1257:") were supervised by the Office of the Administrator General at the Ministry of Justice in matters of property only. However, changes in Israel and other countries along with public pressure, appeals to the courts by social organizations, academic studies and the State Comptroller's 2004 report led to the decision to broaden the scope of supervision to include personal matters as well, to ensure that the guardians take care of all areas of life, including medical care, personal care, suitable housing, work and employment, social and recreational activities, etc., taking account of the person's wishes and acting accordingly. The Office of the Administrator General (public guardian) at the Ministry of Justice is now implementing a system to supervise guardians in regard to personal matters in order to help identify situations in which guardians are not performing their duties adequately.
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individuals can provide suggestions on where their loved one should live or recommend certain treatment options in medical settings. This support system can also help the individual modify their environment to promote their success. For example, if a family member is concerned that their loved one with reduced functional capacity might engage in an unsafe behavior (e.g., leaving the gas stove on), this family member can reduce the opportunity for this behavior (e.g., removing the gas stove) without court involvement. This technique allows individuals to support and empower loved ones who are cognitively impaired.
1273:. The Children Acts Advisory Board which was set up to advise the ministers of the government on policy development under the Child Care Act 1991 was then abolished in September 2011. Judges are responsible for appointing child guardians and can choose guardians from Barnardo's a children's charitable service or from among the self-employed guardians, who are mostly former social workers who have gone into private business since the legislation.
84:
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687:. For example, a legal guardian might be granted the authority to make decisions regarding a ward's housing or medical care or manage the ward's finances. Guardianship is most appropriate when an alleged ward is functionally incapacitated, meaning they have a lagging skill critical to performing certain tasks, such as making important life decisions. Guardianship intends to serve as a safeguard to protect the ward.
918:(CASA). In New York State, they are known as attorneys-for-the-child (AFCs). They are the voice of the child and may represent the child in court, with many judges adhering to any recommendation given by a GAL. GALs may assist where a child is removed from a hostile environment and custody given to the relevant state or county family services agency, and in those cases assists in the protection of the minor child.
43:
150:
1236:). An adult guardian is responsible for personal and estate matters, as well as for medical treatment. However, the ward has normally full capacity with all human rights such as those to marry, vote or make a will. The ward's legal capacity can be lost as a result of a court judgment or order (section 1903, German Civ. C.;
930:(volunteer) must go through a background check and complete 30 hours of training. In Minnesota, the minimum qualifications to become a GAL are Bachelor's degree in psychology, social work, education, nursing, criminal justice, law or child-related discipline and some experience working with families and children
1099:(í•śě •í›„ę˛¬ěť¸): A person may also be designated as a "special guardian", entrusted with restricted authority over the ward's interests. For example, a special guardian may be granted the legal authority in Korea to decide how to handle the ward's assets without being granted any control over the ward's person.
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is never included in the guardianship for adults, but is always so for minors. The guardianship for adults can take two legal forms, "conservator" or "administrator". The main difference between these two is that an "administrator" has the sole permission to take legal actions within the field of the
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Typically, after an evaluation of the ward's health by a doctor, the court proceedings begin. The court will often question the ward and hear his/her testimony regarding the guardianship. So that the ward can make the most use of his or her remaining capacity and choose a suitable guardian. The court
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The Korean Family Courts, typically, has the authority to appoint a guardian in Korea. A general adult guardian is one who is in charge of both the ward's financial interests and personal welfare. The Korean family court, or one of its branches, has authority over the ward's address and will hear the
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Further, some individuals with limited functional capacities might maintain their autonomy by relying on family or friends who can help that individual informally or formally navigate important life decisions without formal guardianship, called "supported decision-making". For example, these support
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and those that volunteer though a CASA program need to make sure that they do not engage in the unauthorized practice of law. Therefore, when they appear in court (even if they are an attorney) as a volunteer GAL, it is best practice to be represented by an attorney and have attorneys file motions on
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is an officer of the court, does not represent the parties in the suit, and often enjoys quasi-judicial immunity from any action from the parties involved in a particular case. Qualifications for becoming recognized as a GAL could differ in some states. In, for instance, North
Carolina, an applicant
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Most jurisdictions recognise that the parents of a child are the natural guardians of the child, and that the parents may designate who shall become the child's legal guardian in the event of death, typically subject to the approval of the court. The court may appoint a guardian for a minor if their
