inducing more aggression.
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are social norms and the relationship with the frustrating agent. In his study, 60 volunteer participants were rating 14 statements on the levels of predicted aggressiveness. Cohen found that people tend to respond less aggressively if the frustrating agent is an authority figure, rather than a friend and that people respond to frustration with less aggression if the socially accepted norms require to do so. Berkowitz addressed this criticism in his 1989 article and proposed that frustration, and ultimately aggression, is induced when individuals think they have been deliberately and wrongly kept from their goal.
81:. It attempts to give an explanation as to the cause of violence. According to Dollard and colleagues, frustration is the "condition which exists when a goal-response suffers interference", while aggression is defined as "an act whose goal-response is injury to an organism (or an organism surrogate)". The theory says that frustration causes aggression, but when the source of the frustration cannot be challenged, the aggression gets displaced onto an innocent target. For example, if a man is disrespected and 294:, by observing apes and children, placed reasons for the breaking out of a fight into three different categories. While one of the categories was frustration, the other two were classified as possession disputes and resentment of a stranger intrusion. Addressing this criticism, Berkowitz suggested that the controversy around the frustration–aggression hypothesis has its roots in the lack of a common definition for frustration. He advocated that if frustration is defined as a reaction to a blocking of a 224:
resistance to attain a certain goal, frustration can be conceptualized as arising from an inconsistency between a perceived situation and a desired, or expected, situation; that is, the availability of the preconditions required to be able to complete some internal response sequence. In this approach, aggressive behavior functions to forcefully manipulate the perception into matching the expected situation. Furthermore, this approach puts aggression in the broader context of
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tends to deindividuate them. For instance, individuals may behave aggressively when they are with their friends or in a big crowd (e.g. while watching a hockey game), but might not behave aggressively when they are by themselves (e.g. watching the game alone at home). When individuals are in a crowd, they are more likely to become desensitised of their own actions and less likely to take responsibility. This phenomenon is known as
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aggressive behaviors. The study collected data from 50 boys through the Madison, Wisconsin Public Schools. Within this sample, 17 children had a history of physical maltreatment. Families attended two separate sessions in the laboratory. The first session involved the children completing an emotional oddball task while having their neural responses recorded via
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Indeed, the hypothesis does not take into consideration the individuality of human beings. According to Dixon and Johnson, two people can respond differently to the same frustration stimuli. For instance, some could respond aggressively while driving on the highway after being cut off by another car,
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Some sources suggest that there is little empirical support for it, even though researchers have studied it for more than sixty years. Also, this theory suggests frustrated, prejudiced individuals should act more aggressively towards out-groups they are prejudiced against, but studies have shown that
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Later research was focused more on refining the hypothesis, rather than on denying its correctness. In one of the earlier studies, following the publication of Dollard et al.'s book, Pastore argued that the hypothesis should distinguish between arbitrary and non-arbitrary situations, as non-arbitrary
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Some studies have shown that frustrating and equally threatening events may generate feelings of aggression. This is based on the account that one of our neural systems is responsible for executing the basic responses to threat. It so happens that one of these basic responses from this system is that
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culture. Indeed, Balinese children are taught to take pleasure, satisfaction, in the steps that lead to their goals, without waiting for satisfaction climaxes by completion of such goals. Following the same line of thoughts, Arthur R. Cohen considered social norms to be an important factor in whether
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observed the frustration–aggression hypothesis under a cultural angle. According to him, culture was implicitly involved in the hypothesis itself, as it was dealing with human behaviour, which is always formed and influenced by the environment, be it social or cultural. He stated that it is easier to
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Building on Pastore's work, in his 1955 empirical study, Cohen confirmed that the arbitrariness of a situation affects the level of aggressiveness. However, the study also supported his hypothesis that two more factors need to be accounted for in the frustration–aggression hypothesis. Those factors
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In his article published in 1980, Leonard Berkowitz further discussed the relationship between the frustration and the level of aggression by adding the differentiation between the internal and external reaction to the frustration. In his first part of experiment, he found that for both of the types
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In 1964, Leonard Berkowitz stated that it is necessary to have an aggression stimulus to make aggression take place. Then in 1974 and 1993, he remodified the frustration/aggression hypothesis into a theory that removed the importance of aggressive cues to the aggressive behavior. Which is to say, an
