134:
121:
which a number of chants are sung throughout the streets and town homes, where innocence is insulted and morals offended… by many individuals, not just of the lowest class, but also by some people that are supposed to be called well educated…". Therefore, we can say that those "guarachas" of a very audacious content, were apparently already sung within a wide social sector of the Havana population.
72:
was composed or collected by Juan Garcia de
Zespedes, 1620–1678, Puebla, Mexico. This is a Spanish guaracha, a musical style popular in Caribbean colonies. "Happily celebrating, some lovely shepherds sing the new style of juguetes for a guaracha. In this guaracha we celebrate while the baby boy is lost in dreams. Play and dance because we have fire in the ice and ice in the fire."
109:
422:
was primarily a singer and composer of guarachas. The satirical lyric content also fitted well with the son, and many bands played both genres. Today it seems scarcely to exist as a distinct musical form, except in the hands of trova musicians; in larger groups it has been absorbed into the vast maw
120:
According to the commentaries published in "El Regañón de La Habana", we can conclude that those "guarachas" were very popular within the Havana population at that time, because in the same previously mentioned article the author says: "…but most importantly, what bothers me most is the liberty with
213:
had freed his slaves, and declared Cuban independence. Creole sentiments were running high, and the
Colonial government and their rich Spanish traders were reacting. Not for the first or the last time, politics and music were closely intertwined, for musicians had been integrated since before 1800.
71:
Though the word may be historically of
Spanish origin, its use in this context is of indigenous Cuban origin. These are excerpts from reference sources, in date order: A Latin American carol "Convidando esta la noche" dates from at least the mid 17th century and both mentions and is a guaracha. It
481:
During the 19th century, many Bufo
Theater Companies arrived in Puerto Rico from Cuba, and they brought with them the guaracha. At a later time the guaracha was adopted in Puerto Rico and became part of the Puerto Rican musical tradition, such as the "Rosarios Cantaos", the Baquiné, the Christmas
289:
of 1868 says: "The bufo troupe, we think, has an extensive repertory of tasty guarachas, with which to keep its public happy, better than the
Italian songs." The lyrics were full of slang, and dwelt on events and people in the news. Rhythmically, guaracha exhibits a series of rhythm combinations,
217:
In bufos the guaracha would occur at places indicated by the author: guaracheros would enter in coloured shirts, white trousers and boots, handkerchiefs on their heads, the women in white coats, and the group would perform the guaracha. In general the guaracha would involve a dialogue between the
197:
During the 19th century, the bufo theatre, with its robust humour, its creolized characters and its guarachas, played a part in the movement for the emancipation of slaves and the independence of Cuba. They played a part in criticising authorities, lampooning public figures and supporting heroic
116:
On
January 20, 1801, Buenaventura Pascual Ferrer published a note in a newspaper called "El Regañón de La Habana", in which he refers to certain chants that "run outside there through vulgar voices". Between them he mentioned a "guaracha" named "La Guabina", about which he says: "in the voice of
76:
The Gazeta de
Barcelona has a number of advertisements for music that mention the guaracha. The earliest mention in this source is #64, dated 11 August 1789, where there is an entry that reads "...otra del Sr. Brito, Portugues: el fandango, la guaracha y seis contradanzas, todo en cifra para
133:
117:
those that sings it, tastes like any thing dirty, indecent or disgusting that you can think about…" At a later time, in an undetermined date, "La
Guabina" appears published among the first musical scores printed in Havana at the beginning of the 19th century.
88:
where people of different races mix. The guaracha employs the structure soloist–coro, that is to say, verses or passages vary between the chorus and the soloist, improvisation occurs, and references made to daily matters, peppered with crafty
99:
These references are all to music, but whether of the same type is not quite clear. The usage of guaracha is sometimes extended, then meaning, generally, to have a good time. A different sense of the word means jest or diversion.
92:"Una canción popular que se canta a coro... Música u orquesta pobre, compuesta de acordeón o guitarra, güiro, maracas, etc". (a popular song, which is sung alternately (call & response?)... humble music and band &c).