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distinguish between a "guardian" or "guardian of the person" who is an individual with authority over and fiduciary responsibilities for the physical person of the ward, and a "conservator" or "guardian of the property" of a ward who has authority over and fiduciary responsibilities for significant
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A report published in 2010 by the U.S. Government
Accountability Office looked at 20 selected closed cases in which guardians stole or otherwise improperly obtained assets from clients. In 6 of these 20 cases, the courts failed to adequately screen guardians ahead of time and appointed individuals
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If the court determines an individual is incapacitated, the court then determines whether a guardian is necessary, the extent of the guardian's legal authority, (e.g. a guardian may be needed for the person's finances but not for the person) and, if so, who the guardian should be. The determination
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The process will generally start with a determination whether the alleged incapacitated person is actually incapacitated. There will often be an evidentiary hearing. A systematic review of guardianship studies from the United States, Sweden, and
Australia found that the most commonly used evidence
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is never denied the ward by this law, but some of them can be denied by other laws. A conservator is normally assigned with the approval of the ward. But if the physical conditions of the ward does not permit him to give such approval, a conservator can be assigned anyhow. Everything a conservator
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Finally, employing community services that will alleviate stressors of daily living may allow an alleged ward to maintain their autonomy. For example, certain volunteer organizations provide services such as telephone check-ins and home visits, and many medical or mental health professionals offer
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Because guardianship limits a ward's autonomy and ability to make certain life decisions, guardianship has the potential to damage a ward's health and well-being. As a result, individuals considering guardianship to support a loved one with functional incapacities might consider whether there
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situations: guardianship for an incapacitated elderly person (due to old age or infirmity), guardianship for a minor, and guardianship for developmentally disabled adults and for adults found to be incompetent. A family member is most commonly appointed guardian, though a professional guardian or
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Anyone can petition for a guardianship hearing if they believe another individual cannot make rational decisions on their own behalf. In a guardianship hearing, a judge ultimately decides whether guardianship is appropriate and, if so, will appoint a guardian. Guardians are typically used in four
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allow an competent individual to provide their input as to what actions should be taken should they become incompetent. For example, in a healthcare setting, an advance directive would allow a patient to voice what treatment options they prefer and who they would like to make decisions on their
708:
s = 76–82 years), many of whom resided in a care facility and had been diagnosed with a neurological impairment such as dementia. Typically, a precipitating incident prompts a professional, family member, health care worker, or clergyman to initiate guardianship proceedings. While guardianship
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parents are disabled or deceased or if the minor's parents cannot properly manage their child's safety and well-being. If a non-parent is appointed as guardian, the court will determine how the parents' parental rights are impacted by the appointment (e.g., establishing visitation schedules).
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1093:(성년후견인): If an adult chronically lacks the mental competence to manage their own matters due to illness, disability, old age, or other conditions, a Korean court may appoint an adult guardian. This type of guardianship in Korea gives near total power over the ward to the Adult Guardian.
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are less restrictive alternatives that can achieve the same objectives. Three examples of alternatives include establishing advance directives, relying on supported decision-making, or taking advantage of community-related services that support individuals with functional limitations.
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to be conveyed to any place or to be kept in custody or detained in a place of safety or at any place to which he is taken under section 42(6) of that Act is, while being so conveyed, detained or kept, as the case may be, deemed to be in legal custody. In
England and Wales, only an
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are paid for their services. They must submit detailed time and expense reports to the court for approval. Their fees are taxed as costs in the case. Courts may order all parties to share in the cost, or the court may order a particular party to pay the fees. Volunteer guardians
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does for his ward have to be approved by him, or can be assumed to be approved by him. For more complex situations, like taking loans or selling of a house, he or she needs approval from the local authorities. Once a year a legally assigned guardian have to send his
1146:) to allow for a child to be cared for by a person with rights similar to a traditional legal guardian, but without absolute legal separation from the child's birth parents. These are not to be confused with court-appointed special guardians in other jurisdictions.