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The authors stated that despite an ample amount of empirical research that examines the link between frustration and aggressive behaviors, there is a decline in the number of studies that specifically refers to the frustration–aggression hypothesis. Breuer and Elson propose that there is utility in
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One study by Williams examined the impact of violent content and frustration with game-play and assessed how these factors are related to aggressive personality (i.e., trait hostility). His study collected data from 150 male college undergraduates. The study consisted of two phases. The first phase
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In 1941, the Yale group clarified their original statement which was "that the occurrence of aggressive behavior always presuppose the existence of frustration and, contrariwise, that the existence of frustration always lead to some form of aggression". As it was, the second part of this hypothesis
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are two of the papers that published articles on the subject. Many social scientists disclaimed the rather strict definition of frustration reactions as well as how the frustration concept is defined in itself. By 1941, the Yale group modified their theory following the multiple critics and studies
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The Yale group's hypothesis does not explain why aggressive behavior could be manifested in different social environments without previous provocation or feeling of frustration. However, according to Gross and Osterman, people may lose their sense of uniqueness in mass societal contexts because it
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bird. The experimental procedure comprised an instruction phase and a folding phase. During the instruction phase, a participant paired with a confederate was shown how to fold a bird only one time. The folding phase was timed and each subject was required to make the bird alone as quickly and as
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The frustration–aggression hypothesis emerged in 1939 through the form of a monograph published by the Yale University Institute of Human Relations. The Yale psychologists behind the monograph were John Dollard, Leonard Doob, Neal Miller, O. H Mowrer, and Robert Sears. The book is based on many
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Another study by Shackman and Pollak tested the impact of physical maltreatment of children on their reactive aggression. The authors tested the relationships between individual differences in social information processing, history of physical maltreatment, and child negative affect and their
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The frustration–aggression hypothesis implies that aggression is followed or triggered by a feeling of frustration as proposed by the Yale group. Yet, other studies support contradictory claims. Certain subjects in some studies have shown to not respond aggressively to frustration given their
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always precedes aggression, and aggression is the sure consequence of frustration. Two years later, however, Miller and Sears re-formulated the hypothesis to suggest that while frustration creates a need to respond, some form of aggression is one possible outcome. Therefore, the re-formulated
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theories assume that "when two or more simultaneously active cognitive structures are logically inconsistent, arousal is increased, which activates processes with the expected consequence of increasing consistency and decreasing arousal." By defining frustration as arising from the perceived
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conducted a study investigating whether hostile aggression differs in justified vs. unjustified frustration conditions—compared to the control condition which would not induce frustration. The study task required participants to learn and make an
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and frustration out on his family. This theory is also used to explain riots and revolutions, which both are believed to be caused by poorer and more deprived sections of society who may express their bottled up frustration and anger through violence.
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While some researchers criticized the hypothesis and proposed moderating factors between frustration and aggression, several empirical studies were able to confirm it as is. In 1989, Berkowitz expanded on the hypothesis by suggesting that
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hypothesis stated that while frustration prompts a behavior that may or may not be aggressive, any aggressive behavior is the result of frustration, making frustration not sufficient, but a necessary condition for aggression.
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whereas others with a different temperament could not react to it. However, the theory assumes that if two different people receive the same frustration stimuli, they will react similarly or equally aggressively.
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using the frustration–aggression hypothesis as a theoretical foundation for aggression literature and that this theory may have novel applications for other areas such as media psychology.
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fit the hypothesis in people whose culture portray life as series of neutral or frustrating events that lead to satisfying ends. This would be the case for European culture and for
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exemplified this technique that essentially denounces the principles of the frustration–aggression theory in that he restrained himself from feeling these innate desires.