124:
Buenaventura
Pascual Ferrer mentions also that at the beginning of the 19th century up to fifty dance parties were held in Havana every day, where the famous "Guaracha" was sung and danced among other popular pieces.
560:
says "We don't know when it originated; is supposed to have been used originally for a dance of
Spanish origin". However the word may originally have been used, in the context of Cuban music the text here is
161:
There is little evidence as to what style of dance was originally performed to the guaracha in Cuba. Some engravings from the 19th century suggest that it was a dance of independent couples, that is,
473:(Symphonette No. 4) (1940). Later in the 1980s Pedro Luis Ferrer and Virulo (Alejandro García Villalón) sought to renovate the guaracha, devising modern takes on the old themes.
43:, of rapid tempo and comic or picaresque lyrics. The word has been used in this sense at least since the late 18th and early 19th century. Guarachas were played and sung in
282:
had sung lyrics, and the guaracha definitely predates the habanera by some decades. Therefore, the guaracha is the first Cuban creole dance music which included singers.
458:, but brilliant with fast numbers. In modern Cuban music so many threads are interwoven that one cannot easily distinguish these older roots. Perhaps in the lyrics of
205:
in Havana an anti-Spanish bufo was playing, when suddenly some Spanish Voluntarios attacked the theatre, killing some ten or so patrons. The context was that the
911:
485:
The guaracha is a style of song-dance which is also considered music for the Christmas "Parrandas" and concert popular music. Several modern genres, such as
1079:
489:
and salsa, are considered to be influenced by the guaracha. The guaracha has been cultivated during the 20th century by Puerto Rican musicians such as
51:
comic theatre in the mid-19th century. During the later 19th and the early 20th century the guaracha was a favourite musical form in the brothels of
520:
Some famous guarachas are Hermoso Bouquet, Pueblo Latino, Borracho no vale, Compay póngase duro, Mujer trigueña, Marinerito and Piel Canela.
845:
904:
1463:
2242:
1072:
701:
2209:
462:
the topicality and sauciness of the old guarachas found new life, though the rhythm would have surprised the old-timers.
278:
in theatre music is common, but their use in popular dance music was not common in the 18th and 19th centuries. Only the
897:
210:
884:
490:
80:"Báile de la gentualla casi desusado" (dance for the rabble, somewhat old-fashioned). Leal comments on this: "The
1708:
1065:
2252:
2216:
407:
259:
2030:
1318:
494:
251:
235:
181:
in Cuba). The first creole dance form in Cuba known for certain to be danced by independent couples was the
1836:
2118:
2247:
2123:
1298:
44:
1693:
1270:
1227:
140:
873:
77:
guitarra...". A later entry #83, 15 October 1796, refers to a "...guaracha intitulada Tarántula...".
2055:
2050:
1713:
1373:
936:
443:
20:
410:(who worked in a brothel area of Havana), composed and sung guarachas as a balance for the slower
239:
1995:
1956:
1388:
1001:
743:, but without data on its source. This engraving shows persons of lower class dancing in couples.
510:
1923:
1635:
1621:
1483:
843:
Enciclopedia de Puerto Rico – Fundación Puertorriqueña de Las Humanidades. Artes / La Guaracha.
2237:
2113:
1985:
1643:
1558:
1443:
1365:
226:
and the chorus. The best period of the guaracha on stage was early in the 20th century in the
206:
150:
849:
1975:
1448:
1383:
1348:
1343:
1198:
991:
946:
323:
279:
231:
35:
2087:
2075:
2060:
2005:
2000:
1871:
1851:
1821:
1801:
1769:
1723:
1678:
1611:
1591:
1586:
1563:
1130:
986:
659:
La selva oscura, de los Bufos a la neo colonia: historia del teatro cubano de 1868 a 1902.