906:(GsAL) are persons appointed by the court to represent "the best interests of the child" in court proceedings. They are not the same as "legal guardians" and are often appointed in under-age-children cases, many times to represent the interests of the
725:. In some cases, a guardianship dispute can become quite contentious and can result in litigation between a parent and adult children or between different siblings against each other in what is essentially a pre-probate dispute over a parent's wealth.
808:). For example, because parents are not automatically appointed to serve as the guardian of their developmentally-disabled child who reaches adulthood, parents may start a guardianship action to become the legal guardians when the child reaches the
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or attorneys. For example, in North
Carolina, trained GAL volunteers are paired with attorney advocates to advocate for the best interest of abused and neglected children. The program defines a child's best interest as a safe, permanent home.
752:"The Guardians" was published, alleging "legal kidnapping of elderly people" in Nevada by private guardianship businesses with no familial or other preexisting relations to their wards, seeking to economically profit from seniors' savings.
1139:, to represent the interests of children in cases where the child's wishes differ from those of either parent, known as a Section 16.4 case. The posts are filled by senior social workers with experience in family law proceedings.
847:, having limited powers over the interests of the ward. A special guardian may, for example, be given the legal right to determine the disposition of the ward's property without being given any authority over the ward's person.
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In summary, while guardianship sometimes offers the best solution to supporting an individual who demonstrates functional incapacity, one might consider exploring alternative solutions before seeking legal guardianship.
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intends to protect and support incapacitated elderly people unable to care themselves or engage in the activities of daily living without assistance, guardianship sometimes results in financial exploitation of wards.
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Guardianship for an incapacitated elderly person typically arises when someone determines that an elderly person has become unable to care for their own person and/or property. In fact, most alleged wards are elderly
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in guardianship hearings was the alleged ward's medical condition; perhaps surprisingly, descriptions of the alleged ward's cognitive abilities, functional abilities and psychiatric symptoms are much less common.
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and supervised by the Chief
Guardian, a municipal authority that is mandatory in every Swedish municipality. What is included in the field of guardianship is decided by the district court. The responsibility for
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in which professional guardians sometimes have a number of clients, and argued toward the conclusion that in a number of cases the courts did not properly oversee these arrangements. In 2018 the investigative
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In Israel, over 50,000 adults have had legal guardians appointed for them; 85% of them have family members as their guardians, and 15% have professional guardians. Until 2014, guardians (the term there is
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generally have the power to appoint a guardian for an individual in need of special protection. A guardian with responsibility for both the personal well-being and the financial interests of the ward is a
101:
this article seems to be a mixture of US-specific information throughout (not just in the US section) and global information, in addition to country sections. US-specific text should be in the US section.
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an equivalent combination of education and relevant experience. In addition, experience as a
Guardian ad Litem with completion of the Guardian ad Litem pre-service orientation requirements is requested.
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is charged to represent the best interests of the minor child, which can differ from the position of the state or government agency as well as the interest of the parent or guardian. These guardians
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property (often an inheritance or personal injury settlement) belonging to the ward. Some jurisdictions provide for public guardianship programs serving incapacitated adults or children.
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has the power to decide the beginning of guardianship, the choice of a guardian, change of guardian, cessation of guardianship, the extent of the legal representative's authority, etc.
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When a settlement is reached in personal injury or medical malpractice case involving claims brought on behalf of a minor or incapacitated plaintiff, courts normally appoint a guardian
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1344:) which later can be used when she loses her abilities. How such a letter should be written is described in detail in the paternal law, and normally follows the principles of a
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Yadav, Kuldeep N.; Gabler, Nicole B.; Cooney, Elizabeth; Kent, Saida; Kim, Jennifer; Herbst, Nicole; Mante, Adjoa; Halpern, Scott D.; Courtright, Katherine R. (2017-07-01).