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Siegrist, J; Menrath, I; Stocker, T; Klein, M; Kellermann, T; Shah, N.J; et al. (2005). "Differential brain activation according to social reward frustration".
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Cohen, Arthur R. (1955). "Social norms, arbitrariness of frustration, and status of the agent of frustration in the frustration-aggression hypothesis".
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Cohen, Arthur R. (1955). "Social norms, arbitrariness of frustration, and status of the agent of frustration in the frustration-aggression hypothesis".
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Berkowitz, Leonard (1981). "On the difference between internal and external reactions to legitimate and illegitimate frustrations: A demonstration".
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published by other psychologists. From there, many pioneers in the social science world modified and brought their knowledge to the original theory.
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Blanchard, Robert J.; Blanchard, D.Caroline; Takahashi, Toshiaki; Kelley, Michael J. (1977). "Attack and defensive behaviour in the albino rat".
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Leonard, Berkowitz (1974). "Some determinants of impulsive aggression: Role of mediated associations with reinforcements for aggression".
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or an interruption of some internal response sequence, those various reasons for aggression actually fall under the frustration umbrella.
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Gregg, T.R. (2001). "Britain structures and neurotransmitters regulating aggression in cats: Implications for human aggression".
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Doob, Leonard W.; Sears, Robert R. (1939). "Factors determining substitute behavior and the overt expression of aggression".
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in 1989. The theory says that aggression is the result of blocking, or frustrating, a person's efforts to attain a goal.
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Archer, J. (1976). "The organization of aggression and fear in vertebrates". In Bateson, P.P.G.; Klopfer, P.H. (eds.).
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Blair, R.J (2010). "Psychopathy, frustration, and reactive aggression: The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex".
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Williams, Kevin (2009). "The Effects of Frustration, Violence, and Trait Hostility After Playing a Video Game".
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The frustration–aggression theory has been studied since 1939, and there have been modifications. Dill and
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Dill, Jody C.; Anderson, Craig A. (1995). "Effects of frustration justification on hostile aggression".
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and personal attributions play a major role in whether frustration instigates aggressive behavior.
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Pastore, Nicholas (1952). "The role of arbitrariness in the frustration-aggression hypothesis".
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at his work, but cannot respond to this for fear of losing his job, he may go home and take his
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Berkowitz, Leonard (1989). "Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformulation".
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personal, moral and educational backgrounds. For instance, the Indian culture uses the