552:
vol 2, p179 says the term is "of Spanish (Andalusian) origin, and the dance was a kind of
889:
793:
La selva oscura: de los bufos a la neocolonia (historia del teatro cubano de 1868 a 1902)
767:
La selva oscura, de los Bufos a la neo colonia: historia del teatro cubano de 1868 a 1902
585:
La selva oscura: de los bufos a la neocolonia (historia del teatro cubano de 1868 a 1902)
419:
263:
2097:
2092:
2025:
1990:
1886:
1813:
1749:
1718:
1673:
1663:
1648:
1216:
1193:
1145:
502:
243:
166:
2231:
2178:
2168:
1881:
1856:
1831:
1744:
1703:
1260:
1188:
1158:
1153:
1021:
996:
971:
951:
920:
819:
Guarachas cubanas: curiosa recopilación desde las más antiguas hasta las más modernas
514:
506:
498:
447:
403:
186:
48:
1846:
1057:
941:
198:
revolutionaries. Satire and humour are significant weapons for a subjugated people.
2183:
1764:
1759:
1658:
1653:
1596:
1493:
1433:
1410:
1252:
1222:
1097:
1089:
466:
1906:
1275:
976:
705:
2204:
2148:
2128:
2020:
1980:
1935:
1913:
1901:
1891:
1774:
1688:
1606:
1578:
1510:
1505:
1453:
1303:
1265:
1183:
1178:
1110:
1036:
1031:
459:
424:
255:
170:
146:
430:
Singers who could handle the fast lyrics and were good improvisors were called
2188:
2070:
2015:
1930:
1918:
1683:
1668:
1353:
1338:
1308:
1280:
1173:
1026:
439:
415:
108:
726:
Carpentier, Alejo: La música en Cuba, Editorial Letras Cubanas, 1979, p. 108.
1952:
1786:
1739:
1698:
1616:
1425:
1415:
1393:
1313:
1290:
1237:
1232:
966:
451:
2163:
2143:
2082:
1866:
1016:
961:
182:
821:. La Habana, reprint 1963. The text of this book is not available on-line.
185:. If the guaracha is an earlier example, this would be interesting from a
2065:
1896:
1861:
1841:
1796:
1601:
1548:
1525:
1515:
1478:
1438:
1400:
1242:
1203:
1168:
1163:
1125:
1115:
1046:
1011:
1006:
399:
60:
574:. La Havana. "Báile de la gentualla casi en desuso". p303, 1985 reprint.
2153:
2133:
1500:
1473:
1405:
1378:
1105:
956:
553:
16:
Genre of Cuban popular music, of rapid tempo and with picaresque lyrics
1967:
1826:
1781:
1754:
1532:
1520:
1488:
1120:
931:
699:
Linares, María teresa: La guaracha cubana. Imagen del humor criollo.
455:
411:
275:
214:
Bufo theatres were shut down for some years after this tragic event.
52:
47:
and in working-class dance salons. They became an integral part of
2158:
2138:
2010:
1947:
1942:
1791:
1568:
1553:
1210:
1135:
1041:
486:
469: – the piece is found in the third movement of his
450:, sung almost every type of Cuban lyric well. A better example is
247:
223:
219:
174:
154:
132:
107:
56:
2173:
40:
1061:
893:
739:. La Habana. Illustrations following p67 include one subtitled
646:
Diccionario provincial casi razonado de vozes y frases cubanas
572:
Diccionario provincial casi razonado de vozes y frases cubanas
326:
quotes a number of guaracha verses that illustrate the style:
402:
and big bands as a type of up-tempo music. Many of the early
454:(Orlando Guerra), who was distinctly less comfortable with
55:. The guaracha survives today in the repertoires of some
817:
A Cuban source lists a range of guaracha lyrics: 1882.
137:
Ballerine dancing « la Quarache » in act 1 of
398:
In the mid-20th century the style was taken up by the
95:"Cierto género musical" (a particular genre of music).
741:
La guaracha es un símbolo del bufo, su german musical
465:
Among other composers who have written guarachas is
2197:
2106:
2043:
1966:
1812:
1732:
1634:
1577:
1541:
1462:
1424:
1364:
1331:
1289:
1251:
1144:
1096:
173:. The prototype independent couples dance was the
535:In some parts of that country it's considered as
661:La Habana. p19 (contributor's rough translation)
808:. Duke University, Durham NC; Tumi, Bath. p101
780:Diccionario enciclopédico de la música en Cuba
702:"La guaracha cubana. Imagen del humor criollo"
550:Diccionario enciclopédico de la música en Cuba
19:For the Colombian electronic music style, see
1073:
905:
795:. La Habana. p19 (contributor's translation).