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of whether a guardianship is necessary may consider a number of factors, including whether there is a lesser restrictive alternative, such as the use of an already existing
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guardianship case. When the Family Court is not present in the ward's address, typically, a district court or a branch court has jurisdiction over the matter.
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is thus someone appointed to represent in court the interests of a person too vulnerable to represent themselves, typically due to youth or mental incapacity.
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or physical, mental or psychological handicap or otherwise is incapable of managing his own affairs, a guardian (Betreuer) can be appointed (section 1,896,
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HOW THE ELDERLY LOSE THEIR RIGHTS, Guardians can sell the assets and control the lives of senior citizens without their consent—and reap a profit from it
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with criminal convictions or significant financial problems, and in 12 of 20 cases, the courts failed to oversee guardians once they had been appointed.
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and is held to a very high standard of care in exercising their powers. If the ward owns substantial property, then guardian may be required to give a
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has the power to detain a person under the Act. For this purpose "convey" includes any other expression denoting removal from one place to another.
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Guardianship is not federally regulated in the United States; therefore, states vary widely in how they address and manage guardianship cases.
820:
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1105:(íŠąě •í›„ę˛¬ěť¸): A specified guardian is a person appointed to represent a person's interests in relation to a particular court proceeding or process.
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463:
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The court-appointed guardian system in the
Republic of Ireland was brought into law on the proposal of the noted gay activist and member of
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requires that the court appoint a "discreet and competent attorney-at-law" or "some other discreet and proper person" to serve as guardian
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behalf should they become incompetent. The establishment of advance directives is a common practice among seniors in the United States.
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1348:. This law was created since it in Sweden is unclear if a normal letter of attorney is valid after the ward has lost her abilities.
915:
196:
131:
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827:, and attorney Andrew Wallet in 2008, following a series of highly publicized personal struggles and issues with mental health.
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to review the terms of the settlement and ensure it is fair and in the best interests of the claimant. The settlement guardian
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to attorneys to others. The GAL's only job is to represent the minor children's best interest and advise the court. A guardian
56:
1169:, the expression "legal custody" includes detention in pursuance of any enactment or any instrument made under an enactment.
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1291:) to give permission for various government and economic transactions, as well as some personal life and health decisions.
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536:
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Dr. Shirli
Resnizky, Ittay Mannheim, Ellen Milshtein, Jenny Brodsky, Dori Rivkin, Hana Goldenberg, Chaya Rozenfeld.
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guardianship. A guardianship can have different legal forms for different parts of the guardianship. Such things as
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1980:
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are sometimes appointed in probate matters to represent the interests of unknown or unlocated heirs to an estate.
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1511:"Guardianship Alternatives: Their Use Affirms Self-Determination of Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities"
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can be appointed by the court to represent the interests of mentally ill or disabled persons. For example, the
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601:
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1683:, Highlights, U.S. Government Accountability Office, Published: Sep 30, 2010. Publicly Released: Oct 27, 2010.
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Saudi Arabia has edited the law, and women in Saudi Arabia are no longer required to have a male guardian (
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is a person who has been appointed by a court or otherwise has the legal authority (and the corresponding
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to protect the ward in case dishonesty or incompetence on their part causes financial loss to the ward.
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Psychological evaluations for the courts : a handbook for mental health professionals and lawyers
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thoroughly investigates the case, to determine whether the settlement amount is fair and reasonable.
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is regulated by a law of its own. Except for normal parenthood, the guardianship is assigned by the
2196:"Approximately One In Three US Adults Completes Any Type Of Advance Directive For End-Of-Life Care"
1307:
1244:). Professional guardians (Berufsbetreuer) normally hold university degrees in law or social work.
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The German guardianship law with regard to adults was completely changed in 1990. Guardianship (
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In 2006, a legal status of "special guardianship" was introduced (using powers delegated by the
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Since the year 2017, the ward can, while she still have her mental abilities, write a special
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1306:) regulates legal guardianship for both children and disabled adults. Legal guardianship for
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Frolik, Lawrence A. (2012). "Guardianship reform: When the best is the enemy of the good".