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New York: Columbia. 1106:Behavioural Processes 282:, psychologists, and 221:Cognitive-consistency 123:, psychoanalysis and 2145:Cognitive dissonance 1747:Outgroup homogeneity 1678:Mere-exposure effect 1224:Psychological Review 914:Psychological Review 884:Psychological Review 510:Psychological Review 434:Psychological Review 344:Cognitive dissonance 185:Justification factor 133:Psychological Review 34:, also known as the 27:Theory of aggression 2110:Cultural relativism 2060:Reciprocal altruism 1965:In-group favoritism 1935:Social facilitation 1468:(4pt1): 1021–1033. 1207:Gray, J.A. (1987). 1174:Hebb, D.O. (1949). 1066:Aggressive Behavior 1013:Aggressive Behavior 587:"Cause of Violence" 274:The publication of 2082:Prisoner's dilemma 2055:Prosocial behavior 1955:Group polarization 1875:Milgram experiment 1836:Autokinetic effect 1577:. Brooks/Cole Pub. 470:. pp. 59–73. 2225: 2224: 2217:Self-serving bias 2185:Confirmation bias 2170:Explanatory style 1950:Group development 1752:Stereotype threat 1668:Attachment theory 1652:Social psychology 1386:(17): 1899–1903. 1050:978-0-495-60038-1 402:10.1037/10022-000 253:Empirical studies 228:, also involving 64:Leonard Berkowitz 38:, is a theory of 16:(Redirected from 2250: 2140:Spotlight effect 2070:Empathy-altruism 2050:Bystander effect 1995:Frog pond effect 1990:Self-enhancement 1887:Self-concealment 1789:Social influence 1722: 1645: 1638: 1631: 1622: 1615: 1614: 1588: 1579: 1578: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1540: 1534: 1530: 1527:10.1037/h0054548 1510: 1504: 1503: 1493: 1453: 1447: 1446: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1375: 1369: 1368: 1337:Animal Behaviour 1332: 1326: 1325: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1254: 1248: 1247: 1236:10.1037/h0036094 1219: 1213: 1212: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1189: 1180: 1179: 1171: 1162: 1161: 1159: 1149: 1138: 1137: 1101: 1090: 1089: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1008: 999: 998: 995:10.1037/h0059513 978: 972: 971: 960:10.1037/h0039947 943: 930: 929: 926:10.1037/h0055948 909: 900: 899: 896:10.1037/h0055861 879: 870: 869: 839: 830: 829: 821: 815: 814: 806: 800: 796: 760: 749: 745: 734:10.1037/h0044667 717: 711: 707: 696:10.1037/h0040505 679: 673: 669: 658:10.1037/h0039947 641: 632: 628: 617:10.1037/h0060884 600: 591: 590: 583: 574: 573: 555: 544: 543: 535: 529: 525: 522:10.1037/h0059717 501: 495: 494: 486: 480: 479: 459: 453: 449: 446:10.1037/h0055861 431: 423: 414: 413: 395: 385: 21: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2156: 2126: 2086: 2036: 2020:Deindividuation 2001: 1945:Social cohesion 1911: 1783: 1723: 1714: 1700:Parenting style 1673:Falling in love 1654: 1649: 1619: 1618: 1611: 1590: 1589: 1582: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1542: 1541: 1537: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1291: 1290: 1286: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1191: 1190: 1183: 1173: 1172: 1165: 1151: 1150: 1141: 1103: 1102: 1093: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1051: 1038: 1037: 1033: 1010: 1009: 1002: 980: 979: 975: 945: 944: 933: 911: 910: 903: 881: 880: 873: 866: 841: 840: 833: 823: 822: 818: 808: 807: 803: 762: 761: 752: 719: 718: 714: 681: 680: 676: 643: 642: 635: 602: 601: 594: 585: 584: 577: 570: 557: 556: 547: 537: 536: 532: 503: 502: 498: 488: 487: 483: 461: 460: 456: 425: 424: 417: 387: 386: 373: 368: 340: 332:deindividuation 272: 255: 246: 218: 205: 187: 169:Gregory Bateson 161: 104: 96:negative affect 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2256: 2254: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2230: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2202: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2180:Framing effect 2177: 2172: 2166: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2142: 2136: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2096: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2052: 