8:
2217:Hispanic-influenced music in the Philippines
138:
598:San Isidro 1910: Alberto Yarini y su epocha
1963:
1574:
1286:
1080:
1066:
1058:
912:
898:
890:
695:
693:
611:Recuerdos secretos de los mujeres publicas
230:theatre in Havana, when such composers as
737:La seva oscura: de los bufos a la colonia
537:Música cubana del Areyto a la Nueva Trova
39:) is a genre of music that originated in
875:La GUARACHA; Guaracheras et Guaracheros
528:
242:wrote numbers for the top stage singer
112:María Teresa Vera & Rafael Zequeira
921:Cuban musical forms, genres and styles
539:. 2nd rev ed, Cubanacan, San Juan P.R.
631:Mangado y Artigas, Josep María 1998.
34:
7:
735:An illustration in Leal, Rine 1982.
209:had started the previous year, when
885:Guaracha|The Cuban Traditions Site
633:La guitarra en Cataluña, 1769–1939
548:Alternatively, Giro Radamés 2007.
378:(There's no mulatta more gorgeous,
14:
442:was an example, though she, like
648:. La Habana. p303, 1985 reprint.
482:songs and the Children's songs.
84:are known on other occasions as
609:Fernandez Robaina, Tomas 1983.
861:. Consultado: Agosto, 2, 2016.
685:El habla popular cubana de hoy
558:Diccionario de la música Labor
1:
365:más pilla y más sandunguera,
683:Santiesteban, Argelio 1985.
394:Guaracha in the 20th century
672:Nuevo catauro de cubanismos
384:nor one whose hips have got
381:more wicked and more spicy,
339:que acá jamás nunca vuelva.
250:musicians wrote guarachas:
63:and Cuban-style big bands.
2271:
471:Latin American Symphonette
387:more sugar than my Rosa!)
362:No hay mulata más hermosa.
355:That he never comes back!)
147:Académie royale de musique
18:
927:
830:Carpentier, Alejo 2001 .
596:Canizares, Dulcila 2000.
368:ni que tenga en la cadera
336:y que lo tenga tan tenido
333:Dios en el cielo lo tiene
211:Carlos Manuel de Céspedes
193:Guarachas in bufo theatre
104:Emergence of the Guaracha
782:. La Habana. vol 2, p179
644:Pichardo, Esteban 1836.
570:Pichardo, Esteban 1836.
371:más azúcar que mi Rosa.
806:Cuban music from A to Z
513:, Luigi Teixidor and "
477:Guaracha in Puerto Rico
352:May he keep him so well
791:From Leal, Rine 1982.
670:Ortiz, Fernando 1974.
635:. Tecla, London. p560
349:God in heaven has him;
246:. Most of the leading
158:
139:
113:
82:bailes de la gentualla
67:Early uses of the word
32:Spanish pronunciation:
2243:Cuban styles of music
136:
111:
1088:Music genres in the
877:by montunocubano.com
846:"Artes: La guaracha"
804:Orovio, Helio 2004.
754:Teatro del siglo XIX
177:(early 19th century
141:La muette de Portici
2051:Afro-Peruvian music
1374:Afro-Peruvian music
778:Giro Radamés 2007.
330:Mi marido se murió,
287:Diario de la Marina
129:Guaracha as a dance
36:[ɡwaˈɾatʃa]
21:Guaracha (Colombia)
1957:Charanga-vallenata
1389:Son de los Diablos
511:Francisco Alvarado
159:
114:
2225:
2224:
2039:
2038:
1630:
1629:
1327:
1326:
1055:
1054:
834:. Minneapolis MN.
765:Leal, Rine 1982.
752:Leal, Rine 1986.
687:. La Habana. p239
657:Leal, Rine 1982.
583:Leal, Rine 1982.