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Qualifications vary by state, ranging from no experience or qualification, volunteers to
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17:
1555:"Decision-making capacity evaluation in adult guardianship: a systematic review"
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Pilot for
Supervision of Legal Guardians for Personal Affairs: Summary Report
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Guardianships: Cases of Financial Exploitation, Neglect, and Abuse of Seniors
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27:
Person with the legal authority to handle the care affairs of another person
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2029:"Minnesota Guardian ad Litem Program (MN) - Class Specification Bulletin"
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working through a CASA program volunteers their services, some guardians
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1961:"Guardian ad Litem Qualifications - What is required for appointment?"
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2244:
Kohn, Nina A.; Blumenthal, Jeremy A.; Campbell, Amy T. (2013-04-29).
1653:"Alternatives to Guardianship and Conservatorship for Adults in Iowa"
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780:
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2004:
1240:). Every guardian has to report annually to the guardianship court (
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1803:"Guardianship - Family Court - Delaware Courts - State of Delaware"
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A famous example of such an arrangement is the situation involving
2246:"Supported Decision-Making: A Viable Alternative to Guardianship?"
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are also appointed in cases where there has been an allegation of
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means "for the lawsuit" or "for the legal proceeding". A guardian
835:
801:
1553:
McSwiggan, Sally; Meares, Susanne; Porter, Melanie (March 2016).
854:", "tutor", "custodian", or curator. Many jurisdictions and the
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Depending on the jurisdiction, a legal guardian may be called a "
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Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (CAFCASS)
672:
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1693:
Column: With U.S. elder abuse in spotlight, a look at guardians
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Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities
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may be appointed if a suitable family member is not available.
2078:"LEO: Conflict; Appearance of Impropriety, LE Op. 1725 (1999)"
143:
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36:
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800:
Legal guardians may be appointed in guardianship cases for
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for minors. When a person of full age who, as a result of
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The process of appointing a guardian through Korean courts
2360:. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 445.
1199:
Any person required or authorized by or by virtue of the
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to protect the interests of a person under a disability.
1981:"MINNESOTA GUARDIAN AD LITEM-RELATED RULES OF PROCEDURE"
2145:"Preserving rights for individuals facing guardianship"
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499:
List of child abuse cases featuring long-term detention
105:
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National Resource Center for Supported Decision-Making
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Gode mannens abc: handbok för gode män och förvaltare
1892:"Volunteer as a GAL | North Carolina Judicial Branch"
2105:"Role of the Ad Litem in Personal Injury Litigation"
1985:
Minnesota Family Services. Guardian Ad Litem Program
1921:
Best Family Law Attorney in Colorado - Johnsonlgroup
1628:"Guardianship—Acting for Adults Who Become Disabled"
1283:
Women's rights in Saudi Arabia § Male guardians
2520:
National Association to Stop Guardian Abuse (NASGA)
975:, or dependency. In these situations, the guardian
2306:"The Formalities under the Guardian Law in Korea"
743:published an article looking at the situation in
675:) to make decisions relevant to the personal and
2430:Jerusalem: Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute (2019).
2005:"Guardian ad Litem Homepage / Guardian Ad Litem"
1548:
1546:
1544:
1085:Types of Guardians under Korean Guardianship Law
796:Guardianship for developmentally disabled adults
1782:Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute
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1502:
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2526:German guardianship law (English translation)
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91:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
2515:Mental Capacity Act 2005 (England and Wales)
2354:Kate Standley; Paula Davies (28 June 2013).
2239:
2237:
2138:
2136:
1469:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2414:The Mental Health Act 1983, section 137(3)
679:interests of another person who is deemed
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641:
208:
2170:
1430:
1428:
1426:
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1220:) of an adult was renamed 'curatorship' (
197:Learn how and when to remove this message
132:Learn how and when to remove this message
174:of all important aspects of the article.