2046: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2034: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2017: 2011: 2009: 2003: 2002: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1940:Social loafing 1937: 1932: 1927: 1921: 1919: 1917:Group dynamics 1913: 1912: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1892:Social anxiety 1889: 1884: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1867: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1850: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1793: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1774:Discrimination 1771: 1766: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1739: 1733: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1670: 1664: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1648: 1647: 1640: 1633: 1625: 1617: 1616: 1609: 1580: 1565: 1550: 1535: 1521:(4): 225–238. 1505: 1448: 1429:(3): 291–310. 1413: 1370: 1343:(3): 622–634. 1327: 1284: 1265:(3): 383–399. 1249: 1230:(2): 165–176. 1214: 1199: 1181: 1163: 1139: 1091: 1056: 1049: 1031: 1019:(5): 359–369. 1000: 989:(3): 293–313. 973: 954:(2): 222–226. 931: 920:(4): 350–355. 901: 890:(4): 337–342. 871: 864: 831: 816: 801: 750: 728:(1): 183–187. 712: 674: 652:(2): 222–226. 633: 611:(3): 728–731. 592: 575: 569:978-0495811282 568: 545: 530: 516:(4): 343–346. 496: 481: 454: 440:(4): 337–342. 415: 370: 369: 367: 364: 363: 362: 356: 351: 346: 339: 336: 320:Mahatma Gandhi 271: 268: 254: 251: 245: 242: 217: 214: 204: 201: 186: 183: 160: 157: 103: 100: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2255: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2233: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2117:Individualism 2115: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2105:Culture shock 2103: 2102: 2101: 2100:Enculturation 2098: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2004: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1925:Belongingness 1923: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1907:Social stress 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1612: 1610:9781468436617 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1569: 1566: 1561: 1554: 1551: 1546: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1520: 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782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 759: 757: 755: 751: 748: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 716: 713: 710: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 678: 675: 672: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 640: 638: 634: 631: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 599: 597: 593: 589:. 2012-05-21. 588: 582: 580: 576: 571: 565: 561: 554: 552: 550: 546: 541: 534: 531: 528: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 500: 497: 492: 485: 482: 477: 473: 469: 465: 458: 455: 452: 447: 443: 439: 435: 430: 422: 420: 416: 411: 407: 403: 399: 394: 393: 384: 382: 380: 378: 376: 372: 365: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 337: 335: 333: 327: 323: 321: 317: 311: 307: 303: 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 284:psychiatrists 281: 277: 269: 267: 265: 259: 252: 250: 243: 241: 239: 235: 231: 227: 222: 215: 213: 209: 202: 200: 197: 192: 184: 182: 179: 175: 170: 165: 158: 156: 153: 150: 146: 141: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 101: 99: 97: 91: 88: 84: 80: 75: 72: 67: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 2132:Self-concept 2122:Collectivism 2031: 1902:Social proof 1592: 1574: 1568: 1559: 1553: 1544: 1538: 1518: 1514: 1508: 1465: 1461: 1451: 1426: 1422: 1416: 1383: 1379: 1373: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1262: 1258: 1252: 1227: 1223: 1217: 1208: 1202: 1193: 1175: 1155: 1109: 1105: 1072:(2): 83–96. 