346:(My husband died,
236:José Marín Varona
203:Teatro Villanueva
151:Salle Le Peletier
2260:
2119:Canción melódica
1964:
1733:Traditional folk
1575:
1366:Peruvian coastal
1349:Paraguayan polka
1287:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1059:
914:
907:
900:
891:
881:
862:
860:
858:
857:
848:. Archived from
841:
835:
828:
822:
815:
809:
802:
796:
789:
783:
776:
770:
763:
757:
750:
744:
733:
727:
724:
718:
716:
714:
713:
704:. Archived from
697:
688:
681:
675:
668:
662:
655:
649:
642:
636:
629:
623:
620:
614:
607:
601:
594:
588:
581:
575:
568:
562:
546:
540:
533:
491:Rafael Hernández
444:Miguelito Valdés
324:Alejo Carpentier
319:
318:
317:
316:
304:
303:
302:
301:
232:Jorge Anckermann
144:
45:musical theatres
38:
33:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2253:Musical theatre
2228:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2193:
2102:
2076:Afro-Cuban jazz
2061:Bomba del Chota
2035:
1962:
1808:
1728:
1626:
1622:Orquesta típica
1612:Uruguayan tango
1587:Argentine tango
1573:
1537:
1465:
1458:
1420:
1360:
1323:
1285:
1247:
1140:
1092:
1086:
1056:
1051:
923:
918:
879:
870:
865:
855:
853:
844:
842:
838:
829:
825:
816:
812:
803:
799:
790:
786:
777:
773:
764:
760:
751:
747:
734:
730:
725:
721:
711:
709:
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698:
691:
682:
678:
669:
665:
656:
652:
643:
639:
630:
626:
621:
617:
608:
604:
595:
591:
582:
578:
569:
565:
547:
543:
534:
530:
526:
479:
396:
315:
310:
309:
308:
307:
306:
300:
295:
294:
293:
292:
291:
272:
201:In 1869 at the
195:
189:point of view.
131:
106:
69:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2230:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2098:Tropical music
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1960:
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1945:
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1939:
1938:
1928:
1927:
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1757:
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1599:
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1572:
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1566:
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1559:Música cebolla
1556:
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1536:
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1306:
1301:
1295:
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1278:
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1268:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1217:Canary Islands
1213:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1194:Rumba flamenca
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
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2248:Latin dances
2184:Spanish jazz
2107:Other genres
1876:
1709:Puerto Rican
981:
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854:. Retrieved
850:the original
839:
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769:. La Habana.
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710:. Retrieved
706:the original
684:
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674:. La Habana.
671:
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613:. La Habana.
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587:. La Habana.
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579:
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495:Pedro Flores
484:
480:
470:
467:Morton Gould
464:
435:
431:
429:
420:Ñico Saquito
397:
322:
312:
297:
286:
284:
273:
264:Ñico Saquito
262:, and later
252:Pepe Sánchez
240:Manuel Mauri
227:
216:
202:
200:
196:
178:
169:such as the
162:
160:
123:
119:
115:
98:
89:witticisms."
85:
81:
70:
27:
25:
2205:Latin music
2129:Contradanza
2021:Tecnocumbia
1996:New Chilean
1981:Bullerengue
1837:Cha-cha-cha
1770:jalisciense
1760:Mexican Son
1644:Alternative
1607:Nuevo tango
1506:Duranguense
1454:Nueva trova
1299:Alternative
1253:Latin urban
1111:Carnavalito
1032:son montuno
937:cha-cha-chá
880:(in French)
556:" and the
460:Los Van Van
436:guaracheras
432:guaracheros
285:The Havana
274:The use of
256:Sindo Garay
171:contradanza
59:musicians,
2232:Categories
2189:Villancico
2071:Latin jazz
2044:Afro-Latin
2001:Panamanian
1931:Son cubano
1724:Venezuelan
1684:Latin rock
1679:Ecuadorian
1339:Chamarrita
1332:Litoraleña
1319:Panamanian
1309:Moombahton
1215:Isa (from
1002:mozambique
856:2016-08-02
712:2016-08-04
622:see note 2
524:References
499:Bobby Capó
448:Benny Moré
440:Celia Cruz
406:, such as
404:trovadores
157:) in 1828.