2510:National Guardianship Association (USA)
1414:
218:
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2286:
2275:
1942:
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843:. A person may also be appointed as a
699:Guardianship for incapacitated elderly
170:Please consider expanding the lead to
1776:Wex Definitions Team (January 2022).
1616:(2): 347–358 – via Hein Online.
1435:B., Melton, Gary (22 December 2017).
1016:Estates and financial decision making
823:under the supervision of her father,
30:For the British daily newspaper, see
7:
2331:"Appointment of a Guardian in Korea"
1917:"Best Guardian Ad Litem In Colorado"
914:may be called, in some U.S. states,
228:Marriage and other unions and status
1206:Approved Mental Health Professional
783:are the child's natural guardians.
2103:Davidson, Mark (6 December 2003).
1754:. Community Law Centres o Aotearoa
1509:Millar, Dorothy Squatrito (2013).
1333:to the Chief Guardian for review.
542:Hague Convention (child abduction)
25:
1915:Group, Johnson Law (2021-01-30).
916:Court Appointed Special Advocates
831:Rules applicable to all guardians
52:This article has multiple issues.
2335:The Korean Law Blog by IPG Legal
2310:The Korean Law Blog by IPG Legal
1699:, Mark Miller, October 20, 2017.
1610:Stanford Law & Policy Review
1358:
996:Mental health and probate courts
896:Family law and dependency courts
148:
82:
41:
1715:, Rachel Aviv, October 9, 2017.
162:may be too short to adequately
60:or discuss these issues on the
2486:(in Swedish). Wolters Kluwer.
2441:"Children Acts Advisory Board"
1832:. txcourts.gov. Archived from
1559:International Psychogeriatrics
1144:Adoption and Children Act 2002
547:Hague Convention (maintenance)
172:provide an accessible overview
1:
1827:"Local Guardianship Programs"
1394:Wali (Islamic legal guardian)
537:International child abduction
1137:non-departmental public body
1047:Alternatives to guardianship
622:Paternal rights and abortion
2183:– via PubMed Central.
2057:North Carolina Court System
532:Hague Convention (adoption)
108:, discuss the issue on the
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2329:Hayes, Sean (2023-01-30).
2304:Khan, Sarah (2023-01-30).
1748:"Guardianship of children"
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1176:
759:
391:Parenting coordinator (US)
29:
2382:Official Secrets Act 1989
2212:10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0175
2033:agency.governmentjobs.com
1571:10.1017/S1041610215001490
1441:. Guilford Publications.
1338:future letter of attorney
1167:Official Secrets Act 1989
559:Family and criminal code
517:Private international law
511:Private international law
99:. The specific issue is:
2551:Environmental personhood
1730:guardiansdocumentary.com
602:Parental child abduction
449:Contact & visitation
336:Dissolution of marriages
2143:Moye, Jennifer (2011).
1224:), although it remains
1075:Guardianship by country
756:Guardianship for minors
2482:Wallgren, Jan (2017).
2399:Mental Health Act 1983
2285:Cite journal requires
1238:Einwilligungsvorbehalt
1201:Mental Health Act 1983
819:, who was placed into
464:UN Rights of the Child
459:Grandparent visitation
386:Custody evaluator (US)
363:Matrimonial Causes Act
2163:10.1001/jama.2011.247
1632:State Bar of Michigan
1269:(the Irish Senate),
1028:Settlement guardians
987:and can be volunteer
881:The Latin legal term
444:Filial responsibility
439:Tender years doctrine
414:DNA paternity testing
272:Validity of marriages
2254:10.2139/ssrn.2161115
1308:unaccompanied minors
1165:In section 4 of the
973:juvenile delinquency
938:Although a guardian
856:Uniform Probate Code
627:Right to family life
289:Prenuptial agreement
284:Marriage certificate
259:Domestic partnership
114:create a new article
106:improve this article
93:may not represent a
2556:Human rights abuses
1807:courts.delaware.gov
1261:Republic of Ireland
353:Grounds for divorce
249:Common-law marriage
2082:Virginia State Bar
1945:has generic name (
1326:basic human rights
1103:Specified guardian
1067:in-home services.