1069: 1065: 1059: 1040: 1034: 1016: 1012: 986: 982: 976: 951: 947: 917: 913: 887: 883: 847: 825: 819: 810: 804: 771:(1): 59–73. 768: 764: 725: 721: 715: 687: 683: 677: 649: 645: 608: 604: 559: 539: 533: 513: 509: 499: 490: 484: 467: 457: 437: 433: 391: 349:Going postal 328: 324: 312: 308: 304: 300: 280:behaviorists 275: 273: 260: 256: 247: 219: 210: 206: 188: 166: 162: 151: 148: 144: 142: 136: 132: 128: 113:anthropology 105: 92: 76: 68: 60:Robert Sears 56:Orval Mowrer 52:Leonard Doob 44:John Dollard 42:proposed by 35: 31: 29: 2162:Attribution 2077:Cooperation 1882:Reciprocity 1380:NeuroReport 125:behaviorism 71:frustration 48:Neal Miller 2238:Aggression 2232:Categories 2007:Aggression 1960:Groupthink 1853:Persuasion 1831:Conformity 1814:Compliance 1742:Stereotype 1683:Similarity 1593:Uniqueness 690:(1): 1–7. 366:References 316:Satyagraha 109:psychology 83:humiliated 40:aggression 2195:Heuristic 2025:Anonymity 1870:Obedience 1797:Authority 1737:Prejudice 1482:0954-5794 1443:145426017 1112:: 42–54. 1086:1098-2337 270:Criticism 234:curiosity 117:sociology 79:scapegoat 2042:Altruism 2015:Violence 1729:Conflict 1710:Adoption 1500:24914736 1408:46427838 1400:16272875 1365:38208898 1322:24497860 1314:11263761 1279:19321035 1134:56478466 1126:30562561 968:13263033 793:14314447 742:14459520 704:14017319 666:13263033 625:12980780 338:See also 191:Anderson 178:Balinese 135:and the 2092:Culture 1848:Passing 1807:Honesty 1705:Divorce 1491:4608022 1244:4594043 785:2667009 196:origami 121:Marxism 102:History 1607:  1498:  1488:  1480:  1441:  1406:  1398:  1363:  1357:562631 1355:  1320:  1312:  1277:  1242:  1132:  1124:  1084:  1047:  966:  862:  791:  783:  740:  702:  664:  623:  566:  410:256003 408:  292:Bowlby 288:Durbin 174:Iatmul 58:, and 1439:S2CID 1404:S2CID 1361:S2CID 1318:S2CID 1130:S2CID 828:: 11. 789:S2CID 296:drive 87:anger 1605:ISBN 1496:PMID 1478:ISSN 1396:PMID 1353:PMID 1310:PMID 1275:PMID 1240:PMID 1122:PMID 1082:ISSN 1045:ISBN 964:PMID 860:ISBN 781:PMID 738:PMID 700:PMID 662:PMID 621:PMID 564:ISBN 406:OCLC 290:and 238:Gray 232:and 230:fear 115:and 30:The 1597:doi 1532:APA 1523:doi 1486:PMC 1470:doi 1431:doi 1388:doi 1345:doi 1302:doi 1267:doi 1263:101 1232:doi 1114:doi 1110:159 1074:doi 1021:doi 991:doi 956:doi 922:doi 892:doi 852:doi 798:APA 773:doi 769:106 747:APA 730:doi 709:APA 692:doi 671:APA 654:doi 630:APA 613:doi 527:APA 518:doi 472:doi 451:APA 442:doi 398:doi 2234:: 1603:. 1583:^ 1519:38 1517:. 1494:. 1484:. 1476:. 1466:26 1464:. 1460:. 1437:. 1427:12 1425:. 1402:. 1394:. 1384:16 1382:. 1359:. 1351:. 1341:25 1339:. 1316:. 1308:. 1298:25 1296:. 1273:. 1261:. 1238:. 1228:81 1226:. 1184:^ 1166:^ 1142:^ 1128:. 1120:. 1108:. 1094:^ 1080:. 1068:. 1017:21 1015:. 1003:^ 987:34 985:. 962:. 952:51 950:. 934:^ 918:48 916:. 904:^ 888:48 886:. 874:^ 858:. 846:. 834:^ 787:. 779:. 767:. 753:^ 736:. 726:63 724:. 698:. 688:67 686:. 660:. 650:51 648:. 636:^ 619:. 609:47 607:. 595:^ 578:^ 548:^ 514:48 512:. 508:. 466:. 438:48 436:. 432:. 418:^ 404:. 374:^ 334:. 119:. 111:, 54:, 50:, 46:, 1644:e 1637:t 1630:v 1613:. 1599:: 1529:. 1525:: 1502:. 1472:: 1445:. 1433:: 1410:. 1390:: 1367:. 1347:: 1324:. 1304:: 1281:. 1269:: 1246:. 1234:: 1136:. 1116:: 1088:. 1076:: 1070:7 1053:. 1029:. 1027:. 1023:: 997:. 993:: 970:. 958:: 928:. 924:: 898:. 894:: 868:. 854:: 813:. 795:. 775:: 744:. 732:: 706:. 694:: 668:. 656:: 627:. 615:: 572:. 524:. 520:: 478:. 474:: 448:. 444:: 412:. 400:: 152:. 20:)

Index

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
aggression
John Dollard
Neal Miller
Leonard Doob
Orval Mowrer
Robert Sears
Leonard Berkowitz
frustration
scapegoat
humiliated
anger
negative affect
psychology
anthropology
sociology
Marxism
behaviorism
Gregory Bateson
Iatmul
Balinese
Anderson
origami
Cognitive-consistency
inconsistency reduction
fear
curiosity
Gray
event-related potentials
behaviorists

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