2210:subgenres
2149:Pasacalle
2124:Christian
2114:Aguinaldo
1986:Colombian
1976:Argentine
1953:Vallenato
1924:romántica
1907:Guaguancó
1787:Zamacueca
1740:Chacarera
1719:Uruguayan
1699:Nueva ola
1674:Dominican
1664:Colombian
1649:Argentine
1617:Bandoneon
1439:Colombian
1426:Latin pop
1416:Zamacueca
1394:Toro Mata
1314:Neoperreo
1291:Reggaeton
1238:Tajaraste
1233:Pasodoble
1228:Malagueña
977:guaguancó
967:danzonete
561:accurate.
452:Cascarita
416:canciónes
400:conjuntos
61:conjuntos
2238:Guaracha
2066:Candombe
2006:Peruvian
1897:Pachanga
1892:Méringue
1887:Merengue
1877:Guaracha
1862:Cuarteto
1852:Charanga
1842:Champeta
1814:Tropical
1797:Marinera
1765:huasteco
1704:Peruvian
1602:Neotango
1549:Candombe
1526:Ranchera
1516:Mariachi
1479:Conjunto
1464:Regional
1401:Marinera
1344:Guarania
1304:Bachatón
1243:Zarzuela
1184:Cantiñas
1179:Bulerías
1169:Flamenco
1164:Fandango
1126:Morenada
1116:Diablada
1007:pachanga
992:habanera
982:guaracha
947:columbia
290:such as
280:habanera
228:Alhambra
28:guaracha
2198:Related
2154:Pasillo
2134:Criolla
2088:Milonga
2031:Cachaca
2026:Villera
1991:Mexican
1936:montuno
1872:Guajira
1847:Changüí
1832:Calypso
1822:Bachata
1775:jarocho
1714:Spanish
1694:Mexican
1659:Chilean
1654:Chicano
1592:Milonga
1564:Milonga
1501:Grupera
1484:Norteño
1474:Corrido
1466:Mexican
1444:Mexican
1406:Tondero
1379:Festejo
1354:Chamamé
1276:R&B
1261:Hip hop
1174:Alboreá
1106:Bambuco
987:guajira
957:criolla
942:changüí
554:zapateo
456:boleros
412:boleros
145:at the
2164:Pregón
2144:Décima
2093:Tambor
2083:Mapalé
1968:Cumbia
1867:Danzón
1827:Bolero
1782:Tonada
1755:Joropo
1533:Trival
1521:Jarabe
1494:Tejano
1489:Nortec
1434:Ballad
1271:Reggae
1121:Huayno
1098:Andean
1017:pregón
962:danzón
932:bolero
276:lyrics
270:Lyrics
222:, the
183:danzón
53:Havana
2159:Plena
2139:Danza
2056:Bomba
2011:Porro
1948:Trova
1943:Timba
1914:Salsa
1902:Rumba
1882:Mambo
1857:Conga
1802:Zamba
1792:Cueca
1689:Metal
1669:Cuban
1579:Tango
1569:Murga
1554:Cueca
1511:Banda
1384:Landó
1266:House
1211:Folia
1204:Soleá
1199:Saeta
1159:Copla
1136:Tinku
1047:yambú
1042:timba
1037:songo
1012:pilón
997:mambo
972:filin
952:conga
487:rumba
425:salsa
305:with
248:trova
224:tenor
220:tiple
175:waltz
155:Paris
57:trova
2174:Seis
1919:dura
1750:Gato
1636:Rock
1597:Vals
1411:Vals
1281:Trap
1223:Jota
1131:Saya
446:and
414:and
238:and
179:Vals
49:bufo
41:Cuba
26:The
2016:Rap
1027:son
517:".
434:or
423:of
163:not
2234::
692:^
509:,
505:,
497:,
493:,
438:.
427:.
418:.
320:.
266:.
258:,
254:,
234:,
165:a
153:,
1959:)
1955:(
1219:)
1081:e
1074:t
1067:v
913:e
906:t
899:v
859:.
717:.
715:.
313:4
298:8
149:(
30:(
23:.
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