1056:Advance directives
597:Legality of incest
303:Voidable marriages
294:Matrimonial regime
234:Types of marriages
2541:Legal professions
2493:978-91-39-11593-9
2367:978-1-137-03770-1
2248:. Rochester, NY.
2009:Guardian Ad Litem
1839:on 2 January 2014
1736:on June 27, 2018.
1448:978-1-4625-3266-7
1379:Custodial account
1304:the Parental Code
1242:Betreuungsgericht
1234:German Civil Code
1189:Children Act 1975
1123:England and Wales
1080:Republic of Korea
821:a conservatorship
737:In October 2017,
723:health care proxy
719:power of attorney
665:
664:
587:Domestic violence
561:(or criminal law)
469:Children's rights
403:Children's issues
207:
206:
199:
189:
188:
142:
141:
134:
116:, as appropriate.
75:
18:Guardian ad litem
16:(Redirected from
2563:
2498:
2497:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2437:
2431:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2406:
2395:
2389:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2273:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2206:(7): 1244–1251.
2191:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2114:. Archived from
2109:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2053:"GAL Volunteers"
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1896:www.nccourts.gov
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1863:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1732:. Archived from
1722:
1716:
1706:
1700:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1657:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1550:
1539:
1538:
1506:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1460:
1432:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1342:Framtidsfullmakt
1131:are employed by
1097:Limited guardian
1006:Code of Virginia
862:A guardian is a
845:special guardian
841:general guardian
771:Natural guardian
657:
650:
643:
368:Legal separation
358:No-fault divorce
323:Amatonormativity
313:Marriageable age
279:Marriage licence
209:
202:
195:
184:
181:
175:
152:
144:
137:
130:
126:
123:
117:
86:
85:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2531:
2530:
2506:
2501:
2494:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2396:
2392:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2339:
2337:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2284:
2274:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2084:. 20 April 1999
2076:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2011:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1989:
1987:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1941:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1874:
1871:www.justice.gov
1865:
1864:
1851:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1726:"The Guardians"
1724:
1723:
1719:
1707:
1703:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1508:
1507:
1478:
1461:
1449:
1434:
1433:
1416:
1412:
1405:and Israeli law
1374:Conservatorship
1364:
1357:
1354:
1297:
1285:
1279:
1263:
1250:
1214:
1197:
1195:Mental patients
1181:
1175:
1160:Prison Act 1952
1152:
1125:
1112:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1049:
1033:
1018:
998:
898:
879:
833:
810:age of majority
806:conservatorship
798:
789:
773:
768:
758:
731:
701:
661:
632:
631:
617:Paternity fraud
612:Parents' rights
607:Parental duties
562:
560:
552:
551:
512:
504:
503:
404:
396:
395:
338:
328:
327:
274:
264:
263:
229:
203:
192:
191:
190:
185:
179:
176:
169:
157:This article's
153:
138:
127:
121:
118:
103:
87:
83:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2569:
2567:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2512:
2505:
2504:External links
2502:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2474:
2453:
2432:
2416:
2407:
2403:section 137(1)
2390:
2373:
2366:
2346:
2321:
2296:
2287:|journal=
2233:
2200:Health Affairs
2186:
2157:(9): 936–937.
2132:
2121:on 21 May 2006
2112:Jackson Walker
2095:
2069:
2044:
2020:
1996:
1972:
1952:
1907:
1883:
1867:"Guardianship"
1849:
1818:
1794:
1778:"Guardianship"
1765:
1739:
1717:
1713:The New Yorker
1701:
1685:
1673:
1644:
1619:
1600:
1565:(3): 373–384.
1540:
1521:(3): 291–305.
1476:
1447:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1401:- the term in
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1353:
1350:
1312:district court
1302:parental law (
1296:
1293:
1281:Main article:
1278:
1275:
1267:Seanad Éireann
1262:
1259:
1249:
1246:
1230:mental disease
1213:
1210:
1196:
1193:
1177:Main article:
1174:
1171:
1151:
1148:
1124:
1121:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1091:Adult guardian
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1048:
1045:
1032:
1026:
1017:
1014:
997:
994:
952:their behalf.
923:social workers
908:minor children
897:
894:
878:
872:
832:
829:
817:Britney Spears
797:
794:
788:
787:Legal guardian
785:
772:
769:
757:
754:
740:The New Yorker
730:
727:
700:
697:
693:public trustee
669:legal guardian
663:
662:
660:
659:
652:
645:
637:
634:
633:
630:
629:
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619:
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539:
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529:
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519:
513:
510:
509:
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502:
501:
496:
494:Paper abortion
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
429:Legal guardian
426:
421:
416:
411:
405:
402:
401:
398:
397:
394:
393:
388:
383:
380:
378:Parenting plan
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
339:
334:
333:
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246:
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236:
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216:
215:
205:
204:
187:
186:
166:the key points
156:
154:
147:
140:
139:
97:of the subject
95:worldwide view
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2568:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:Child custody
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2527:
2524:
2522:United States
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2347:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2096:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1936:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1908:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1835:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1753:
1752:Community Law
1749:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
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1487:
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1483:
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1477:
1472:
1466:
1458:
1454:
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1439:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:Vormundschaft
1223:
1219:
1218:Vormundschaft
1211:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1179:Child custody
1172:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1122:
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1116:
1109:
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1101:
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1079:
1074:
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1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
995:
993:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
965:child neglect
962:
958:
953:
950:
945:
941:
936:
933:
928:
924:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
904:
895:
893:
890:
888:
884:
877:
873:
871:
869:
865:
860:
857:
853:
848:
846:
842:
837:
830:
828:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
795:
793:
786:
784:
782:
778:
770:
767:
763:
762:Child custody
755:
753:
751:
746:
742:
741:
735:
728:
726:
724:
720:
714:
710:
707:
698:
696:
694:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
658:
653:
651:
646:
644:
639:
638:
636:
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628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
582:Child selling
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
556:
555:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
508:
507:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
489:Child support
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
424:Child custody
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
400:
399:
392:
389:
387:
384:
381:
379:
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374:
371:
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361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
337:
332:
331:
324:
321:
319:
318:Sham marriage
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
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267:
260:
257:
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245:
242:
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237:
235:
232:
231:
225:
224:
221:
217:
214:
210:
201:
198:
183:
173:
167:
165:
160:
155:
151:
146:
145:
136:
133:
125:
115:
111:
107:
102:
98:
96:
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2483:
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2456:
2444:. Retrieved
2435:
2424:
2419:
2410:
2393:
2386:section 4(6)
2376:
2356:
2349:
2338:. Retrieved
2334:
2324:
2313:. Retrieved
2309:
2299:
2278:cite journal
2203:
2199:
2189:
2154:
2148:
2123:. Retrieved
2116:the original
2111:
2098:
2086:. Retrieved
2081:
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2056:
2047:
2036:. Retrieved
2032:
2023:
2012:. Retrieved
2008:
1999:
1988:. Retrieved
1984:
1975:
1964:. Retrieved
1955:
1924:. Retrieved
1920:
1910:
1899:. Retrieved
1895:
1886:
1875:. Retrieved
1873:. 2018-09-12
1870:
1841:. Retrieved
1834:the original
1821:
1810:. Retrieved
1806:
1797:
1785:. Retrieved
1781:
1756:. Retrieved
1751:
1742:
1734:the original
1729:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1676:
1664:. Retrieved
1659:
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1631:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1562:
1558:
1518:
1514:
1437:
1389:Receivership
1341:
1335:
1303:
1298:
1286:
1277:Saudi Arabia
1271:David Norris
1264:
1251:
1241:
1237:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1198:
1182:
1164:
1153:
1141:
1128:
1126:
1117:
1113:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1021:
1019:
1009:
1001:
999:
985:jurisdiction
980:
976:
956:
954:
948:
943:
939:
937:
931:
926:
920:
911:
910:. Guardians
901:
899:
891:
886:
882:
880:
875:
861:
849:
844:
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